Journal articles on the topic 'East Bernett'

The aim of this study was to estimate the noise properties, velocities, and their uncertainties from a time-series of selected (~9 years long) Estonian continuously operating Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations. Two software packages based on different processing methods, Gipsy–Oasis and Bernese, were used for daily coordinate calculations. Different methods and software (Tsview, Hector, and MIDAS) were used for coordinate time-series analysis. Outliers were removed using three different strategies. Six different stochastic noise models were used for trend estimation altogether with the analysis of the noise properties of the residual time-series with Hector. Obtained velocities were compared with different land uplift and glacial isostatic adjustment models (e.g., ICE-6G (VM5a), NKG2016LU, etc.). All compared solutions showed similar fit to the compared models. It was confirmed that the best fit to the time-series residuals were with the flicker noise plus white noise model (for the North and East component) and generalized Gauss–Markov model (for Up). Velocities from MIDAS, Tsview, and Hector solutions within the same time-series (Gipsy–Oasis or Bernese) agreed well but velocity uncertainties differed up to four times. The smallest uncertainties were obtained from Tsview; the MIDAS solution produced the most conservative values. Although the East and Up component velocities between Gipsy and Bernese solutions agreed well, the North component velocities were systematically shifted.

Transactional analysis has made an indisputable contribution to thinking about the contract, its formulation, and its importance in the process of psychotherapy. The article presents the con- cept of contract and the process of contracting in the perspective of transactional analysis and its implications in the field of psychotherapeutic practice, with particular emphasis on individual psy- chotherapy of adolescent patients. Erik Berne’s (1966) classic concept of the contract and Fanita English’s (1975) three-cornered contract are discussed, together with a special focus on the anal- ysis of overt and covert processes leading to success and failure in adolescent therapy from the perspective of relational transactional analysis (Hargaden, Sills, 2002). The article also describes the specific problems a psychotherapist may encounter in therapeutic work with an adolescent and their parents from the perspective of the developing tripartite relationship.

Referring to the issues of transactional analysis and E. Berne's observations, in this article the author refers to the concept of hunger (Stewart, Joines, 2018, pp. 96 - 97, Tomkiewicz, 1984, pp. 98-102) and signs of recognition (Stewart, Joines, 2018, pp. 96 - 114) as important aspects of building a culture of dialogue since the early years of human existence. The author draws attention to the feedback, as one of the basic tools, which allows to effectively provide knowledge and to set the path of development. As a key element of shaping the attitude of a young person, the author indicates development through communication. In this process, feedback plays a significant role as a catalyst of potential. It allows to monitor and respond to the needs of the client. Thus, it significantly influences the shaping of the sense of his value.

Abstract A regional GNSS network consisting of 202 permanent GNSS stations established to study the recent crustal strain deformation in the Ukrainian territory. The GNSS observations (from December 7, 1997 to January 28, 2017) collected and processed using Bernese GNSS Software ver. 5.2 in accordance with the recommendations of the Central Bureau of the EUREF Permanent GNSS Network. Based on the above results the velocity vectors were estimated using Bernese GNSS Software ver. 5.2 for the future calculation of deformation. In particular, ellipses of distortion, rotation, maximum shear strain, and deformation area are obtained. Due to the differences in rate of the horizontal extension and rotation the area is divided in two main blocks. The first block shows compression that prevails in the North-East direction. Stretch in both directions is prevailing on second block. The obtained results can indicate the presence of some force which could effect on the study area.

This paper seeks to investigate the tectonic motion of Malaysia using the Malaysian Active GPS Station (MASS) and Malaysia Realtime Kinematic GNSS Network (MyRTKnet) data from years 2001 to 2013. GNSS data were processed using Bernese 5.0, and plotted as a time series; whereby the period before and after the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman mega earthquake are plotted separately. From the time series, episodic events and stable inter-seismic deformation period are analysed. The results indicate that the 2001- 2004 and 2008-2011 periods were free from episodic events; hence, chosen to depict the tectonic motion of Malaysia before and after 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake, respectively. The motion had a major change in direction and rate, especially for East Malaysia and South Peninsular Malaysia. This indicates there exist a long-term post-seismic deformation due to the 2004 mega earthquake. Nonetheless, the 2008-2011 inter-seismic period is stable, and suitable to represent the current long-term tectonic motion of Malaysia: Peninsular and East Malaysia moves south-east, at an average velocity of 0.89 ±0.01 cm/yr south and 1.70 ±0.02 cm/yr east, and 1.06 ±0.01 cm/yr south and 2.50 ±0.02 cm/yr east, respectively. In addition, the co-seismic motion for the 2005 Nias, 2007 Bengkulu and 2012 Northern Sumatra earthquakes after the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake are relatively small, indicating these three earthquakes have no significant contribution to the long-term tectonic motion of Malaysia. Overall, this paper aims to provide a general insight into the tectonic motion of Malaysia which, expectedly, may benefit other scientific fields.

Brother Philipp's 'Marienleben' (written around 1300) is the most widespread religious verse epic in Middle High German literature. Up to now, 120 textual witnesses have been known. The new fragment documents a slightly modified version that circulated in East Swabian around the middle of the 14 th century, it is therefore informative for the early reception of the work in this region. Bruder Philipps 'Marienleben' (entstanden um 1300) ist das am weitesten verbreitete geistliche Versepos der mittelhochdeutschen Literatur. Bis heute sind 120 Textzeugen bekannt. Das neue Fragment bezeugt eine leicht bearbeitete Version, die um die Mitte des 14. Jahrhunderts im Ostschwäbischen verbreitet war; es ist daher aufschlussreich für die frühe Rezeption des Werkes in diesem Gebiet.

Jon Berndt Olsen, Tailoring Truth: Politicizing the Past and Negotiating Memory in East Germany, 1945-1990 (New York: Berghahn Books, 2015) Reviewed by Jonathan BachMicahel Krüger, Christian Becker, and Stefan Nielsen, German Sports, Doping, and Politics: A History of Performance Enhancement (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2015) Reviewed by Heather L. DichterSusanne Rinner. The German Student Movement and the Literary Imagination: Transnational Memories of Protest and Dissent (New York: Berghahn Books, 2013) Reviewed by Kirkland Alexander FulkKristen Kopp, Germany’s Wild East: Constructing Poland as Colonial Space (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 2012) Reviewed by Alexander WochnikSean Ireton and Caroline Schaumann, eds., Heights of Reflection: Mountains in the German Imagination from the Middle Ages to the Twenty-First Century, Studies in German Literature, Linguistics, and Culture (Rochester: Camden House, 2012). Reviewed by Wilko Graf von HardenbergFrank Uekötter, The Greenest Nation? A New History of German Environmentalism (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2014). Reviewed by Carol Hager

The Latest Insect Pests which Attacks Sengon (Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Berneby & J.W Grimes) and Jabon Trees (Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser)The current study of pest insect infestation on sengon (Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Berneby & J.W Grimes)) and jabon (Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser) plants has been carried out. The aimed of the study was to identify the latest status of the pests that infested sengon and Jabon plants. The research method used were field survey and observation in the laboratory. The survey was carried out in plantations owned by the Unit II Perhutani Unit in East Java as well as the small scale forests in the Kediri (East Java), Ciamis and Garut (West Java) areas. While observations in the laboratory were conducted at the Pest Laboratory of the Center for Forest Research and Development, Bogor. The results showed that pests that infested sengon and Jabon plants were unknown name of sengon shoot borer, Echinothrips sp. (Tripidae; Thysanoptera), horn beetle Oryctes rhinoceros (Scarabaeidae; Coleoptera), wild silkworm Attacus atlas (Saturniidae; Lepidoptera), leaf-sucking pests Lawana sp./Samurus sp. (Flatidae; Homoptera).Keywords: pest insect, sengon plant, jabon plant, the latest.ABSTRAKPenelitian tentang serangga hama terkini yang menyerang tanaman sengon (Falcataria moluccana) dan jabon (Neolamarckia cadamba) di hutan tanaman, bertujuan untuk menginventarisir jenis-jenis hama yang menyerang tanaman sengon dan jabon saat kini. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode survei dan pengamatan di laboratorium. Survei dilakukan di hutan tanaman milik Perum Perhutani maupun hutan milik rakyat di daerah Kediri, Ciamis dan Garut. Pengamatan di laboratorium dilakukan di Laboratorium Hama Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hutan, Bogor. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hama yang menyerang tanaman sengon dan jabon adalah hama penggerek pucuk sengon (Pyralidae; Lepidoptera),hama Echinothrips sp. (Tripidae; Thysanoptera), kumbang tanduk Oryctes rhinoceros (Scarabaeidae; Coleoptera), ulat sutera liarAttacus atlas(Saturniidae; Lepidoptera), hama pengisap daun Lawana sp./Sanurus sp. (Flatidae; Homoptera).Kata kunci: serangga hama, tanaman sengon, tanaman jabon

At present, different methods are used for processing GPS time series data obtained from a network of GNSS stations. Solutions converted to velocity and displacement allow the generation of different geodynamic models in areas influenced by tectonic and volcanic activity. This study focuses on the comparative analysis of the solutions obtained through different processing techniques: Precise Point Positioning (PPP) and Relative Positioning using specialized scientific software (Bernese 5.2). Another important objective of this study is the analysis of the convergence of linear and non-linear time series to determine the accuracy in each component (east, north, up), in addition to the application of statistical techniques and data filtering (1-sigma, 2-sigma, kalman, wavelets, and CATS analysis) to check the behavior of the series. These processing and analysis techniques will be applied to different series obtained from the main stations used for tectonic and volcanic monitoring in the Central America region (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica) in order to establish a regional geodynamic model.

Precise Point Positioning (PPP) with Global Positioning Systems (GPS) has attracted the attention of many researchers over the past decade. Recently, the Russian global navigation satellite system (GLONASS) has been modernized and restored to near full constellation status, which has made it more attractive for positioning and navigation. Having two healthy systems, namely GPS and GLONASS provides a combination of both constellations, which in turn promises to improve the availability, positioning accuracy, and reliability of PPP solutions. This study investigates the effect of combining GPS and GLONASS dual-frequency measurements on the static PPP solution and its sensitivity to different processing strategies. Many data sets from five globally distributed International GNSS Service (IGS) tracking stations were processed using the Bernese GPS software package. The addition of GLONASS constellation improved the satellite visibility and geometry by more than 60%, and 40%, respectively, and improves the positioning convergence by up to 41%, 38%, and 19% in east, north, and up directions, respectively.

The Lower Grindelwald Glacier (Bernese Oberland, Switzerland) consists of two parts, the Ischmeer in the east (disconnected) and the Bernese Fiescher Glacier in the west. During the Little Ice Age (LIA), the glacier terminated either in the area of the “Schopffelsen” (landmark rock terraces) or advanced at least six times (ten times if we include early findings) even further down into the valley bottom forming the “Schweif” (tail). Maximal ice extensions were reached in 1602 and 1855/56 AD. The years after the end of the LIA have been dominated by a dramatic melting of ice, especially after 2000. The Mer de Glace (Mont Blanc area, France) is a compound valley glacier formed by the tributaries Glacier du Tacul, Glacier de Léschaux, and Glacier de Talèfre (disconnected). During the LIA, the Mer de Glace nearly continuously reached the plain in the Chamonix Valley (maximal extensions in 1644 and 1821 AD). The retreat, beginning in the mid-1850s, was followed by a relatively stable position of the front (1880s until 1930s). Afterwards the retreat has continued until today, especially impressive after 1995. The perception of glaciers in the early times was dominated by fear. In the age of Enlightenment and later in the 19th century, it changed to fascination. In the 20th century, glaciers became a top attraction of the Alps, but today they are disappearing from sight. With a huge number of high-quality pictorial documents, it is possible to reconstruct the LIA history of many glaciers in the European Alps from the 17th to the 19th centuries. Thanks to these pictures, we get an image of the beauty and fascination of LIA glaciers, ending down in the valleys. The pictorial documents (drawings, paintings, prints, photographs, and maps) of important artists (Caspar Wolf, Jean-Antoine Linck, Samuel Birmann) promoted a rapidly growing tourism. Compared with today’s situations, it gives totally different landscapes – a comparison of LIA images with the same views of today is probably the best visual proof for the changes in climate.

Nikolaus P. Himmelmann, Eva F. Schultze-Berndt (eds), Secondary Predication and Adverbial Modification: The Typology of Depictives, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. xxv + 448 pages Edward L. Keenan, Edward P. Stabler, Bare Grammar: Lectures on Linguistic Invariants. Stanford: CSLI Publications, 2003. 192 pp. Siobhan Chapman, Thinking about Language. Theories of English. Houndsmills and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. X + 174 pages. pb (Series: Perspectives on the English Language) Judith Rodby, W. Ross Winterowd, The Uses of Grammar, Oxford: Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. xiv + 274 pp. Laura J. Downing, Alan T. Hall and Renate Raffelsiefen (eds), Paradigms in Phonological Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. 349 pages. Max W. Wheeler, The Phonology of Catalan. (The Phonology of the World’s Languages). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. XI + 387 pp. Jan-Olof Svantesson, Anna Tsendina, Anastasia Karlson, and Vivan Franzén, The Phonology of Mongolian. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. Pp. xix + 314. Cliff Goddard, The Languages of East and Southeast Asia. An Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. pp. xvi + 315.

Lincoln (1979) listed four species of Hyale Rathke from British and Irish waters. A fifth species Hyale grimaldii Chevreux has recently been collected from among goose barnacles, Lepas anatifera L., attached to drift timber washed ashore on a rocky beach in Co. Galway, west coast of Ireland. This record was referred to previously in an abstract by McGrath (1984) but no details of the occurrence or material collected was given. An earlier unconfirmed record of H. grimaldii from Scotland is listed among the Reid collection by Sanderson (1973). H. grimaldii was originally described by Chevreux (1891) from two males found among algae attached to drift timber at sea in the Atlantic, north east of the Azores. Subsequently, the species has been recorded on a number of occasions in the Mediterranean (Chevreux & de Guerne, 1893; Cecchini, 1928; Ruffo, 1946; Berner, 1976) and from the Azores, on a coconut cast ashore (Mateus & Afonso, 1974). All records of the species are from objects floating at sea or washed ashore.

Nile Delta region in northern Egypt and the Nile River separates it into two branches in the west, at Rosetta, and in the east, at Damietta, before draining into the Mediterranean Sea. Nile Delta is the most valuable commercial, agricultural, and industrial supply as well as over 70% of the country’s industrial and economic operations. More than half of Egypt 100 million population live there. Due to the vital value of the Nile Delta, the crustal deformation study in the Nile Delta has become one of the most essential researche. Using precise and accurate geodetic data, such as the Global Navigation Satellite System has been applied in the current work to evaluate the rates of crustal movements, including regional and local velocities, as well as the assessment of deformation characteristics, such as rates of dilatation, maximum shear and principal strain component analysis. Bernese 5.2 software was used to process data between 2013 and 2020 for fourteen Global Navigation Satellite System permanent sites. The result shows that the Delta has different geodynamic behaviors related to its structural properties as well assuffering from heterogeneous crustal movement. The northeastern side of the Nile Delta may suffer from sinking under the Mediterranean Sea more than the northwestern side because of its high subsidence rates, Crustal movements and deformation parameters Show; VN average values: 0.56 mm/yr, VE average values: 0.62 mm/yr for local velocities and average values -4.60 mm/yr for vertical subsidence. Also, the area is characterized by medium shear strain, indicating that the risk of an earthquake is low.

E-money berbasis smart card diwajibkan pemerintah daerah sejak tahun 2018 untuk pengisian bahan bakar tetapi publikasi data sekunder menunjukkan hasil tidak sesuai harapan. Penelitian kuantitatif ini bertujuan untuk memprediksi niat menggunakan e-money dengan mengekstensikan rational choice theory dengan faktor benefit of compliance, cost of compliance, cost of non compliance dan perceived speed pada technology acceptance model. Data dikumpulkan dengan survei menggunakan kuesioner, data diolah dan hipotesis diuji dengan structural equation modeling berbasis partial least square. Jumlah sampel dengan purposive method yang dikumpulkan adalah 336 responden (slovin) dengan margin of error 5% untuk populasi pengguna kendaraan di Pontianak. Pengujian menunjukkan faktor yang digunakan valid dan reliabel, dengan hasil: transaction speed, perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, benefit of compliance, cost of compliance, cost of non compliance mempengaruhi behavioral intention. Faktor yang mempengaruhi paling kuat niat menggunakan adalah cost of non compliance dan perceived transaction speed. Hasil menunjukkan pengguna akan berniat menggunakan e-money bila diwajibkan dan disertai dengan sanksiKata kunci—E-money, Ekstensi TAM, Rational Choice Theory, Behavioral IntentionSmart card based e-money was required by local authorities since 2018 for refueling activity in Pontianak but results were not as expected. Therefore, this quantitative study aims to predict intention to use e-money by extending rational choice theory with its antecedents: benefit of compliance, cost of noncompliance, cost of compliance and perceived transaction speed to technology acceptance model. Data for analysis was acquired using questionaire based survey. Hypotheses are tested by utilizing partial least square based structural equation modeling. A total of 336 samples (slovin) from total vehicles owners in Pontianak are acquired using purposive method with margin of error of 5%. Test results shows antecedents extended to TAM are valid and reliable with transaction speed, perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, benefit of compliance, cost of compliance, cost of non compliance significantly influences intention to use. Factors with greatest influence are cost of non compliance and transaction speed. Results suggest user’s intention to use e-money in mandatory situation are influenced strongly only when there are consequences imposed at non compliance.Key words—E-money, extended TAM, Rational Choice Theory,Behavioral Intention

Abstract This community service activity focuses on the 2020 Pilkada for People with Disabilities in East Karawang District. The purpose of this service is for persons with disabilities to know and get information related to the implementation of the 2020 Karawang Regency Pilkada. Conducted with the lecture method, question and answer discussions by visiting some people with disabilities in the East Karawang area, as well as webinars for people with disabilities and village and sub-district government officials in East Karawang, a video was made that was shown to candidates with disabilities who were contesting the Pilkada . The results of the implementation of this service activity are knowing that people with disabilities who are still marginalized, with the socialization carried out providing education for persons with disabilities to be willing and not to be ashamed to participate in giving their voting rights in the 2020 Karawang elections, increasing the motivation of some people with disabilities who have never been want to come to enlightened polling stations to intend to come to give their political rights on election day. Conclusion on the implementation of this service activity is still low attention given by the government and election organizers who embrace all levels of society in terms of political participation, never directly socialization activities to the grassroots level, so this activity is felt to be very helpful for the role of the government and election administrators who only conducted one-time election dissemination for persons with disabilities only through the community of persons with disabilities. It is hoped that the impact of this activity is given motivation to persons with disabilities who have not participated so far, they are eager to come to the polling station to give their voting rights. With direct visits, persons with disabilities feel that their existence is significant in community life. ABSTRAK Kegiatan pengabdian pada masyarakat ini fokus pada Pilkada Bagi Penyandang Disabilitas 2020 di Kecamatan Karawang Timur. Tujuan dari pelaksanaan pengabdian ini adalah agar para penyandang disabilitas mengetahui dan mendapatkan informasi terkait pelaksanaan Pilkada Kabupaten Karawang tahun 2020. Kegiatan ini dilaksanakan dengan metode ceramah, diskusi tanya jawab dengan mendatangi sebagian penyandang disabilitas yang berada di wilayah Karawang Timur, serta webinar untuk penyandang disabilitas dan aparat pemerintah desa dan kecamatan di Karawang Timur, dilakukan pembuatan video yang diperlihatkan kepada kaum disabilitas para calon yang berkontestasi dalam Pilkada. Hasil pelaksanaan kegiatan pengabdian ini adalah mengetahui bahwa para penyandang disabilitis yang masih termarginalkan, dengan sosialisasi yang dilaksanakan memberikan pendidikan bagi penyandang disabilitas untuk mau dan jangan malu berpartisipasi memberikan hak suaranya dalam Pilkada Karawang tahun 2020, meningkatkan motivasi sebagian para penyandang disabilitis yang selama ini tidak pernah mau datang ke TPS tercerahkan untuk berniat datang memberikan hak politiknya pada hari pemilihan. Simpulan atas pelaksanaan kegiatan pengabdian ini masih rendahnya perhatian yang diberikan pemerintah dan penyelenggara Pemilu yang merangkul semua lapisan masyarakat dalam hal partisipasi politik, tidak pernah secara langsung kegiatan sosialisasi sampai pada level akar rumput, sehingga kegiatan ini dirasakan sangat membantu peran pemerintah dan penyelenggara pemilu yang hanya melakukan satu kali sosialisasi pilkada untuk penyandang disabilitas yang hanya melalui komunitas penyandang disabilitas. Dampak dari kegiatan ini diharapkan setelah diberikan motivasi kepada para penyandang disabilitas yang selama ini tidak ikut berpartisipasi, mereka bersemangat untuk datang ke TPS memberikan hak suaranya. Dengan adanya kunjungan secara langsung para penyandang disabilitas merasa keberadaannya pun berarti dalam kehidupan masyarakat.

Inflammation of the external ear in dogs is a widespread pathology in 20 % of sick animals that come to veterinary medicine clinics. The purpose of the work was to monitor the spread of otitis in dogs for 2021 in Odesa. To solve this goal, several tasks were set: to study the spread of otitis among dogs by breed, age, and sex; to study the spread of Malassezia otitis among dogs; to determine the seasonality of otitis in dogs. The data from the journal of registration of sick animals of the veterinary clinic of Odessa (VetKOiN) served as the material. Data concerning sick animals from the logbook were entered into tables, and statistical analysis was carried out. Dogs of Pugs and Mestizo made up the most significant number of sick animals with otitis (10.4 % each); the French Bulldog breed accounts for 9.1 %, the Pekinese and Labrador breeds – 6.5 % each, the Clamber Spaniel breed – 5.2 %. Such dog breeds as Jack Russell Terrier, Chihuahua, Spitz, German Shepherd, and Cane Corso account for 3.9 %; Bull Terrier, East European Shepherd, and Retriever – 2.6 % each; Grünendal, Husky, Samoyed, Kangal, Dachshund, Scottish Shepherd, Shar-Pei, Bolonka, Beagle, American Cocker Spaniel, Shih-Tzu, Laika, Fox Terrier, Staffordshire Terrier, Pit Bull Terrier, American Bully, Breton, Bernese Mountain Dog, English Bulldog breeds – 1.3 % each. Animals between the ages of 1 and 5 years suffer mostly from canine otitis (64 %) and animals under the age of 1 year suffer less(10 %). Animals older than five years make up 26 %. The gender of dogs is not important in otitis spreading: females account for 49 % of sick animals, and males – 51 %. Malassezia otitis in dogs occurred in 38 % of cases. Dogs of Pug breeds comprised the largest percentage of sick animals (13.8 %), French bulldog and Pekingese breeds – (10.3 % each). The Bull Terrier, Jack Russell Terrier, and Chihuahua breed each account for 6.9 %. Otitis was registered every month during the year. An increase in the incidence was observed in April (9.1 %), May (13.0 %), June (7.8 %), July (15.6 %), August (13.0 %), September (10.4 % ) and November (10.4 %). So otitis was more often registered in dogs in the warm season. In the future, the spread, etiology, and most effective treatment regimens of various forms of otitis in dogs will be studied.

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Pendahuluan Masih banyak ibu yang memberikan makanan tambahan pengganti ASI yaitu Susu formula kepada bayi yang berumur kurang dari empat bulan. Berdasarkan data diketahui bahwa sebanyak 30,7% bayi < 6 bulan tidak diberikan ASI eksklusif, dimana tertinggi di Kabupaten Pringsewu sebesar 46,3% dan terendah di Tulang bawnag sebesar 18,3% sedangkan Kabupaten Lampung Timur sebesar 26,5%. Tujuan : untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan ibu hamil mengenai persiapan mneg- ASI-HiMetode: penyuluhan dengan ceramah, diskusi dan demosntrasi. Peserta sebanyak 4 ibu hamil. Media yang di berikan adalah leaflet.Hasil Kegiatan di lakukan di salah satu rumah warga dengan 4 ibu hamil. Pelaksanaan di lakukan selama kurang lebih 90 menit. Pelaksanaan kegiatan di lakukan dengan langkah – langkah yang sudah di susun pada SAP sebelumnya. Pelaksanaan di lakukan secara hikmat, rangkaian persiapan sudah di sediakan seperti media leaflet untuk di bagikan kepaa ibu hamil. Kesimpulan : Hasil intervensi penyuluhan mengenai program Meng-ASI-Hi pada ibu hamil di dapatkan hasil yang baik dimana ibu hamil dapat menjawab pertanyaan yang di berikan mengenai ASI, menyusui, pijat oxitosin, dan perawatan payudara. Selain itu ibu hamil terlihat senang dan berjanji dan berniat akan memberikan Asi secara eklusif. Kata Kunci :ASI, persiapan, ibu hamil ABSTRACT Introduction There are still many mothers who provide complementary foods to replace breast milk Susu formula for babies who are less than four months old. Based on the data, it is known that 30.7% of infants < 6 months were not exclusively breastfed, where the highest was in Pringsewu Regency at 46.3% and the lowest was in Tulang Bawnag at 18.3% while East Lampung Regency was 26.5%.Purpose: to increase knowledge of pregnant women about preparation for breastfeeding-Hi. Methods: counseling with lectures, discussions and demonstrations. Participants were 4 pregnant women. The media provided is a leaflet.Result The activity was carried out in a resident's house with 4 pregnant women. Implementation is carried out for approximately 90 minutes. The implementation of activities is carried out with the steps that have been compiled in the previous SAP. The implementation is done wisely, a series of preparations have been provided such as media leaflets to be distributed to pregnant women. Conclusion: The results of the intervention regarding the Meng-ASI-Hi program in pregnant women obtained good results where pregnant women were able to answer questions given about breastfeeding, breastfeeding, oxytocin massage, and breast care. In addition, pregnant women are happy and promise to provide exclusive breastfeeding. Keywords: ASI, preparation, pregnant women

Travel accounts from the second half of the eighteenth century feature more and more descriptions the authors of which seeks to present distant views to their readers. In this they clearly lack words which would in their opinion convey the power of a vista not limited by anything. Mountains naturally became preferred vantage points, although other elevations like towers or, in flatter regions, hills were sufficient to satisfy the desire. However, mountains were particularly well suited to the purpose, also because of the central role they played in the aesthetic discussions about loftiness held at the time. Vantage points described in numerous accounts became increasingly well-known. There were quite a few of them towards the end of the century throughout the Alps. While the growth of continental tourism, which began after the end of the Napoleonic Wars, accelerated rapidly in the middle of the century, around 1900 such vantage points in the Western Alps were reduced to just five, namely Rigi, Pilatus, Mont Blanc and Mer de Glace in the region of Chamonix, Gornergrat and Matterhorn as well as the Jungfrau region with the four-thousanders of the Bernese Alps. We should look for the reasons for this state of affairs in the development from a vantage point to a destination, i.e. commercialisation, for which two conditions had to be met: ease of access and comfortable accommodation. All five locations met these conditions, making it possible even for tourists in a great hurry — whose number was constantly growing with the development of organised tourism from 1860 — to treat themselves to a unique Alpine experience.The most popular destination at the time was Rigi in central Switzerland, because it enabled people to admire an unblemished panorama extending almost indefinitely; in addition, the peak was known for atmospheric sunrises and sunsets. Obviously, this was possible only when the view was not spoiled by rain clouds or mists. A remedy for the unpredictability of nature was devised by the entrepreneur Ludwig Meyer from Schauensee. He created a diorama in Lucerne’s tourist district and thus guaranteed the two most important conditions of experiences on the Rigi: ease of access and certain weather. His diorama enabled people to admire both sunrises and sunsets, not only from the Rigi. As the popularity of the diorama rose, Meyer began to show also views from the nearby Pilatus and Gornergrat. Tourists who were in a hurry could now see the tree most famous Swiss panoramas within a short period. The commercialisation of tourism turned the panorama experience into an event, to use the modern term. Nothing was left of the initial abolishment of boundaries to human vision and self-fulfilment of the individual. Repeatability deprived the experience of its special aura. Thus also disappeared the aesthetically-determined idealisation, which had elevated these sites above all others in the Alps and was a precondition of their commercialisation.

Travel accounts from the second half of the eighteenth century feature more and more descriptions the authors of which seeks to present distant views to their readers. In this they clearly lack words which would in their opinion convey the power of a vista not limited by anything. Mountains naturally became preferred vantage points, although other elevations like towers or, in flatter regions, hills were sufficient to satisfy the desire. However, mountains were particularly well suited to the purpose, also because of the central role they played in the aesthetic discussions about loftiness held at the time. Vantage points described in numerous accounts became increasingly well-known. There were quite a few of them towards the end of the century throughout the Alps. While the growth of continental tourism, which began after the end of the Napoleonic Wars, accelerated rapidly in the middle of the century, around 1900 such vantage points in the Western Alps were reduced to just five, namely Rigi, Pilatus, Mont Blanc and Mer de Glace in the region of Chamonix, Gornergrat and Matterhorn as well as the Jungfrau region with the four-thousanders of the Bernese Alps. We should look for the reasons for this state of affairs in the development from a vantage point to a destination, i.e. commercialisation, for which two conditions had to be met: ease of access and comfortable accommodation. All five locations met these conditions, making it possible even for tourists in a great hurry — whose number was constantly growing with the development of organised tourism from 1860 — to treat themselves to a unique Alpine experience.The most popular destination at the time was Rigi in central Switzerland, because it enabled people to admire an unblemished panorama extending almost indefinitely; in addition, the peak was known for atmospheric sunrises and sunsets. Obviously, this was possible only when the view was not spoiled by rain clouds or mists. A remedy for the unpredictability of nature was devised by the entrepreneur Ludwig Meyer from Schauensee. He created a diorama in Lucerne’s tourist district and thus guaranteed the two most important conditions of experiences on the Rigi: ease of access and certain weather. His diorama enabled people to admire both sunrises and sunsets, not only from the Rigi. As the popularity of the diorama rose, Meyer began to show also views from the nearby Pilatus and Gornergrat. Tourists who were in a hurry could now see the tree most famous Swiss panoramas within a short period. The commercialisation of tourism turned the panorama experience into an event, to use the modern term. Nothing was left of the initial abolishment of boundaries to human vision and self-fulfilment of the individual. Repeatability deprived the experience of its special aura. Thus also disappeared the aesthetically-determined idealisation, which had elevated these sites above all others in the Alps and was a precondition of their commercialisation.

Abstract Introduction: Black smokers have higher lung cancer risk, and develop cancer at earlier ages, than White smokers. It is unknown how much of this excess risk is due to race as a social construct, and how much is due to biological factors such as genetic ancestry. We examine the association of genetic ancestry with lung-cancer risk, controlling for lung-cancer risk factors and self-reported race/ethnicity, in the PLCO cancer screening trial. Methods: We used PLCO data on ever-smokers from 52,708 White smokers (2889 lung cancers) and 2585 Black smokers (206 lung cancers) with genetic ancestry determined by GRAF (https://github.com/ncbi/graf) on a set of 10,000 pre-selected fingerprinting variants. Percent ancestry for each of Europe, Africa, and East-Asia was determined for each person. Because percent ancestry is strongly associated with self-reported race/ethnicity, we also standardized the ancestry variables to have mean=0 and variance=1 for each self-reported race/ethnicity, to isolate the potential biological effect of genetic ancestry from self-reported race/ethnicity as a social construct. Because European and African ancestry are negatively correlated, we considered European minus African ancestry (EMAA) and European ancestry. We fit Cox models for time to lung cancer diagnosis, controlling for smoking history and other lung-cancer risk factors. Results: Self-reported White smokers averaged 98.1% European ancestry (standard-deviation(𝜎)=2.8%) and 0.8% (𝜎=1.7%) African ancestry, while self-reported Black smokers averaged 22.0% (𝜎=14%) European ancestry and 75.8% (𝜎=14%) African ancestry. Controlling for smoking history and all lung-cancer risk factors, standardized European ancestry was associated with increased lung-cancer risk (HR=1.13 per 1 race/ethnicity-specific standard-deviation increase in European ancestry, 95%CI: 1.02-1.25, p=0.02) that is partly counteracted by increasing EMAA (HR=0.95, 95%CI: 0.90-1.003, p=0.06). In this model, self-reported Black smokers also had increased lung-cancer risk versus self-reported White smokers (HR=1.56, 95%CI: 1.35-1.80, p&lt;0.0001). Limiting the analysis to self-reported White smokers, European ancestry was associated with increased lung-cancer risk (HR=1.06 per 1% increase in European ancestry, 95%CI: 1.01-1.11, p=0.03) that is partly counteracted by increasing EMAA (HR=0.97, 95%CI: 0.94-1.002, p=0.07). However, limiting the analysis to self-reported Black smokers, there was no association of ancestry with lung-cancer risk (European-Ancestry: HR=0.98, p=0.7; EMAA: HR=1.01, p=0.7). Conclusions: After adjusting for lung-cancer risk factors and self-reported race/ethnicity, increasing European ancestry was associated with increasing lung-cancer risk that was partly counteracted if the difference in European and African ancestry also increased. Associations with ancestry were small and may be vulnerable to residual confounding and other epidemiologic sources of bias. Associations with ancestry could not be detected among self-reported Black smokers, suggesting that larger studies are needed. Citation Format: Courtney D. Dill, Dontray Trump, Rebecca Landy, Li Cheung, Wen-Yi Huang, Sonja Berndt, Neal Freedman, Hormuzd Katki. Association of genetic ancestry with lung-cancer risk in White and Black ever-smokers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 15th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2022 Sep 16-19; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr PR011.

- Chris Ballard, Jeroen A. Overweel, Topics relating to Netherlands New Guinea in Ternate Residency memoranda of transfer and other assorted documents. Leiden: DSALCUL, Jakarta: IRIS, 1995, x + 146 pp. [Irian Jaya Source Materials 13.] - Timothy P. Barnard, Daniel Perret, Sejarah Johor-Riau-Lingga sehingga 1914; Sebuah esei bibliografi. Kuala Lumpur: Kementerian Kebudayaan, Kesenian dan Pelancongan Malaysia/École Francaise d’Extrême Orient, 1998, 460 pp. - Peter Boomgaard, Om Prakash, European commercial enterprise in pre-colonial India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998, xviii + 377 pp. [The New Cambridge History of India II-5.] - U.T. Bosma, Oliver Kortendick, Drei Schwestern und ihre Kinder; Rekonstruktion von Familiengeschichte und Identitätstransmission bei Indischen Nerlanders mit Hilfe computerunterstützter Inhaltsanalyse. Canterbury: Centre for Social Anthropology and Computing, University of Kent at Canterbury, 1996, viii + 218 pp. [Centre for Social Anthropology and Computing Monograph 12.] - Freek Colombijn, Thomas Psota, Waldgeister und Reisseelen; Die Revitalisierung von Ritualen zur Erhaltung der komplementären Produktion in SüdwestSumatra. Berlin: Reimer, 1996, 203 + 15 pp. [Berner Sumatraforschungen.] - Christine Dobbin, Ann Maxwell Hill, Merchants and migrants; Ethnicity and trade among Yunannese Chinese in Southeast Asia. New Haven: Yale University Southeast Asia Studies, 1998, vii + 178 pp. [Yale Southeast Asia Studies Monograph 47.] - Aone van Engelenhoven, Peter Bellwood, The Austronesians; Historical and comparative perspectives. Canberra: Department of Anthropology, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University, 1995, viii + 359 pp., James J. Fox, Darrell Tryon (eds.) - Aone van Engelenhoven, Wyn D. Laidig, Descriptive studies of languages in Maluku, Part II. Jakarta: Badan Penyelenggara Seri NUSA and Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya, 1995, xii + 112 pp. [NUSA Linguistic Studies of Indonesian and Other Languages in Indonesia 38.] - Ch. F. van Fraassen, R.Z. Leirissa, Halmahera Timur dan Raja Jailolo; Pergolakan sekitar Laut Seram awal abad 19. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka, 1996, xiv + 256 pp. - Frances Gouda, Denys Lombard, Rêver l’Asie; Exotisme et littérature coloniale aux Indes, an Indochine et en Insulinde. Paris: Éditions de l’École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, 1993, 486 pp., Catherine Champion, Henri Chambert-Loir (eds.) - Hans Hägerdal, Timothy Lindsey, The romance of K’tut Tantri and Indonesia; Texts and scripts, history and identity. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1997, xix + 362 + 24 pp. - Renee Hagesteijn, Ina E. Slamet-Velsink, Emerging hierarchies; Processes of stratification and early state formation in the Indonesian archipelago: prehistory and the ethnographic present. Leiden: KITLV Press, 1995, ix + 279 pp. [VKI 166.] - David Henley, Victor T. King, Environmental challenges in South-East Asia. Richmond: Curzon Press, 1998, xviii + 410 pp. [Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, Man and Nature in Asia Series 2.] - C. de Jonge, Ton Otto, Cultural dynamics of religious change in Oceania. Leiden: KITLV Press, 1997, viii + 144 pp. [VKI 176.], Ad Boorsboom (eds.) - C. de Jonge, Chris Sugden, Seeking the Asian face of Jesus; A critical and comparative study of the practice and theology of Christian social witness in Indonesia and India between 1974 and 1996. Oxford: Regnum, 1997, xix + 496 pp. - John N. Miksic, Roy E. Jordaan, In praise of Prambanan; Dutch essays on the Loro Jonggrang temple complex. Leiden: KITLV Press, 1996, xii + 259 pp. [Translation Series 26.] - Marije Plomp, Ann Kumar, Illuminations; The writing traditions of Indonesia; Featuring manuscripts from the National Library of Indonesia. Jakarta: The Lontar Foundation, New York: Weatherhill, 1996., John H. McGlynn (eds.) - Susan de Roode, Eveline Ferretti, Cutting across the lands; An annotated bibliography on natural resource management and community development in Indonesia, the Philippines and Malaysia. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Southeast Asia Program, 1997, 329 pp. [Southeast Asia Program Series 16.] - M.J.C. Schouten, Monika Schlicher, Portugal in Ost-Timor; Eine kritische Untersuchung zur portugiesischen Kolonialgeschichte in Ost-Timor, 1850 bis 1912. Hamburg: Abera-Verlag, 1996, 347 pp. - Karel Steenbrink, Leo Dubbeldam, Values and value education. The Hague: Centre for the Study of Education in Developing Countries (CESO), 1995, 183 pp. [CESO Paperback 25.] - Pamela J. Stewart, Michael Houseman, Naven or the other self; A relational approach to ritual action. Leiden: Brill, 1998, xvi + 325 pp., Carlo Severi (eds.) - Han F. Vermeulen, Pieter ter Keurs, The language of things; Studies in ethnocommunication; In honour of Professor Adrian A. Gerbrands. Leiden: Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde, 1990, 208 pp. [Mededelingen van het Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde 25.], Dirk Smidt (eds.)

Abstract: This article aims to look at the audience reception of Ical’s candidacy as the President of Indonesia 2014-2019 period on television in Kludan RT 01 RW 02, Tanggulangin, Sidoarjo, East Java. This article is based on a research that analysed the reception of the villagers in Kludan as the victims of Lapindo mudflow in watching news on Ical’s candidacy on television while Ical is the owner of the industry that caused the mudflow. As a reception analysis, this research attempts to reinterpret and to analyze the audience reception and interpretation by using Stuart Hall’s encoding and decoding concept.Abstrak: Tulisan ini berniat mengetahui penerimaan masyarakat Desa Kludan RT 01 RW 02 Kecamatan Tanggulangin, Kabupaten Sidoarjo, Provinsi Jawa Timur sebagai korban lumpur lapindo terhadap pemberitaan Aburizal Bakrie yang dicalonkan sebagai Presiden Republik Indonesia periode tahun 2014-2019 dalam berita televisi. Metode yang digunakan adalah analisis resepsi untuk menjelaskan penerimaan dan interpretasi informan dengan menggunakan konsep encoding dan decoding dari Stuart Hall..

AbstractThe spatial correlation between different stations for individual components in the regional GNSS networks seems to be significant. The mismodelling in satellite orbits, the Earth orientation parameters (EOP), largescale atmospheric effects or satellite antenna phase centre corrections can all cause the regionally correlated errors. This kind of GPS time series errors are referred to as common mode errors (CMEs). They are usually estimated with the regional spatial filtering, such as the "stacking". In this paper, we show the stacking approach for the set of ASG-EUPOS permanent stations, assuming that spatial distribution of the CME is uniform over the whole region of Poland (more than 600 km extent). The ASG-EUPOS is a multifunctional precise positioning system based on the reference network designed for Poland. We used a 5- year span time series (2008-2012) of daily solutions in the ITRF2008 from Bernese 5.0 processed by the Military University of Technology EPN Local Analysis Centre (MUT LAC). At the beginning of our analyses concerning spatial dependencies, the correlation coefficients between each pair of the stations in the GNSS network were calculated. This analysis shows that spatio-temporal behaviour of the GPS-derived time series is not purely random, but there is the evident uniform spatial response. In order to quantify the influence of filtering using CME, the norms L1 and L2 were determined. The values of these norms were calculated for the North, East and Up components twice: before performing the filtration and after stacking. The observed reduction of the L1 and L2 norms was up to 30% depending on the dimension of the network. However, the question how to define an optimal size of CME-analysed subnetwork remains unanswered in this research, due to the fact that our network is not extended enough.

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Introduction Decision making on the fireground is a complex activity reflected in the cultural image of fire in contemporary Western societies, the expertise of firefighters and the public demand for response to fire. The split second decisions that must be made by incident commanders on the fireground demonstrate that the dominant models of rational, logical argument and naturalistic decision making are incapable of dealing with this complexity. Twelve senior ranking Australian fire officers participated in the investigation from which I propose that fireground incident commanders are relying on aesthetic awareness and somatic responses, similar to those of an artist, and that due to the often ineffable nature of their responses these sources of information are usually unacknowledged. As a result I have developed my own theory of decision making on the fireground, termed ‘Multimodal Decision Making’, which is distinguished from formal rationality and informal sense-based rationality in that it approaches art, science and practice as a complex and irreducible whole. Fire – Complex Decision Making The complex reality of a fireground incident is not effectively explained by decision making models based on logic. These models understand decision making in terms of a rational choice between various options (Dowie) and tend to oversimplify decision making. Grouped together they are commonly described as ‘traditional’. Recent research and the development of an alternative understanding, termed naturalistic decision making, has demonstrated that under the pressures of an emergency situation there is just not time enough to weight up alternatives (Flin, Salas, Strub and Martin; Klein). Naturalistic decision making draws on the cognitive sciences to explain how incident commanders make decisions when they are not using probability theory or rational logic (Montgomery, Lipshitz and Brehmer). Although I appreciate various aspects of the naturalistic models of decision making (Cannon-Bowers and Salas; Flin and Arbuthnot; Zsambok and Klein), the problem for me is that the research has been conducted from a cognitive task analysis perspective where typically each decision has been broken down into its supposed constituent parts, analysed and then reassembled. I understand this process to be counterproductive to appreciating complex and interrelated decision making. I propose an alternative explanation which I call Multimodal Decision Making. Multimodal Decision Making recognises that probability theory or rational logic does not adequately explain how incident commanders balance feelings of contradictory information in parallel, and by the very clash or strangeness of the juxtaposition, see a way forward. This is reasoning by similarity rather than calculation. I suggest that the mechanistic rational processes do not necessarily disappear, but that they are assimilated into a dynamic, as opposed to inflexible and rigid, approach to decision making. The following excerpt from a country Inspector is provided to illustrate the role of aesthetic awareness and somatic perception in fireground decision making. The Trembling Voice Early one morning a country Inspector is called out to a factory fire in a town, normally one hour’s drive away. It takes him 40 minutes to drive to the fire, and on the way he busies himself receiving two updates from the communications centre and talking by radio to the first arriving officer at the incident. Nothing the first arriving officer said was unusual or alarming. What was alarming, said the Inspector, was the very slight tremor in the first arriving officer’s voice. It contained a hint of fear. …so I got the message from the first pump that was on the scene. I could hear in his voice that he was quivering, so I thought ‘I am not too sure if he is comfortable, I’d better get him some help’ so I rang up the communications centre, and I said ‘Listen, I know you have got these two trucks coming from A., you’ve got the rural fire service’, I said ‘you need to send U. up now…I may have waited another 10 or 15 minutes before I said ‘Ok you better get G. there’ – it’s only another 40km maybe, I said ‘get them on the road as well.’ V – This is all while you are in the car? All while I am in the car driving to the incident, I am building a mental picture of what’s happening, and from hearing his voice, I felt that he was maybe not in control because of the quivering in it. V – Did you know him well already? Yeah I knew him sort of well enough… I could just tell, he sounded like he was in trouble…I felt once I arrived, he more or less – I could feel a weight come off his shoulders, ‘You’re here now, I don’t have to deal with this anymore, its all yours.’ The Inspector deduced the incident was possibly more serious than the communications centre had so far anticipated. He organised backup appliances, and these decisions, maintained the Inspector, were prompted by the “quivering” in the officer’s voice. On arrival he saw immediately that his call for backup was indeed necessary, because the fire was moving out of control with the possibility of spreading. Although the Inspector in this incident was not physically present, he relied on his aesthetic awareness and somatic perception to inform his decision making. He would have been justified if he acted only on the basis of incoming communications, which were presented in scientifically measurable terms: “factory well alight, two appliances in attendance…” and so on; nothing out of the ordinary, a straightforward incident. In fact, what he responded to was not the information he received as a verbal message, but rather the slight tremor in the first arriving officer’s voice. That is, the Inspector’s aesthetic awareness and somatic perception informed his decision to call for backup, overriding the word-information contained in the verbal report. Fire – Complex Cultural Image Fire is a complex object in itself and in a threatening context, such as the engulfment of an inhabited building, creates a complex environment which in turn, for me as a researcher, requires a complex method of inquiry. As a result I have been obliged to draw on theories of art and art criticism as part of my own method of enquiry and I have adopted Eisner and Powell’s application of aesthetics: It may be that somatic forms of knowledge – the use of the physical body as a source of information – play an important role in enabling scientists to make judgements about alternative courses of action or directions to pursue. It might be that qualitative cues are difficult to articulate, indeed clues that may themselves be ineffable, are critical for doing productive scientific work. (134) That is, sometimes the physical body is used as a source of information, and sometimes it is difficult to express in words how this happens. The following incident illustrates the importance of somatic awareness in decision making from an Inspector’s perspective. A Smell of Petrol In this incident a country Inspector was called to a row of factory units. The smell of petrol had been happening on and off over a period of 18 months, but now in the toilet of one shop it had become unbearable. The Inspector set his crew to work with a device that detects levels of petrol in the air, that he called a ‘sniffer’. When the ‘sniffer’ did not register a high value for petrol the Inspector considered the machine to be faulty and trusted his own sense of smell and that of his crew, over the ‘sniffer’. Decisions in this incident were informed by somatic response to the situation. In the Smell of Petrol, the Inspector considered his nose a more reliable source of information than a mechanised ‘sniffer’. Burning Ears Continuing the theme of mechanisation and technology, personal protective equipment, one Inspector informed me, has become so effective that firefighters are able to move much deeper into a fire than ever before. The new technology comes with a price. Previously firefighters perceived the sensation of their ears burning to be a warning sign. This somatic response has now been effectively curtailed. Technology in the form of increasing personal protective equipment, complex communication systems and sophisticated firefighting equipment is usually understood as increasing the opportunity to prevent and control an incident. Perhaps an alternative perspective could be that increasingly sophisticated technology is replacing somatic response with dangerous implications? Somatic awareness is developed within a cultural context. On the fireground, I understand the cultural context to be the image, as a fire is a moving, alive image demanding an immediate response. An arsonist may look for a fire to spiral out of control, enjoying the spectacle of an entire building being engulfed and spreading to the next office block. What is it that firefighters are looking for? What do they see? What directs their attention? Firefighters invariably see what they have been trained to see – smoke escaping from under the eaves, melting rubber between clip-lock walls, cracks in structural concrete, the colour and density of the smoke and so on. Their perception of signs, indicating their appreciation of the situation, and they way they perceive these signs – they look for them, gauge and measure their progress and act in response, are all intensified by time pressure and the imperative and means to do something. This is in sharp contrast to an arsonist or even the general public watching the fire’s progress on the TV news. The ability to comprehend and act on the visual is called aesthetics in the discipline of art criticism. I use the words ‘aesthetic awareness’ to mean the way an activity of perception is organised and informed to unspoken, but shared, principles for recognising fire features and characteristics; being able to share these principles helps with the building of an identity of expertise. In firefighting, as in other emergency service work, an aesthetic appreciation of the scene it is technically termed situational awareness (Banbury and Tremblay; Craig; Endsley and Garland) and sometimes colloquially known as a size-up. This is when incident commanders appraise the fireground and on the basis of their judgement, make decisions involving, for example, the placement of personnel and resources, calling for backup and so on. It is at this stage that the expertise of the incident commander is fore grounded and I suggest that a linear approach to decision making does not fully explain the complexities involved when a small input or adjustment can lead to very dramatic consequences. In fact, a small input leading to dramatic consequences is likely to indicate a non-linear system (Lewin). In a non-linear dynamic system, such as a fireground, some things may appear random, but they are known equations. Pink heralds a visual and non-linear approach, “perhaps some of the problems we face when we write linear texts with words as our only tool can be resolved by thinking of anthropology and its representations as not solely verbal, but also visual and not simply linear but multilinear” (Pink 10). With linear thinking there is a beginning and an end, which leads naturally to the supposition of cause and effect. This is because there is no looping back into the whole; it is as if there are many beginnings, leading to a fragmented sort of perception. Language shapes the way we perceive issues by virtue of the words we have to create our impressions with. Unfortunately, English and Western languages in general are not equipped for a multimodal communication. We are, by the structure of our language, almost squeezed into the position of talking linearly in terms of cause and effect for understanding what is happening. Fire – Complex Experience Creative decision making occurs when the person has a deep knowledge of the discipline. Great flashes of insight rarely come to the inexperienced mind. People who don’t understand rhythm, melody and harmony will not be able to compose complex pieces of music. Creative and innovative decision making on the fireground will not be possible without prior experience regarding how various materials react on combustion, the structure of the organisational hierarchy, crew configurations and the nature of the fire being fought. There is beginner’s luck of course, but this will not be a consistent approach to an otherwise fearful and dangerous situation, because knowing what to expect means feeling less danger and less fear, freeing up more energy to respond creatively. For example, consider a junior firefighter trembling in fear prior to their first incident, compared with an experienced firefighter who feels anticipation and exhilaration. We live in a world of specialisation and expert opinion, even if there is a certain cynicism creeping in over what makes someone an expert. Taylorism has ultimately produced people with high technical skills in one area and a lack of ability to see the whole picture (Konzelmann, Forrant and Wilkinson).As a counterbalance there is a current push towards multi-skilling and flattened hierarchies. For firefighting organisations this creates an interesting challenge. On the one hand there is a concentration on highly technical skill development which involves acknowledging the importance of team work; on the other, the demands of a time critical situation in which the imperative is to act quickly and decisively for the best possible outcome. Ultimate decision making responsibility lies with the incident commander who must be able to negotiate the complexity of the scene in its entirety, balancing competing demands rather than focusing solely on one aspect. The ease with which incident commanders move through the decision making process, perceiving the situation, looking at the fire and sizing it up, is not reliant on eyesight alone. It involves their ability to adjust, reframe, and move through the incident without losing their bearings, no matter how or where they are physically situated in relation to the fire. Seeing does not involve only eyesight, it sums up the experience of becoming so familiar and integrated with the aspects of fire behaviour that expert incident commanders do not lose their bearings in the process of changing their physical location. Often they rely on incoming intelligence to develop a three dimensional perspective of the fireground. They have a multimodal perspective, a holistic vista, because their sensory relationship with the fire is so thorough and extensive. Just looking at the fire for the incident commander, is not just looking at the fire, it is an aesthetic experience in which there is a shared standard for recognising what is happening, if not what should be done to mitigate it. Participating in the knowledge of these standards, these ways of seeing, is recognised as part of the identity of the group member. Nelson (97), who specialised in visually reading the man-made environment, wrote “we see what we are looking for, what we have been trained to see by habit or tradition.” Firefighters are known and respected within their cultural context by their depth of understanding of these shared standards. These shared standards may or may not be a reflection of the ideal or organisationally endorsed standard operating guidelines. I suggest that a heightened situational awareness and consequent decision making may be a visible indication of contribution and inclusion within the cultural practices of firefighting. Thus seeing involves not only eyesight, but also being a part of a cultural context; for example interpreting individualised body movements and gestures. Standard operating guidelines place rules and constraints on incident commanders. These guidelines provide a hierarchy of needs, and prescribe recommended approaches for various fireground contingencies. This does not mean that incident commanders are not creative. “Play and art without rules is uninteresting. Absolute liberty is boring” (Karlqvist 111). Within the context of the fireground, creative experience is deliberate as opposed to random. The creation of innovative approaches does not happen in a vacuum; rather it is the result of playing with the rules, stretching them, moving and testing them. It is essential to maintain common operating guidelines, or rules, because they form a stock body of common knowledge, but it is also essential to break the rules and play around with them. Karlqvist (112) writes “mastery reveals itself as breaking rules. The secret of creativity hinges on this insight, to know the right moment when you can go too far”. There are experts who are trained to be mechanical, and there are experts, such as the incident commanders I interviewed, who integrate and sometimes override the mechanical list of rules. Multimodal Decision Making is not primarily about an objective representation of the ‘truth’, but rather the unpredictable and complex conditions which incident commanders must negotiate. Conclusion When dealing with a complex and dynamic system, cause and effect are not sufficient explanation for what is happening. Instead of linear progression we are looking at a feedback or circular system, in which a small act may produce a larger reaction. Decision making on the fireground is a complex and difficult activity. Its complexity stems from the uncertain variables, the immediate threat to life and property, the safety of the crew, trapped victims, observing public, the perceptions reported by the media and the statutory obligations that motivate firefighters to their tasks are intricately interwoven. This melting pot of variable contingencies creates a complex working environment which I suggest is negotiated by a little acknowledged ability to integrate somatic and aesthetic awareness into decision making in time critical situations. When dealing with a complex and dynamic system, cause and effect are not sufficient explanation for what is happening. Instead of linear progression we are looking at a feedback or circular system, in which a small act may produce a larger reaction. Decision making on the fireground is a complex and difficult activity. Its complexity stems from uncertain variables which include the immediate threat to life and property, the safety of the crew, trapped victims, and observing public, the perceptions reported by the media and the statutory obligations that motivate firefighters to their tasks, all of which are intricately interwoven. This melting pot of variable contingencies creates a complex working environment which I suggest is negotiated by a little acknowledged ability to integrate somatic and aesthetic awareness into decision making in time critical situations. References Banbury, Simon, and Sebastian Tremblay, eds. A Cognitive Approach to Situational Awareness: Theory and Application. Hampshire, England: Ashgate, 2004. Cannon-Bowers, Janis, and Eduardo Salas. Making Decisions under Stress. Washington: American Psychological Association, 1998. Craig, Peter. Situational Awareness: Controlling Pilot Error. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001. Dowie, Jack. “Clinical Decision Analysis: Background and Introduction.” In Analysing How We Reach Clinical Decisions, eds. H. Llewellyn & A. Hopkins. London: Royal College of Physicians, 1993. Eisner, Elliot, and Kimberly Powell. “Art in Science?” Curriculum Inquiry 32.2 (2002): 131-159. Endsley, Mica, and Daniel Garland, eds. Situational Awareness Analysis and Measurement. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2000. Flin, Rhona, and Kevin Arbuthnot. Incident Command: Tales from the Hot Seat. England: Ashgate, 2002. Flin, Rhona, Eduardo Salas, M. Strub, and L. Martin, eds. Decision Making under Stress. England: Ashgate, 1997. Karlqvist, Aka. “Creativity: Some Historical Footnotes from Art and Science.” Ake Andersson and Nihls-Eric Sahlin, eds. The Complexity of Creativity. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1997. Klein, Gary. Sources of Power. Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. Konzelmann, Suzanne, Robert Forrant, and Frank Wilkinson. “Work Systems, Corporate Strategies and Global Markets: Creative Shop Floors or ‘a Barge Mentality’?” Industrial Relations Journal 35.3 (2004). Lewin, Roger. Complexity: Life at the Edge of Chaos. 2nd ed. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1999. Montgomery, Henry, and Raanan Lipshitz, and Berndt Brehmer, eds. How Professionals Make Decisions. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2005. Nelson, George. How to See: A Guide to Reading Our Manmade Environment. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1977. Pink, Sarah. “Introduction: Situating Visual Research.” In Working Images, eds. Sarah Pink, Laszlo Kurti, and Ana Isabel Afonso. New York: Routledge, 2004. Zsambok, Caroline, and Gary Klein. Naturalistic Decision Making. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1997. Citation reference for this article MLA Style Ingham, Valerie. "Decisions on Fire." M/C Journal 10.3 (2007). echo date('d M. Y'); ?> <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0706/06-ingham.php>. APA Style Ingham, V. (Jun. 2007) "Decisions on Fire," M/C Journal, 10(3). Retrieved echo date('d M. Y'); ?> from <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0706/06-ingham.php>.