Journal articles on the topic 'East Bengal'
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Barman, Rup Kumar. "Buddhist Culture of Contemporary West Bengal (Reflections on the Bengali-speaking Buddhists)." SMARATUNGGA: JURNAL OF EDUCATION AND BUDDHIST STUDIES 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 70–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.53417/sjebs.v2i2.81.
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Since the inception of Buddhism, the people of Bengal have maintained a very close relationship with Buddhist ideologies. In fact, Bengal appeared as a dominant center of Buddhist culture in the early medieval period (sixth to twelfth century CE) both for its institutional flavour as well as for state- sponsorship. However, with the fall of royal patronage and the conversion of the Buddhists to other religious faiths, Buddhism gradually lost its prominence in Bengal. It was during the colonial period (1757 to 1947 CE), Buddhism again started reviving in different corners of Bengal principally in the early twentieth century. However, the ‘Partition of Bengal Province (in 1947) appeared as a serious setback for the fate of Buddhism in this region. The East Bengali Buddhists had started a new episode of the struggle for survival in India more precisely in West Bengal as ‘refugees’ or as ‘asylum seekers. After their migration to West Bengal, the Bengali-speaking Buddhists have aspired to build up several Viharas (monasteries), Sanghasrams (spiritual hermitage), temples, and institutions in Kolkata, Sub-Himalayan Bengal, and certain other districts of West Bengal. They have preserved and maintained the Buddhist socio-cultural traditions that they have inherited from the southeastern corner of former East Bengal. This paper highlights all these aspects of the Buddhist culture of West Bengal with a fresh outlook.
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Toor, Saadia. "Containing East Bengal." Cultural Dynamics 21, no. 2 (July 2009): 185–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0921374008105070.
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Dasgupta, Koushiki. "The Bharatiya Jana Sangh and the First General Election in West Bengal: The Enigma of Hindu Politics in early 1950s." Studies in Indian Politics 8, no. 1 (May 2, 2020): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2321023020918063.
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The first general elections proved to be a disaster for the Bharatiya Jana Sangh in Bengal in terms of its performance and its failure to make the Hindu Bengalis a consolidated political block. Prior to the election, the party had generated immense hopes and aspirations especially among the refugees from East Bengal. Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee, the leader of the opposition, appeared to be the sole spokesman of the Bengali Hindus and fought the election with a promise to secure the political fate of the Hindu Bengalis, especially the refugees from East Bengal. But very soon the party lost the essential spirit and enthusiasm to challenge the leftists especially in the refugee constituencies and failed to take a hold over the issues of multiple identities working parallel inside the refugee political space. The Hindu nationalist forces had never been a popular choice in Bengal; however, at least in the decades before partition they managed to make their presence felt in the political mainstream of the province. In this paper, an attempt has been made to understand why the Hindu nationalist parties in general and the Jana Sangh in particular lost its credibility among the Hindu electorate in Bengal after partition.
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SEN, UDITI. "The Myths Refugees Live By: Memory and history in the making of Bengali refugee identity." Modern Asian Studies 48, no. 1 (May 9, 2013): 37–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x12000613.
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AbstractWithin the popular memory of the partition of India, the division of Bengal continues to evoke themes of political rupture, social tragedy, and nostalgia. The refugees or, more broadly speaking, Hindu migrants from East Bengal, are often the central agents of such narratives. This paper explores how the scholarship on East Bengali refugees portrays them either as hapless and passive victims of the regime of rehabilitation, which was designed to integrate refugees into the socio-economic fabric of India, or eulogizes them as heroic protagonists who successfully battled overwhelming adversity to wrest resettlement from a reluctant state. This split image of the Bengali refugee as both victim and victor obscures the complex nature of refugee agency. Through a case-study of the foundation and development of Bijoygarh colony, an illegal settlement of refugee-squatters on the outskirts of Calcutta, this paper will argue that refugee agency in post-partition West Bengal was inevitably moulded by social status and cultural capital. However, the collective memory of the establishment of squatters’ colonies systematically ignores the role of caste and class affiliations in fracturing the refugee experience. Instead, it retells the refugees’ quest for rehabilitation along the mythic trope of heroic and masculine struggle. This paper interrogates refugee reminiscences to illuminate their erasures and silences, delineating the mythic structure common to both popular and academic refugee histories and exploring its significance in constructing a specific cultural identity for Bengali refugees.
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Chakraborty, Swarnendu. "The partition of Bengal in 1947 and The Role of the Hindu MahaSabha." British Journal of Philosophy, Sociology and History 2, no. 1 (January 25, 2022): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/bjpsh.2022.2.1.5.
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According to Encyclopedia Britannica, the English word “De-colonization” means liberation of colonies from their foreign overlords. After the 2nd world war, the De-colonization of the Asia African continent began due to different economic-political-strategic factors. However, in many instances, this process brings partition of an undivided country into 2\3 smaller successor States with forceful mass migration, refugee crisis, loss of monetary and human resources due to violent civil wars between different ethno-religious groups. After the battle of Plessey (1757) granting of Dewani to the English East India Company (1765), Bengal became the center of the British power in East India. The British city of Calcutta became the most prominent city in Asia as the capital of British India. Through the efforts of some European and native academicians, a mixture of Anglo-British culture happened. The Bengali thinkers taught the nation the first lessons of patriotism during the colonial period. At the beginning of the 20th century, the then Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon, divided Bengal into two parts in 1905. The Bengali masses protested publicly against the partition. R.Tagore and other Bengali thinkers guided the agitation. This protest movement was known as the Swadeshi movement. In 1911, the division was cancelled, but the capital of British India had been shifted from Calcutta to Delhi. After the establishment of the Muslim League. (1906), The Hindu MohaSabha (1915) and enactment of the Morle-Minto (1909), Montegu-Chamesford (1919), the communal harmony between the Bengali Hindu and Muslim community decreased. After the 2nd world war, it became clear that the British Empire in the Indian sub-continent would collapse soon. During the power transfer process, the division of the sub-continent into two different countries became inventible. My aim in this study is to point out the role of the Hindu MahaSabha in the partition of Bengal in 1947. I will try to point out whether the division of Bengal was necessary or the rise of Bengali communalism forced it. I will try both analytical and descriptive research methods to answer my questions.
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KURZON, DENNIS. "Romanisation of Bengali and Other Indian Scripts." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 20, no. 1 (November 30, 2009): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186309990319.
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AbstractThis article will discuss two attempts at the romanisation of Indian languages in the twentieth century, one in pre-independence India and the second in Pakistan before the Bangladesh war of 1971. By way of background, an overview of the status of writing in the subcontinent will be presented in the second section, followed by a discussion of various earlier attempts in India to change writing systems, relating mainly to the situation in Bengal, which has one language and one script used by two large religious groups – Muslims and Hindus (in modern-day Bangladesh and West Bengal, respectively). The fourth section will look at the language/script policy of the Indian National Congress in pre-independence days, and attempts to introduce romanisation, especially the work of the Bengali linguist S. K. Chatterji. The penultimate section deals with attempts to change the writing system in East Pakistan, i.e. East Bengal, to (a) the Perso-Arabic script, and (b) the roman script.In all cases, the attempt to romanise any of the Indian scripts failed at the national – official – level, although Indian languages do have a conventional transliteration. Reasons for the failure will be presented, in the final section, in terms of İlker Aytürk's model (see this issue), which proposes factors that may allow – or may not lead to – the implementation of romanisation.
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Wemyss, Georgie. "White Memories, White Belonging: Competing Colonial Anniversaries in ‘Postcolonial’ East London." Sociological Research Online 13, no. 5 (September 2008): 50–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.1801.
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This paper explores how processes of remembering past events contribute to the construction of highly racialised local and national politics of belonging in the UK. Ethnographic research and contextualised discourse analysis are used to examine two colonial anniversaries remembered in 2006: the 1606 departure of English ‘settlers’ who built the first permanent English colony in North America at Jamestown, Virginia, and the 1806 opening of the East India Docks, half a century after the East India Company took control of Bengal following the battle of Polashi. Both events were associated with the Thames waterfront location of Blackwall in the east London borough of Tower Hamlets, an area with the highest Bengali population in Britain and significant links with North America through banks and businesses based at the regenerated Canary Wharf office complex. It investigates how discourses and events associated with these two specific anniversaries and with the recent ‘regeneration’ of Blackwall, contribute to the consolidation of the dominant ‘mercantile discourse’ about the British Empire, Britishness and belonging. Challenges to the dominant discourse of the ‘celebration’ of colonial settlement in North America by competing discourses of North American Indian and African American groups are contrasted with the lack of contest to discourses that ‘celebrate’ Empire stories in contemporary Britain. The paper argues that the ‘mercantile discourse’ in Britain works to construct a sense of mutual white belonging that links white Englishness with white Americaness through emphasising links between Blackwall and Jamestown and associating the values of ‘freedom and democracy’ with colonialism. At the same time British Bengali belonging is marginalised as links between Blackwall and Bengal and the violence and oppression of British colonialism are silenced. The paper concludes with an analysis of the contemporary mobilisation of the ‘mercantile discourse’ in influential social policy and ‘regeneration’ discourse about ‘The East End’.
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Sengupta, Debjani. "The dark forest of exile: A Dandakaranya memoir and the Partition’s Dalit refugees." Journal of Commonwealth Literature 57, no. 3 (September 2022): 520–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00219894221115908.
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The Partition of India in 1947 has often been studied through the lenses of territoriality, communal identity, and the high nationalist politics of the attainment of the two nation-states of India and Pakistan. However, the history of nation-making is inextricably linked with the account of Dalit communities in divided Bengal, their aspirations and arrival in West Bengal, and their subsequent exile outside the newly formed state to a government-chosen rehabilitation site called Dandakaranya in central India. From the 1950s, the Dalit population of East Pakistan began migrating to West Bengal in India following their leader Jogendra Nath Mandal who had migrated earlier. Subsequently, West Bengal saw a steady influx of agriculturalist Dalit refugees whose rehabilitation entailed a different understanding of land resettlement. Conceived in 1956, the Dandakaranya Project was an ambitious one-time plan to rehabilitate thousands of East Bengali Namasudra refugees outside the state. Some writings on Dandakaranya, such as those by Saibal Kumar Gupta, former chairman of the Dandakaranya Development Authority, offer us a profound insight into the plight of Dalit refugees during post-Partition times. This article explores two texts by Gupta: his memoir, Kichu Smriti, Kichu Katha, and a collection of essays compiled in a book, Dandakaranya: A Survey of Rehabilitation. Drawing on official data, government reports, assessments of the refugee settlers, and extensive personal interaction, Gupta evaluates the demographic and humanitarian consequences of the Partition for the Dalit refugees. These texts represent an important literary archive that unearths a hidden chapter in the Indian Partition’s historiography and lays bare the trajectory of Scheduled Caste history understood through the project of rehabilitation and resettlement in independent India.
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Payra, Arajush, and Ashish D. Tiple. "Notes on the occurrence of Mortonagrion aborense Laidlaw, 1914 (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) from lower West Bengal, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 8, no. 7 (July 26, 2016): 9038. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.1992.8.7.9038-9041.
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A new distribution record of an Odonata species from lower West Bengal. Mortonagrion aborense laidlaw, 1914 is recorded for the first time from Purba Medinipur district, lower West Bengal. Previously the species was recorded only from north-east India (Mizoram, West Bengal, Assam and Nagaland). Diagnostic characters with photographic details of male anal appendages are also given for easy identification of this rare damselfly species.
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Iqbal, Iftekhar. "The Space between Nation and Empire: The Making and Unmaking of Eastern Bengal and Assam Province, 1905–1911." Journal of Asian Studies 74, no. 1 (February 2015): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911814001661.
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The article examines the spatial turn in the contestations between the Indian nation and the British empire, as manifested in the creation and annulment of a new province at the turn of the twentieth century. The province, Eastern Bengal and Assam, was a culmination of the British Indian empire's eastern gaze since the early nineteenth century across northeastern India, Burma, and southern China. While the new province was expected to facilitate the empire's eastward transregional engagements, the national resistance to the scheme was influenced more by the comfort zone of the agro-ecological regime of the plains of the Bengal Delta, imagined to be capable of sustaining the Bengali nation in decline. The province was dismantled within six years in the face of the razing national movement, but a century later its legacy returns as India looks east.
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Brown, Carolyn Henning. "Raja and Rank in North Bihar." Modern Asian Studies 22, no. 4 (October 1988): 757–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00015730.
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The Maithil Brahmans of Bihar and the Bengali Brahmans of Bengal, two of the five great North Indian Brahman castes, had, as of the early nineteenth century, closely similar systems of ranked grades and hypergamously marrying lineages. In addition, fundamental concepts—of purity and pollution, of coded substance, of sattva, rajas, and tamas (Dumont 1970; Inden 1976; Davis 1983)—form a shared construction of reality for both groups of Hindus. Yet despite a common ideation and similar patterns of organization up to that point, the ‘Kulin system’ of Bengal virtually disappeared in the middle of the last century, while among the Brahmans to the east in Bihar, the system faltered during the same period, then corrected itself, grew more complex with greater refinements of rank than at any time in the past, and has survived into the present.
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Alam, S. M. Shamsul. "Language as political articulation: East Bengal in 1952." Journal of Contemporary Asia 21, no. 4 (January 1991): 469–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00472339180000311.
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van Duijne, Robbin Jan, Chetan Choithani, and Karin Pfeffer. "New urban geographies of West Bengal, East India." Journal of Maps 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 172–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2020.1819899.
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Davini, Roberto. "Bengali raw silk, the East India Company and the European global market, 1770–1833." Journal of Global History 4, no. 1 (March 2009): 57–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022809002952.
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AbstractIn 1769, the East India Company decided to transform the Bengali silk industry, and introduced Piedmontese reeling technologies and spatially concentrated working practices into the area. Although Bengali raw silk reeled with the new methods never reached the standards of Piedmontese silks, the Company was able to produce huge quantities of low-quality raw silks, and to gain market share in London from the 1770s to the 1830s. By investigating the reasons behind this partial success, this article shows that some features of Piedmontese technologies had a crucial impact on peasants who specialized in the mulberry cultivation and the rearing of silkworms. The Company had to cope with resistance from some rural economic agents in late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Bengal, but other elements in local society were able to profit from the Company's interest in producing raw silk.
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MUTHUCHAMI, A., and S. SRIDHARAN. "Intensification and movement of cyclonic storm in the Bay of Bengal during post monsoon season." MAUSAM 59, no. 1 (November 27, 2021): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v59i1.1211.
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Using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and from the available data on tracks of the storms from India Meteorological Department for the period 1981-2005 an attempt is made to understand the intensification of storms and their movements in the Bay of Bengal during post-monsoon season. It is noticed that in the month of October only 12 % of the cyclonic storms weakened whereas in November and December it is 28 % and 41 % respectively. Cyclonic storms moving in a northeast direction weaken in all the months of post-monsoon season. Most of the westward moving storms do not undergo weakening. In the Bay of Bengal, SST and relative humidity are not responsible for weakening of the storms except in December but wind shear is responsible for weakening. The orientation of isotherms of SST of Bay of Bengal influences the direction of motion. During the years when the storms are predominantly moving west/northwest the SST over the Bay of Bengal is about 1.0° C warmer than the years when the storms are predominantly moving in north/northeastward. If the isotherms of SST are oriented southwest-northeast with higher value in the east then system may move in north or northeastward and on such occasions east Bay of Bengal is warmer than west Bay of Bengal.
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Malhotra, Aanchal. "There Are No More Places to Migrate To." Departures in Critical Qualitative Research 8, no. 1 (2019): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/dcqr.2019.8.1.42.
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This essay, written as narrative nonfiction, is the portion of an oral history interview with Kalyani Ray Chowdhury, who was born in 1929 in Chittagong (present-day Bangladesh), on what she recalls of her homeland in East Bengal. A few months prior to India's 1947 Partition into India and Pakistan by the British, Ray Chowdhury's family had been vacationing in the city of Patna. They were unable to travel back home to Mymensingh due to rising communal and political turmoil. When the Partition line was finally declared, they found themselves living life as refugees in Calcutta in West Bengal, while their home remained abandoned across the newly formed border in East Bengal. During the course of the interview, Ray Chowdhury also makes note of the nuanced distinctions in the culture and language of people from both sides of the Bengal border, and how conscious efforts had to be made on the part of her family to feel any sense of integration to their newly adopted home.
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MAHOOD, SIMON P., CHAMNAN HONG, SON VIRAK, PHEARUN SUM, and STEPHEN T. GARNETT. "Catastrophic ongoing decline in Cambodia’s Bengal Florican Houbaropsis bengalensis population." Bird Conservation International 30, no. 2 (May 17, 2019): 308–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270919000157.
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SummaryIn 2013 a prediction was made that the South-East Asian subspecies of Bengal Florican Houbaropsis bengalensis blandini would be extinct within 10 years. In 2018 we conducted a survey in the Tonle Sap floodplain, Cambodia, of the last population of Bengal Florican in South-East Asia. We found that the rate of decline in displaying males was 55% over five years, a decline comparable to that recorded between 2005–2007 and 2012. The estimated number of displaying males in 2018 was 104 (95% CI: 89–117), down from 216 (156–275) in 2012. We also conducted surveys by flushing birds in the non-breeding season, which indicated that the sex ratio of males to females is 3:1. We therefore estimate that the total population of adult Bengal Floricans in Cambodia in 2018 was 138 (119–156), making H. b. blandini the most threatened bustard taxon. The number of sites that support displaying male Bengal Floricans was reduced from 10 to four between 2012 and 2018. Between 2012 and 2018 we monitored numbers of displaying males in most years at the sites that support 80% of the total population. The only site where numbers of birds are stable is Stoung-Chikraeng Bengal Florican Conservation Area, where there were 44 (25–63) displaying males in 2018. This is the only site that has an ongoing NGO-government conservation programme. Our data indicate that Bengal Floricans are lost from sites when the area of grassland falls below 25 km2. We found evidence that displaying male Bengal Floricans abandon display territories when grassland is lost, this also creates hope that they may disperse and could colonise newly created habitat. All remaining sites that support Bengal Floricans in Cambodia are imperilled and we outline what must be done to reduce the possibility that H. b. blandini will be extinct by 2023.
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Datta, Sudhangsu Sekhar, and Kaushik Mukherjee. "Women Education in Colonial Bengal: Retrospection." BSSS Journal of Social Work 13, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.51767/jsw1301.
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Modern education came to Bengal though the East India Company. The missionaries also landed up for proselytising activities. They were perturbed by the backwardness of the Indian society especially the plights of women. The people of Bengal came in touch with the western ideas as Calcutta was made the capital of colonial India. The influence of liberalism and modern education brought in by the Britishers transformed a section of Bengal society. Bengal became the cradle of social reforms. The outcome of missionary’s activities and reforms brought by social reformers opened the gate of educational institution for the women. Though the conservative and orthodox Bengal society did not allow female education initially, gradually female education gained momentum and took steps in the right direction. Commissions constituted by the Britishers also facilitated the progress of female education. An attempt has been made to retrospect the situation of female education in colonial Bengal.
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Syahputra, Dimas Raihan, and Tetty Barunawati Siagian. "Helminthiasis Identification on Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris tigris)." Jurnal Ternak 13, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.30736/jt.v13i2.171.
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Bengal tiger (Panthera Tigris) is a mammal in the big cat family. The decrease in the Bengal tiger population can be caused by helminth infections. The impact of helminth infection on Bengal tiger in short term does not show any clinical symptoms. The examination was carried out to identify gastrointestinal infections in Bengal tiger (Panthera Tigris) conducted at Maharani Zoo Lamongan, East Java. 5 samples of Bengal tiger feces were used for examination purpose. The examination of fecal samples on Bengal tigers was carried out qualitatively using the native method and the floating method. The results of the examination of 5 Bengal tigers at Maharani Zoo showed 1 positive for Ascarid eggs on native examination and on floating examination showed 2 positive samples for Strongylid eggs and 5 positive samples for Ascarid eggs. The percentage of helminthiasis in the Bengal tigers was 100% positive for helminth infection. The helminth infections at Maharani Zoo could be caused by damp cage, humid and dirty environment, food and water that were contaminated with helminth eggs. The treatment given for the Bengal tigers at Maharani Zoo used Kalbazen® that contains 1000mg albendazole.
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Chandan Roy. "A Review on Genesis, Growth and Development of Bengal Artisanal Silk Industry in India." Integrated Journal for Research in Arts and Humanities 2, no. 4 (July 5, 2022): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.55544/ijrah.2.4.54.
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This paper explores how the silk production in India started flourishing from mid of the seventeenth century when the demand for cheaper Bengal silk began to rise in European market. Initially Dutch merchants were collecting the silk from domestic market for exporting it to Europe and later English East India Company (EEIC) took over the control of silk trade spreading their tentacles in different parts of Bengal. In order to improve the quality, EEIC introduced Italian technology of reeling in Bengal in 1769, though Bengal sericulture was unable to adapt the technology. Bengal economy was going through several natural calamities and domestic disturbances. From 1813 the company started selling its filatures. The economic power of dadani merchant, money-lenders started growing from this period and they formed a new middle class while the situation of artisan and farmer classes deteriorated. The condition of native artisans of Bengal further worsened under the rule of British Monarch as the Industrial Revolution in West set in. Being potential competitor of Machester Silk, Bengal silk faced serious crisis and eventually Bengal silk industries were transformed into suppliers of raw materials, which was driven by the national interest interests of the British Monarch.
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Dey, Santi Ranjan. "Avifauna of Patan Wetland, Murshidabad, West Bengal, India." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH AND REVIEW 18 (April 30, 2019): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.52756/ijerr.2019.v18.003.
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Biodiversity enumeration of ecologically sensitive species is important for estimating the general health as well as development of proper conservation plans for the entire ecosystem. ‘Patan beel’ an relatively unexplored wetland of North-West Murshidabad is located between latitude 24°2’4” North to 24°3’ 20’’North and longitude 88°1’18’’ East to 88°0’15’’ East. The approximately 500 acres wetland contains forested area, some human habitation, and low but cultivable land. The area is unique in flora and fauna composition. This study has revealed that ‘Patan beel’ contains 49 species of birds. Some of the birds are totally aquatic. Some are migratory in nature. To conserve and manage wetland resources, it is imperative to have inventory of wetlands and their aqua-resources.
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SHODHAN, Amrita. "The East India Company’s Conquest of Assam, India, and “Community” Justice: Panchayats/Mels in Translation." Asian Journal of Law and Society 2, no. 2 (September 7, 2015): 357–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/als.2015.12.
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AbstractThe East India Company troops fighting the Burmese aggression on the frontier of Bengal in Eastern India “freed” upper and lower Assam territories in 1825. David Scott of the Bengal Service was appointed to oversee the establishment of civil and revenue administration in these frontier territories. He established a hierarchical multiple structure of “native courts”—called panchayats—as the chief medium of civil and criminal justice. This was ostensibly continuing a traditional Assamese form of dispute resolution—the mel; however, the British criminal jury as well as the expert assessor model animated the system. After his death in 1831, the system was brought in line with the rest of the Bengal administration based on the British court system. His experiment, paralleled in many other newly conquered and ceded districts from the Madras territories to Central India, suggests the use of this mode in post-conquest situations by British administrators in South Asia.
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Kuiters, Willem G. J. "Reactions to Change: European Society in Bengal under the East India Company Flag, 1756-1773." Itinerario 23, no. 3-4 (November 1999): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300024554.
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Over the 1750s and 1760s, the East India Company became the principal ruler of Bengal. This rise to power was initially achieved by a limited use of military force combined with the clever manipulation of local politics and discontent in Bengal court circles provoked by the young and incautious Nawab Siraj-ud-daula. The Nawaby's army was defeated at Plassey after his most important generals conspired with the British against him. The British concluded a very advantageous treaty with his successor, Mir Jafar, who became increasingly dependent on their goodwill.
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Hashmi, Tajul-Islam. "The communalisation of class struggle: East Bengal peasantry, 1923-29." Indian Economic & Social History Review 25, no. 2 (June 1988): 171–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001946468802500203.
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Yang, Ruowen, Shu Gui, and Jie Cao. "Bay of Bengal‐East Asia‐Pacific Teleconnection in Boreal Summer." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 124, no. 8 (April 26, 2019): 4395–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019jd030332.
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Anutaliya, Arachaporn, Uwe Send, Julie L. McClean, Janet Sprintall, Luc Rainville, Craig M. Lee, S. U. Priyantha Jinadasa, Alan J. Wallcraft, and E. Joseph Metzger. "An undercurrent off the east coast of Sri Lanka." Ocean Science 13, no. 6 (December 7, 2017): 1035–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-13-1035-2017.
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Abstract. The existence of a seasonally varying undercurrent along 8° N off the east coast of Sri Lanka is inferred from shipboard hydrography, Argo floats, glider measurements, and two ocean general circulation model simulations. Together, they reveal an undercurrent below 100–200 m flowing in the opposite direction to the surface current, which is most pronounced during boreal spring and summer and switches direction between these two seasons. The volume transport of the undercurrent (200–1000 m layer) can be more than 10 Sv in either direction, exceeding the transport of 1–6 Sv carried by the surface current (0–200 m layer). The undercurrent transports relatively fresher water southward during spring, while it advects more saline water northward along the east coast of Sri Lanka during summer. Although the undercurrent is potentially a pathway of salt exchange between the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, the observations and the ocean general circulation models suggest that the salinity contrast between seasons and between the boundary current and interior is less than 0.09 in the subsurface layer, suggesting a small salt transport by the undercurrent of less than 4 % of the salinity deficit in the Bay of Bengal.
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PIJUSH, BASAK. "Eastern and North Eastern sub-divisions of India : An analysis of trend and chaotic behaviour of rainfall in different seasons." MAUSAM 71, no. 4 (August 4, 2021): 625–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v71i4.47.
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The aim of the study is to understand trend or non-linearity along with a chaotic behaviour, if any, of Eastern and North Eastern sub-divisional rainfall, namely Orissa, Gangetic West Bengal, Sub Himalayan West Bengal, Assam and Meghalaya and also Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram and Tripura based on rainfall data of 143 years (1871-2013). The analysis is performed for examining behaviour of rainfall in each of the seasons, namely, Pre monsoon, South West monsoon, North East monsoon and also Annual rainfall extracted from the monthly data. For that purpose, a trend analysis with Hurst Exponent and non-linearity analysis with Lyapunov Exponent are employed. The analysis revealed that rainfall of Orissa is persistent for all the seasons whilst the rainfall is persistent in Gangetic West Bengal in Pre monsoon and North East monsoon and Assam and Meghalaya along with Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram and Tripura exhibit persistent behaviour in South West Monsoon and annually. Sub Himalayan West Bengal exhibit persistence in annual rainfall only. Chaotic tendency in low magnitude is located in many cases whilst non-chaotic situation has occurred when the persistence is found, mainly in pre-monsoon season. Moreover, the analysis of Hurst and Lyapunov Exponent revealed to identify two groups of sub-divisions with exactly similar region of every respect. Those two groups contain (i) sub-divisions Orissa and Assam and Meghalaya and also (ii) sub-divisions Sub Himalayan West Bengal and Nagaland, Mizoram, Manipur and Tripura although those are at distances of hundreds of kilometers away. The behaviour of those subdivisions in a group has similar behaviour in all respects.
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van Schendel, Willem. "Working Through Partition: Making a Living in the Bengal Borderlands." International Review of Social History 46, no. 3 (November 26, 2001): 393–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859001000256.
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Partition, the break-up of colonial India in 1947, has been the subject of considerable serious historical research, but almost exclusively from two distinctive perspectives: as a macropolitical event; or as a cultural and personal disaster. Remarkably, very little is known about the socioeconomic impact of Partition on different localities and individuals. This exploratory essay considers how Partition affected working people's livelihood and labour relations. The essay focuses on the northeastern part of the subcontinent, where Partition created an international border separating East Bengal – which became East Pakistan, then Bangladesh – from West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, and other regions which joined the new state of India. Based largely on evidence contained in “low-level” state records, the author explores how labour relations for several categories of workers in the new borderland changed during the period of the late 1940s and 1950s.
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Preethi Latha, T., K. H. Rao, E. Amminedu, P. V. Nagamani, S. B. Choudhury, E. Lakshmi, P. N. Sridhar, C. B. S. Dutt, and V. K. Dhadwal. "Seasonal variability of phytoplankton blooms in the coastal waters along the East coast of India." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-8 (November 28, 2014): 1065–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-8-1065-2014.
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Bay of Bengal (BOB) is a semi enclosed tropical basin located in the north eastern part of the Indian Ocean with high influence of fresh water discharge from major rivers and rainfall. Bay of Bengal (BOB) is highly influenced by monsoons and represents a natural laboratory to study the effect of fresh water fluxes on the marine ecosystem. Bay of Bengal (BOB) is very low in productivity often with the observations of Phytoplankton Blooms. Phytoplankton blooms are one of the prominent features of biological variability in the coastal ecosystems such as estuaries, lagoons, bays, and tidal rivers with rapid production and accumulation of phytoplankton biomass in the ocean. These blooms usually respond to changing physical forcings originating in the coastal ocean like tides, currents and river runoff and to the atmospheric forcing like wind. These physical forcings have different timescales of variability, so algal blooms can be short-term episodic events, recurrent seasonal phenomena, or rare events associated with exceptional climatic or hydrologic conditions. Bloom events and their variability on spatial & temporal scales monitoring through field measurements is difficult. Based on this key hypothesis an effort is made to understand the seasonal and spatial variability of Phytoplankton Blooms along the East Coast of India. In this paper we present the bloom dynamics in their context to the chlorophyll concentration along with species composition and abundance in estuarine and near shore coastal waters of Godavari basin using Oceansat-2 Ocean Colour Monitor (OCM). The initial results revealed that the quasi permanent phytoplankton blooms initiates in the month of mid- February and evolves for a period of two months and then slowly starts decaying by the mid of May month. The results also stand as a base for the study of influence of Phytoplankton Blooms on the carbon flux estimations and bio-geo-chemical processes in the Bay of Bengal.
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Chandran, Rakhi, Archana Ayyagari, Prerna Diwan, Sanjay Gupta, and Vandana Gupta. "In silico Screening of Approved Drugs to Describe Novel E. coli DNA Gyrase A Antagonists." Journal of Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences 6, no. 10 (October 2020): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37871/jbres1148.
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The Green House Gas Emission (GHGs) from the carp culture ponds (n = 12) of West Godavari, Krishna, and Guntur districts of Andhra Pradesh and from the ponds (n = 4) of Moyna, East Medinipur district of West Bengal, India was assessed through carbon storage and carbon footprint analysis. The average inputs as Carbon Equivalent (CE) were 14407 ± 2651, and 9231 ± 1007 kg/ha in Andhra Pradesh, and West Bengal, respectively. The average carbon storage were 6216 ± 2291, and 5360 ± 1439 kg/ha, in Andhra Pradesh, and Moyna, West Bengal respectively. The emissions of CO2-e and CH4-e were 1.91 ± 0.42 kg CO2-e/kg fish and 0.122 ± 0.027 kg CH4-e/kg fish, respectively in Andhra Pradesh. The emissions of CO2-e and CH4-e were 0.006 to 2.07 (average 0.72) kg CO2-e /kg fish, and 0.0004 to 0.132 (average 0.046) kg CH4-e /kg fish production, respectively in Moyna, West Bengal.
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Adhikari, Subhendu, Subhas Sarkar, Mandal RN, Ramesh Rathod, and Bindu R Pillai. "Assessment of Green House Gases (GHGS) Emission from Some Aquaculture Ponds of Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal, India." Journal of Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences 1, no. 6 (October 2020): 241–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.37871/jbres1149.
Full textAbstract:
The Green House Gas Emission (GHGs) from the carp culture ponds (n = 12) of West Godavari, Krishna, and Guntur districts of Andhra Pradesh and from the ponds (n = 4) of Moyna, East Medinipur district of West Bengal, India was assessed through carbon storage and carbon footprint analysis. The average inputs as Carbon Equivalent (CE) were 14407 ± 2651, and 9231 ± 1007 kg/ha in Andhra Pradesh, and West Bengal, respectively. The average carbon storage were 6216 ± 2291, and 5360 ± 1439 kg/ha, in Andhra Pradesh, and Moyna, West Bengal respectively. The emissions of CO2-e and CH4-e were 1.91 ± 0.42 kg CO2-e/kg fish and 0.122 ± 0.027 kg CH4-e/kg fish, respectively in Andhra Pradesh. The emissions of CO2-e and CH4-e were 0.006 to 2.07 (average 0.72) kg CO2-e /kg fish, and 0.0004 to 0.132 (average 0.046) kg CH4-e /kg fish production, respectively in Moyna, West Bengal.
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Marshall, P. J. "The White Town of Calcutta Under the Rule of the East India Company." Modern Asian Studies 34, no. 2 (April 2000): 307–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00003346.
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Late eighteenth and early nineteenth-century Calcutta was the setting for the first sustained encounter between Asian intellectuals and the west. An Indian intelligentsia living in Calcutta responded in a most creative way to aspects of European culture that became available to them in the city. Much about this response is now contentious. If the term Bengal Renaissance is still generally applied to it, the implications of that term are disputed. It is no longer necessarily assumed that ‘modern’ India was born in early nineteenth-century Calcutta by a fusing of what was western and what was ‘traditional’. Assumptions that Indian cultures in general and that of Hindu Bengal in particular lacked a capacity to change and to develop on their own internal dynamics, whatever the input from the west, now look more than a little ‘orientalist’. Furthermore, even if the Bengal Renaissance can be shown to have had its roots in its own culture, to some recent critics it was still a movement whose impact was severely limited by the very narrow base on which it rested: an elite group enclosed in a colonial situation. Yet, however the Renaissance may be reassessed, there can still be no doubt that Calcutta under the East India Company contained Indian intellectuals of exceptional talent, who absorbed much from the west. ‘The excitement over the literature, history and philosophy of Europe as well as the less familiar scientific knowledge was deep and abiding’, Professor Raychaudhuri has recently written.
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Iqbal, Kashif. "THE POLICY FAILURES OF CENTRAL GOVERNMENTS DURING EAST BENGAL CRISIS, 1947-71." Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 58, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/jssh.v58i2.12.
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The incident of 1971 is a historical concern. Both wings of Pakistan were united at the time of the creation of Pakistan but some policies that were adopted after the creation of Pakistan were inadequate to resolve the growing differences between the both wings. Writers are divided regarding the causes of the Fall of Dhaka. Indian involvement has been highlighted frequently and it is also said that East Bengal was on the distance of 1000 km from West Pakistan. Apart from these causes, this study will highlight a new perspective regarding the separation of East Bengal. From 1947 to 1971 the central governments of Pakistan took some measure regarding formulating policies and the policies were not sufficient to bring people of the both wings closer. Thus, the major policies and their consequences would be analysed in this paper. Further, this research would be a new one in a sense that there would be a general description of the policies from both wings.
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Chaudhury, Sushil. "European Companies and the Bengal Textile Industry in the Eighteenth Century: The Pitfalls of Applying Quantitative Techniques." Modern Asian Studies 27, no. 2 (May 1993): 321–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00011513.
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Bengal textiles enjoyed a unique place and an indisputable supremacy in the world market for centuries before the invasion of the machinmade fabrics in the early nineteenth century following the industrial revolution of the West and Political control of the Indian sub-continent by the English East India Company. It need not be emphasized that the products of the Bengal handloom industry reigned supreme all over the accessible Asian and North African markets in the middle ages, and later became one of the major staples of the export trade of the European Companies. Most travellers from Europe starting with Tomé Pires, Varthema and Barbosa in the sixteenth century to Bernier, Tavernier and others in the seventeenth singled out especially textiles of Bengal for comments on their extraordinary quality and exquisite beauty. But it was not only in the field of high qulity cloth that Bengal had a predominant position; it was also the main Production centre of ordinary and medium quality textiles. Long before the advent of the Europeans, the Asian merchants from different parts of the continent and Indian merchants from various regions of the country derived a lucrative trade in Bengal textiles.
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Sivaramakrishnan, K. "A Limited Forest Conservancy in Southwest Bengal, 1864–1912." Journal of Asian Studies 56, no. 1 (February 1997): 75–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2646344.
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During the period from 1795 to 1850, the East India Company Raj in India viewed forests chiefly as limiting agriculture. In Bengal, forested lands, classified as wastelands, had been included in zamindari (landlord) estates (Ribbentrop 1900, 60). Colonial administrators of this period also tended to perceive forests as being inexhaustible. Much of the woody vegetation, however, was not timber quality, being the product of a landscape long under shifting cultivation. The East India Company continued Indian rulers’ practices of selling blocks of forests or individual trees to timber merchants for a fixed down payment that encouraged great destruction and wastage in their extraction (Stebbing 1922, 35, 61). No attempts to introduce conservancy were made in the North West Provinces (NWP) or Bengal until after the revolt of 1857, even though the value of NWP sal (shorea robusta) forests was known from the time of the Gurkha wars in 1814–16, and the reports of Dr. Wallich, Superintendent of the Calcutta Botanical Gardens in 1825 (Stebbing 1922, 66–67, 201).
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Amin, Md Nurul. "Maoism in Bangladesh: The Case of the East Bengal Sarbohara Party." Asian Survey 26, no. 7 (July 1, 1986): 759–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2644210.
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Custers, Peter. "Maulana Bhashani and the transition to secular politics in East Bengal." Indian Economic & Social History Review 47, no. 2 (April 2010): 231–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001946461004700204.
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Amin, Md Nurul. "Maoism in Bangladesh: The Case of the East Bengal Sarbohara Party." Asian Survey 26, no. 7 (July 1986): 759–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.1986.26.7.01p0397h.
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Chowdhury, Soumyajit, and Rahi Soren. "Butterfly (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) Fauna of East Calcutta Wetlands, West Bengal, India." Check List 7, no. 6 (December 1, 2011): 700. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10960.
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East Calcutta Wetlands (ECW), lying east of the city of Kolkata (formerly Calcutta), West Bengal in India, demonstrates the usage of city sewage for traditional practices of fisheries and agriculture. As a Ramsar Site, the wetland demands exploration of its bioresources for better understanding and management of the ecosystem operating therein. Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) being potent pollinators and ecological indicators, are examined in the present study. The diversity study, conducted for two consecutive years (Jan. 2007-Nov. 2009) in all the three seasons (pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon), revealed seventy-four species. As butterflies depend on preferred host and nectar plants during their larval and adult stages respectively, the lack of these sources in some parts of ECW indicate degraded habitats with low species richness. Ongoing unplanned anthropogenic activities like habitat modifications (conversion of wetlands to agricultural lands) are resulting in the loss of wetland biodiversity and hence ecosystem integrity in ECW.
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Chatterjee, Baijayanti. "Ecology and Imperium: State Formation in Early Colonial Bengal c. 1765–1800." Indian Historical Review 47, no. 2 (December 2020): 263–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0376983620968013.
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This article looks at the process of state formation in Bengal in the second half of the eighteenth century when the English East India Company emerged as the paramount authority in the province. The article argues that compared with the previous regime of the Nazims who were content in exercising a loose sovereignty over the outlying regions of Bengal, the Company showed greater initiative in conquering and pacifying the remote areas of the province. In terms of its ecology, the province of Bengal could be divided into three distinct zones: the plains, the hills and the delta. The process of state formation varied in these three distinct eco-zones. While it was easy for the Company to establish its control over the Bengal plains, it became increasingly difficult for them to establish their power and authority in the hill forests (home to autonomous tribal communities who resented and resisted British interference) and in the deltaic tracts where the maze of rivers provided safe refuge and a means of escape to the Magh pirates and every other state fugitive. This article is an account of the Company’s struggles to establish its supremacy in Bengal, but it also looks at the resistance offered by autonomous tribal groups to retain and preserve their independence. Finally, this article attempts to link ecology with the process of state formation in early colonial Bengal.
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Sur, Byapti. "Individual Interests Behind the Institutional Façade: The Dutch East India Company’s Legal Presence in Seventeenth-Century Mughal Bengal." Itinerario 42, no. 2 (August 2018): 279–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115318000335.
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VOC officials as well as the Mughal administrators conducted their trading activities in Bengal under different systems of jurisdiction. They both used local brokers and ordinary villagers who became simultaneously part of the VOC and Mughal jurisdictions. But what happened when conflicts broke out between the Company and the Mughal officials? In which jurisdiction did the brokers then participate and why? This article explores such questions through the study of two legal cases involving the VOC in Bengal. It argues that the institutional binary of the VOC and the Mughal as administrative entities were not stable in the face of personal interests and factional ambitions.
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TRAVERS, ROBERT. "Indian Petitioning and Colonial State-Formation in Eighteenth-Century Bengal." Modern Asian Studies 53, no. 1 (January 2019): 89–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x17000841.
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AbstractThis article explores the role of Indian petitioning in the process of consolidating British power after the East India Company's military conquest of Bengal in the late eighteenth century. The presentation of written petitions (often termed‘arziin Persian) was a pervasive form of state-subject interaction in early modern South Asia that carried over, in modified forms, into the colonial era. The article examines the varied uses of petitioning as a technology of colonial state-formation that worked to establish the East India Company's headquarters in Calcutta as the political capital of Bengal and the Company as a sovereign source of authority and justice. It also shows how petitioning became a site of anxiety for both colonial rulers and Indian subjects, as British officials struggled to respond to a mass of Indian ‘complaints’ and to satisfy the expectations and norms of justice expressed by petitioners. It suggests that British rulers tried to defuse the perceived political threat of Indian petitioning by redirecting petitioners into the newly regulated spaces of an emergent colonial judiciary.
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Mahapatra, Ardhendu Das, Kaushik Deuti, Santosh Kumar Bera, and Sudipta Kumar Ghorai. "A new locality record of Orissa Cricket Frog, Fejervarya orissaensis (Dutta, 1997) from Purba Medinipur District, West Bengal State, India." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH AND REVIEW 19 (August 30, 2019): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.52756/ijerr.2019.v19.002.
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Orissa Cricket Frog Fejervarya orissaensis was first describe by Dutta (1997). Later this species reported from only few pockets of eastern India and recently reported from some countries of South-east Asia. Here, we provide the first occurrence report for this species from State West Bengal, India.
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Sengupta, Anwesha. "Bengal Partition Refugees at Sealdah Railway Station, 1950–60." South Asia Research 42, no. 1 (November 17, 2021): 40–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02627280211054807.
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This article focuses on the Sealdah railway station in Calcutta, West Bengal, as a site of refugee ‘settlement’ in the aftermath of British India’s partition. From 1946 to the late 1960s, the platforms of Sealdah remained crowded with Bengali Hindu refugees from East Pakistan. Some refugees stayed a few days, but many stayed for months, even years. Relying on newspaper reports, autobiographical accounts and official archives, this article elaborates how a busy railway station uniquely shaped the experiences of partition refugees. Despite severe infrastructural limitations, the railway platforms of Sealdah provided these refugee residents with certain opportunities. Many preferred to stay at Sealdah instead of moving to any government facility. However, even for the most long-term residents of Sealdah, it remained a temporary home, from where they were either shifted to government camps or themselves found accommodation in and around Calcutta. The article argues that by allowing the refugees to squat on a busy railway platform for months and years, the state recognised a unique right of these refugees, their right to wait, involving at least some agency in the process of resettling.
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Hossain, Md Kohinoor. "Influence of Religiopoliticology and Duressed Womankind: Perspective Bangladesh." International Journal of Islamic Business & Management 2, no. 2 (December 17, 2018): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/ijibm.v2i2.217.
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The world is continuing at its own orbiting and fugitive for the adamboma or bomb of Adam in the womankind and mankind, who are classified into the four generations, and they are religious world, nonreligious world, scientist world and humanitarian world but the people of Bangladesh are in the same kind like the world people to find out God and how they use religions, which is that have discussed by this paper. Bangladesh is a land of ice-aged. It has ancient beliefs, fear, and faiths, which are convinced on the inter-ward eyes, concise and understanding. The original people of her are Non-Aryan. Aryans come to here from the Persian and Middle East countries in the caravan of the rules of the chronology, many foreigners who come to Bengal, they are Greeks, Europeans, and Africans, all of them capture Bengali and they rule Bengal. They snatch away their own land, language, culture, economics, politics, beliefs, and love-nets. Here makes up all official religions, someone is downtrodden by them who remake apartheid in the society of Bengal, this is why they are de-throne from their own land, and they try to live as a freedom where they make up folk-religions. Bengalees learn the foreigners’ religions and they convert into these official religions. The rulers of Bengal rule them as following the religious doctrines only for getting votes when they need to play political power playing and that is why they use them. They use many styles of God theory. The Bengalees, they can how to use the orders of God that will be sought out in this paper. This paper seeks that how the cultic dynamics radicalization runs in Bangladesh and what is the best concept of God in Bangladesh. All people live in equal in the land of God in Bangladesh that empirically applies, for the globe.
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Chakraborty, Titas. "The Household Workers of the East India Company Ports of Pre-Colonial Bengal." International Review of Social History 64, S27 (April 2019): 71–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859019000038.
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AbstractThis article examines the various experiences of slavery and freedom of female household workers in the Dutch and English East India Company (VOC and EIC, respectively) ports in Bengal in the early eighteenth century. Enslaved household workers in Bengal came from various Asian societies dotting the Indian Ocean littoral. Once manumitted, they entered the fold of the free Christian or Portuguese communities of the settlements. The most common, if not the only, occupation of the women of these communities was household or caregiving labour. The patriarchy of the settlements was defined by the labour and subjection of these women. Yet, domestic service to VOC/EIC officials only partially explains their subjectivity. This article identifies the agency of enslaved and women of free Christian or Portuguese communities in their efforts to resist or bypass the institution of the European household in the settlements. These efforts ranged from murdering their slave masters to creating independent businesses to the formation of sexual liaisons and parental/fraternal/sororal relationships disregarding the approval or needs of their settlement masters.
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Prince, Harshith Clifford, R. Nirmala, R. S. Mahendra, and P. L. N. Murty. "Storm Surge Hazard Assessment Along the East Coast of India using Geospatial Techniques." Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution 19, no. 6 (November 14, 2022): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ajw220088.
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The study aims to estimate the extent of inundation and depth due to a storm surge event by selecting a worst-case cyclone track scenario for Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and West Bengal on the basis of historic data. Storm surge model results for the Orissa cyclone suggest that over 2,150 km2 of land is inundated with an extent of 45 km from the shoreline and 1,100 km2 area submerged with 1-2 m from the ground. Andhra’s model suggests that about 450 km2 of the area is inundated due to which the majority of the area is submerged <1 m from the ground. The West Bengal model is carried out using a synthetic track with a wind speed of 155 knots based on the recent cyclonic storm in Bangladesh. The result shows 5,400 km2 of land submerged by <1 m about 2,700 km2 of the area was submerged by 1-2 m of water. The most affected areas were South 24 Parganas and parts of Bangladesh.
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Ghosh, Partha S. "Changing Frontiers." South Asia Research 31, no. 3 (November 2011): 195–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026272801103100301.
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This article focuses on patterns of the peopling of East Bengal from the seventeenth to the twentieth centuries and analyses the dynamics of this process in terms of the migrants’ religious, social and political values. In this process, a number of boundaries were crossed, which South Asian Area Studies experts are still struggling to understand. Exploring this phenomenon of changing frontiers from a comparative historical perspective, the westward expansion of America during almost the same phase is analysed, showing similarities between the two phenomena, but also distinct dissimilarities. In Bengal, unlike America, there was no major violence involved and the migrations into Bengal were not at the cost of the native inhabitants, as largely happened in America. Arguing that, in grappling with the present Bangladesh–India relations, such historical knowledge is necessary, the article calls for greater interactions between intellectuals from both sides, which may be called Track III dialogue.
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Udupa, E. S. K., H. U. Abhijit, and K. G. Bhat. "Carex phacota, Spreng. (Cyperaceae): a new record for the central Western Ghats of Karnataka, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 11, no. 15 (December 26, 2019): 15087–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.4482.11.15.15087-15088.
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Carex phacota, Spreng. Is an least concern species, it is distributed in south and east Asia, Indo-China and Japan. In India it is found in Assam, Meghalaya, Sikkim, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, Kerala and Tamilnadu, is reported as a new record for Karnataka, India along with Photo, herbarium and description.
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Zhang, J., and J. S. Reid. "A decadal regional and global trend analysis of the aerosol optical depth using a data-assimilation grade over-water MODIS and Level 2 MISR aerosol products." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 22 (November 24, 2010): 10949–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-10949-2010.
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Abstract. Using the ten-year (2000–2009) Data-Assimilation (DA) quality Terra MODIS and MISR aerosol products, as well as 7 years of Aqua MODIS, we studied both regional and global aerosol trends over oceans. This included both operational and data assimilation grade versions of the products. After correcting for what appears to be aerosol signal drift from the radiometric calibration of both MODIS instruments, we found MODIS and MISR agreed on a statistically negligible global trend of ±0.003/per decade. Our study also suggests that AODs over the Indian Bay of Bengal, east coast of Asia, and Arabian Sea show increasing trends of 0.07, 0.06, and 0.06 per decade for MODIS, respectively. These regional trends are considered as significant with a confidence level above 95%. Similar increasing trends were found from MISR, but with less relative magnitude. These trends reflect respective increases in the optical intensity of aerosol events in each region: anthropogenic aerosols over the east coast of China and Indian Bay of Bengal; and a stronger influence from dust events over the Arabian Sea. Negative AOD trends, low in confidence levels, are found off Central America, the east coast of North America, and the west coast of Africa, which indicate that longer periods of observation are necessary to be conclusive.