Journal articles on the topic 'Earthquakes – Nepal'
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1
Paudyal, Pradeep. "Assessment of liquefaction susceptibility in Quaternary deposits: A case study from Jhapa Bazar area, eastern Nepal." Journal of Nepal Geological Society 59 (July 24, 2019): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v59i0.24982.
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Liquefaction is generally experienced in unconsolidated fine- grained sediments during the large earthquakes. In Nepal, the southern part of the country comprises Quaternary deposits called as Indo-Gangetic deposit. Sand and silts are dominant in this zone, where groundwater level is also relatively high. In eastern Nepal, several places have experienced ground fissures, sand boiling, and liquefaction during the large earthquakes in the past history. There are several factors including soil properties, groundwater level, grain size of sediments and ground acceleration that contribute to ground liquefaction. The eastern Nepal faced a devastating earthquake in 1934 (magnitude of 8.4), Udaypur earthquake in 1988 (magnitude of 6.6) and Sikkim-Nepal earthquake in 2011 (magnitude of 6.8) and there is still possibility of similar large earthquakes in future. Liquefaction was reported in many places during Nepal-Bihar earthquake that indicates possibility of liquefaction during similar earthquakes. Liquefaction potential values are calculated from sediment grain size, subsurface geology, groundwater level and standard penetration test (SPT)-N values. The epicenter, magnitude, and other parameters of Nepal-Bihar earthquake have been used to calculate the liquefaction potential. A liquefaction susceptibility map has been prepared in the study area that comprises low, medium, and high liquefaction potential zones. About 20% of the study area including Jhapa Bazar and its surrounding area seems highly susceptible to liquefaction.
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Dahal, Ranjan Kumar. "Earthquake-induced slope failure susceptibility in eastern Nepal." Journal of Nepal Geological Society 49, no. 1 (December 31, 2015): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v49i1.23141.
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Nepal is considered as one of the earthquake-prone countries in the region. Earthquake is a major concern of Nepal because of rapid population growth, poor land use planning, precarious settlement patterns, and poorly implemented building code. Earthquakes in Nepal have been reported since 1255 while major earthquakes were recorded in 1408, 1681, 1810, 1833, and 1866, 1934, 1980, 1988, 2011, and 2015. An earthquake in September 18, 2011 measuring 6.9 in Richter scale, killed 6 people and injured 30 people in Nepal. There were many roadside slope damages near the epicenter area. To assess the roadside slope damages after this earthquake, a field visit was conducted and a landslide inventory map along the roadside slope was prepared for most damaged area. This paper provides a comprehensive information about earthquake-induced slope failures occurred in the Mechi Highway of eastern Nepal and also discusses an approach of earthquake-induced slope failures hazard mapping in Nepal.
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Chamlagain, Deepak, Ganesh Kumar Bhattarai, and Sudhir Rajaure. "Seismic hazard assessment of eastern Nepal using 1934 and 1988 earthquakes." Journal of Nepal Geological Society 42 (September 24, 2011): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v42i0.31453.
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The Himalayan arc is widely considered as one of the hot spots in terms of earthquake disaster. Nepal, which is centrally located in the Himalayan region, has witnessed many medium to large earthquakes in the past, e.g., 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake, 19 88 Udayapur earthquake. Because of lack of income resources in rural area, considerable number of population has already migrated to the major urban areas of the country and the trend is still continued. With such population pressure and also economic constrains, major part of population is residing in weak and non-engineered structures of the unplanned urban areas. Consequently, it has put large population at high risk of earthquake disaster. It is, therefore, necessary to assess the seismic hazard so that proper mitigation measures may be adopted for the safeguard of the population, property and infrastructures under risk.
In this contribution, preliminary Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) for eastern Nepal is carried out taking two point sources, i.e. 19 3 4 Bihar -Ne pal and 1988 Udayapur earthquakes. For Bihar-Nepal earthquake Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) of 100 gal is computed for southeastern Nepal and exceeds as much as 350 gal near the epicenter. The 1988 Udayapur earthquake having smaller magnitude than 1934 Bihar Nepal earthquake has given maximum 300 gal of PGA. The computed intensities for both earthquakes almost correspond with the observed values. The study, for the first time, provides strong ground motion data at local level and may be useful in designing engineering structures, upgradation of building code and most importantly to formulate policy for earthquake risk management in eastern Nepal.
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Rajaure, Sudhir, and Lalu Prasad Paudel. "A comprehensive earthquake catalogue for Nepal and its adjoining region." Journal of Nepal Geological Society 56, no. 1 (June 28, 2018): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v56i1.22747.
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We have prepared a comprehensive earthquake catalogue for Nepal and its adjoining region. The catalogue contains magnitude - homogenized independent earthquakes of magnitude (Mw) between 4.0 and 8.5, which occurred between 1100 AD and 2018 AD. The catalogue contains date, time, latitude, longitude, depth, and magnitude of earthquakes, which are required in the study of seismic activity, tectonics and seismic hazard. Primary earthquake catalogues were collected from the International Seismological Centre (ISC, 2015), United States Geological Survey (USGS), which contain instrumentally recorded earthquake data and date back to 1900 AD. These primary catalogues of instrumentally recorded earthquakes were supplemented by historical earthquakes reported in published literatures, which occurred before 1900 AD. The collected primary catalogues were compiled and processed to develop a comprehensive catalogue. The developed comprehensive catalogue is expected to serve as a basic database for the study of seismic activity and seismic hazard in Nepal and its adjacent area.
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Pokharel, Yagya Raj. "Knowledge and Preparedness of Earthquake among Management Graduates in Kathmandu District of Nepal." Nepal Journal of Multidisciplinary Research 5, no. 4 (November 30, 2022): 116–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njmr.v5i4.49925.
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Introduction: Earthquakes are one of the most deadly and unexpected natural disasters, resulting in thousands of lives and huge economic loss. Nepal is a country that experiences earthquakes on a regular basis. Previous study has shown that increasing public awareness and preparedness for future earthquakes is crucial for minimizing the number of deaths caused and property loss. To reduce the damage caused by such earthquakes, it is vital to analyze people's understanding and readiness.
Purpose: The main aim of the study is to identify the Knowledge and Preparedness of Earthquake and the different between knowledge of earthquake and preparedness of earthquake among graduates in Kathmandu district of Nepal.
Design/methodology/approach: The research was carried out using a descriptive design. The research involved 144 management faculty students at the bachelor's and master's level. The core data was collected via an online KoBoToolbox form. The data was analyzed using the mean and paired sample t-test. The Cronbach's Alpha value was used to assess the data's reliability.
Findings: Students are well knowledgeable in earthquakes, including how to prepare and what to do in case of an earthquake. Yet, their preparations are inadequate in comparison to their knowledge. There was a significant difference between preparedness (M=3.5357, SD=0.489) and knowledge (M=3.8194, SD=0.4548), because p=0.000 which is less than .05 significant level.
Originality/value: The study found that management students have a good understanding of earthquakes, but they are not well prepared for the earthquake.
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Robinson, Tom R., Nicholas J. Rosser, Alexander L. Densmore, Katie J. Oven, Surya N. Shrestha, and Ramesh Guragain. "Use of scenario ensembles for deriving seismic risk." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 41 (September 24, 2018): E9532—E9541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1807433115.
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High death tolls from recent earthquakes show that seismic risk remains high globally. While there has been much focus on seismic hazard, large uncertainties associated with exposure and vulnerability have led to more limited analyses of the potential impacts of future earthquakes. We argue that as both exposure and vulnerability are reducible factors of risk, assessing their importance and variability allows for prioritization of the most effective disaster risk-reduction (DRR) actions. We address this through earthquake ensemble modeling, using the example of Nepal. We model fatalities from 90 different scenario earthquakes and establish whether impacts are specific to certain scenario earthquakes or occur irrespective of the scenario. Our results show that for most districts in Nepal impacts are not specific to the particular characteristics of a single earthquake, and that total modeled impacts are skewed toward the minimum estimate. These results suggest that planning for the worst-case scenario in Nepal may place an unnecessarily large burden on the limited resources available for DRR. We also show that the most at-risk districts are predominantly in rural western Nepal, with ∼9.5 million Nepalis inhabiting districts with higher seismic risk than Kathmandu. Our proposed approach provides a holistic consideration of seismic risk for informing contingency planning and allows the relative importance of the reducible components of risk (exposure and vulnerability) to be estimated, highlighting factors that can be targeted most effectively. We propose this approach for informing contingency planning, especially in locations where information on the likelihood of future earthquakes is inadequate.
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Karplus, Marianne S., Mohan Pant, Soma Nath Sapkota, John Nábělek, Aaron A. Velasco, Lok Bijaya Adhikari, Abhijit Ghosh, et al. "A Rapid Response Network to Record Aftershocks of the 2015 M 7.8 Gorkha Earthquake in Nepal." Seismological Research Letters 91, no. 4 (May 6, 2020): 2399–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220190394.
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Abstract The Himalaya has experienced large damaging earthquakes over the past few centuries, most recently the damaging 25 April 2015 M 7.8 Gorkha earthquake in Nepal. Because of the continued earthquake risk presented by the continental collisional plate boundary at the Main Himalayan thrust and the high population densities in the region, collecting and processing data related to recent large earthquakes in this region is critically important for improving our understanding of the regional tectonics and earthquake hazard. Following the 2015 Gorkha earthquake, we deployed a National Science Foundation-funded rapid-response aftershock network known as the Nepal Array Measuring Aftershock Seismicity Trailing Earthquake network across the rupture area for 11 months beginning 7 weeks after the mainshock. The network consisted of 41 broadband and short-period seismometers, and 14 strong-motion sensors at 46 sites across eastern and central Nepal. The network spanned a region approximately 210 km along strike by 110 km across strike with a station spacing of 20–25 km. In this article, we report lessons learned from this deployment as well as details of the publicly accessible dataset including data recovery, data quality, and potential for future research.
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Dube, Shiva Kant. "Earthquake in Nepal: A Miserable Environmental Hazard Visited by Nature." Academic Voices: A Multidisciplinary Journal 5 (September 30, 2016): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/av.v5i0.15853.
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Indian and Tibetan tectonic plates and therefore lies in a seismically active region. Historical data evidence the occurrence of destructive great earthquakes in the past. Earthquakes are caused mainly due to disequilibrium in any part of the crust of the earth. If we look at the world distribution of earthquake, it appears that the earthquake belts are closely associated with the weaker zones of the seismotectonics of the region. It is an instrument for seismic surveillance allowing a fast post-earthquake rescue operation. This paper incorporates a case of earthquake occurred in April, 2015 as one of the environmental hazards visited by nature which proved disastrous causing massive loss of lives and properties to the vulnerable regions. It can be taken as a lesson to mitigate massive loss of lives and properties selecting isostatically proper land structure and constructing safe settlements for habitat in Nepalese context.Academic Voices Vol.5 2015: 56-66
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Ghimire, Him Lal. "Tourism in Gorkha: A proposition to Revive Tourism After Devastating Earthquakes." Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Education 6 (May 10, 2016): 67–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jthe.v6i0.14768.
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Gorkha, the epicenter of devastating earthquake 2015 is one of the important tourist destinations of Nepal. Tourism is vulnerable sector that has been experiencing major crises from disasters. Nepal is one of the world’s 20 most disaster-prone countries where earthquakes are unique challenges for tourism. Nepal has to be very optimistic about the future of tourism as it has huge potentials to be the top class tourist destinations by implementing best practices and services. Gorkha tourism requires a strategy that will help manage crises and rapid recovery from the damages and losses. This paper attempts to explain tourism potentials of Gorkha, analyze the impacts of devastating earthquakes on tourism and outline guidelines to revive tourism in Gorkha.Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Education (Vol. 6), 2016, Pages: 67-94
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Joshi, Vishal M., and Hemant B. Kaushik. "Historic Earthquake-Resilient Structures in Nepal and Other Himalayan Regions and Their Seismic Restoration." Earthquake Spectra 33, no. 1_suppl (December 2017): 299–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/121616eqs240m.
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Since 1255, major earthquakes have struck Nepal. This article looks at the history of these earthquakes and how they impacted the region and its heritage. The recent April 2015 earthquake was characterized by the widespread destruction of historic buildings. It is worth noting that not all of the historic buildings succumbed to the earthquake. In the Kathmandu Valley, more than a handful of restored or reconstructed historic structures survived the force of the quake. Structures such as the Cyasilin Mandap, Patan Museum, 55 Windows Palace, and the south wing of the Sundari Chowk stood their ground. However, the Nepalese government would like to reconstruct the destroyed heritage using the traditional methods and materials. So what can we learn from the past? Can the past guide our future reconstruction? Is there a method that is traditional, and, at the same time, resistant to earthquakes?
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Khadka, Aakriti, Christina Oikonomou, and Shukra Raj Paudel. "Real Time Monitoring of Groundwater Fluorescence: Principle and Applicability in Nepal." Journal of the Institute of Engineering 15, no. 1 (February 16, 2020): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v15i1.27722.
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As Nepal sits on the Indo-Eurasian plate boundary, it is highly susceptible to catastrophic earthquakes which have been posing a grave threat to the people of the country. Even though earthquake is one of the most destructive natural phenomena, its occurrence is still unpredictable. Advance warning of disastrous earthquakes is crucial so that the damage due to it is minimal. Different changes in the properties of groundwater prior to earthquake have been detected which can give important hints. Among them, the increase in fluorescent intensity of groundwater comprises a significant earthquake precursor. The positive holes, formed due to tectonic stresses in rocks with peroxy defects, interact with groundwater modifying the fluorescence intensity of water. In this study, we investigate the effect of seismic activity on the groundwater fluorescence intensity. The necessity of this examination for the country is also demonstrated. Taking into account the large variation in the groundwater quality and types of rock in Nepal, the investigation of fluorescent intensity using fluorometer may unravel different uncertainties and limitations. The simplicity of fluorometer in installation, methodology, maintenance, and its sensitivity up to large catchment area make it suitable for such investigation. Till now, variations of the groundwater fluorescent intensity have not been deeply studied in Nepal. This is of high importance in terms of earthquake forecast considering the high seismic activity in Nepal which lies on a very seismically active zone.
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Basnet, Bal Krishna. "Earthquake and its Impacts on Education: Aftermath Nepal Quake 2015." European Educational Researcher 3, no. 3 (October 15, 2020): 101–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31757/euer.332.
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Although earthquakes themselves do not kill people, they highlight the critical importance of physical infrastructure resilience, safety measures and preparedness for natural disasters. Earthquakes are one of several environmental crises that can be categorized as a natural hazard/disaster. This study uses the qualitative method of research. The semi-structured interview with follow up questions among the educational actors like students, head/teachers, officials from the district education office and the local NGO staff working in the field of education before and immediately after the earthquake. The content analyses of curriculum of secondary level and textbooks of grade IX and X as well as field visit/observation were carried out during the study. The result and the conclusion of this study show that following the 2015 earthquake, the preparation of emergency bags helped children and their families gather essential items in a ready-to-go bag specifically designed for disaster situations. Simulation activities in schools helped prepare students for future disasters, and there were also many initiatives to reduce student and teacher trauma following the 2015 quake, including the development of a credited 5-hour teacher professional development (TPD) counselling programme. The inclusion of school disaster risk reduction (DRR) education in the curriculum and textbooks containing information on earthquakes, their cause, effects and preventive measures have now been disseminated in many languages including Nepali and English.
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K.C., Rodit. "Study of Earthquake Preparedness in Kathmandu City, Nepal." Journal of APF Command and Staff College 5, no. 1 (November 10, 2022): 71–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/japfcsc.v5i1.49348.
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Earthquakes cannot be predicted but effective planning and preparation may reduce the impact. Impacts from earthquake risk is believed to be increasing very rapidly mainly due to the improper development activities. People require to have basic knowledge on preparing themselves to mitigate the impacts from the earthquake. This paper studied the effectiveness of implementation of knowledge and skills to mitigate the impact of earthquake by focusing on the knowledge and ability of the household members in the community. This study also helped the respondents and institutions and stakeholders who were the part of this research to reflect, analyse and assess their own earthquake preparedness measure. It is seen that there is a necessity for a sound coordination and realization on importance of better preparedness which is essential to mitigate the impact from the earthquake.
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Poudel, Namita. "Vulnerability and Disaster Resilience at Household Level." Molung Educational Frontier 9 (December 22, 2019): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mef.v9i0.33592.
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Many development practitioners, academicians, development institutions and organizations, are attempting to discover the characteristic of resilience in Nepal. The issue of disaster resilience got its prominence in Nepali scholarship after the 2015 earthquake. The people of Nepal today, are visible to perpetual disaster events and profound vulnerability to the disaster, which was already there. Disaster incidents are increasing day by day, due to natural hazards such as landslides, floods, and human-induced activities like road accidents, fire, etc. But these consequences are not merely natural events; they are social events as well. The deaths of people, injuries, and property damage are related to the social side of the disaster. Similarly, natural hazards such as earthquakes are also creating disasters because of vulnerability and the absence of disaster resilience in Nepalese people. Rising incidents of disaster vulnerability and resilience is increasing concern of the state, academia and local level, since Nepal is 4th and 11th vulnerable to the risk of climate change and earthquakes in the world. Apart from that, other chances of disaster are equally mounting, and the capacity to cope (Resilience), or coming back to usual conditions is not enough for surviving and moving forward.
This article tries to explore the relationship between vulnerability and disaster resilience, and the research questions of this article are, what types of vulnerability are creating the barrier for a resilient household and what are the attributes of a resilient family? Dhugin, Lamatar is the field for this research, and answers are dug out based on the Nepal earthquake 2015 as a major disaster of Nepal. Field data are collected after finalizing the purposive sampling. The interview method is used to take the depth information. Face-to-face interviews with informants remained the primary sources for data collection. And this research has been conducted using a qualitative method. My finding is: adopting capacity with the help of resources and assets and absorbing capacity by shifting occupation; after a disaster are the attributes of resilient households, whereas geographically vulnerability, exclusion, poverty remained barriers for resilient families.
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Karki, Srijana, and Tamara L. Mix. "“A Yam between Two Rocks”: A Comparative Analysis of Disaster Coverage and Geopolitical Dynamics in Nepali and Indian News Reporting of the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake." International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters 39, no. 3 (November 2021): 346–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028072702103900302.
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The devastating Gorkha earthquake, measuring 7.8M on the Richter scale, struck Nepal on April 25, 2015, followed by a major aftershock on May 12, 2015. The earthquakes killed approximately 9,000 people and injured thousands more, garnering significant media coverage. We employ qualitative content analysis and media framing theories to demonstrate evidence of social construction in the Gorkha earthquake media coverage from two Nepali national and two Indian newspapers. Using a sample of 2,862 articles published within a year of the earthquake, five major frames: the disaster frame, disaster myths, the therapeutic community frame, recreancy, and international support emerged during the analysis. Our study demonstrates how media coverage reflects current geopolitical dynamics in the region, distinguishing impoverished Nepal from two emerging economic giants, India and China. We contribute to developing literature arguing that media coverage during disasters produces global human life hierarchies. Our study adds a class hierarchy dimension, where tourists are more valuable than locals, and even among tourists, those involved in high-end tourism attract additional media attention.
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Shahi, Tapendra Kumar. "Earthquake-Induced Shallow Landslide Susceptibility Assessment of Gorkha District." Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management 5 (December 18, 2019): 181–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jacem.v5i0.26766.
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Nepal is very seriously affected by landslides every year causing loss of life and property. Large scale earthquakes that occurred in different time periods such as on 15th January, 1934 or that on 25th April 2015 have proved Nepal as seismically vulnerable -place. Nepal has witnessed several landslides during and after the earthquake events making some areas of land quite vulnerable for settlement and other usages. Therefore in order to minimize the impacts of landslides caused due to earthquakes, highly susceptible locations should be identified and spatial planning is made accordingly. Considering topographic effects in amplification of earthquake ground motion, Uchida et al. (2004) have developed a topographical parameter based empirical description of landslide susceptibility during an earthquake. In this research, the method proposed by Uchida et al. (2004) is utilized in raster GIS and landslide susceptibility analysis is performed in the study area of SulikotGaupalika of Gorkha district, Nepal which was severely hit by several landslides due to “Gorkha Earthquake 2015". The landslide inventory map of SulikotGaupalika due to “Gorkha Earthquake 2015" is obtained and is correlated with landslide susceptibility values as obtained by using Uchida et al. (2004). The analysis shows that the method proposed by Uchida et al. (2004) is more than 68.9% accurate in delineating the probable locations of earthquake induced landslides. By calibrating landslide data and landslide susceptibility values in a small site (i.e. SulikotGaupalika) within the study area, a final landslide susceptibility map is prepared for the whole study area of Gorkha district. The resultant susceptibility map is very useful for planning settlements, development activities and reconstruction planning.
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Subedi, Shiba, György Hetényi, and Ross Shackleton. "Impact of an educational program on earthquake awareness and preparedness in Nepal." Geoscience Communication 3, no. 2 (September 22, 2020): 279–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gc-3-279-2020.
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Abstract. Scientific education of local communities is key in helping to reduce the risk associated with natural disasters such as earthquakes. Western Nepal has a history of major seismic events and is highly prone to further earthquakes; however, the majority of the population is not aware about or prepared for them. To increase earthquake awareness and improve preparedness, a seismology education program was established at 22 schools in Nepal. At each school, educational activities were performed by teaching earthquake-related topics in classrooms, offering training to teachers and through installing a low-cost seismometer network which supported both teaching and awareness objectives. To test the effects of this program, we conducted two surveys with school children, one before and one after the initiation of the program, with several hundred participants in each. The survey findings highlighted that educational activities implemented at schools are effective in raising the awareness levels of children, promoting broader social learning in the community, thus improving the adaptive capacities and preparedness for future earthquakes. However, perceptions of risk did not change very much. The high and positive impact of the program on the students and the community is encouraging for the continuation and expansion of the program.
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Alwashali, Hamood, Md Shafiul Islam, Debasish Sen, Jonathan Monical, and Masaki Maeda. "SEISMIC CAPACITY OF RC FRAME BUILDINGS WITH MASONRY INFILL DAMAGED BY PAST EARTHQUAKES." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 53, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.53.1.13-21.
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Many of the buildings which experienced damage in recent earthquakes such as the 2015 Nepal Earthquake were reinforced concrete (RC) frame buildings with unreinforced masonry infill walls. This study proposes a simplified procedure to estimate the in-plane seismic capacity of masonry infilled RC frame buildings based on concepts of the Japanese seismic evaluation standard (JBDPA, [1]). The correlation of seismic capacity and observed damage obtained using a database of 370 existing RC frame buildings with masonry infill that experienced earthquakes in Taiwan, Ecuador and Nepal is investigated. The Is index, which represents the seismic capacity of buildings in the Japanese standard, showed good correlation with the observed damage and proved to be effective as a simple method to estimate seismic capacity. The method was then applied to 103 existing buildings in Bangladesh that have not experienced a major earthquake recently. The results emphasize the necessity for urgent seismic evaluation and retrofitting of buildings in Bangladesh.
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Sahu, Nishtha, Shahrukh Ali, Abhishek Pandey, Abhimanyu Verma, and Ishaan Pandey. "Seismic Performance of base isolated structure for Nepal Earthquake." Disaster Advances 15, no. 11 (October 25, 2022): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/1511da11017.
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Increased earthquakes have caused massive destruction and collapse of structures around the world in recent decades as a result of inadequate seismic design. In this way, creative work has received special attention with a focus on constructing the structure in such a way that harm to the structures is minimized. The goal is to construct structures that are safe, longlasting and durable for future generations. Active protective systems, hybrid protective systems and passive protective systems have all evolved as earthquake protection systems. The passive protection system keeps the structure elastic during large earthquakes and has a fundamental frequency that is lower than the predetermined base frequency of ground movement. The passive protective system includes base isolation as a component. Base isolation is currently the most innovative solution for seismic building protection in earthquake-prone areas. It has been successfully used for earthquake protection in a variety of buildings and other structures around the world. The purpose of this study is to investigate the performance of a G+8 building constructed of RCC and equipped with a high-damping rubber bearing and a lead rubber bearing isolation system. Two models are depicted in the work. The first model shows a conventional structure whereas the second model represents a base isolation structure. The goal is to use Time history in the ETABS-2017 software to compare the seismic response of a fixed base and base separated structure. The ground motion data from the Nepal earthquake of 2015 is used to do time history analysis.
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Sheehan, Anne F., Thomas De La Torre, Gaspar Monsalve, Vera Schulte-Pelkum, Roger Bilham, Frederick Blume, Rebecca Bendick, et al. "Earthquakes and crustal structure of Himalaya from Himalayan Nepal-Tibet seismic experiment (HIMNT)." Journal of Nepal Geological Society 38 (September 24, 2008): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v38i0.31466.
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The Himalayan Nepal - Tibet PASSCAL Seismic Experiment (HIMNT) included the deployment of 28 broadband seismometers throughout eastern Nepal and southern Tibet in 2001- 2002. The main goals of the project were to better understand the mountain building processes of this region through studies of seismicity and Earth structure determined from local and teleseismic earthquakes. The seismic deployment was in collaboration with the National Seismological Centre, Department of Mines and Geology, Nepal, and the Institute of Geology and Geophysics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Our new subsurface images from HIMNT teleseismic receiver functions and local earthquake tomography show evidence of the basal decollement of the Himalaya (Main Himalayan Thrust, MHT) and an increase in Moho depth from - 45 km beneath Nepal to -75 km beneath Tibet. We find strong seismic anisotropy above the decollement, likely developed in response to shear on the MHT. The shear may be taken up as slip in great earthquakes at shallower depths. Many local earthquakes were recorded during the deployment, and the large contrast in crustal thickness and velocity structure over a small lateral distance makes the use of a 3D velocity model important to determine accurate hypocentres. Large north-south variations are found in P and S wave velocity structure across the array. High Pn velocities are found beneath southern Tibet. Seismicity shows strong alignment of shallow (15-25 km depth) events beneath the region of highest relief along the Himalayan Front, and a cluster of upper mantle earthquakes beneath southern Tibet (70-90 km depth). Weak-mantle models do not expect the upper mantle earthquakes. Focal mechanisms of these upper mantle earthquakes beneath southern Tibet are mostly strike-slip, markedly different from the norm al faulting mechanisms observed for earthquakes in the mid and upper crust beneath Tibet. This change in the orientation of the major horizontal compression axis from vertical in the upper crust to horizontal in the upper mantle suggests a transition from deformation driven by body forces in the crust to plate boundary forces in the upper mantle. Several lines of evidence point to a decoupling zone in the Tibetan mid or lower crust, which may be related to the presence of a previously suggested flow channel in the Tibetan mid crust.
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KARAŞİN, İbrahim Baran, Dursun BAKIR, Mustafa ÜLKER, and Ali Emre ULU. "The Structural Damages After Nepal Earthquakes." IOSR Journal of Engineering 07, no. 06 (July 2017): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/3021-0706014554.
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Epstein, Kathleen, Jessica DiCarlo, Robin Marsh, Isha Ray, and Inger Måren. "Coping Strategies of Smallholder Farming Communities after the 2015 Nepal Earthquake: Insights into Post-Disaster Resilience and Social–Ecological Change." Case Studies in the Environment 1, no. 1 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cse.2017.000612.
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Environmental disasters, such as hurricanes, landslides, and earthquakes, are pervasive and disproportionately affect rural and poor populations. The concept of resilience is typically used in disaster scenarios to describe how a community or person is able to “bounce back” from a disaster event. At the same time, resilience theory also contends that disasters, or environmental shocks, can produce or initiate profound changes in social and ecological systems. This case uses a post-disaster resilience assessment to examine how the series of earthquakes that hit central Nepal in 2015 impacted farming communities. Mid-montane smallholder farming communities near the epicenters of the earthquakes were the most affected and the associated damages impeded traditional and subsistence agricultural practices. Our results show how some aspects of the Nepali farming social–ecological system (SES) bounced back more quickly than others and how farmers used various types of coping strategies, including the adoption of labor-saving cash crops as part of their post-disaster recovery. The increased interest in cash crops after the earthquake accelerates an ongoing transition toward more market activities in subsistence communities and illustrates the potential of environmental shocks to transform and change SESs.
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Acharya, Prabin, Keshab Sharma, and Indra Prasad Acharya. "Seismic Liquefaction Risk Assessment of Critical Facilities in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal." GeoHazards 2, no. 3 (July 15, 2021): 153–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geohazards2030009.
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Kathmandu Valley lies in an active tectonic zone, meaning that earthquakes are common in the region. The most recent was the Gorkha Nepal earthquake, measuring 7.8 Mw. Past earthquakes caused soil liquefaction in the valley with severe damages and destruction of existing critical infrastructures. As for such infrastructures, the road network, health facilities, schools and airports are considered. This paper presents a liquefaction susceptibility map. This map was obtained by computing the liquefaction potential index (LPI) for several boreholes with SPT measurements and clustering the areas with similar values of LPI. Moreover, the locations of existing critical infrastructures were reported on this risk map. Therefore, we noted that 42% of the road network and 16% of the airport area are in zones of very high liquefaction susceptibility, while 60%, 54%, and 64% of health facilities, schools and colleges are in very high liquefaction zones, respectively. This indicates that most of the critical facilities in the valley are at serious risk of liquefaction during a major earthquake and therefore should be retrofitted for their proper functioning during such disasters.
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Ghimire, Sunita. "Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis of Nepal." Journal of Innovations in Engineering Education 2, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jiee.v2i1.36676.
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Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis for Nepal has been carried out considering uniform density model. A detailed earthquake catalogue since 1255 A.D, within the rectangular area has been developed and historical earthquakes are plotted in the map of Nepal. Five hundred twenty eight numbers of areal sources are used within the study area to characterize the seismic sources. The completeness of the data has been checked by using Stepp's procedure. Seismicity in four regions of study area has been evaluated by defining 'a' and 'b' parameters of Gutenberg Richter recurrence relationship. Seismic hazard curve of Nepal for soft subsoil condition for 10% probability of exceedence in 50 years period i.e. for return period of 475 years has been plotted.
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Wu, Lixin, Yuan Qi, Wenfei Mao, Jingchen Lu, Yifan Ding, Boqi Peng, and Busheng Xie. "Scrutinizing and rooting the multiple anomalies of Nepal earthquake sequence in 2015 with the deviation–time–space criterion and homologous lithosphere–coversphere–atmosphere–ionosphere coupling physics." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 23, no. 1 (January 20, 2023): 231–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-231-2023.
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Abstract. The continuous increasing of Earth observations benefits geosciences and seismicity study but increases greatly the difficulties in understanding and discriminating multiple source data. Although the lithosphere–coversphere–atmosphere-ionosphere (LCAI) coupling paradigm and the deviation–time–space (DTS) criterion were presented for better searching for and understanding the potential seismic anomalies from multiple observations, the strict consistency of spatiotemporal characteristics and homologous physics of multiple-parameter seismic anomalies has not been investigated sufficiently. With the 2015 Nepal earthquake sequence being a typical case, the reported multi-parameter anomalies were systematically reviewed, and their space–time characteristics were summarized thoroughly in this study. Numerical simulation with refined geological structures in three-dimensional space revealed the inhomogeneous crustal stress field alteration (CSFA) along the faults and around the hypocenters of the 2015 Nepal earthquake sequence, which is expected to be the root of the seismic anomalies. The stress-activated positive charge carriers would have given rise to different responses near the ground surface (coversphere), including the microwave dielectric reduction, the additional infrared radiation, and the atmospheric ionization, which subsequently affected the physical properties of the atmosphere and the ionosphere and resulted in abnormal phenomena therein. Based on the DTS criterion and LCAI coupling paradigm, the seismic anomalies of the 2015 Nepal earthquakes were scrutinized strictly, and the retained anomalies were rooted carefully to the regional CSFA as well as its local blocking. Therefore, an integrated LCAI coupling framework with strict space–time correspondence and homologous physics in CSFA was proposed for the 2015 Nepal earthquake sequence. This research provides a definite philosophy as well as a practical solution for scrutinizing the rootable seismic anomalies from multi-parameter observations of earthquakes, which is of scientific meanings for searching earthquake precursors and reaching earthquake prediction.
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Gonzalez, R. N., P. Regmi, N. Aryal, and T. Akudjedu. "Mental Health Risk and Associated Factors in the Aftermath of the 2015 Earthquake in Nepal: A Systematic Literature Review." Journal of Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health Sciences 7, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jmmihs.v7i1.43155.
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Background: In 2015, Nepal was struck by two massive earthquakes with magnitudes over the 7.0 Richter Scale, imposing short- and long-term mental health risks. This review aims to: (a) evaluate mental health risk among the earthquake survivors; and, (b) identify factors that influence it. Methods: The following databases: Scopus and PubMed were searched to identify studies published from 2015 to July 2020 on the mental health risk among the Nepali populations. Inclusion criteria were: (a) primary research related to mental health after the 2015 earthquakes in Nepal, (b) English language articles, (c) access to full-text literature, and (d) studies conducted on the general population of Nepal. Exclusion criteria were: (a) newspaper articles or other forms of popular media, (b) grey records and reviews or, (c) studies carried out among patients in a clinical setting. Key features and risk of bias factors were extracted from each study to obtain necessary characteristics for further analysis of results. Results: The initial search produced 134 articles, however, a total, 14 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were explored for this review. Ten of these articles were obtained from established databases, and four additional studies were obtained from other sources. Findings indicate that post-traumatic stress was mostly present among earthquake survivors with rates varying from 4.9% to 51%. Mental health risks for children and adolescent were mostly high with rates greater than 23% across studies. However, the adult prevalence rate for mental health risk was lower than that of children and adolescents, with most rates across studies lower than 20%. Socio-demographic factors (such as gender and age) and methodological heterogeneities such as variations in study design and mental health tools used to assess rates were associated factors that potentially influenced the findings. Conclusion: Mental health risks are present among earthquake survivors in Nepal. Various factors have been identified as potential mental health risk rate influencers including sex, with females presenting as the higher at-risk group for mental health relative to males. Methodological issues such as a wide range of mental health assessment instruments employed across studies can potentially impact rates.
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Bhuju, Gajendra Bahadur, Kumud Kumar Kafle, Radha Raman Prasad, Vabha Rajbhandari, Gorkha Bahadur DC, Shiba Bahadur Karkee, Bimal Man Shrestha, and Praful Pradhananga. "Pattern of Medicine Prescribing in PHC Facilities before and after earthquake in Nepal." Medical Journal of Shree Birendra Hospital 20, no. 1 (February 2, 2021): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mjsbh.v20i1.28552.
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Introduction: On April and May 2015, Nepal experienced two earthquakes. Many studies have focused on acute care delivery, disease outbreaks, mental health issues, and disaster relief post-earthquakes. Few others have looked at psychiatric medication prescription and health aid distribution pattern, only one study has addressed the effects of an earthquake on medication prescribing patterns and compared them to the post earthquake setting. This paper aims to examine common health problems and prescribing practices before and after the earthquake.
Methods: This descriptive retrospective study was conducted within seven randomly selected health posts (HPs) located in the three most earthquake-affected districts of Bhaktapur, Kathmandu and Dhading. The patient records per month from each HP were selected from the out patient department (OPD) register by systematic random sampling for three months prior and three months after the earthquake. There were 584 and 654 encounters in the pre and post earthquake period respectively. Each patient record was analysed using WHO drug use indicators and national treatment guidelines.
Results: A significant decrease in encounters receiving antibiotics and cases receiving albendazole alone in worm infestation was found in the post-earthquake period. A significant increase in prescribing antibiotics in cases of common cold was found.
Conclusions: The common health problems were similar in both periods. However, prescribing practices were changed. As prescriptions related to mental health problems were lacking, there is a need for improving mental health education to the health workers.
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Hazra, Pranab, Syam Sundar De, Suman Paul, Gautam Guha, and Abhijit Ghosh. "Thermal Anomalies Around the Time of Nepal Earthquakes M 7.8 April 25, 2015 And M 7.3 May 12, 2015." International Journal of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering 8, no. 1 (January 2017): 58–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijgee.2017010104.
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Two consecutive large earthquakes having M values 7.8 and 7.3 occurred on April 25 and May 12, 2015, respectively at Nepal. During their occurrences, abrupt increase in greenhouse gases (like CO2, CH4, H2 etc.) and enhancement of radon emanations are found. These attain high momentum that introduce anomaly in the fluid expulsion from seismically active faults which produce air ionization before these large earthquakes. The process may be very much related to the latent heat release due to condensation of ionized aerosols, produced by energetic alpha particles from radon just before the earthquake. This probably introduces changes in the observed meteorological parameters in the region. Such variations may be due to siesmo tectonically induced radon anomaly before the earthquake.
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Paudyal, Harihar, H. N. Singh, D. Shanker, and V. P. Singh. "Validity of time-predictable seismicity model for Nepal and its adjoining regions." Journal of Nepal Geological Society 38 (September 25, 2008): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v38i0.31476.
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Earthquake generation model for the Nepal Himalaya and its adjoining regions was studied using seismicity data from 1963 to 2004 reported in the catalogues of National Geophysical Data Centre, Colorado and U. S. Geological Survey. The earthquakes having a surface wave magnitude Ms≥5.1 were considered to establish the statistical relation. Four seismogenic sources based on clusters of earthquakes have been identified in the region. It is observed that the time interval between two consecutive main shocks depends on the preceding main shock magnitude (Mp) and not on the forthcoming main shock magnitude (Mf). The result supports the applicability of time-predictable model for Nepal and its adjoining regions. A linear relation is established connecting the logarithm of the inter-event times between two successive main shocks (T) and magnitude of preceding main shock in the form log T =cMp + a where parameter a is a function of the minimum magnitude of the earthquake considered and the tectonic loading, and c is a positive constant. The physical meaning of the model is that larger the magnitude of the preceding main shock the longer will be the time interval for the forthcoming earthquake. The values of constants c and a for Nepal Himalaya and its adjoining regions are computed to be 0.25 and -0.65 respectively. This result can be utilised to compute the time of occurrence of the impending strong earthquake within the delineated seismogenic sources and may be used for assessing the long-term seismic hazard in the region.
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Min, Jihye, Birendra KC, Seungman Kim, and Jaehoon Lee. "The Impact of Disasters on a Heritage Tourist Destination: A Case Study of Nepal Earthquakes." Sustainability 12, no. 15 (July 29, 2020): 6115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12156115.
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This study examines the degree of macroeconomic recovery of the Nepal tourism industry after a natural disaster using the autoregressive integrated moving average model (ARIMA). The study investigated the case of Nepal’s earthquakes in 2015 and examined the impact of the earthquakes on tourism inflows and GDP using time series data from 1990 to 2018. The results show that the increasing trend in the number of tourists changes in the post-earthquake period. In particular, the excess in tourist demand by age and purpose of visits after the earthquake indicates natural disaster as a potential reason for a tourism demand boost, often described as dark tourism in literature. This research shows the process of a heritage tourist destination assessing macroeconomic recovery from a natural disaster and fills the gap in the literature regarding purpose-based tourism demand and a link between dark tourism and disaster recovery on a heritage tourism destination.
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Rajaure, S., T. R. Paudel, and G. K. Bhattarai. "Strong motion observation at Middle Marsyangdi Hydroelectric Project dam, Lamjung, western Nepal." Journal of Nepal Geological Society 42 (September 24, 2011): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v42i0.31452.
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Middle Marsyangdi Hydroelectric Project (MMHEP) of the Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) has installed a network of four strong motion seismometers (accelerometers) at its darn site. The network has recorded two earthquakes of local magnitudes (ML) 4.0 and 4.3 on 13'h of April in 2009. These earthquakes occurred at less than 20 km hypocentral distance from the darn site. Analysis and interpretation of the ML4.3 earthquake only are presented in this paper because the other earthquakes are closely spaced and the spectral characteristics are similar.
The maximum acceleration (28 gal, 1 gal = 9.8cm/sec2 is recorded by the north-south component of accelerometer installed at the crest of rock-fill dam (Acc- I ) and the smallest acceleration is recorded by north-south component of Acc-4 installed on the hard rock. Spectral amplification of up to 18 is observed, at 3.33 Hz, on the N-S component of accelerometer (Acc-2), which is installed at the concrete dam-crest. Similarly, the maximum amplification of peak acceleration of about 8 is observed on N-S component of Ace- 1.
The variations observed in se is mic parameters, recorded at different parts of the dam, reflect the response of the different parts of the structure to the input seismic motion.
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Comfort, Louise K., and James Joshi. "Scalability and Sustainability in Uncertain Environments: Transition to Recovery from the 2015 Gorkha, Nepal, Earthquakes." Earthquake Spectra 33, no. 1_suppl (December 2017): 385–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/113016eqs217m.
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The transition from response to recovery in Nepal following the 25 April and 12 May 2015 earthquakes represents an unusual set of tensions among political, economic, geographic, social, technical, and physical constraints. We examine this set of tensions in interorganizational, interjurisdictional decision making to assess how interlocking constraints stalled the recovery process following the severe earthquakes. We use a mixed-methods research design, drawing on data from a review of documentary sources regarding Nepali laws, policies, and procedures in reference to disaster mitigation and response; content analysis of reports from local newspapers and professional organizations; and direct observations from two field trips to Nepal: the first from June to early July of 2015, and the second, one year later from April to May of 2016. Using these sources, we identified a network of influential organizations operating in disaster decision making and the constraints that shaped this process. We conclude that transition from response to recovery in Nepal represents a complex, dynamic process involving actors at different scales of operation—from local to global—that exceeded the capacity of any single actor to guide or control.
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Shanker, D. Shanker, Harihar Paudyal, H. N. Singh, and V. P. Singh. "Understanding earthquake disaster in central Himalayas - a perspective of mitigation and hazard prediction." Journal of Nepal Geological Society 38 (September 25, 2008): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v38i0.31478.
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Annually, about 100,000 earthquakes of magnitude more than three hit the earth. As a result, more than 15 million human lives have been lost and damage worth of hundreds of billions of dollars has been inflicted in the recorded history due to these disasters. More than a dozen earthquakes of Ms > 7.5 have occurred in the Himalayan region since 1897.The seismic activity in the Himalayan frontal arc is the result of continued collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates.
Most of the earthquake generation models currently used for seismic hazard evaluation are based on the assumption of Poisson or other memoryless distribution, i.e. low-magnitude earthquakes follow the Poisson distribution (random event) and large-magnitude events follow the exponential distribution (non-random). The study suggests that the region has low probabilities and large mean return periods for higher-magnitude earthquakes. The earthquake generation process in Nepal Central Himalayas supports the time- and magnitude-predictable model, which is valid for 5.5< Ms <8.6. The analysis suggests that the probability of occurrence of moderate earthquakes (Ms = 5.8-6.5) in the next decade in the Central Himalayan region is very high (0.59-0.91), whereas it is very low (<0.40) for southern Tibet.
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Grossman-Thompson, Barbara. "Migration as a Disaster Recovery Strategy in Post-Earthquake Nepal: Challenges and Vulnerabilities for Young Women Migrants." International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters 34, no. 3 (November 2016): 467–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028072701603400306.
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Foreign labor migration has been an historically common livelihood strategy for young Nepali men. Increasingly, young women have migrated abroad for work as well in spite of a number of gender discriminatory migration laws that limit women's access to legal labor migration channels. To what extent out-migration will be employed by women as a livelihood strategy in the post-earthquake context remains to be seen. This paper focuses specifically on young women's migration decision-making in the immediate aftermath of the 2015 April/May earthquakes. Using survey data collected from two districts in July 2015 – one severely earthquake-affected district and one less-affected district – the research is guided by a vulnerabilities approach to disasters. This paper considers how the April/May earthquakes have affected young women migrants’ decision-making processes around future migration as a livelihood strategy and how the earthquake may have a synergistic affect with existing gender discriminatory migration and citizenship laws and local systems of social stratification to exacerbate and multiply women labor migrants’ vulnerabilities.
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Bonini, Marco. "Can coseismic static stress changes sustain postseismic degassing?" Geology 50, no. 3 (December 15, 2021): 371–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g49465.1.
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Abstract Earthquakes can trigger increased degassing in hydrogeological systems. Many of these systems return to preseismic conditions after months, but sometimes postseismic degassing lasts for years. The factors controlling such long-lasting degassing are poorly known. I explored the potential role of diverse triggering mechanisms (i.e., dynamic and static stress changes, volumetric strain) for three large earthquakes that induced postseismic degassing (the Wenchuan [China], Maule [Chile], and Gorkha [Nepal] earthquakes). The lessons from this study suggest that hydrogeological systems can respond to earthquakes in various ways, and different causal mechanisms can play a role. Persistent increased CO2 flux from hot springs has been documented after the Gorkha earthquake. These hot springs had their feeder systems dominantly unclamped, suggesting that sufficiently large normal stress changes may sustain late postseismic degassing. The results of this study are twofold: (1) they show a spatial correlation between unclamping stress and increased gas flow, and (2) they provide an explanation for protracted increased degassing.
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Ghimire, Him Lal. "Disaster Management and Post-quake Impact on Tourism in Nepal." Gaze: Journal of Tourism and Hospitality 7 (June 21, 2016): 37–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/gaze.v7i0.15119.
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Tourism, a large and unique collection of industry sectors is an expanding worldwide phenomenon. By the next century, tourism will be the single largest industry in the world with special needs in disaster planning and recovery. Tourism is vulnerable sector that has been experiencing major crises from disasters. No tourist destination is immune to such crises. Nepal is one of the world’s 20 most disaster-prone countries where earthquakes are unique challenges for tourism. Nepal has to be very optimistic about the future of tourism as it has huge potentials to be the top class tourist destinations. Nepal should target to the global tourism market and take serious efforts to convince foreigners to visit Nepal and revive immediately. The Nepali tourism industry requires a strategy that will help manage crises and rapidly implement recovery strategies.The Gaze: Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Vol.7 2015 pp.37-57
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Chen, Shunyun, Peixun Liu, Tao Feng, Dong Wang, Zhonghu Jiao, Lichun Chen, Zhengxuan Xu, and Guangze Zhang. "Exploring Changes in Land Surface Temperature Possibly Associated with Earthquake: Case of the April 2015 Nepal Mw 7.9 Earthquake." Entropy 22, no. 4 (March 26, 2020): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22040377.
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Satellite thermal infrared remote sensing has received worldwide attention in the exploration for earthquake precursors; however, this method faces great controversy. Obtaining repeatable phenomena related to earthquakes is helpful to reduce this controversy. In this paper, a total of 15 or 17 years of Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)/Aqua and MODIS/Terra satellite remote sensing land surface temperature (LST) products is selected to analyze the temperature changes before and after the Mw 7.9 earthquake in Nepal on 25 April 2015 and to explore possible thermal information associated with this earthquake. Major findings are given as follows: (1) from the time course, the temperature slowly cooled before the earthquake, reached a minimum at the time of the earthquake, and returned to normal after the earthquake. Since these changes were initiated before the earthquake, they may even have been precursors to the Nepal earthquake. (2) From the space distribution, the cooling areas correspond to the seismogenic structure during the earthquake. These cooling areas are distributed along the Himalayas and are approximately 1300 km long. The widths of the East and West sides are slightly different, with an average temperature decrease of 5.6 °C. For these cooling areas, the Western section is approximately 90 km wide and 500 km long; the East side is approximately 190 km wide and 800 km long. The Western side of the cooling strips appeared before the earthquake. In short, these kinds of spatial and temporal changes are tectonically related to the earthquake and may have been caused by the tectonic activity associated with the Nepal earthquake. This process began before the earthquake and therefore might even be potentially premonitory information associated with the Nepal earthquake.
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Mocko, Anne, and Dorji Penjore. "Nepal and Bhutan in 2015." Asian Survey 56, no. 1 (January 2016): 210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2016.56.1.210.
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Nepal faced massive earthquakes, which killed, displaced, or traumatized thousands of people, but it also ratified a new constitution and elected its first female head of state. Bhutan celebrated the legacy of King Jigme Singye Wangchuck, made advances in its hydropower infrastructure, and strengthened political relationships with its neighbors.
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PRAKASH, RAJESH, S. K. SRIVASTAV, H. V. GUPTA, and H. N. SRIVASTAVA. "Spatio temporal seismicity variation in earthquakes of Uttaranchal region." MAUSAM 55, no. 4 (January 19, 2022): 681–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v55i4.1402.
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The spatio temporal variations of seismicity preceding Uttarkashi, 1991 and Chamoli, 1999 earthquakes were studied based on the data during the period 1981 to 2000 using the catalogues of earthquakes prepared by the India Meteorological Department. Two scenarios were examined. In one case the epicentral distance from the respective impending earthquakes were worked out for all the earthquakes recorded during a ten years period prior to the earthquake of Uttarkashi and Chamoli respectively. In the other case, the epicenter near latitude 30.2° N and longitude 80.2° E near India Nepal border (where earthquakes of 1966 and 1980 occurred) were considered to compute the epicentral distance. The second case was included because it is a seismically active region where Dharachulla earthquake of 1916 (magnitude 7.5) occurred. The earthquakes of 1999, 1991 and 1980 in Uttaranchal were characterised by six phases of seismic activity namely (i) first quiescence or gap, (ii) swarm, (iii) second quiescence or gap, (iv) foreshocks, (v) main shock and (vi) aftershocks. Some differences among these phases could however, be noticed which were explained through source mechanism, isoseismals, ‘b’ (Gutenberg Richter’s relationship), ‘h’ values (Omori’s law ) and fractal dimension. It is interesting to point out that prior to the occurrence of earthquake swarms (second phase) the seismic pattern exhibits the development of a seismic gap (first phase) after the decay of the aftershock activity associated with a previous large earthquake of magnitude greater than or equal to M: 6.0 in this region. We infer that this second ‘gap’ (third phase) is a characteristic of the complexity of the tectonics in the Uttaranchal. Thus, the simple Kanamori’s asperity model could be modified to consist of six phases of seismic activity in the complex tectonic zone of Garhwal Himalaya. Detailed difference in the seismicity patterns prior to the earthquake were explained by the fractal dimensions estimated from the ‘b’values.
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Guillermo Cordaro, Enrique, Patricio Venegas-Aravena, and David Laroze. "Long-term magnetic anomalies and their possible relationship to the latest greater Chilean earthquakes in the context of the seismo-electromagnetic theory." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 6 (June 11, 2021): 1785–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1785-2021.
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Abstract. Several magnetic measurements and theoretical developments from different research groups have shown certain relationships with worldwide geological processes. Secular variation in geomagnetic cutoff rigidity, magnetic frequencies, or magnetic anomalies have been linked with spatial properties of active convergent tectonic margins or earthquake occurrences during recent years. These include the rise in similar fundamental frequencies in the range of microhertz before the Maule 2010, Tōhoku 2011, and Sumatra–Andaman 2004 earthquakes and the dramatic rise in the cumulative number of magnetic anomalous peaks before several earthquakes such as Nepal 2015 and Mexico (Puebla) 2017. Currently, all of these measurements have been physically explained by the microcrack generation due to uniaxial stress change in rock experiments. The basic physics of these experiments have been used to describe the lithospheric behavior in the context of the seismo-electromagnetic theory. Due to the dramatic increase in experimental evidence, physical mechanisms, and the theoretical framework, this paper analyzes vertical magnetic behavior close to the three latest main earthquakes in Chile: Maule 2010 (Mw 8.8), Iquique 2014 (Mw 8.2), and Illapel 2015 (Mw 8.3). The fast Fourier transform (FFT), wavelet transform, and daily cumulative number of anomalies methods were used during quiet space weather time during 1 year before and after each earthquake in order to filter space influence. The FFT method confirms the rise in the power spectral density in the millihertz range 1 month before each earthquake, which decreases to lower values some months after earthquake occurrence. The cumulative anomaly method exhibited an increase prior to each Chilean earthquake (50–90 d prior to earthquakes) similar to those found for Nepal 2015 and Mexico 2017. The wavelet analyses also show similar properties to FFT analysis. However, the lack of physics-based constraints in the wavelet analysis does not allow conclusions that are as strong as those made by FFT and cumulative methods. By using these results and previous research, it could be stated that these magnetic features could give seismic information about impending events. Additionally, these results could be related to the lithosphere–atmosphere–ionosphere coupling (LAIC effect) and the growth of microcracks and electrification in rocks described by the seismo-electromagnetic theory.
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KC, Shanker, and Tri Dev Acharya. "Advancements of Geodetic Activities in Nepal: A Review on Pre- and Post-2015 Gorkha Earthquake Eras with Future Directions." Remote Sensing 14, no. 7 (March 25, 2022): 1586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14071586.
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From celestial objects to every feature on Earth, geodesy provides a reference frame and is the foundation for surveying, mapping, and other geoscience activities. In Nepal, geodesy was officially introduced after 1924 to prepare the topographic map series. Although the previous geodetic project occurred with foreign assistance, Nepal is using national resources to conduct milestone projects such as the re-measurement of Mount Everest height in 2020 and the ongoing LiDAR survey of western Terai. Taking the 2015 Gorkha earthquake as a reference, this paper reviews the past and present geodetic activities in Nepal. It presents the history of conventional Nepal datum as a horizontal datum and Indian mean sea level-based vertical datum, and modern satellite geodesy works on the Himalayas. Considering recent earthquakes, continuous crustal motion, international and global compliance, and increasing demand for precise positional accuracy from the users and stakeholders, this paper discusses future directions to build, establish, maintain, and operate modern terrestrial, height, and gravity reference systems and frames. This paper consolidates many reports and experiences from Nepal and will serve as useful documentation for newcomers whose interests align in geodesy and Nepal.
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Fort, Monique, Joëlle Smadja, Narendra Raj Khanal, and Buddhi Raj Shrestha. "Landslides and other damage to buildings and infrastructures following the April–May 2015 earthquake sequence, Solukhumbu District, Eastern Nepal." Journal of Nepal Geological Society 59 (July 25, 2019): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v59i0.24995.
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The study focuses on the eastern margin of the zone affected by the April–May 2015 earthquakes, i.e. the Dudh Koshi River section between the Khari Khola and Monjo (Solukhumbu District). Visits before and after the earthquake sequence allowed us to assess the geomorphic changes caused by the earthquakes and the subsequent monsoon. These changes are characterized by land sliding (rock falls, rockslides, landslides, gullies and debris flows), and cascading processes, which supplied coarse debris into rivers (bed load).The impact of the earthquakes on buildings, trails and existing infrastructures (canals, hydropower plants) was also investigated. While the age and construction quality of buildings are of some import, other parameters such as the nature and depth of colluvial deposits appear to be significant factors likely to amplify the effects of ground shaking, as observed on large block fields south-west of the Khari Khola catchment, which might be inherited from former undated seismic events.
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Adhikari, Bipin, Shiva Raj Mishra, Sujan Babu Marahatta, Nils Kaehler, Kumar Paudel, Janak Adhikari, and Shristi Raut. "Earthquakes, Fuel Crisis, Power Outages, and Health Care in Nepal: Implications for the Future." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 11, no. 5 (April 18, 2017): 625–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2016.195.
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AbstractEarthquakes are a major natural calamity with pervasive effects on human life and nature. Similar effects are mimicked by man-made disasters such as fuel crises and power outages in developing countries. Natural and man-made disasters can cause intangible human suffering and often leave scars of lifelong psychosocial damage. Lessons from these disasters are frequently not implemented. The main objective of this study was to review the effects of the 2015 earthquakes, fuel crisis, and power outages on the health services of Nepal and formulate recommendations for the future. The impacts of earthquakes on health can be divided into immediate, intermediate, and long-term effects. Power outages and fuel crises have health hazards at all stages. It is imperative to understand the temporal effects of earthquakes, because the major needs soon after the earthquake (emergency care) are vastly different from long-term needs such as rehabilitation and psychosocial support. In Nepal, the inadequate and nearly nonexistent specialized health care at the peripheral level claimed many lives during the earthquakes and left many people disproportionately injured. Preemptive strategies such as mobile critical care units at primary health centers, intensive care training for health workers, and alternative plans for emergency care must be prioritized. Similarly, infrastructural damage led to poor sanitation, and alternative plans for temporary settlements (water supply, food, settlements logistics, space for temporary settlements) must be in place where the danger of disease outbreak is imminent. While much of these strategies are implementable and are often set as priorities, long-term effects of earthquakes such as physical and psychosocial supports are often overlooked. The burden of psychosocial stresses, including depression and physical disabilities, needs to be prioritized by facilitating human resources for mental health care and rehabilitation. In addition, inclusion of mental health and rehabilitation facilities in government health care services of Nepal needs to be prioritized. Similarly, power outages and fuel crises affect health care disproportionately. In the current context where permanent solutions may not be possible, mitigating health hazards, especially cold chain maintenance for essential medicines and continuation of life-saving procedures, are mandatory and policies to regulate all health care services must be undertaken. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:625–632)
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Barnhart, William D., Gavin P. Hayes, and David J. Wald. "Global Earthquake Response with Imaging Geodesy: Recent Examples from the USGS NEIC." Remote Sensing 11, no. 11 (June 6, 2019): 1357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11111357.
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The U.S. Geological Survey National Earthquake Information Center leads real-time efforts to provide rapid and accurate assessments of the impacts of global earthquakes, including estimates of ground shaking, ground failure, and the resulting human impacts. These efforts primarily rely on analysis of the seismic wavefield to characterize the source of the earthquake, which in turn informs a suite of disaster response products such as ShakeMap and PAGER. In recent years, the proliferation of rapidly acquired and openly available in-situ and remotely sensed geodetic observations has opened new avenues for responding to earthquakes around the world in the days following significant events. Geodetic observations, particularly from interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) and satellite optical imagery, provide a means to robustly constrain the dimensions and spatial complexity of earthquakes beyond what is typically possible with seismic observations alone. Here, we document recent cases where geodetic observations contributed important information to earthquake response efforts—from informing and validating seismically-derived source models to independently constraining earthquake impact products—and the conditions under which geodetic observations improve earthquake response products. We use examples from the 2013 Mw7.7 Baluchistan, Pakistan, 2014 Mw6.0 Napa, California, 2015 Mw7.8 Gorkha, Nepal, and 2018 Mw7.5 Palu, Indonesia earthquakes to highlight the varying ways geodetic observations have contributed to earthquake response efforts at the NEIC. We additionally provide a synopsis of the workflows implemented for geodetic earthquake response. As remote sensing geodetic observations become increasingly available and the frequency of satellite acquisitions continues to increase, operational earthquake geodetic imaging stands to make critical contributions to natural disaster response efforts around the world.
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Groves, Christine C., Manoj K. Poudel, Bishow PJ Thapa, and Mandira Ms Baniya. "Spinal Cord Injuries Related to 2015 Nepal Earthquakes." PM&R 8, no. 9 (September 2016): S154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2016.07.028.
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Akhoondzadeh, M. "LEAST SQUARE SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE FOR DETECTION OF TECSEISMO- IONOSPHERIC ANOMALIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE POWERFUL NEPAL EARTHQUAKE (Mw = 7.5) OF 25 APRIL 2015." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences III-8 (June 7, 2016): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iii-8-3-2016.
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Due to the irrepalable devastations of strong earthquakes, accurate anomaly detection in time series of different precursors for creating a trustworthy early warning system has brought new challenges. In this paper the predictability of Least Square Support Vector Machine (LSSVM) has been investigated by forecasting the GPS-TEC (Total Electron Content) variations around the time and location of Nepal earthquake. In 77 km NW of Kathmandu in Nepal (28.147° N, 84.708° E, depth = 15.0 km) a powerful earthquake of M<sub>w</sub> = 7.8 took place at 06:11:26 UTC on April 25, 2015. For comparing purpose, other two methods including Median and ANN (Artificial Neural Network) have been implemented. All implemented algorithms indicate on striking TEC anomalies 2 days prior to the main shock. Results reveal that LSSVM method is promising for TEC sesimo-ionospheric anomalies detection.
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KC, Alisha, Connie Cai Ru Gan, and Febi Dwirahmadi. "Breaking Through Barriers and Building Disaster Mental Resilience: A Case Study in the Aftermath of the 2015 Nepal Earthquakes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 16 (August 17, 2019): 2964. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162964.
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Introduction: Nepal was hit by two devastating earthquakes in 2015 that disrupted its socio-economic system and shattered many lives, resulting in increased mental health issues during the post-earthquake phase. Disasters can have severe mental health impacts on the affected population, making it necessary to enhance resilience within communities and to help them to adapt well in the face of adversities. From these earthquakes, this study looks to identify measures needed to develop community mental resilience for disaster preparedness in Nepal. Method: We conducted this research using the qualitative case study method and thematic analysis (TA). Result: Several activities were carried out by organizations to support the psycho-social aspects of communities, but were challenged by existing barriers. After considering the present context, this study presents five recommendations for mental resilience and also suggests the utilization of existing resources, such as faith-based organizations and teachers in the communities. Despite the considerable impact, communities demonstrate their own resilience, to some extent, through the culture of sharing and helping each other. Conclusions: A firm commitment is required from the government to enhance resilience by mainstreaming mental health in all areas of disaster management and planning.
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Tiwari, Ram Krishna, and Harihar Paudyal. "Box Counting Fractal Dimension and Frequency Size Distributon of Earthquakes in the Central Himalaya Region." Journal of Institute of Science and Technology 26, no. 2 (December 29, 2021): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jist.v26i2.41664.
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To establish the relations between b-value and fractal dimension (D0) for the earthquake distribution, we study the regional variations of those parameters in the central Himalaya region. The earthquake catalog of 989 events (Mc = 4.0) from 1994.01.31 to 2020.10.28 was analyzed in the study. The study region is divided into two sub-regions (I) Region A: 27.3°N -30.3°N and 80°E -84.8°E (western Nepal and vicinity) and (II) Region B: 26.4°N -28.6°N and 84.8°E -88.4°E (eastern Nepal and vicinity). The b-value observed is within the range between 0.92 to 1.02 for region A and 0.64 to 0.74 for region B showing the homogeneous nature of the variation. The seismic a-value for those regions ranges respectively between 5.385 to 6.007 and 4.565 to 5.218. The low b-values and low seismicity noted for region B may be related with less heterogeneity and high strength in the crust. The high seismicity with average b-values obtained for region A may be related with high heterogeneity and low strength in the crust. The fractal dimension ≥1.74 for region A and ≥ 1.82 for region B indicate that the earthquakes were distributed over two-dimensional embedding space. The observed correlation between D0 and b is negative for western Nepal and positive for eastern Nepal while the correlation between D0 and a/b value is just opposite for the respective regions. The findings identify both regions as high-stress regions. The results coming from the study agree with the results of the preceding works and reveal information about the local disparity of stress and change in tectonic complexity in the central Himalaya region.
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Gurung, P., and C. Adhikari. "Vulnerability Analysis to Prioritize the Reconstruction of Earthquake Affected Drinking Water Systems." Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment 24 (April 10, 2019): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v24i0.23577.
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In 2015, two massive earthquakes occurred in the central region of Nepal, killing more than 8000 people. The disaster destroyed many houses and public infrastructures and severely affected 14 districts in the central region of Nepal. Most of the affected people were disconnected from basic services such as safe drinking water. Being a basic human need, essential to live a healthy life, drinking water scheme rehabilitation project was initiated by many non-governmental agencies in coordination with the Government of Nepal (GoN). However, due to the limitation of the funds and time, most of the implementing agencies faced problems to prioritize schemes and the communities, which at first needed to focus to reinstate. Therefore, a vulnerable ranking method was adopted to distinguish the priorities to reconstruct damaged and totally destroyed water schemes in Dhading, Gorkha, Nuwakot, and Rasuwa districts of Nepal, which are the districts in the most earthquake affected region. In the process of vulnerability ranking, three major community level parameters and indicators were considered for the ranking. 1) Number of households without safe drinking water after an earthquake, 2) Number of households without improved sanitation after an earthquake, and 3) Disadvantage Group (DAG) ranking of the Village Development Committees (VDCs) of the districts. This process of ranking using community level parameters technique is able to substantiate a justice scientifically in front of the communities, government, donor, and other stakeholders in the selection of VDCs to rehabilitate the drinking water schemes.
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Gupta, S., R. Shrestha, N. Gupta, A. Acharya, and I. S. Kandel. "A Hospital Based Study of 2015 Earthquake Injured Patients Attending the Medical College Hospital in Western Region of Nepal." Journal of Gandaki Medical College-Nepal 10, no. 2 (August 17, 2018): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jgmcn.v10i2.20802.
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Introduction: On April, 2015, at 11:56 Nepal Standard Time (06:11:26 UTC), a catastrophic earthquake with a magnitude of 7.8 - 8.1 on Richter scale and lasted approximately fifty seconds with Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent) hit the North West of Kathmandu, Nepal. Its epicenter was East of Gorkha District at Barpak, Gorkha, and its hypocenter was at a depth of approximately 8.2 km. It was the worst natural disaster to strike Nepal since the 1934 earthquake. The earthquake caused nearly 9,000 individuals death, injured 22,000 people and 3.5 million people were homeless.Objectives: The main objective of this investigation was to study the demography profile, morbidity pattern, duration of hospital stay and mortality incidence among the 2015 earthquake injured patients visiting Emergency Department of Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital.Methods: A retrospective analysis of the earthquake injured patients attending through the Emergency Department. All the earthquake injured patients attending the Emergency Department from 25th April to 24th May, 2015 were enrolled in our study. The collected data has been complied and analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Science software package 16 version.Results: Hundred and seventy patients were triage and 63% were females. Majority (44.2%) of patients were of age group of 15 - 34 years. Eighty one percent of patients were from Gorkha district, the epicenter site of the earthquake. The three most common diagnoses were trauma and orthopedic injuries (52.4%), mental health issues and psychological problems (21.2%) and reproductive health issues (16%). Among the 83% of patients who had been hospitalized, almost 34% were discharged within one week. Mortality rate was 1.2%.Conclusions: Since 1993, earthquakes of more than or equal to 5.0 on the Richter scale have occurred in Nepal every year and this makes Nepal 11th most vulnerable country in world. Therefore, every hospital should have well functioning Earthquake Disaster Management Plan to handle this high intensity emergency situation in our country. J-GMC-N | Volume 11 | Issue 01 | January-June 2018, Page: 11-15