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Academic literature on the topic 'Earthworms'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Earthworms"

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Ruiz, Siul A., and Dani Or. "Biomechanical limits to soil penetration by earthworms: direct measurements of hydroskeletal pressures and peristaltic motions." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 15, no. 144 (July 2018): 20180127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2018.0127.

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Burrows resulting from earthworm activity are important for supporting various physical and ecological soil processes. Earthworm burrowing activity is quantified using models for earthworm penetration and cavity expansion that consider soil moisture and mechanical properties. Key parameters in these models are the maximal pressures exerted by the earthworm's hydroskeleton (estimated at 200 kPa). We designed a special pressure chamber that directly measures the pressures exerted by moving earthworms under different confining pressures to delineate the limits of earthworm activity in soils at different mechanical and hydration states. The chamber consists of a Plexiglas prism fitted with inner flexible tubing that hosts the earthworm. The gap around the tubing is pressurized using water, and the earthworm's peristaltic motion and concurrent pressure fluctuations were recorded by a camera and pressure transducer. A model that links the earthworm's kinematics with measured pressure fluctuations was developed. Resulting maximal values of radial pressures for anecic and endogeic earthworms were 130 kPa and 195 kPa, respectively. Mean earthworm peristaltic frequencies were used to quantify burrowing rates that were in agreement with previous results. The study delineates mechanical constraints to soil bioturbation by earthworms by mapping the elastic behaviour in the measurement chamber onto the expected elasto-viscoplastic environment of natural soils.
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Wironen, M., and T. R. Moore. "Exotic earthworm invasion increases soil carbon and nitrogen in an old-growth forest in southern Quebec." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 4 (April 1, 2006): 845–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-016.

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To test whether invasion of exotic earthworms affects soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), we sampled the litter and upper mineral soil (to 30 cm) at a series of sites varying in their earthworm populations in an old-growth beech–maple forest at Mont St. Hilaire, southern Quebec. We measured earthworm abundance and biomass using hand-sorting and chemical extraction (allyl isothiocyanate) methods. They gave similar results, though there was evidence of size and species-specific biases. Abundance and biomass of the earthworms ranged from <10 to >100 earthworms·m–2 and from <10 to 125 g·m–2, respectively, and were correlated with distance from a nearby lake (negatively) and soil pH (positively). The presence of earthworms was associated with a decrease in the mass and thickness and an increase in the C/N quotient of the litter layer. There were no significant changes in C and N mass of the mineral soil between 0 and 10 cm, but the underlying layers (10–20 and 20–30 cm) in sites with >10 earthworms·m–2 showed significantly (p < 0.05) greater concentrations and masses of both C and N than did sites with <10 earthworms·m–2. The overall profile (litter plus soil to 30 cm) average C was 13.7 and 10.1 kg·m–2 with and without earthworms, respectively, and the equivalent figures for N were 1.01 and 0.68 kg·m–2. These results demonstrate that invasion of earthworms into deciduous forests affects both the litter and mineral soil, and sampling to a depth of 30 cm suggests that earthworm invasion (from <10 to >10 earthworms·m–2) may increase overall C and N.
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Maslov, Mikhail, Angelika Astaykina, and Lev Pozdnyakov. "Earthworm Lumbricus terrestris Contributes Nitrous Oxide Emission from Temperate Agricultural Soil Regardless of Applied Mineral Nitrogen Fertilizer Doses." Agronomy 12, no. 11 (November 4, 2022): 2745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12112745.

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Agriculture is the main contributor to nitrous oxide (N2O) emission, but the emission intensity can be controlled by various factors, in particular, the activity of earthworms, one of the most common groups of soil invertebrates. We conducted an incubation experiment to evaluate N2O emission in earthworm soil samples compared to non-earthworm ones with applications of high (200 kg ha−1) and low (50 kg ha−1) mineral N fertilizer doses. We assessed the cumulative N2O emission, the dynamics of the soil dissolved organic carbon, and the soil microbial carbon and nitrogen content, as well as the number of nirK and nirS gene copies in bulk soil samples and in isolates from the earthworms’ gut. Our study showed a significant role of the earthworm activity in changing the intensity of N2O emission after the application of mineral N fertilizers. The main factor leading to an increase in nitrous oxide emission in the presence of earthworms is the stimulation of free-living soil denitrifiers by the organic matter of the earthworms’ excretions, as well as the thorough mixing of plant residues and soil. Contrary to our expectations, earthworms did not increase the representation of nitrite reductase genes in soil, although the earthworm’s gut can be considered as a refugium for denitrifiers. Our results indicate a possible risk of increased N2O emission from arable temperate soils with an increase in earthworm populations as the climate warms, even if application rates of mineral fertilizers are reduced.
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Rota, Emilia. "Early oligochaete science, from Aristotle to Francesco Redi." Archives of Natural History 38, no. 1 (April 2011): 136–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2011.0011.

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The paper reviews knowledge on earthworms from early classical times to the end of the seventeenth century. The Aristotelian view that these “imperfect” animals developed spontaneously from mud and lacked internal organs except the gut was not challenged until the late Renaissance but, by the end of the 1600s, it was overthrown. Aldrovandi and Mouffet presented field observations of sexual reproduction and specific habitat requirements. Willis demonstrated the complex internal anatomy of an earthworm. Finally Redi, based on numberless dissections, showed the existence of variations on that basic anatomical plan, which anyway remained distinct from that of parasitic worms. Through a series of controlled laboratory tests, Redi also proved that earthworms have a physiology of their own and are most sensible to water loss. In those same years, Swammerdam investigated earthworm cocoons nursing them in his room, and Tyson discovered earthworms’ hermaphroditism. Two significant interpretations of earthworm's locomotion, by Fabrici ab Aquapendente and Borelli, also belong to this period, but were both short-lived in their influence. An awareness of the ecological role of earthworms in pedogenesis and soil fertility did not emerge until the late eighteenth century.
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KAHNEH, Ehsan, Ahmad SHİRİNFEKR, Samar RAMZİ, and Korosh Majd SALİMİ. "Effects of long-term tea (Camellia sinensis) cultivation on the earthworm populations in northern Iran." EURASIAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE (EJSS) 11, no. 3 (July 1, 2022): 234–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18393/ejss.1070182.

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The earthworms’ abundance is usually one of the main indicators of healthy and productive soils. However, agricultural management practices affect the earthworm population and activities. Although there is a lot of information that shows the relation between land use/land cover change and earthworms activity, very little is known about these effects under tea cultivation. Thus the current study was done to determine the effects of long-term tea cultivation on the earthworm’s population and abundance in the tea plantations of Iran to distinguish effects of these practices on soil properties concerning earthworms. Hence, 58 locations of tea cultivations were randomly selected in Guilan and Mazandaran province. Earthworm were sampled by manually excavating and sorting four 30×30 cm pits by 30 cm deep in each location. Earthworms were enumerated in the field and taken to the lab for identification. Once identified, the earthworms will dry in the oven at 60oC for 48h and the dry weight registers. Some physicochemical properties of the mineral soils were determined in the laboratory. The finding indicated that the earthworms were only observed in the two from 58 locations: Bazkiagorab (Lahijan) and Shekarposhteh (Tonekabon). Three species as Perelia kaznakovi, Aporrectodea trapezoides, and Dendrobaena veneta were recorded from Bazkiagorab but only P. kaznakovi was identified in Shekarposhteh. The total population of all identified earthworms was 22 and 3 m-2 in the Bazkiagorab and Shekarposhteh, respectively. Results of the physicochemical analysis showed that 35% and 51% of the soils had a pH less than4.5 and organic carbon less than2%, respectively. Available phosphorus and potassium in 80% and 65% of the soils were less than 25 and 150 mg/kg, respectively. It can be concluded that monoculture and long-term tea cultivations had a negative effect on the earthworm population, in addition, it has strongly acidified the soil. It is recommended that native nitrogen-fixing trees mixed planted with tea, and more attention should be paid to nutrient Best Management Practices in tea plantations.
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Puhlick, Joshua J., Ivan J. Fernandez, and Jay W. Wason. "Non-Native Earthworms Invade Forest Soils in Northern Maine, USA." Forests 12, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12010080.

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Non-native earthworms can cause abrupt changes in forest ecosystems by altering soil properties and depleting or redistributing soil carbon (C) stocks. The forests of Northern Maine are often perceived as having winters that are too harsh to support earthworm populations and that earthworms are restricted to more southerly regions. In this study, we report the discovery of European earthworms at two research sites in Northern Maine. At one site, earthworms were only found across a portion of the forest, and the median organic (O) horizon C stock in the area with earthworms was 34% less than that of areas without earthworms. At a second site, earthworms were found across the entire 60-ha forest and the median O horizon C stock was 39% less than that of a similar forest without earthworms. Consistent with reports from other regions, areas with earthworms had no or minimal eluvial (E) horizons, while earthworm-free locations always had E horizons. Earthworm presence was always associated with a topsoil (A) horizon, reflecting mechanical mixing and organic matter processing by earthworms. This is one of the first reports of non-native earthworm presence in Northern Maine forests and monitoring changes in soil C will be important for determining rates of C sequestration in these forests. Warmer winter temperatures, particularly winter minimums, and greater annual precipitation will likely increase the success of new earthworm introductions across Northern Maine forests. Management actions that limit the transport of earthworms into earthworm-free areas should be carefully evaluated to minimize the potential for new introductions.
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Jody, Regina, Darmi Darmi, and Rizwar Rizwar. "Produksi Kotoran Cacing Tanah dan Hubungannya dengan Kelimpahan Cacing Tanah pada Ekosistem Alami dan Ekosistem Buatan." Bioscientist : Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi 12, no. 1 (June 30, 2024): 800. http://dx.doi.org/10.33394/bioscientist.v12i1.11550.

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The presence of earthworms in an ecosystem can improve soil quality through physical, chemical and biological properties. The activity of earthworms in producing feces also has an important role in increasing soil fertility. This research aims to analyze the production of earthworm feces and its relationship with the abundance of earthworms in natural and artificial ecosystems. Determining location points uses the Cluster Sampling method, namely natural and artificial ecosystems. Sampling of earthworms and their feces used the line transect method with a length of 100 meters and plots were created along the transect lines to observe the population and production of earthworm feces with 20 replicate plots at each location. Data analysis includes average feces weight, number of earthworm feces, and correlation analysis. Morphological data on earthworm droppings were analyzed descriptively. The results of this research show that in natural ecosystems there are 2 forms of earthworm feces, namely granular and globular types, whereas in artificial ecosystems there is only 1 form of earthworm feces, namely globular. Earthworm feces production is higher in natural ecosystems than in artificial ecosystems. The relationship between dung production (number of deposits and weight of dung deposits) of earthworms with the number and biomass of earthworms shows a significant relationship with a moderate correlation category (<1), while the relationship between earthworm density and worm biomass correlates significantly with a strong correlation category (1).
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Simon, T., and K. Barnes. "Olfaction and prey search in the carnivorous leech Haemopis marmorata." Journal of Experimental Biology 199, no. 9 (September 1, 1996): 2041–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.199.9.2041.

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Haemopis marmorata, the green horse leech, is carnivorous and readily eats earthworms. Using a Y-maze with flowing water, we show that specimens of H. marmorata are attracted to live earthworms. Ablating the dorsal lip, the presumed site of the chemoreceptors that this species uses in prey search, disrupts the ability of the leeches to find the earthworms in the Y-maze. Earthworm wash, a preparation of the collagen coating of earthworm skin, shock-induced earthworm secretion, mammalian blood and a salt&shy;arginine mixture are not attractive to the green horse leech. The tails of freshly killed earthworms are attractive to the leeches, but tails from worms killed 8&shy;12 h previously and stored cold are not. Our conclusion is that the earthworms produce a metabolite that attracts the leeches.
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Ma, Li, Ming’an Shao, and Tongchuan Li. "Characteristics of Soil Moisture and Evaporation under the Activities of Earthworms in Typical Anthrosols in China." Sustainability 12, no. 16 (August 14, 2020): 6603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12166603.

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Earthworms have an important influence on the terrestrial ecological environment. This study assesses the effect of different earthworm densities on soil water content (SWC) and evaporation in a laboratory experiment. Four earthworm densities (0 no-earthworm, control [C]; 207 earthworms m−2, low density [LDE]; 345 earthworms m−2, medium density [MDE]; and 690 earthworms m−2, high density [HDE]) are tested in soil columns. Results show that cumulative evaporation occurs in the decreasing order of densities: C (98.6 mm) > LDE (115.8 mm) > MDE (118.4 mm) > HDE (124.6 mm). Compared with the control, earthworm activity decreases cumulative soil evaporation by 5.0–20.9%, increases soil temperature to 0.46 °C–0.63 °C at 8:00, and decreases soil temperature to 0.21 °C–0.52 °C at 14:00 on the soil surface. Temperature fluctuations reduce with increasing earthworm densities. A negative correlation is found between cumulative soil evaporation and earthworm density (R2 = 0.969, p < 0.001). Earthworms significantly (p < 0.05) decrease the surface SWC loss (0–20 cm) soil layer but increase the subsoil SWC loss (60–100 cm) by adjusting the soil temperature and reducing soil water evaporation. Earthworm activities (burrows, casts…) improve the soil water holding ability by adjusting soil temperature and reducing soil water evaporation. Thus, the population quantity of earthworms may provide valuable ecosystem services in soil water and heat cycles to save water resources and realize sustainable agricultural development.
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Muhammad Faris bin Md Yusoff, Suhaizan binti Lob, and Nurul Faziha Ibrahim. "The Potential of Local Earthworms in Vermicomposting Goat Manure (GM) and Spent Coconut Flakes (SCF)." Universiti Malaysia Terengganu Journal of Undergraduate Research 1, no. 4 (October 31, 2019): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.46754/umtjur.v1i4.88.

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Vermicomposting is a process that involves biological, chemical and physical transformations of solid organic materials such as agricultural residues of plant and animal through the use of microorganisms and earthworms. There are three main classes of earthworms, and only those from one class are usually used for vermicomposting. However, mostly foreign earthworms are used in the setup. Foreign earthworms are more expensive and harder to obtain than local earthworms. This makes the local farmers reluctant to try since they are expensive. The difference in vermicompost using two species of epigeic earthworms, a local earthworm and a foreign earthworm (Eisenia fetida), and normal compost without any earthworms was measured in this study. Both species of earthworms were placed in identical vermibeds consisting of partially composted goat manure and partially composted spent coconut flakes (SCF) with the ratio of 5:1 respectively in terms of weight. The vermibed moisture content was maintained at 60 – 70% throughout the whole process. The end products showed a difference from one another. The E. fetida showed a better result compared to the local earthworms in terms of the nutrient content presence and the adaptability of the earthworms during the whole process. However, the end product from the local earthworms was still better compared to the normal compost without any earthworms.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Earthworms"

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Butt, Kevin Richard. "An investigation into the growth and reproduction of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris L. under controlled environmental conditions." Thesis, n.p, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/.

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Chen, Shing-Chong. "Enzyme Assays Using Earthworms for Assessing Innate and Nonspecific Immunotoxicity of Xenobiotics." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1992. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc277598/.

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Principal objectives of my research were to: (1) report for the first time that coelomocytes are able to reduce NBT dye and confirm the presence of lysozyme-like activity in earthworm; (2) develop a standard methodology for determination of NBT reduction and lysozyme-like activity in earthworms; (3) compare NBT reduction and lysozyme-like activity in earthworms with those of murine and human cells and fluids; and (4) demonstrate the sensitivity of earthworm NBT reduction and lysozyme-like activity as the assays using matrics in refuse-derived fuel fly ash (RDFF) and CuSO4.
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Yu, Shuo. "Bioaccumulation of Metals in Earthworms." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1259697144.

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Gift, Danielle Marie. "Earthworms in the Urban Environment: Can Population Augmentation Improve Urban Soil Properties?" Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34408.

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Urban forests perform essential ecological functions, and their performance is dependent on soil quality, which is often degraded by human activity. Because earthworms play a key role in soil health, augmenting earthworm populations in urban soils may improve tree performance. However, we know very little about earthworm ecology in highly urbanized soils. The objectives of our study were: (1) to assess earthworm demographics across a range of urban land uses and (2) to evaluate earthworm augmentation techniques for rehabilitating disturbed soils and improving tree growth.
  1. We conducted an observational study across three landuse types to assess earthworm abundance and diversity as well as associated soil properties. Earthworm abundance and biomass in were affected by land use type, disturbance time frame, and seasonality. Earthworm abundance and biomass were affected by a suite of complex soil and temporal variables, and soil temperature and moisture seemed to be the most influential properties.
  2. We conducted an earthworm inoculation experiment on a compacted cut-fill field soil with a very low existing earthworm population. In 2008, three soil treatments (control, compost, and compost + earthworm) were applied to 2 m2 plots into which two common urban tree species with contrasting soil tolerances were planted (Acer rubrum and Cornus florida). We measured soil physical and chemical properties along with earthworm survival and soil respiration. Earthworm inoculation did not succeed in improving bulk density or increasing soil organic matter, yet it was successful in increasing soil CEC, Fe, and Mn relative to compost only effects.

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Hariri, Maryam Feili. "Morphological and Immunological Characterization of Earthworm Lumbricus terrestris Coelomocytes." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1992. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc798176/.

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This research defines the morphological characteristics of the immune cells, coelomocytes, of the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris. Such a definition of coelomocyte morphology can be correlated with immune function which will be of value in the development of a nonmammalian surrogate system to assess the immunotoxic potential of a terrestrial xenobiotics. Earthworms exposed to artificial soil dilutions of two complex xenobiotic mixtures, refuse derived fuel fly ash and a Superfund sire soil demonstrated an enhanced ability to produce hemolytic factors.
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Buchheim, Caitlin M. "DIGESTION PROCESS IN LUBMRICUS TERRESTRIS ALTERS MICROBIAL ENZYME PRODUCTION AND SOIL NUTRIENTS." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1578657686503075.

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Simmons, Carla Stull. "Influence of copper on resistance of Lumbricus terrestris to bacterial challenge." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2000. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2602/.

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Earthworms, Lumbricus terrestris, were challenged orally and intracoelomically with two bacterial species, Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and mortality rates were observed. Neither were found to be particularly pathogenic at injected doses of up to 108 bacteria per earthworm. The influence of Cu++ (as CuSO4) on the earthworm's response to bacterial challenge was investigated by exposing earthworms to sublethal levels of Cu++ prior to bacterial challenge. Exposure at sublethal concentrations up to 3 m g/cm2 did not have a pronounced influence on host resistance to challenge as measured by earthworm mortality. Cu++ increased the earthworm's ability to agglutinate rabbit erythrocytes, indicating that Cu++ exposure caused coelomocyte death, autolysis and release of agglutinins into the coelom, possibly explaining resistance to bacterial challenge.
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Perreault, Jonathan M. "Casting activity of Lumbricid earthworms from temperate agroecosystems." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82405.

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Earthworms are well known for their casting and burrowing activities which improve soil structure and soil fertility. However, earthworm populations in temperate regions exhibit patchy distribution in space and time. This makes it difficult to predict how earthworm activities may influence paedogenesis and nutrient cycling processes at the ecosystem level. The main objective of this study was to determine the spatiotemporal dynamic of surface cast production of two earthworm species, Aporrectodea turgida and Lumbricus terrestris, on the row-interrow scale in a temperate soybean agroecosystem. Our observations demonstrated that casting activity was synchronous with plant growth. More casts were also found in the row intercepts compared to the interrow ones. Both the spatial and temporal variations are thought to be caused by the microclimate found under the plant canopy, verifying results from controlled laboratory studies that show casting activity to be controlled by soil temperature and moisture. These results suggest a possible mutualism between earthworm and plants in cultivated temperate soybean agroecosystems, but this remained to be confirmed.
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Ricketts, Huw John. "Molecular genetic biomarkers of reproductive fitness in earthworms." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2004. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/55966/.

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When ecotoxicologists assess the environmental impact of pollution they must pose a fundamental question. That is, is the toxicological data produced from any experiment ecologically relevant It has long been thought that a measure of survival of any organism is not sufficient to predict potential population effects. A more sensitive method is the measurement of sub-lethal endpoints, such as growth and reproduction. However, measurement of these parameters may not give an 'early warning' of the impact of complex pollutants within any ecosystem. Therefore, so-called biomarkers have been developed to fill this void. Biomarkers can be used at a number of organisational levels e.g. cellular, protein or DNA, but they all have the sensitivity to act as predictive tools in ecotoxicology and risk assessment. In the past twenty years earthworms have become model organisms in terrestrial ecotoxicology. This is mainly due to the critical role they play within the soil ecosystem in most parts of the world. Therefore the present study utilises three earthworm species (Eisenia fetida, Eisenia andrei and Lumbricus rubellus) to identify, characterise and validate molecular genetic biomarkers of reproduction. To isolate potential reproductive genes a subtractive library was created from the anterior and posterior segments of Lumbricus rubellus. A number of potential biomarker candidate genes were identified, but a putative sperm-specific antigen warranted special attention. The gene fragment of this putative sperm antigen was identified in all three earthworm species used in the study and its potential as a biomarker is discussed. Annetocin has previously been characterised as a member of the mammalian vasopressin/oxytocin superfamily of neuropeptides and has been shown to induce egg-laying behaviours in Eisenia fetida. The annetocin gene was isolated from the three earthworm species and shown to be expressed in the reproductive segments of Eisenia fetida. The expression levels of the annetocin gene were determined in earthworms exposed to metalliferous soils both in laboratory and semi-field exposures using quantitative PCR. A decrease in annetocin gene expression levels correlated with a similar decrease in cocoon production rates of Eisenia fetida after metal exposure. Upon exposure to the mammalian steroid hormones, 17/3-oestradiol and testosterone along with the synthetic oestrogen 17a-ethynylestradiol, annetocin gene expression levels in Eisenia andrei were elevated in some cases, suggesting a role for oestrogens in earthworm reproduction. Eisenia andrei were also exposed to bisphenol A and nonylphenol in artificial soils and annetocin gene expression was determined. Although toxic to Eisenia andrei these two (weakly oestrogenic) compounds did not affect annetocin gene expression. These data strongly suggest that annetocin plays a critical role in earthworm reproduction and that oestrogens may modulate the expression of this gene. The annetocin genomic structure was determined and three oestrogen-responsive elements were identified within the promoter of the gene in Eisenia fetida. What is more, the genomic structure of annetocin conformed to the three exon, two intron model of vasopressin/oxytocin superfamily neuropeptides.
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Sizmur, Tom. "Impact of earthworms on metal mobility and availability." Thesis, University of Reading, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.553168.

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To assess the risks that contaminated soils pose to the environment properly a greater understanding of how soil biota influence the mobility of metal(loid)s in soils is required. Experiments have been undertaken to determine if earthworms affect the mobility, speciation and bioavailability of metals in contaminated soils. The majority of experiments involved inoculating Lumbricus terrestris (but also Eisenia veneta, Allolobophora chlorotica and Eisenia fetida) in laboratory microcosms containing soils contaminated with As, Cu, Pb and Zn. Metal(loid) availability to plants and mobility measured in porewater and soil extractions revealed that earthworms increased metal mobility, changed the speciation to a more available form and increased bioavailability to plants. The mechanism for these effects is the degradation of organic matter due to passage through the earthworm gut and subsequent release of organically bound metals into solution. Passage through the earthworm gut also increased the soil pH and the concentration of labile organic carbon which then had an impact on the distribution of metal(loid)s between the soil constituents and the soil solution. The precise effect depends on the chemistry of the element in question, but usually resulted in an increase in mobility. The secretion of earthworm mucus decreased the mobility of metals in soils, but this effect was not as great as passage through the earthworm gut. When earthworms were inoculated into soil that has been remediated with biochar and/or compost, they did not re-mobilise sequestered metals. Instead, the remedial amendment buffered the impact of the earthworm. The mobilisation of metal(loid)s in the environment by earthworm activity may allow for increased leaching or uptake into biota and should therefore be considered in the risk assessment of contaminated soils that contain earthworms.
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Books on the topic "Earthworms"

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Holmes, Kevin J. Earthworms. Mankato, Minn: Bridgestone Books, 1998.

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Carr, Aaron. Earthworms. New York, NY: AV2 by Weigl, 2014.

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J, Jennings Terry. Earthworms. New York: Gloucester Press, 1988.

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Pigdon, Keith. Earthworms. Cleveland, OH: Modern Curriculum Press, 1989.

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Henwood, Chris. Earthworms. London: F. Watts, 1988.

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Merrick, Patrick. Earthworms. [Chanhassen, MN]: Child's World, 1999.

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Llewellyn, Claire. Earthworms. New York: F. Watts, 2002.

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Simon, Jane. Earthworms. Boston, Mass: Houghton Mifflin, 2004.

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Henwood, Chris. Earthworms. London: F. Watts, 1988.

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Pascoe, Elaine. Earthworms. Woodbridge, Conn: Blackbirch Press, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Earthworms"

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Ruggiero, Gustavo Mantovani. "Earthworms." In Telemicrosurgery, 53–57. Paris: Springer Paris, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-2-8178-0391-3_6.

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Walia, Sohan Singh, and Tamanpreet Kaur. "Earthworms and Vermicomposting." In Earthworms and Vermicomposting, 1–5. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8953-9_1.

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Walia, Sohan Singh, and Tamanpreet Kaur. "Anatomy of Earthworms." In Earthworms and Vermicomposting, 7–16. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8953-9_2.

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Vergara-Irigaray, Nuria, Michèle Riesen, Gianluca Piazza, Lawrence F. Bronk, Wouter H. P. Driessen, Julianna K. Edwards, Wadih Arap, et al. "Lumbricidae/Oligochaeta/Earthworms." In Encyclopedia of Nanotechnology, 1233. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9751-4_100368.

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Scott-Fordsmand, Janeck J., and Jason M. Weeks. "Biomarkers in Earthworms." In Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 117–59. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1172-3_3.

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Walia, Sohan Singh, and Tamanpreet Kaur. "Harvesting of Vermicompost." In Earthworms and Vermicomposting, 109–16. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8953-9_9.

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Walia, Sohan Singh, and Tamanpreet Kaur. "Importance of Application of Vermicompost in Cereal, Fruit and Vegetable Crops." In Earthworms and Vermicomposting, 129–34. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8953-9_12.

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Walia, Sohan Singh, and Tamanpreet Kaur. "Conclusion." In Earthworms and Vermicomposting, 147–48. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8953-9_14.

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Walia, Sohan Singh, and Tamanpreet Kaur. "Influence of Vermicompost on Soil Health." In Earthworms and Vermicomposting, 89–107. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8953-9_8.

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Walia, Sohan Singh, and Tamanpreet Kaur. "Vermitechnology: History and Its Applications." In Earthworms and Vermicomposting, 37–53. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8953-9_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Earthworms"

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Popović, Filip J., Tanja B. Trakić, Mirjana M. Stojanović, and Jovana M. Sekulić. "Abundance, species richness and diversity of earthworms (lumbricidae) in several habitats of the northern part of Jastrebac Mountain." In 2nd International Conference on Chemo and Bioinformatics. Institute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/iccbi23.280p.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the diversity of earthworms in different habitats (meadow, humid meadow, oak and beech forest). A total of nine earthworm species belonging to six genera were found in the studied habitats. In the studied habitats, the earthworm fauna was found to be different: the beech forest was richer in earthworms (6 taxa), while the oak forest was poorest in earthworms (3 taxa). The earthworm abundance was higher in the humid meadow (34 individuals), while was lower in the beech forest (17 individuals). A combination of the alpha diversity index (Shannon-Weaver, Evenness, and Berger-Parker) and beta diversity (Jaccard’s coefficient of similarity) were used to determine the impact of studied habitats on the earthworm fauna. Shannon’s diversity and Shannon’s evenness indices had higher values in the beech forest/humid meadow, while the Berger-Parker index of dominance had higher values in oak forests. Jaccard’s index of similarity showed the earthworm fauna was clearly separated between the oak forest, meadow, humid meadow and beech forest. The results of these indices confirmed that vegetation cover strongly influences the diversity of earthworm fauna.
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Kniuipytė, Inesa, Marius Praspaliauskas, Jūratė Žaltauskaitė, and Austra Dikšaitytė. "Bioremediation Efficiency of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil Using Earthworm Eisenia Fetida." In 11th International Conference “Environmental Engineering”. VGTU Technika, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2020.593.

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The amount of sewage sludge (SS) used in agriculture and forest plantations is constantly growing in EU. It’s known that even after various treatment methods some of contaminants still remain. The main risks of using SS in agriculture or forestry are related with hevy metals and organic pollutants content in SS. Heavy metals tend to acumu-late in the environment and living organisms and may cause different adverse effects. Bioremediation using earthworms can be used to eliminate or mitigate the threat of heavy metals. Bioremediation is cheaper, requiries less energy and is more environmentally friendly than conventional physical or chemical remediation methods. But it’s really important to evaluate bioremediation efficiency for SS, because there is evidence that nutrients in SS might improve efficiency of bioremediation. In this study earthworms Eisenia fetida were exposed for 9 weeks to SS amended soil. Earthworm mortality, growth and heavy metals (Al, Fe) accumulation were evaluated. The results showed that SS had a highly significant effect on earthworm mortality (F=4.98; p;lt0.05) and growth (F=3.88–67.02; p;lt0.05). Both metals concentrations in soil were signifficant (p;lt0.05) lower after vermi-remediation than after SS soil amendments. SS concentration had a significant effect to Al concentration accumulated in earthworm tissue (F=33.71; p;lt0.05). This study demonstrated that bioremediation efficiency using E. fetida depends on concentrations of SS, survival and growth of earthworms.
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Duan, Ming-hua, Dong-dong Guan, Ying-yuan Pei, Chang-long Zhou, Xin Pan, and Zhi-dong Qiu. "Earthworm living conditions and effects of earthworms on soil parameters." In 2015 International Conference on Industrial Technology and Management Science. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/itms-15.2015.368.

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Berry, Edwin. "Earthworms in Agriculture." In Proceedings of the 1992 Crop Production and Protection Conference. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/icm-180809-441.

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Purnawanto, Agus Mulyadi. "The Roles of Earthworms in Agroecosystem." In 2018 3rd International Conference on Education, Sports, Arts and Management Engineering (ICESAME 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/amca-18.2018.194.

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Kiyasudeen, K., F. N. Gonawan, M. H. Ibrahim, S. A. Ismail, and S. A. Muhammad. "Earthworms as plug flow reactors: An enzyme deactivation kinetic study along the gut of the earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae." In 6TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT (ICENV2018): Empowering Environment and Sustainable Engineering Nexus Through Green Technology. AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5117070.

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Zhang, Shu-Jie, Xing Liao, Xiao-Jia Hu, Chang-Bing Yu, Li-Hua Xie, Yin-Shui Li, Zhi Che, and Xiang-Sheng Liao. "Earthworms Increased Rape Seed Yield and Colza Oil." In 2013 Third International Conference on Intelligent System Design and Engineering Applications (ISDEA). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isdea.2012.151.

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Shaarani, Shalyda Md, Noor Zalina Hashim, Zatul Iffah Mohd Arshad, ‘Rohaida Che Man, Aainaa Izyan Nafsun, Siti Kholijah Abdul Mudalip, and Siti Zubaidah Sulaiman. "Vermicomposting of landfill leachate using earthworms for biofertilizer production." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIOSCIENCES AND MEDICAL ENGINEERING (ICBME2019): Towards innovative research and cross-disciplinary collaborations. AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5125524.

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Horowitz, Franklin G., Gabriel Strykowski, Fabio Boschetti, Peter Hornby, Nick Archibald, Darren Holden, Peter Ketelaar, and Robert Woodcock. "Earthworms; “multiscale” edges in the EGM96 global gravity field." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2000. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1816081.

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Thuvaragan, S., H. M. P. M. Jeyasinghe, and A. Murugananthan. "Comparative Evaluation of in - vitro Anthelmintic Activity of Sap, Fruit bulb, and Root of Borassus flabellifer." In 2nd International Conference on Public Health and Well-being. iConferences (Pvt) Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32789/publichealth.2021.1011.

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Helminth infections are major health problems, especially in developing countries with warm and humid environments. Limited synthetic drugs are available for treating helminth infections, and some of them showed resistance to helminths. Phytoconstituents can be used to develop cheap and effective anthelminthic drugs. Borassus flabellifer has been used in traditional medicine, in addition to consuming as food. This study was designed to evaluate the comparative in vitro anthelmintic activities of aqueous and methanol extracts of root, fruit pulp, and sap of Borassus flabellifer using two different concentrations (50 and 100 mg/mL). Adult earthworms, Eisenia fetida was used to evaluate the in-vitro anthelmintic activity. In-vitro anthelmintic activity was evaluated by determining times of paralysis and the death of worms. The anthelminthic activity of extracts was compared with mebendazole, and earthworm saline was used as a control. ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparison test was used to compare the activities of extracts with mebendazole. All extracts showed concentrations dependent activity. All extracts except aqueous extract of roots of Borassus flabellifer showed statistically significant in-vitro anthelminthic activity. Further studies are needed to isolate and evaluate the active components from the extracts of Borassus flabellifer.
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Reports on the topic "Earthworms"

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Snider, Richard J., and Renate M. Snider. ELF Communications System Ecological Monitoring Program: Soil Arthropods and Earthworms. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada297182.

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James, Sam. Earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta) of the Columbia River basin assessment area. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-491.

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Wood, Hulton B., and Samuel W. James. Native and introduced earthworms from selected chaparral, woodland, and riparian zones in southern California. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/psw-gtr-142.

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Phillips, Carlton T., and Randall S. Wentsel. Toxicity of Modified HL Simulant and Methyl Salicylate in Soil on Cucumbers and Earthworms. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada266881.

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Johnson, David, Robert Boyd, Anthony Bednar, Cynthia Banks, Charles Weiss, Jessica Coleman, Burton Suedel, and Jeffery Steevens. Terrestrial fate and effects of nanometer-sized silver. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43800.

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Although engineered nanomaterials are active components in a wide variety of commercial products, there is still limited information related to the effects of these nanomaterials once released into the terrestrial environment. A high number of commercial applications use silver nanoparticles (nAg) due to its anti-microbial activity. This may be of concern for waste management since nAg could be applied to soil (e.g., biosolids) or disposed of in traditional landfills, which could lead to possible leaching into surrounding soil. This report aims to provide additional insight into the fate and effects of nAg in terrestrial systems. The studies in this report examine the leachability of nAg in field soil and compares the soil migration to bulk (i.e., micron-sized) silver; examine the ecotoxicity of nAg to earthworms in four field soils spanning several different soil orders; and examine the behavioral effects of earthworms when exposed to engineered nanoparticles in field soil. These data provide additional insight into engineered nanoparticle fate and effects to terrestrial receptors in field soils, an important distinction from laboratory-generated soils. These data will also assist ecological risk assessors to better determine the acute environmental risks of nAg in terrestrial ecosystems with different soil compositions.
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Stair, D. M. Jr, L. J. Keller, and T. W. Hensel. Sampling of resident earthworms using mustard expellant to evaluate ecological risk at a mixed hazardous and radioactive waste site. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/52803.

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Luis Cunha, Luis Cunha. Untangling the Volcanic Earthworm Genome. Experiment, March 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18258/6890.

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Shah, Sharvil, and Makarand Hastak. Acquisition and Analysis of Earthwork Pay Quantity Verification Data. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313441.

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Simini, Michael, Ronald T. Checkai, Roman G. Kuperman, Carlton T. Philips, Jan E. Kolakowski, and Carl W. Kurnas. Toxicities of TNT and RDX to the Earthworm Eisenia fetida in Five Soils with Contrasting Characteristics. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada581504.

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Duffy-Turner, M., I. M. Nettleton, M. G. Winter, and I. Webber. Forensic Examination of Critical Special Geotechnical Measures: Soil Nails Information Note. TRL, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.58446/eprl1160.

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The effective design, specification and construction of Special Geotechnical Measures (SGMs) is critical to the efficient operation of the National Highways Strategic Road Network (SRN). Given the required performance of the SRN in terms of resilience, reliability, redundancy and recovery it is essential that SGMs are themselves reliable in terms of performance and life; resilient to external conditions such as earthworks deterioration and extraordinary conditions (e.g. climate change). Around 100 different types of SGMs are used on the SRN and the early installations of some SGMs are approaching the end of their design life and the design, specification and application of many of these techniques is based on limited studies. This Information Note on Soil Nails is part of a series that reports on investigations of specific SGMs and makes recommendations on their future use
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