Journal articles on the topic 'Earthquakes – Social aspects – Nepal'
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Epstein, Kathleen, Jessica DiCarlo, Robin Marsh, Isha Ray, and Inger Måren. "Coping Strategies of Smallholder Farming Communities after the 2015 Nepal Earthquake: Insights into Post-Disaster Resilience and Social–Ecological Change." Case Studies in the Environment 1, no. 1 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cse.2017.000612.
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Environmental disasters, such as hurricanes, landslides, and earthquakes, are pervasive and disproportionately affect rural and poor populations. The concept of resilience is typically used in disaster scenarios to describe how a community or person is able to “bounce back” from a disaster event. At the same time, resilience theory also contends that disasters, or environmental shocks, can produce or initiate profound changes in social and ecological systems. This case uses a post-disaster resilience assessment to examine how the series of earthquakes that hit central Nepal in 2015 impacted farming communities. Mid-montane smallholder farming communities near the epicenters of the earthquakes were the most affected and the associated damages impeded traditional and subsistence agricultural practices. Our results show how some aspects of the Nepali farming social–ecological system (SES) bounced back more quickly than others and how farmers used various types of coping strategies, including the adoption of labor-saving cash crops as part of their post-disaster recovery. The increased interest in cash crops after the earthquake accelerates an ongoing transition toward more market activities in subsistence communities and illustrates the potential of environmental shocks to transform and change SESs.
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Bhochhibhoya, Sanish, and Roisha Maharjan. "Integrated seismic risk assessment in Nepal." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 22, no. 10 (October 7, 2022): 3211–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3211-2022.
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Abstract. Seismic risk analysis is necessary to mitigate the potential losses resulting from future earthquakes and supplement scientific risk management. In order to assist systematic evaluation and management of risk, it is indispensable to interpret risk in terms of social and economic consequences due to hazardous events like earthquakes. There is an interrelationship between hazards, physical risk, and the social characteristics of populations. Therefore, based on the existing studies focusing on each of these aspects, this paper presents the integrated seismic risk assessment along the subdivisional administrative units of Nepal using 2011 census data. The administrative unit “provinces” are subdivided into districts and each district into municipalities and village development committees (VDCs). The districts, municipalities, and VDCs were considered as our study units. In this paper, the physical or seismic risk was evaluated from the exposure model, hazard curves, and the vulnerability model of the country, whereas the social vulnerability was assessed using social vulnerability index (SoVI) methods. To formulate the physical risk, the assets used were five types of buildings under the exposure model. This model was combined with the physical vulnerability functions of the building and the hazard curves of the country. The result of the physical risk has been presented as annual average loss (AAL). Similarly, among 92 social vulnerability variables, 54 variables were reduced to 7 weighted parameters using principal component analysis (PCA). The scores of a total of 45 parameters were used to evaluate the SoVI index, which was further combined with the physical risk to evaluate integrated risk. The results showed that populated cities like Kathmandu, Hetauda, and Janakpur have a highly integrated risk index. Similarly, the Terai region bordering its neighbor India and some parts of the central hilly region are highly vulnerable, while most parts of the mountainous region in the central and eastern regions are the least vulnerable. The results from the present study can be utilized as a part of a comprehensive risk management framework at the district level to recuperate and recover from earthquakes.
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KC, Alisha, Connie Cai Ru Gan, and Febi Dwirahmadi. "Breaking Through Barriers and Building Disaster Mental Resilience: A Case Study in the Aftermath of the 2015 Nepal Earthquakes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 16 (August 17, 2019): 2964. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162964.
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Introduction: Nepal was hit by two devastating earthquakes in 2015 that disrupted its socio-economic system and shattered many lives, resulting in increased mental health issues during the post-earthquake phase. Disasters can have severe mental health impacts on the affected population, making it necessary to enhance resilience within communities and to help them to adapt well in the face of adversities. From these earthquakes, this study looks to identify measures needed to develop community mental resilience for disaster preparedness in Nepal. Method: We conducted this research using the qualitative case study method and thematic analysis (TA). Result: Several activities were carried out by organizations to support the psycho-social aspects of communities, but were challenged by existing barriers. After considering the present context, this study presents five recommendations for mental resilience and also suggests the utilization of existing resources, such as faith-based organizations and teachers in the communities. Despite the considerable impact, communities demonstrate their own resilience, to some extent, through the culture of sharing and helping each other. Conclusions: A firm commitment is required from the government to enhance resilience by mainstreaming mental health in all areas of disaster management and planning.
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Dhakal, Dipendra, and Keiko Yoshino. "COPING STRATEGIES WITH MUTUAL COOPERATION AND USE OF LOCAL RESOURCES ON DISASTER BY NEPALESE RURAL PEOPLE: A CASE FROM NUWAKOT DISTRICT, NEPAL." Journal of Asian Rural Studies 4, no. 2 (July 15, 2020): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/jars.v4i2.2101.
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Nepal is vulnerable to environmental disasters such as earthquakes, landslides, floods and hurricanes. These disasters disproportionately affect rural life. Disaster risks are often approached in a purely technical and physical manner, but people’s behaviour in the face of natural hazards and disasters is influenced by various factors such as historical, economic, political and socio-cultural factors. This case uses a post-disaster resilience assessment focusing on cooperation during the recovery after a severe earthquake that hit central Nepal in 2015 which impacted rural communities. This paper analyses the people’s behaviour and its basic logic at post-earthquake recovery from a socio-cultural aspect focusing on the gaun, the basic minimal informal social unit. Special consideration was made to the ethnic heterogeneity of the communities studied. For the purpose of this study, key informants interview (KII), group discussion and transect walk were used. This study finds that gaun based local resources are traditional and primary resources for people’s daily life but the ward and VDC based resources are newly formed. Various forms of cooperation were observed regardless ethnicity at the gaun level. This study further reveals that local people’s activities towards the post-disaster recovery can be described in three periods. They are: emergent, resilient, reconstruction periods. On the basis of the study of these periods for post-disaster recovery, a very good social relationship among gaun people at emergency was realized.
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Bredenoord, Jan, Wutinai Kokkamhaeng, Pichit Janbunjong, Ongarj Nualplod, Suwatchai Thongnoy, Wasana Khongwong, Piyalak Ngernchuklin, and Aparat Mahakhant. "Interlocking Block Masonry (ISSB) for Sustainable Housing Purposes in Thailand, With Additional Examples From Cambodia and Nepal." Engineering Management Research 8, no. 2 (September 20, 2019): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/emr.v8n2p42.
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This paper is about Interlocking Stabilized Soil Blocks (ISSB) as developed in Thailand. ISSB are seen as an eco-friendly building material for home building and structures such as water tanks and sanitation facilities. For several decades the Thai R&D Institute TISTR has worked on developing and testing ISSB, which in other countries are called compressed stabilized earth blocks or CSEB. The composition of building blocks and the quality of building structures determine together the structural quality of the house or building. If there is a need for earthquake- and storm resistance, the building blocks and the structures must have specific features. Building stacked houses is an important issue given the growing scarcity of land for housing and the increasing land prices. ISSB is not only applied in Thailand, but also in Cambodia for low-cost housing and in Nepal for home reconstruction after the 2015 earthquake. ISSB or CSEB is also applied in other countries as an alternative building material and technology to replace the use of fired bricks and concrete building blocks for housing. Reducing the use of cement in the materials and structures is important for environmental reasons, but in ISSB/CSEB the use of cement as a stabilizer cannot always be avoided. This is surely the case in areas where earthquakes, heavy storms and floods can occur. Although this paper focuses mainly on technical aspects of sustainable housing and construction, there is also a focus on social sustainability, meaning a strong involvement of local communities in the production of sustainable building materials for walls, newly developed construction technologies, and mutual house and facility construction.
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Lizundia, Bret, Rachel A. Davidson, Youssef M. A. Hashash, and Rob Olshansky. "Overview of the 2015 Gorkha, Nepal, Earthquake and the Earthquake Spectra Special Issue." Earthquake Spectra 33, no. 1_suppl (December 2017): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/120817eqs252m.
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On 25 April 2015, a Mw7.8 earthquake struck near Gorka, Nepal. The earth-quake and its aftershocks caused over 8,790 deaths and 22,300 injuries; a half a million homes were destroyed; and hundreds of historical and cultural monuments were destroyed or extensively damaged ( NPC 2015 ). Triggered landslides blocked access to road networks, and other lifelines were significantly impacted. Damage occurred in the capital of Kathmandu and the surrounding valley basin, but the most heavily affected areas were in more rural regions of central Nepal where losses to some towns were severe. Recovery has been slow, but progress is being made in rebuilding and repairing lost and damaged buildings and infrastructure. This Earthquake Spectra special issue provides a compendium of research papers on the Gorkha earthquake. They are organized into five topics: (1) seismology, ground motion, and geotechnical issues; (2) lifelines; (3) buildings; (4) cultural heritage structures; and (5) social science and public policy related topics. This overview summarizes key aspects of the earthquake and highlights findings from the special issue papers.
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Suvedi, Mukti. "Significant accomplishment of the post-disaster housing reconstruction: A community perspective from 2015 earthquake affected communities in Nepal." Contemporary Research: An Interdisciplinary Academic Journal 4, no. 1 (November 8, 2020): 110–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/craiaj.v4i1.32754.
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In spite of the significant grants and supports after 2015 earthquake, housing reconstruction faced numerous challenges in addressing the needs of the disaster affected communities. The earthquake threatened almost all aspects of the societies in14 of the most affected districts. Government of Nepal and various development partners, including bilateral agencies, were involved in the implementation of housing reconstruction projects in different districts. All these initiatives in communities yielded diverse results. Because of the resulting disquiet from the public, the post-disaster housing reconstruction is becoming the concern and dilemma to researchers, development and humanitarian organizations worldwide. It is evident that private housing reconstruction is complicated and slow process, which is knotted with social, economic, and political dimensions. The paper highlights the significant contributing factors for accomplishing the housing reconstruction after the earthquake. A multi-dimensional holistic approach interprets the nexus of successful reconstruction, which are discussed in the paper. This paper serves as a valuable resource that highlights the significant factors for the government, development and humanitarian partners, and researchers.
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Dhungel, Ranjan, Surya Narayan Shrestha, Ramesh Guragain, Manish Raj Gouli, Ayush Baskota, and Bishnu Hadkhale. "Socio-technical module in assistance: Promoting resilient reconstruction in the wake of a disaster." Journal of Nepal Geological Society 58 (June 25, 2019): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v58i0.24598.
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Disasters every year proclaim life of thousands and destruct infrastructures worth billions worldwide. Moreover, the developing countries are more prone to hazards as they are found to be lagging in early preparedness regarding the consequences of disaster. Nepal, in the wake of the 7.8 magnitude 2015 Gorkha Earthquake had to face devastating effects as the country lost nearly ten-thousand lives and structures accounting 6.69 billion US$ (NRA, 2016). Private Housing, one of the subordinates of social sector, faced the colossal damage, making the dwellers bound to take shelter under the makeshift tents. To that end, government has adopted owner driven approach for reconstruction and it is advancing in an amplified way. Since the rural terrains with low strength masonry had to face shattering effects, the reconstruction demands their construction with incorporation of seismic resistant components. The technique of construction since significantly differs than the primitive way, diverse modes of assistance is required by house owners to make their buildings codal compliant, which is also linked with obtaining subsidy. Not only reconstruction is a technical process, rather it is also a blend of economic, social and cross cutting issues. Having said that, the paper aims to study a multidimensional approach of socio-technical assistance (STA) through the study of different cases of ongoing post-earthquake reconstruction. The paper studies the impacts of socio-technical assistance being provided at various earthquake affected areas to understand what aspects of socio-technical assistance are aiding in the current reconstruction process. In conclusion, the paper identifies the core areas of sociotechnical assistance that is required in the aftermath of a disaster and how the current institutional structure can be modified to enhance the quality of socio-technical assistance being provided through various government and non-government agencies.
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Hope, Max, John McCloskey, Mairead Nicbhloscaidh, Dominic Crowley, and Dom Hunt. "Triggering multi-actor change cascades: Non-representational theory and deep disaster risk management co-production." Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 3, no. 4 (December 20, 2019): 1158–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2514848619894878.
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Deep-rooted socio-ecological and technical systems, values and lifestyles, ‘locked in’ by vested interests and flows of power, underpin the interconnected problems of climate change, hazard vulnerability and poverty. A ‘shallow’ approach to co-production, with its focus on knowledge exchange and shared learning between individuals, struggles to gain the ‘purchase’ needed to transform these material structures. In this paper we demonstrate that non-representational theory is a good starting point for an alternative ‘deep’ approach to disaster risk management co-production. We review key aspects of non-representational theory and their application to disaster risk management and build a novel hybrid conceptual framework. We use this to analyse a case study of disaster risk management co-production (an aftershock forecasting approach used by humanitarian agencies during the Nepal 2015 earthquake), how social change occurred in this instance, and the role disaster risk management co-production played. We emphasise how change was the consequence of unexpected shifts in assemblages of human, non-human, virtual and real actors. These created ‘events’ that were opportunities for change that were realised with fidelity. Using this analysis, we develop an alternative deep approach to co-production, as ‘a practical means of going on’, and finish with five precepts to guide transformative disaster risk management based on the concept of multi-actor change cascades.
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Ulak, Nimesh. "Nepal's Earthquake-2015: Its Impact on Various Sectors." Gaze: Journal of Tourism and Hospitality 7 (June 21, 2016): 58–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/gaze.v7i0.15120.
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Natural Calamities are unavoidable events that lead to chaos, crisis and disaster. Nepal faced a disastrous earthquake: 7.8 Richter scale. Being repeatedly analyzed about the vulnerability of earthquake in Nepal, the country seems not prepared enough for the event. The unpreparedness had taken many lives including tangible and intangible values of society and cultural aesthetics. The earthquake has hindered the overall economic, social and environmental aspect. Tourism was one of the major economic backbones for the nation which with the event has barred at least for sometimes. According to the survey conducted on the Tourism Employment by Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation (MoCTCA) indicates that approximately 138,148 persons were engaged in the tourism sector (National Planning Commission, 2015b: 118). The pre-earthquake data, indicates that 487,500 jobs which would be 3.5 percent of the total employment in Nepal. The number of jobs was expected to rise by 4 percent in 2015 and 3 percent per annum to 681,000 jobs (World Travel and Trade Council, 2015). According to World Health Organization, the epicenter of the earthquake was Barpakh, Gorkha and the magniturde of the earthquake has catastrophic effect on 14 district of Nepal, including Gorkha, Dhading, Rasuwa, Sndhupalchok, Kavre, Nuwakot, Dolakha, Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Khaktapur, Ramechap, Sindhuli, Okhaldhunga and Makwanpur districts out of which Dolakha and Sindhupalchok are the most severely affected districts by the second earthquake on 13 May, World Health Organization (WHO, 2015).The Gaze: Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Vol.7 2015 pp.58-86
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Udías, Agustín. "Human aspects of earthquakes." Metascience 23, no. 2 (July 6, 2013): 323–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11016-013-9837-8.
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Gautam, Dipendra. "Assessment of social vulnerability to natural hazards in Nepal." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 12 (December 15, 2017): 2313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-2313-2017.
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Abstract. This paper investigates district-wide social vulnerability to natural hazards in Nepal. Disasters such as earthquakes, floods, landslides, epidemics, and droughts are common in Nepal. Every year thousands of people are killed and huge economic and environmental losses occur in Nepal due to various natural hazards. Although natural hazards are well recognized, quantitative and qualitative social vulnerability mapping has not existed until now in Nepal. This study aims to quantify the social vulnerability on a local scale, considering all 75 districts using the available census. To perform district-level vulnerability mapping, 13 variables were selected and aggregated indexes were plotted in an ArcGIS environment. The sum of results shows that only 4 districts in Nepal have a very low social vulnerability index whereas 46 districts (61 %) are at moderate to high social vulnerability levels. Vulnerability mapping highlights the immediate need for decentralized frameworks to tackle natural hazards in district level; additionally, the results of this study can contribute to preparedness, planning and resource management, inter-district coordination, contingency planning, and public awareness efforts.
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Subedi, Shiba, György Hetényi, and Ross Shackleton. "Impact of an educational program on earthquake awareness and preparedness in Nepal." Geoscience Communication 3, no. 2 (September 22, 2020): 279–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gc-3-279-2020.
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Abstract. Scientific education of local communities is key in helping to reduce the risk associated with natural disasters such as earthquakes. Western Nepal has a history of major seismic events and is highly prone to further earthquakes; however, the majority of the population is not aware about or prepared for them. To increase earthquake awareness and improve preparedness, a seismology education program was established at 22 schools in Nepal. At each school, educational activities were performed by teaching earthquake-related topics in classrooms, offering training to teachers and through installing a low-cost seismometer network which supported both teaching and awareness objectives. To test the effects of this program, we conducted two surveys with school children, one before and one after the initiation of the program, with several hundred participants in each. The survey findings highlighted that educational activities implemented at schools are effective in raising the awareness levels of children, promoting broader social learning in the community, thus improving the adaptive capacities and preparedness for future earthquakes. However, perceptions of risk did not change very much. The high and positive impact of the program on the students and the community is encouraging for the continuation and expansion of the program.
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Comfort, Louise K., and James Joshi. "Scalability and Sustainability in Uncertain Environments: Transition to Recovery from the 2015 Gorkha, Nepal, Earthquakes." Earthquake Spectra 33, no. 1_suppl (December 2017): 385–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/113016eqs217m.
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The transition from response to recovery in Nepal following the 25 April and 12 May 2015 earthquakes represents an unusual set of tensions among political, economic, geographic, social, technical, and physical constraints. We examine this set of tensions in interorganizational, interjurisdictional decision making to assess how interlocking constraints stalled the recovery process following the severe earthquakes. We use a mixed-methods research design, drawing on data from a review of documentary sources regarding Nepali laws, policies, and procedures in reference to disaster mitigation and response; content analysis of reports from local newspapers and professional organizations; and direct observations from two field trips to Nepal: the first from June to early July of 2015, and the second, one year later from April to May of 2016. Using these sources, we identified a network of influential organizations operating in disaster decision making and the constraints that shaped this process. We conclude that transition from response to recovery in Nepal represents a complex, dynamic process involving actors at different scales of operation—from local to global—that exceeded the capacity of any single actor to guide or control.
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Poudel, Namita. "Vulnerability and Disaster Resilience at Household Level." Molung Educational Frontier 9 (December 22, 2019): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mef.v9i0.33592.
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Many development practitioners, academicians, development institutions and organizations, are attempting to discover the characteristic of resilience in Nepal. The issue of disaster resilience got its prominence in Nepali scholarship after the 2015 earthquake. The people of Nepal today, are visible to perpetual disaster events and profound vulnerability to the disaster, which was already there. Disaster incidents are increasing day by day, due to natural hazards such as landslides, floods, and human-induced activities like road accidents, fire, etc. But these consequences are not merely natural events; they are social events as well. The deaths of people, injuries, and property damage are related to the social side of the disaster. Similarly, natural hazards such as earthquakes are also creating disasters because of vulnerability and the absence of disaster resilience in Nepalese people. Rising incidents of disaster vulnerability and resilience is increasing concern of the state, academia and local level, since Nepal is 4th and 11th vulnerable to the risk of climate change and earthquakes in the world. Apart from that, other chances of disaster are equally mounting, and the capacity to cope (Resilience), or coming back to usual conditions is not enough for surviving and moving forward.
This article tries to explore the relationship between vulnerability and disaster resilience, and the research questions of this article are, what types of vulnerability are creating the barrier for a resilient household and what are the attributes of a resilient family? Dhugin, Lamatar is the field for this research, and answers are dug out based on the Nepal earthquake 2015 as a major disaster of Nepal. Field data are collected after finalizing the purposive sampling. The interview method is used to take the depth information. Face-to-face interviews with informants remained the primary sources for data collection. And this research has been conducted using a qualitative method. My finding is: adopting capacity with the help of resources and assets and absorbing capacity by shifting occupation; after a disaster are the attributes of resilient households, whereas geographically vulnerability, exclusion, poverty remained barriers for resilient families.
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Ghimire, Dipesh. "Debates on Social Exclusion and Inclusion in Nepal." KMC Research Journal 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kmcrj.v2i2.29949.
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The term “Social Exclusion” is used to describe a wide range of phenomena and processes related not only to poverty and deprivation, but also to social, cultural and political disadvantages, and in relation to a wide range of categories of excluded people. However, there is no single way of understanding the concepts of social exclusion and inclusion. In the context of Nepal, power was consolidated by interlinking it with the Hindu caste system. The social order was exclusionary because it classified all groups as distinct castes within the broad framework of the Hindu system of the four varnas based on concepts of ritual purity and pollution. This paper has attempted to present a quick and preliminary discussion on theoretical perspectives on social exclusion and inclusion. The paper has also emphasized on the major debates on social exclusion and inclusion in Nepal and thematic aspects of social exclusion and inclusion.
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Maharjan, Shree Kumar, Keshav Lall Maharjan, and Dharma Raj Dangol. "Local level socio-economic impacts and responses to the earthquakes-2015: A case of Kirtipur Municipality." International Journal of Social Sciences and Management 6, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v6i1.22563.
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The series of earthquakes and aftershocks affect Nepal in 2015. However, very few studies were carried out to assess and analyze the local-level impacts and responses. The present study focuses on impacts and responses to earthquakes in the Kirtipur Municipality based on secondary data and primary information generated from the open-ended questions to the purposively selected samples. Higher number of human casualties was observed among the elderly and children, but no such difference in terms of gender. The wards in core areas, particularly in Panga and Chovar, were affected the most because of century old houses without any disaster resistant technologies. The social bonding and cohesion were strongly observed during rescue and relief phases. The separated families united during the first two phases whereas the united families separated to nuclear families in recovery and reconstruction phases. The major reasons were main political transition, lack of financial resources and social factors.
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Adhikari, Devendra, and Rajan Binayek Pasa. "Private (institutional) schools: bridging social gaps in urban cities in Nepal?" Research Nepal Journal of Development Studies 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/rnjds.v4i2.42680.
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The interest of parents in the urban cities in Nepal is tending towards enrolling their children in paid private (institutional) schools, rather than free public schools. This paper aimed at exploring the reasons behind growing craziness of the parents towards the private education system in Nepal. We adopted a critical paradigm, case study approach using in-depth interviews, and observation techniques to gather field information. This study has signaled that institutional schools are facilitating to homogenize the education system between haves and have nots groups in society. Different categories of private education systems, with accountable management team have facilitated in bridging the social gaps in Nepal. At the same time, public schools urgently need to revisit their management model, pedagogical system, and publicize their services and strengths, so that they could regain their trust from the urban parents. The explorations of this research could be helpful to outline the positive aspects of private schools and buildup the public education system along in Nepal.
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Sharma, Keshab, Mandip Subedi, Indra Prasad Acharya, and Bigul Pokharel. "Geotechnical and Structural Aspect of 2015 Gorkha Nepal Earthquake and Lesson Learnt." Journal of the Institute of Engineering 13, no. 1 (June 22, 2018): 20–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v13i1.20345.
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An earthquake of moment magnitude (Mw ) 7.8 struck the central Nepal at 11:56 am on April 25, 2015. More than 9,000 people were killed and thousands of residential buildings, and hundreds other structures were also destroyed. An aftershock of moment magnitude (Mw ) 7.3 hit northeast of Kathmandu on May 12 after 17 days of main shock which caused additional damages. Immediately after the earthquake, authors undertook a field investigation and visited the affected areas. Strong motion records from both earthquakes and their impacts on structures as well as geotechnical issues are presented in this paper. Most of the structures in Nepal are made of adobe, unreinforced masonry, and reinforced concrete. Failure mechanisms of those buildings are briefly explained in this paper. Geotechnical aspects such as soil liquefaction, slope failures, settlement and lateral spreading, and site amplification effects that considerably influenced the damage patterns at many areas are briefly discussed as well. The lessons learnt from this earthquake are also summarized in this paper.Journal of the Institute of Engineering, 2017, 13(1): 20-36
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Grossman-Thompson, Barbara. "Migration as a Disaster Recovery Strategy in Post-Earthquake Nepal: Challenges and Vulnerabilities for Young Women Migrants." International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters 34, no. 3 (November 2016): 467–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028072701603400306.
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Foreign labor migration has been an historically common livelihood strategy for young Nepali men. Increasingly, young women have migrated abroad for work as well in spite of a number of gender discriminatory migration laws that limit women's access to legal labor migration channels. To what extent out-migration will be employed by women as a livelihood strategy in the post-earthquake context remains to be seen. This paper focuses specifically on young women's migration decision-making in the immediate aftermath of the 2015 April/May earthquakes. Using survey data collected from two districts in July 2015 – one severely earthquake-affected district and one less-affected district – the research is guided by a vulnerabilities approach to disasters. This paper considers how the April/May earthquakes have affected young women migrants’ decision-making processes around future migration as a livelihood strategy and how the earthquake may have a synergistic affect with existing gender discriminatory migration and citizenship laws and local systems of social stratification to exacerbate and multiply women labor migrants’ vulnerabilities.
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Lama, Mahendra P. "Power Trading in South Asia: Some Aspects of Benefits." Journal of International Affairs 3, no. 1 (May 24, 2020): 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/joia.v3i1.29088.
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Of having immense regional capacity of 395,096 MW as of mid-2018, South Asia is gradually emerging as a fulcrum of electricity exchange and powers trading so, bilateral exchanges are occurring, as evident in the noteworthy Bhutan-India power flow of 1,410MW. India and Bangladesh have four historic power trading practices in place and the Power Purchase Agreement of 2014 between Nepal and India, these two countries exchange up to 350 MW of electricity. All these have triggered immense possibilities opening the scope for multilateral power flows. A huge jump from the present total cross-border trading of hardly 2500 MW is very possible. Nepal could potentially be the biggest beneficiary in this game. If harnessed steadily, its power could be sold across South and South East Asia, with wheeling facilities provided by Indian national grids. A Bangladesh–Bhutan–India trilateral hydroelectric power-generation agreement is likely to be signed soon. Energy secretaries of Bangladesh and Nepal have decided to develop hydropower projects in Nepal through government-to-government investment and then export the electricity thus produced to Bangladesh through the Indian transmission system Power trade would change the composition of the export baskets of power exporting countries and help them address their adverse balance of trade and balance of payment. Additional income from power export and an enhanced level of economic activity can be invested in social infrastructure.
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Khatri, Bal Krishna. "Marriage Practice in Contemporary Nepal." NUTA Journal 8, no. 1-2 (December 31, 2021): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nutaj.v8i1-2.44032.
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Marriage is one of the oldest universal micro social institutions which are established by human society as an essential social structure for gaining more benefit in the social and functioning aspects. It provides the legal rights of regular sexual intercourse, producing of the offspring socially, religiously and legally. It is one of the ways to transfer an inheritance of the property in our societies. This belief is influenced by Hinduism which regards marriage as the important custom or sacrament. Although, the perception and practices of marriage is not universally accepted which varies across societies and culture, i.e., cross cousin marriage practices are common among Gurung, Magar and Tamang ethnic groups. Levirate marriage can be found in Tamang ethnic group which is not acceptable in another caste. Arrange marriage is one of the most popular form and also practices of marriage in contemporary Nepal whereas child marriage, capture marriage and forced marriage has been already prohibited by law. Experimental marriage, Group marriage and Companionate marriage are not existed. Most of the people have been hearing and conducting the marriage but the proper acceptable definition is not found till date. It is no doubt that marriage is an inevitable social institution but the practice may be different in different places. Main objectives of this article are briefly highlighting the various thought and forms of marriages which have practiced in different caste and place of Nepal by using primary and secondary sources.
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Mustać, Marija, Iva Dasović, Helena Latečki, and Ina Cecić. "The public response and educational outreach through social media after the Zagreb earthquake of 22 March 2020." Geofizika 38, no. 2 (January 24, 2022): 215–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15233/gfz.2021.38.7.
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Following the 22 March 2020 ML 5.5 earthquake near Zagreb, Croatia, the citizens became increasingly interested in earthquakes and the multitude of simultaneous visitors caused the webpage with Croatian Seismological Survey reports on earthquakes to crash. To remedy the situation, seismologists used social network accounts to provide information, using the opportunity to educate the citizens on basic concepts of seismology, earthquake preparedness and the occurring seismic sequence. Citizens’ feedback was useful to improve the communication, but required extensive moderation. In July 2020, three seismologists from the Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, one from the Slovenian Environment Agency, and a psychologist from the Croatian Catholic University conducted a poll to find out which sources of information citizens mostly use, their knowledge about earthquakes, and the level of fear they were experiencing due to the earthquakes. Most respondents relied on institutional sources of information and their knowledge on different aspects of earthquake preparedness increased relatively compared to the time before the earthquake. The majority of respondents was extremely worried on the day of the mainshock, predominantly because they were concerned of a possible stronger event, their safety and the safety of their close ones.
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Joshi, Ranjila, Pernille Tanggaard Andersen, Subash Thapa, and Arja R. Aro. "Sex trafficking, prostitution, and increased HIV risk among women during and after the 2015 Nepal earthquake." SAGE Open Medicine 8 (January 2020): 205031212093828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050312120938287.
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Women might be at increased risk of HIV infection after a disaster situation due to several interlinked environmental and social factors, such as increased sex trafficking and prostitution, in resource-limited settings. However, this information has not been clearly understood. Based on the review of available gray and peer-reviewed evidence, the present debate paper summarizes potential factors for increasing women’s HIV risk during/after two earthquakes that hit Nepal in 2015. Poverty and socio-economic crisis, displacement and reduced social capital, increased rate of sex trafficking and prostitution, and poor access to health care seem to be the factors to increase women’s HIV risk in the earthquake-affected areas of Nepal. There is a lack of essential empirical evidence on environmental and social factors (e.g. increased sex trafficking and prostitution) that are linked with women’s HIV risk in the post-disaster phase. Therefore, the factors and interactions discussed should be further studied potentially in disaster-affected areas so that locally and culturally salient and sustainable relief and reconstruction strategies, which include strategies for preventing HIV risk in post-disaster situations, can be developed.
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Poudel, Kritika, and Pramod Subedi. "Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on socioeconomic and mental health aspects in Nepal." International Journal of Social Psychiatry 66, no. 8 (July 10, 2020): 748–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764020942247.
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Background: Public health concern is increasing with recent rise in the number of COVID-19 cases in Nepal. To curb this pandemic, Nepal is facing some forms of lockdown, encouraging people to implement social distancing so as to reduce interactions between people which could eventually reduce the possibilities of new infection; however, it has affected the overall physical, mental, social and spiritual health of the people. Methods: Published articles related to psychosocial effects due to COVID-19 and other outbreaks were searched and reviewed. Conclusion: While many countries are supporting their citizens with sophisticated health safety-nets and various relief funds, some developing countries have unique challenges with vulnerable populations and limited resources to respond to the pandemic. This review presents the consequences of pandemic and lockdown on socioeconomic, mental health and other aspects in Nepalese society.
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Amini Hosseini, Kambod, Solmaz Hosseinioon, and Zhila Pooyan. "An investigation into the socioeconomic aspects of two major earthquakes in Iran." Disasters 37, no. 3 (April 2, 2013): 516–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/disa.12001.
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Bishwakarma, Kirpa Ram, and Yasoda Basnet. "Potentialities and Promotion of Tourism in Dailekh District, Nepal." Journal of Tourism & Adventure 1, no. 1 (December 3, 2018): 68–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jota.v1i1.22752.
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This paper argues tourism represents dynamic mobility of persons from place to places to know lifestyle, culture and civility of the particular places of interests. It plays significant roles in transforming lifestyle and comprehension. It is a smokeless industry, which contributes abundance in recessive aspects of culture and economic enhancement. Comprehending one’s culture and access in basic human development infrastructures denote with the influx of tourists and their mobility. Advanced tourism discloses potentialities of inaccessible places and makes strong ties with dimensional social aspects promoting art, culture and architecture. Dailekh fosters valuable natural, architectural, religious and cultural heritages that remain undisclosed to the external societies. Th e methodology of study was focus group discussion and personal communication incorporated to the secondary sources. The creative capacity of people and the pilgrimage tourism can create best income opportunities to the fellow citizens with the rational blend of nature, human skills and social capital. Natural beauty with conglomeration of several caste and ethnicity tempts the visitors so that the rational management of the tourist sites, cultural heritages and the places of interests like Sheersthan, Navisthan, Dhuleshwor, Padukasthan and Kotila could foster pilgrimage tourism and contribute to state development.
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Schwind, Jessica S., Stephanie A. Norman, Rebecca Brown, Rebecca Hoffmann Frances, Elisabeth Koss, Dibesh Karmacharya, and Susan L. Santangelo. "Association Between Earthquake Exposures and Mental Health Outcomes in Phulpingdanda Village After the 2015 Nepal Earthquakes." Community Mental Health Journal 55, no. 7 (May 17, 2019): 1103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10597-019-00404-w.
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Underwood, G., D. Hill, and S. Lamichhane. "Earthquakes, blockades and energy crises: A conceptual framework for energy systems resilience applied to Nepal." Energy Research & Social Science 69 (November 2020): 101609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101609.
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Mahara, GB, and SR Dhital. "Analysis of Health Sector Gender Equality and Social Inclusion Strategy 2009 of Nepal." Kathmandu University Medical Journal 12, no. 2 (October 13, 2015): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v12i2.13667.
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The policy on gender equality and social inclusion (GESI) in health sector of Nepal is formulated in 2009 targeting toward poor, vulnerable, marginalized social and ethnic groups. Gender inequality and social discrimination are a social problem that affect on individual health finally. The main objective of this paper is to critically analysis and evaluates the Government’s strategy on health sector gender equality and social inclusion in Nepal. We collected published and unpublished information assessing the public health, policy analysis and research needs from different sources. A different policy approaches for the analysis and evaluation of GESI strategies is applied in this paper. Universal education, community participation, individual, group and mass communication approaches, and social capital are the key aspects of effective implementation of policy at target levels.Kathmandu University Medical Journal Vol.12(2) 2014: 157-160
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Karki, Srijana, and Tamara L. Mix. "“A Yam between Two Rocks”: A Comparative Analysis of Disaster Coverage and Geopolitical Dynamics in Nepali and Indian News Reporting of the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake." International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters 39, no. 3 (November 2021): 346–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028072702103900302.
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The devastating Gorkha earthquake, measuring 7.8M on the Richter scale, struck Nepal on April 25, 2015, followed by a major aftershock on May 12, 2015. The earthquakes killed approximately 9,000 people and injured thousands more, garnering significant media coverage. We employ qualitative content analysis and media framing theories to demonstrate evidence of social construction in the Gorkha earthquake media coverage from two Nepali national and two Indian newspapers. Using a sample of 2,862 articles published within a year of the earthquake, five major frames: the disaster frame, disaster myths, the therapeutic community frame, recreancy, and international support emerged during the analysis. Our study demonstrates how media coverage reflects current geopolitical dynamics in the region, distinguishing impoverished Nepal from two emerging economic giants, India and China. We contribute to developing literature arguing that media coverage during disasters produces global human life hierarchies. Our study adds a class hierarchy dimension, where tourists are more valuable than locals, and even among tourists, those involved in high-end tourism attract additional media attention.
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Forbes, Catherine. "Rebuilding Nepal: traditional and modern approaches, building or diminishing resilience?" International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 9, no. 3 (June 11, 2018): 218–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdrbe-01-2017-0001.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to highlight the importance of vernacular architecture and traditional knowledge to building resilience in Nepal and the impact of modernisation on that resilience and architectural diversity. Design/methodology/approach Using an action research approach, including field observations and discussions with local community members, artisans, architects, engineers and other international experts, the study examines the resilience of traditional building typologies to natural hazards in Nepal, including earthquake; the changes that have occurred over time leading to the failure and/or rejection of traditional construction; and a review of post-earthquake reconstruction options, both traditional and modern. Findings Although traditional approaches have been cyclically tested over time, this study found that changes in building materials, technologies, knowledge and skills, access to resources, maintenance practices, urban environments and societal aspirations have all contributed to the popular rejection of vernacular architecture following the earthquakes. Research limitations/implications The research is limited to traditional timber and masonry construction in the Kathmandu Valley and surrounding mountain areas. Practical implications To improve resilience the study identifies the need for capacity building in both traditional and modern construction technologies; adoption of approaches that use local materials, knowledge and skills, whilst addressing local timber shortages and access issues; a transparent construction certification system; good drainage; and regular maintenance. Originality/value The study critically evaluates the impact of technological, environmental, social and economic changes over time on the resilience of vernacular housing in Nepal.
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Izadkhah, Yasamin O., and Mahmood Hosseini. "Sustainable neighbourhood earthquake emergency planning in megacities." Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 19, no. 3 (June 22, 2010): 345–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653561011052510.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify and discuss the main prerequisites which are deemed for successful disaster mitigation activities in megacities by considering various aspects related to disaster risk reduction.Design/methodology/approachThe paper provides a general background with regard to the social and cultural patterns for involving local people to participate in the activities related to awareness raising before, and saving their lives and properties after the earthquakes. It then defines what is required for preparing disaster scenarios.FindingsPrerequisites of comprehensive response plans, to be used in the aftermath of earthquakes in large cities, are discussed.Research limitations/implicationsThere is a lack of complete information, with regard to various social, and cultural aspects of disaster mitigation, in developing countries, such as Iran.Practical implicationsBy following the steps mentioned and discussed in the paper for disaster mitigation planning and applying the proposed measures, the neighbourhoods in megacities can define and manage the activities better – which is crucial for saving lives in the aftermath of large earthquakes.Originality/valueThe paper details the requirements that are necessary for successful disaster mitigation activities in large cities and the difficulties and challenges which can be faced in encountering them.
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Heidari, Samaneh, Soudabeh Vatankhah, Sogand Tourani, and Mohammad Heidari. "The perceptions of policymakers on earthquake mitigation." International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 11, no. 3 (February 29, 2020): 403–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdrbe-04-2019-0013.
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Purpose The purpose of this study identified the priorities, challenges and different aspects of the mitigation phase according to policymakers for planning and better management of reducing risk within the cultural, religious, social and political conditions of Iran. Design/methodology/approach In the present qualitative study, 19 policymakers in different levels of the disaster management organizations were selected based on purposive sampling. Semi-structured and face-to-face interviews were used to identify the participants’ views. The findings were analyzed using thematic analysis. Findings The present situation and the challenges of the mitigation phase were the main themes in this study. Risk perception, training and media were the sub-themes. Political, legal, social and cultural challenges of the mitigation phase were also sub-themes. Originality/value The findings of this study indicated that different aspects should be considered to minimize the risk of earthquake. In addition, all kinds of media, including visual, written, audio, instrumental, group and multimedia, should be used for enhancing public awareness so that readiness for earthquakes can be considered as a permanent mission of the citizens, who are always concerned about earthquakes.
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Brosius, Christiane, and Axel Michaels. "Vernacular Heritage as Urban Place-Making. Activities and Positions in the Reconstruction of Monuments after the Gorkha Earthquake in Nepal, 2015–2020: The Case of Patan." Sustainability 12, no. 20 (October 21, 2020): 8720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208720.
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In an analysis of the reconstruction measures in the old city or Lalitpur (Patan) after the 2015 earthquakes in Nepal, it is shown that, contrary to usual assumptions, the reconstruction was not only concentrated on the prominent, strongly internationally promoted and financed world cultural heritage sites, but took also place at smaller sites—especially at arcaded platform (phalcā), small monasteries and shrines throughout the city. While the larger royal squares, often at the heart of tourism and heritage policies, are important for the status and hierarchy of kings, queens and associated castes, the smaller and possibly less visually spectacular buildings and rituals ‘off the 5-Star map’ (the intangible heritage) are not less and are possibly even more relevant to inhabitants. Understanding this intangible heritage requires a different approach to what heritage means and how it is experienced from a more vernacular perspective. Rather than being firmly defined, heritage, and the reconstruction thereof, dynamically and controversially shapes how the disaster of the earthquake has been experienced, and is also connected to larger discourses on urban and social transformation and to concepts of ethnicity, nation and citizenship as well as social, symbolic prestige and economic status and distinction. The Gorkha Earthquakes have also produced a rich field of vernacular heritage formations and processes that enable us to consider heritage as placemaking. In this context, controversial concepts like ‘authenticity’ as well as various qualities and temporalities of ‘community’ participation and formation should be considered.
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Huett, Bruce. "The revival of Himalayan papermaking: historical, social-cultural and economic aspects." Z Badań nad Książką i Księgozbiorami Historycznymi 14, no. 3 (November 18, 2020): 421–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33077/uw.25448730.zbkh.2020.632.
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We normally hardly notice the mass-produced paper products that pass through our hands on a daily basis, which we then recycle. In fact it has recently been predicted that books printed on paper will be replaced by digital formats. However, paper endures and specialist craft papers are now being produced in increasing quantities, especially valued by artists and conservators, but also by tourists visiting paper-producing areas around the world. Paper is therefore flourishing even in our computer and mobile-phone focused world. One of the areas benefiting from this revival is the Himalayas. As well as serving the tourist trade these products are now exported world-wide, as they were when paper first arrived in Europe in the eleventh century. There are even organisations that run Tibetan-style paper making workshops in America. This paper focuses on the papermaking revival in Tibet (China), Nepal, Bhutan and Sikkim (India). Using information gained from visits to producers, middle men, as well as retail and export operations, it seeks to compare the economic and social factors influencing the revival, including conservation issues. The conclusion highlights the fact that, even in the twenty first century, hand-crafted items still play an important rôle in our lives.
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Sharma, Jeevan Raj, Rekha Khatri, and Ian Harper. "Understanding Health Research Ethics in Nepal." Developing World Bioethics 16, no. 3 (February 3, 2016): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dewb.12109.
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Dahal, Girdhari. "Nepal and India Relation After 12 Points Understanding." Journal of Political Science 20 (October 4, 2020): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jps.v20i0.31795.
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With multidimensional aspects, Nepal India relation is historical, social, political and culturally embodied. Both countries adhere to a unique relationship of friendship and cooperation characterized by open borders and deep-rooted people-to-people contacts of kinship and culture. Pedestal on secondary data this article aims to discuss the major developments in Indo-Nepal relation after 12 points understanding. Nepalese and Indian governments, in order to review the past treaties and agreements between the two countries, made EPG of four members each from both countries. Similarly, Nepal and India exchanged high level visits between them. Nepal made a new constitution in 2015 and promulgated it. However, India was not satisfied with some of the content of it, so India imposed unilateral blockade. Later, Nepal India relation was normalized, and again, Nepal and India have a dispute on Limpiyadhura-Lipulekh border. The vital concern is what has happened to the relations built on historical ties? This paper looks at the relations India once had with Nepal, and where it stands today. There have been many ups and downs in Nepal India relation after 12 points understanding and even during the present border dispute. However, all problems and disputes can be solved through diplomatic dialogues at various levels. Bilateral relations can grow further with unfaltering commitment to the doctrines of peaceable coexistence, sovereign equality, and understanding of each other’s aspirations and sensitivities.
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Karki, Karun Kishor, and Hari KC. "Nepal-India Relations: Beyond Realist and Liberal Theoretical Prisms." Journal of International Affairs 3, no. 1 (May 24, 2020): 84–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/joia.v3i1.29085.
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Taking the historical narratives that tout Nepal-India relations as based on mutual respect of each other’s sovereignty as a point of departure, we provide a critical reflection upon the flaws of such a single uncritical discourse that not only risks the danger of creating stereotypes but also leaves it incomplete and misleading. Although many aspects of the Nepal-India relations indeed predate the origin of the modern nation-state, any historical discourse that downplays the realpolitik in these relations leaves the story untold about India being a hegemon interfering in Nepal’s internal affairs and obstructing Nepal’s social, economic and political progression. From a neocolonial lens, we provide snapshots of the ways and instances in which India has infringed upon Nepal’s sovereignty and independence.
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Marahatta, S., A. Ghimire, N. Jha, S. M. Pokhrel, S. Rayamajhi, and S. Jirel. "Social stigma in leprosy." Journal of Chitwan Medical College 5, no. 2 (August 14, 2015): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v5i2.13148.
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Leprosy, an infectious disease, is a highly stigmatized disease. It directly affects patients’ physical, psychological, social and economical well-being. To know the stigma faced by the patients in the family and community. The study was carried out at Netherlands Leprosy Relief, Biratnagar, Nepal. Verbal consent was taken from each patient. A total number of 34 patients who were diagnosed to have leprosy were interviewed. Data were collected using structured interview schedule that included questions seeking information about all aspects of objective. Although both men and women faced the social stigma of the disease, women suffered more rejection by the family members (50%), neighborhood (75%) and work places (62.5%) in comparison to male patients, who are affected maximum at work places (39%) and minimum in family (7.69%). Illiterate were avoided by family members (25%) and co-workers (75%) whereas literate were not. All unemployed patients were neglected in community whereas only 21.42% of employed were neglected. Leprosy is a highly stigmatized disease. Patients are neglected by their family and society. Therefore community education component of Leprosy Control Program needs to be strengthened.
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Shrestha, Lochana, and J. B. K. Khattri. "HEALTH STATUS OF SCHOOL CHILDREN OF POKHARA VALLEY, NEPAL." Journal of Nepal Medical Association 42, no. 147 (May 1, 2003): 128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31729/jnma.819.
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ABSTRACTThe cross sectional study to assess the health and nutritional status of school children in the age group of4-15 years was carried out in 6 government primary schools of Pokhara valley by health team of thedepartment of Social & Preventive Medicine (SPM), Manipal College of Medical Science, Pokhara, Nepal.A total of 750 students of both sexes, 368 boys and 382 girls were examined. The prevalence of wasting andstunting in these children were low (10.3% & 15.7% respectively) with boys suffering more than girls inboth aspects. The 6-10 years old children were affected most. Pediculosis, Dental caries and Worm infestationwere three most common diseases suffered by students. The study highlighted the need for continuation ofschool health services aimed at improvement of their health & nutritional status.Key Words: School Children, Health Status, Wasting, Stunting.
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Bakır, Pelin G., and Hasan M. Bodurog˘lu. "Earthquake Risk and Hazard Mitigation in Turkey." Earthquake Spectra 18, no. 3 (August 2002): 427–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1503341.
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The last two earthquakes in Marmara have been catastrophic disasters beyond all limits of perception. On 17 August 1999, there were 1 million people trapped under debris, eighteen thousand people had lost their lives, and hundreds of thousands had been evacuated from their homes. Roads had buckled and bridges had fallen down. On 12 November 1999 another earthquake hit Düzce. This earthquake also caused high casualties. There were 894 deaths and 4,948 injuries. Both of the disasters had social, technical, administrative, legal, economical as well as environmental consequences. This paper presents a brief overview of these earthquakes in terms of the six aspects mentioned above. Disaster management practices are also investigated. The authors are of the opinion that it is not only the buildings but also poor disaster management before, during, and after the disaster that kill people in severe earthquakes. The present disaster management system of Turkey is compared against professional standards of the United States and Japan. The authors systematically document where performance failed and offer proposals for change within the Turkish disaster management system.
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Pokkriyarath, MBA, Manoj, Abhirami Arunachalam, MBA Student, and Ram Bishu, PhD. "A preliminary model to evaluate disaster management efforts." Journal of Emergency Management 18, no. 2 (March 1, 2020): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.2020.0457.
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Disasters are diversified in all aspects: they range from storms and tornadoes to earthquakes, tsunamis and cyclones etc. They affect a range of countries. Most disasters are caused by geographical factors. The overall response depends on the wealth of a country. For example, Japan is better prepared than Nepal or Haiti. Disaster responses are multidimensional and are assumed to be effective. From a service quality perspective, groups of responders provide services to victims. Effectiveness and efficiency of victim services are perhaps two outcome measures. Unfortunately, published studies on evaluation of disaster responses are sparse to nonexistent. The intent of this study is to develop a preliminary method for assessing the perceived effectiveness and efficiency (service quality) from the perspectives of both the responders and the victims. A method (preliminary) is proposed in which all anticipated attributes and outcomes are measured. Regression is the proposed modeling tool. It is hoped that the proposed preliminary method will facilitate the preparedness of the response teams and give rise to a permanent method.
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Küpper, Thomas. "25th Annual Meeting of the German Society for Travel Medicine (DFR) Berlin, Germany, 15–17 September 2022." Health Promotion & Physical Activity 20, no. 3 (September 12, 2022): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.55225/hppa.442.
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This year the Annual Meeting in Berlin (September 15th to 17th) was the 25th one of the German Society of Travel Medicine and therefore it included some celebration. The scientific part included a wide variety of topics. Beside of ‘typical’ ones like malaria prevention and new vaccines there were lectures about space tourism (Prof. R. Gerzer), environmental risks (earthquakes – Dr. J. Lauterjung, altitude medicine – Dr. S. Baniya, and poisonous snakes – Dr. C. Pechmann). Prof. M. Tannheimer discussed quick ascents to extreme altitude by pre-acclimatized climbers while Dr. Kattner reported news about tick borne diseases. Yellow fever (Dr. K. Kling) and Hepatitis B in Nepal (Dr. A.S. Menner) were discussed intensively. Another topic was different aspects of cruise shipping (Prof. T.W. Heggie, C. Kopp, L. Damm). Prof. T. Küpper touched a ‘hot iron’: Ethical considerations in travel medicine. There was a special invitation to young scientists, students and clinicians with a specific event. Poster presentations added topics for discussions.The presented abstracts include lectures and posters and are listed in alphabetical order of the first author.
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Gupta, S., R. Shrestha, N. Gupta, A. Acharya, and I. S. Kandel. "A Hospital Based Study of 2015 Earthquake Injured Patients Attending the Medical College Hospital in Western Region of Nepal." Journal of Gandaki Medical College-Nepal 10, no. 2 (August 17, 2018): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jgmcn.v10i2.20802.
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Introduction: On April, 2015, at 11:56 Nepal Standard Time (06:11:26 UTC), a catastrophic earthquake with a magnitude of 7.8 - 8.1 on Richter scale and lasted approximately fifty seconds with Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent) hit the North West of Kathmandu, Nepal. Its epicenter was East of Gorkha District at Barpak, Gorkha, and its hypocenter was at a depth of approximately 8.2 km. It was the worst natural disaster to strike Nepal since the 1934 earthquake. The earthquake caused nearly 9,000 individuals death, injured 22,000 people and 3.5 million people were homeless.Objectives: The main objective of this investigation was to study the demography profile, morbidity pattern, duration of hospital stay and mortality incidence among the 2015 earthquake injured patients visiting Emergency Department of Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital.Methods: A retrospective analysis of the earthquake injured patients attending through the Emergency Department. All the earthquake injured patients attending the Emergency Department from 25th April to 24th May, 2015 were enrolled in our study. The collected data has been complied and analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Science software package 16 version.Results: Hundred and seventy patients were triage and 63% were females. Majority (44.2%) of patients were of age group of 15 - 34 years. Eighty one percent of patients were from Gorkha district, the epicenter site of the earthquake. The three most common diagnoses were trauma and orthopedic injuries (52.4%), mental health issues and psychological problems (21.2%) and reproductive health issues (16%). Among the 83% of patients who had been hospitalized, almost 34% were discharged within one week. Mortality rate was 1.2%.Conclusions: Since 1993, earthquakes of more than or equal to 5.0 on the Richter scale have occurred in Nepal every year and this makes Nepal 11th most vulnerable country in world. Therefore, every hospital should have well functioning Earthquake Disaster Management Plan to handle this high intensity emergency situation in our country. J-GMC-N | Volume 11 | Issue 01 | January-June 2018, Page: 11-15
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Sulistyaningrum, Eny. "THE IMPACT OF EARTHQUAKE ON CHILD TEST SCORE." Journal of Indonesian Economy and Business 32, no. 2 (November 8, 2017): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jieb.28987.
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Natural disasters always affect different aspects of individual life. They affect almost every part of life, such as the emotional, economic, physical, social, and environmental aspects. Children are believed to be very vulnerable to disasters. The increasing frequency of disasters and the intensity of their destruction motivate an analysis of the impacts of disasters, especially on education, for children. This paper uses a micro level survey data set from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) which covers approximately 83% of the Indonesian population within the survey area. The main objective of this paper is to examine the effects of earthquakes on students’ performance, measured by their child test scores. This type of disaster was chosen because of its intensity, as measured by the percentage of people killed, and the percentage of people evacuated. Moreover, we also investigate the children who took the test immediately after the earthquake and compare their scores with those whose tests were a year after the earthquake. Arguably an earthquake is an exogenous event, so we use the exogenous variation of earthquake as a natural experiment design to estimate the effect of earthquakes on child test scores. A Difference in Difference model (DiD) can be used for estimating if a certain group is exposed to the causal variable of interest, such as an earthquake, and other groups are not. The results confirm that child test scores are significantly affected by earthquakes.
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Shrestha, Nisha, Surya Narayan Shrestha, Bhubaneswari Parajuli, Amod Mani Dixit, Bijay Krishna Upadhyay, Om Kala Khanal, and Khadga Sen Oli. "Enhancing earthquake resilience of communities: an action by women’s groups in Nepal." Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 28, no. 1 (February 4, 2019): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dpm-07-2018-0217.
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Purpose Nepal is exposed to frequent earthquakes. There is a felt need for promoting disaster risk reduction action at community level, promoting existing community cohesion for use in disaster preparedness and replication of positive experiences. Involvement of women has been identified as one of the effective ways to motivate and mobilize communities to reduce disaster risks and enhance disaster preparedness. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach Frontline program was implemented in the four communities of Chandragiri municipality during 2015 with support from GNDR. Preparing the local risk profile and the action plans to reduce those identified risk was the main approach of the Frontline program. Findings During the Frontline survey, the community identified earthquake as the top threat in the community and non-structural mitigation as one of the priority actions. The members of the women network started advocating for earthquake safe communities and implementing the risk reduction measures. This action has developed understanding of the process, scientifically and systematically, and boosted their confidence with important new technical skills and new leadership roles in their community to mitigate the earthquake risk. Originality/value This case study records the experience of the women’s group in Nepal using their NSM learning in their own houses to reduce vulnerability. They started vulnerability reduction with their own kitchens and bedrooms by fastening their cupboards, frames, freezes, gas cylinders, etc. This led to implementing the mitigation measures in their locality and outside their community. This has been a step toward achieving a safer community through safer houses and schools.
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Dahal, Rajiv. "COVID-19, Tourism, and Nepalese Leisure Travelers’ Willingness to Travel." Journal of Tourism & Adventure 3, no. 1 (September 21, 2020): 92–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jota.v3i1.31358.
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The paper aims to explore and understand COVID-19 and its effect on tourism in Nepal. More specifically, the study intends to find out Nepalese leisure travelers’ past traveling behavior and their willingness to travel once the government of Nepal relaxes the COVID-19 related lockdown and measures. The study used exploratory research design and used a survey method to find out respondents’ opinions on aspects of COVID-19 and tourism. The use of convenience sampling for collecting responses yielded 316 responses through email and social media platforms that lasted for three weeks in June - July 2020. The research revealed that most of the respondents are less affected by COVID-19 and are willing to take a holiday/vacation once there is relaxation of the COVID-19 measures. The majority of the respondents believed tourism as a significant part of the Nepalese economy, and expected tourism in Nepal would recover from the COVID situation.
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CAMERON, Trudi, Roy MONTGOMERY, Kevin MOORE, and Emma STEWART. "SWIMMING WITH IDEAS: WHAT HAPPENS TO CREATIVITY IN THE WAKE OF A DISASTER AND THE WAVES OF PRO-SOCIAL RECOVERY BEHAVIOUR THAT FOLLOW?" Creativity Studies 11, no. 1 (March 27, 2018): 10–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/23450479.2018.1428832.
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Creativity that is driven by a need for physical or economic survival, which disasters are likely to inspire, raises the question of whether such creativity fits with conventional theories and perspectives of creativity. In this paper we use the opportunity afforded by the 2010–2013 Christchurch, New Zealand earthquakes to follow and assess the creative practices and responses of a number of groups and individuals. We use in-depth interviews to tease out motivations and read these against a range of theoretical propositions about creativity. In particular, we focus on the construct of “elite panic” and the degree to which this appeared to be evident in the Christchurch earthquakes context. Bureaucratic attempts to control or limit creativity were present but they did not produce a completely blanket dampening effect. Certain individuals and groups seemed to be pre-equipped to navigate or ignore potential blocks to creativity. We argue, using Geir Kaufmann’s novelty-creativity matrix and aspects of Teresa Amabile’s and Michael G. Pratt’s revised componential theory of creativity that a special form of disaster creativity does exist.
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BRAUNER-OTTO, SARAH R. "Schools, schooling and children's support of their ageing parents in rural Nepal." Ageing and Society 29, no. 7 (April 2, 2009): 1015–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x09008575.
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ABSTRACTIntergenerational transfers play an important role in individuals' lives across the lifecourse. This paper reviews theories on intergenerational transfers and social change to inform our understanding of how changes in the educational context that arise from the spread of mass education influence children's support of their parents. By examining multiple aspects of the educational context in rural Nepal, including husbands' and wives' education and exposure to schools, this paper provides new information on the mechanisms through which changes in social context influence children's support of their parents. Multilevel logistic regression was used to estimate the relationship between schooling, exposure to schools, and the likelihood of couples giving to their parents. It was found that schooling and exposure to schools have independent and opposite effects on the support of older parents. Higher levels of schooling for husbands were associated with a higher likelihood of having given support to husbands' parents. On the other hand, increased exposure to schools for husbands and wives was associated with a lower likelihood of having given to wives' parents. The findings provide evidence that multiple motivations for intergenerational support exist simultaneously and are related to social context through different mechanisms.