Relevant bibliographies by topics / Earthquakes effects

Academic literature on the topic 'Earthquakes effects'

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Published: 26 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Earthquakes effects"

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Hinojosa, Hector R. "The Importance of Assessing the Geological Site Effects of Ancient Earthquakes from the Archaeoseismological Point of View." Eng 4, no. 1 (February 22, 2023): 719–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/eng4010043.

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Earthquakes have and continue to, occur worldwide, though some places are affected more than others by earthquake-induced ground shaking and the same earthquake can cause more damage in one area than in nearby locations due to site-specific geological site conditions, also known as local site effects. Depending on the chronology of the earthquakes, various disciplines of seismology include instrumental and historical seismology, archaeoseismology, palaeoseismology and neotectonics, each focusing on using specific sources of information to evaluate recent or ancient earthquakes. Past earthquakes are investigated to expand the pre-instrumental and instrumental earthquake catalog and better evaluate a region’s seismic hazard. Archaeoseismology offers a way to achieve these goals because it links how ancient civilizations and their environment might have interacted and responded to past earthquake-induced ground motion and soil amplification. Hence, archaeoseismology explores pre-instrumental (past) earthquakes that might have affected sites of human occupation and their nearby settings, which have left their co-seismic marks in ancient manufactured constructions exhumed by archaeological excavations. However, archaeoseismological observations are often made on a limited epicentral area, poorly constrained dated earthquakes and occasionally on unclear evidence of earthquake damage. Archaeological excavations or field investigations often underestimate the critical role that an archaeological site’s ancient geological site conditions might have played in causing co-seismic structural damage to ancient anthropogenic structures. Nevertheless, the archaeological community might document and inaccurately diagnose structural damage by ancient earthquake shaking to structures and even estimate the size of past earthquakes giving little or no consideration to the role of geological site effects in addressing the causative earthquake. This mixture of factors frequently leads to imprecise estimates of the size of ancient earthquakes and unlikely earthquake environmental impacts, leaving unexplained the location and the moment magnitude of the causative earthquake. Hence, it is essential not to rely solely on earthquake intensities based on archaeologically documented co-seismic damage without assessing the nature of the observed structural damage and the contribution of the geological site effects. This paper explains the geological site effects concept to archaeologists unfamiliar with the notion. It clarifies its role in assessing ground shaking, soil amplification and earthquake intensity by past earthquakes and how and why the geological site effects can be estimated when a site is thought to have been struck by an earthquake. Hence, the geological site effects must be considered when archaeological excavations describe and interpret destruction layers. Conversely, engineers and seismologists dealing with seismic hazard risk assessment must pay close attention to archaeological investigations assessing earthquake intensities and locations based on field evidence of damage to structures attributed to past earthquakes, because the geological site effects might have been factored in inaccurately or not at all.
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Maslyaev, A. V. "RUSSIAN CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM DOES NOT RECOGNIZE THE IMPACT OF REPEATED EARTHQUAKES ON CONSTRUCTION SITES." ASJ. 1, no. 38 (July 14, 2020): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/asj.2707-9864.2020.1.38.12.

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Today, many learned builders know that earthquakes in the territory of, for example, a settlement can manifest themselves in the form of the first most powerful earthquake (main underground shock), which is usually followed by a series of weaker repeated earthquakes (repetitive shocks). There are many examples of such a sequence of manifestations of strong earthquakes in a certain territory, when tens of thousands of people die in destroyed buildings during repeated exposure earthquakes. It is thanks to these examples that scientists, builders, understand the main cause of death due to repeated earthquakes, which is the maximum permissible degree of damage formed in buildings under the influence of the first main earthquake. In addition, many builders are aware of many examples today when the intensity of the impact of a repeated earthquake on buildings was, for a number of reasons, stronger than the intensity of the effects of a major earthquake. However, contrary to the examples of the death of thousands of people in buildings during repeated earthquakes, in the construction system of Russia, the calculation of earthquake-resistant objects continues to take into account the impact of only one main earthquake. Therefore, the article substantiates the need to take into account the effects of earthquakes and repeated earthquakes in the calculations of earthquake-resistant buildings.
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Van Dissen, R., M. McSaveney, D. Townsend, G. Hancox, T. A. Little, W. Ries, N. Perrin, et al. "Landslides and liquefaction generated by the Cook Strait and Lake Grassmere earthquakes." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 46, no. 4 (December 31, 2013): 196–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.46.4.196-200.

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Following both the Cook Strait earthquake (Mw 6.6; 21 July, 2013) and the Lake Grassmere earthquake (Mw 6.6; 16 August, 2013) reconnaissance visits were made of the epicentral regions to document the general distribution and extend of landslides, liquefaction, and other ground damage effects generated by these earthquakes. The extent of landsliding generated in central New Zealand by these two earthquakes was at the lower end of the expected range for shallow earthquakes of these magnitudes. Liquefaction effects generated by the Cook Strait and Lake Grassmere earthquakes in central New Zealand were substantially less than those generated by the 2010-2011 Canterbury earthquakes in the Christchurch area, despite the fact that the Cook Strait and Lake Grassmere earthquakes were of comparable size and proximity, and impacted grossly similar geological settings. There is no evidence of primary ground-surface fault rupture during the Lake Grassmere earthquake.
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Shakirova, A. A. "SEISMIC EFFECTS AHEAD OF KARYMSKY VOLCANO (KAMCHATKA) EXPLOSIONS IN FEBRUARY 2019." BULLETIN OF KAMCHATKA REGIONAL ASSOCIATION «EDUCATIONAL-SCIENTIFIC CENTER». EARTH SCIENCES 1, no. 53 (2022): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31431/1816-5524-2022-1-53-12-23.

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After a short period of quiescence, in February 2019, Karymsky volcano (Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia) became active. During the month, a large number of moderate explosions were recorded, some of which were preceded with some periodicity by long-period earthquakes with a high degree of similarity of waveforms. The duration of the multiplet events that preceded the explosions ranged from 4 to 70 minutes. The period between earthquakes decreased as the multiplets developed. The amplitude of earthquake records either increased or remained at the same level. The multiplets with higher amplitude of earthquake records preceded the strongest eruptions. The decreasing period between earthquakes is most likely related to the acceleration of magma ascent and an increase in gas pressure in the volcanic channel. If this is true, the absence of long-period earthquakes after the eruption marks a complete release of gas pressure in the volcanic edifice.
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Ouyang, Xin-Yan, Yong-Fu Wang, Xue-Min Zhang, Ya-Lu Wang, and Ying-Yan Wu. "A New Analysis Method for Magnetic Disturbances Possibly Related to Earthquakes Observed by Satellites." Remote Sensing 14, no. 11 (June 5, 2022): 2709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14112709.

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Studies on magnetic disturbances in ultralow frequency ranges related to earthquakes observed by satellites are still limited. Based on Swarm satellites, this paper proposes a new analysis method to investigate pre-earthquake magnetic disturbances by excluding some known non-earthquake magnetic effects that are not confined to those caused by intense geomagnetic activity. This method is demonstrated by two earthquake cases. One is an interplate earthquake, and the other is an intraplate earthquake. Magnetic disturbances around these two earthquakes are associated with solar wind and geomagnetic activity indices, electron density and field-aligned currents. Magnetic disturbances several days before earthquakes do not show clear relations with the already known magnetic effects. These nightside disturbances (LT~17/18, ~02), possibly related to earthquakes observed by Swarm satellites, oscillate in the transverse magnetic field below 2 Hz, propagate along the background magnetic field and are mostly linearly polarized.
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Shahbazi, Shahrokh, Iman Mansouri, Jong Wan Hu, Noura Sam Daliri, and Armin Karami. "Seismic Response of Steel SMFs Subjected to Vertical Components of Far- and Near-Field Earthquakes with Forward Directivity Effects." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (April 3, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2647387.

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In the near-field earthquake, forward directivity effects cause long-period pulse with a short effective time and a large domain in the velocity time history. This issue increases the ductility needs of structures, and in recent decades, the destructive effects of these kinds of records have been evaluated in comparison with far-field earthquakes. This brings about the necessity to compare a structure’s behavior subjected to vertical components of near-field (NF) earthquakes, including forward directivity effects vs. the effects of vertical components of far-field (FF) earthquakes. The present study investigated 3-, 5-, 8-, and 20-story steel moment frames with special ductility (SMF) through which modeling effects of panel zone have been applied, subjected to vertical component of near-field (NF) earthquakes with forward directivity and the vertical component of far-field earthquakes. By investigating the results, it can be clearly seen that the average values of the maximum displacement, shear force of the stories, and the velocity of each story under the impact of the near-field earthquake are greater than the amount of that under the effect of a far-field earthquake. However, this comparison is not valid for the amount of acceleration, axial force, and moments in the columns of the structures accurately.
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Guo, Yufan, Xuemin Zhang, Jiang Liu, Muping Yang, Xing Yang, Xiaohui Du, Jian Lü, and Jian Xiao. "Seismo-Ionospheric Effects Prior to Two Earthquakes in Taiwan Detected by the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite." Atmosphere 13, no. 9 (September 18, 2022): 1523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13091523.

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In this paper, we focused on the characteristics of the seismo-ionospheric effects related to two successive earthquakes, namely, the earthquakes in 2022 in Taitung Sea, Taiwan, China, with magnitudes (M) of 6.7 and 6.3, at 23.45° N, 121.55° E and 23.39° N, 121.52° E and with the same focal depth of 20 km, which were detected by the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES). By applying the sliding interquartile range method to electron density (Ne) data acquired by the Langmuir probe (LAP) onboard the CSES and the grid total electron content (TEC) data obtained from the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE), positive anomalies were found under quiet geomagnetic conditions on 2–3 March and 8–9 March 2022—that is, 19–20 and 13–14 d before the earthquakes, respectively, and the global ionospheric mapping (GIM) TEC data suggested that anomalies may also have been triggered in the magnetic conjugate area 13–14 d prior to the earthquakes occurrences. In addition, the CSES Ne data showed enhancements 3 and 5 d before the earthquakes occurred. Furthermore, 138 earthquakes with M ≥ 5.0 that occurred in Taiwan and the surrounding region during the period February 2019 to March 2022 were statistically analyzed using the CSES Ne data. The results show that most of the Ne anomalies were positive. Moreover, the greater the earthquake magnitude, the greater the frequency of the anomalies; however, the amplitude of the anomalies did not increase with the earthquake magnitude. The anomalies were concentrated during the period of 10 d before to 5 d after the earthquakes. No increase in the amplitude of anomalies was observed as the time of the earthquakes approached. Finally, based on evidence relating to earthquake precursor anomalies, we conclude that it is possible that earthquakes in Taiwan and the surrounding region affect the ionosphere through the geochemical, acoustic, and electromagnetic channels, as described by the lithosphere–atmosphere–ionosphere coupling (LAIC) model, and that the two studied earthquakes in Taiwan may have induced ionospheric effects through the geochemical channel.
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Silva, Pablo G., Miguel A. Rodríguez-Pascua, Jorge L. Giner Robles, Javier Élez, Raúl Pérez-López, and M. Begoña Bautista Davila. "Catalogue of the Geological Effects of Earthquakes in Spain Based on the ESI-07 Macroseismic Scale: A New Database for Seismic Hazard Analysis." Geosciences 9, no. 8 (July 29, 2019): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9080334.

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This paper summarizes the content and scope of the “Catalogue of Earthquake Geological Effects in Spain”. The catalogue has been published by the Geological Survey of Spain (IGME) and constitutes the first official publication (in Spain) on seismic hazard containing geological information. The catalogue gathers the 51 stronger earthquakes that have occurred in Spain since the Neolithic period to the present and classifies earthquakes with geological or archaeological seismic records in paleoseismic, ancient, historical and instrumental earthquakes. The catalogue offers a variety of parametric information, quality indexes (Qe, Qi, Qg), and Environmental Seismic Intensity Scale (ESI-07) based description of environmental damage structured in individual “event files”. Sixteen of the 51 catalogued events present full information files (full event files), with individualized analyses of the geological and geoarchaeological data as well as graphic information with hybrid ESI-EMS intensity maps, ShakeMaps (seismic scenarios) and complementary kmz files (Google Earth) for each of the sixteen selected earthquakes; among which is the well-known AD 1755 Lisbon earthquake-tsunami. These selected earthquakes present individual environmental earthquake effects (EEE) or earthquake archaeoseismological effects (EAE) files for each catalogued effect containing specific site geo-information and graphic data (photos, graphs, maps, etc.). The second edition of the catalogue record 1027 EEEs and 187 EAEs, of which 322 effects have individual files.
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Kitzberger, Thomas, Thomas T. Veblen, and Ricardo Villalba. "Tectonic influences on tree growth in northern Patagonia, Argentina: the roles of substrate stability and climatic variation." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25, no. 10 (October 1, 1995): 1684–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x95-182.

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In northern Patagonia, Argentina, we examined the influences of climatic variation and inter-site variation in substrate stability on the dendroecological effects of earthquakes. In association with the great earthquake in 1960 centered off the coast of nearby Valdivia, Chile, extensive tree mortality occurred in northern Patagonia in Nothofagusdombeyi–Austrocedruschilensis stands on unstable debris fans. To examine the effects of the 1960 and earlier earthquakes on tree growth, we developed tree-ring chronologies from samples of the surviving A. chilensis on unstable debris fan sites and at adjacent nonfan sites of more stable substrates. For controlling the effects of regional climatic variation, we also produced a tree-ring chronology from this species in a more distant and undisturbed stand. Strong variations in tree-growth patterns on fan sites were associated with the historically documented major seismic events of south central Chile that occurred in 1737, 1751, 1837, and 1960. Tree-ring chronologies from nonfan sites (i.e., sites of greater substrate stability) showed much less response to these earthquakes. On the fan sites, strong growth suppressions were associated with the former three earthquakes, whereas strong releases followed the 1960 earthquake. The difference in response is explained by the occurrence of the 1960 earthquake during a period of drought, which in combination with the violent shaking of the ground, resulted in extensive tree mortality followed by growth releases of the survivors. However, severe droughts in the absence of earthquakes also can produce tree mortality and subsequent release of the survivors. Consequently, the synergistic effects of climatic variation and earthquake events must be carefully considered in developing records of both climatic variation and earthquakes.
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Li, Q., and G. M. Xu. "Precursory pattern of tidal triggering of earthquakes in six regions of China: the possible relation to the crustal heterogeneity." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 13, no. 10 (October 18, 2013): 2605–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-2605-2013.

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Abstract. We found the possible correlation between the precursory pattern of tidal triggering of earthquakes and the crustal heterogeneities, which is of particular importance to the researchers in earthquake prediction and earthquake hazard prevention. We investigated the connection between the tidal variations and earthquake occurrence in the Liyang, Wunansha, Cangshan, Wenan, Luquan and Yaoan regions of China. Most of the regions show a higher correlation with tidal triggering in several years preceding the large or destructive earthquakes compared to other times, indicating that the tidal triggering may inherently relate to the nucleation of the destructive earthquakes during this time. In addition, the analysis results indicate that the Liyang, Cangshan and Luquan regions, with stronger heterogeneity, show statistically significant effects of tidal triggering preceding the large or destructive earthquakes, while the Wunansha, Wenan and Yaoan regions, with relatively weak heterogeneity, show statistically insignificant effects of it, signifying that the precursory pattern of tidal triggering of earthquakes in these six regions is possibly related to the heterogeneities of the crustal rocks. The above results suggest that when people try to find the potential earthquake hazardous areas or make middle–long-term earthquake forecasting by means of precursory pattern of the tidal triggering, the crustal heterogeneity in these areas has to be taken into consideration for the purpose of increasing the prediction efficiency. If they do not consider the influence of crustal heterogeneity on the tidal triggering of earthquakes, the prediction efficiency might greatly decrease.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Earthquakes effects"

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Valle, Blandine C. "Effects of long duration earthquakes on bridge structures." Online access for everyone, 2005. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Fall2005/b%5Fvalle%5F110805.pdf.

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Koyama, Junji. "Effects of earthquakes on partially-filled water tanks." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43432.

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This thesis is concerned with the effects of earthquakes on partially-filled water tanks. The analysis is applicable to rectangular water tanks, which have received little attention to date. The analysis is relatively involved and includes the derivation of the equations of motion for the vibration of the whole of tank by means of substructure synthesis, a stochastic analysis relating the random ground motion caused by earthquakes to the random vibration of the tank, a stochastic characterization of the fluid pressure and computation of the probability of failure of the tank.


Master of Science

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Koyama, Jun. "Effects of earthquakes on partially-filled water tanks /." This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06232009-063240/.

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Parathiras, Achilleas N. "Displacement rate effects on the residual strength of soils." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7444.

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Rohanimanesh, Mohammad S. "Mutual pounding of structures during strong earthquakes." Diss., This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-144915/.

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Wilkinson, Sean. "Simplified analysis of asymmetric buildings subjected to earthquakes." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1997.

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Liperovskaya, E. V., Claudia-Veronika Meister, M. Parrot, V. V. Bogdanov, and N. E. Vasil‘eva. "On Es-spread effects in the ionosphere connected to earthquakes." Universität Potsdam, 2006. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2007/1500/.

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In the present work, phenomena in the ionosphere are studied, which are connected with earthquakes (16 events) having a depth of less than 50 km and a magnitude M larger than 4. Analysed are night-time Es-spread effects using data of the vertical sounding station Petropavlovsk- Kanchatsky (φ=53.0°, λ=158.7°) from May 2004 until August 2004 registered every 15 minutes. It is found that the maximum distance of the earthquake from the sounding station, where pre-seismic phenomena are yet observable, depends on the magnitude of the earthquake. Further it is shown that 1-2 days before the earthquakes, in the premidnight hours, the appearance of Es-spread increases. The reliability of this increase amounts to 0.95.
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Lee, F. H. "Centrifuge modelling of earthquake effects on sand embankments and islands." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372657.

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Al-Rawahy, Salim Y. S. "Effects of mining subsidence observed by time-lapse seismic reflection profiling." Thesis, Durham University, 1995. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5125/.

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Extracting coal from underground mineworkings causes the overlying rocks to subside with associated changes in the stress regime. The aim of the study reported here was to apply the surface seismic reflection method to study the effect of subsidence on seismic velocity. Two sets of time-lapse surveys were carried out over two longwall mining panels in the Selby Coalfield. Seismic lines were profiled parallel and perpendicular to adjacent panels H45 and H46, respectively. A total of twenty-one repeated surveys were carried out along the two lines over a period of three years. The effect monitored was due to mining in the Bamsley Seam, at 550 m depth. As mining progressed, the traveltime of a strong reflection event from an anhydrite bed at 150 m depth was measured after processing the data with standard techniques. An overall increase in traveltime of about 4 % was observed. The progressive increase in traveltime over panel H45 correlated well with empirical calculations of differential subsidence between the surface and the anhydrite. However, the magnitude of the change must principally be accounted for by a decrease in seismic velocity, associated with a reduction in the vertical effective stress. Although the traveltime over panel H46 was also found to increase, and to correlate quite well with die expected differential subsidence, the agreement was less good along this transverse profile. This is attributed to asymmetric subsidence effects because the ground on the SW side of the panel had already been worked by panel H45, but the ground on the NE side was unworked. At the time of each seismic survey across panel H46, the profile was also levelled, and it was found that surface subsidence values along the profile increased towards panel H45. As most of the subsidence caused by mining panel H45 would have been completed by the time the H46 profile was surveyed, the effect must be at least partly attributed to asymmetric subsidence due to panel H46. Where the ground had been weakened by subsidence due to mining H45, near-total subsidence from mining H46 took place rapidly; but in the previously unworked ground on the NE side of panel H46, the residual subsidence was presumably delayed by competent strata in the overburden. Further work is needed to confirm whether this explanation is correct.
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Lopez, Ibaceta Alvaro Francisco. "Seismic Performance of Substandard Reinforced Concrete Bridge Columns under Subduction-Zone Ground Motions." PDXScholar, 2019. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4977.

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A large magnitude, long duration subduction earthquake is impending in the Pacific Northwest, which lies near the Cascadia Subduction Zone (CSZ). Great subduction zone earthquakes are the largest earthquakes in the world and are the sole source zones that can produce earthquakes greater than M8.5. Additionally, the increased duration of a CSZ earthquake may result in more structural damage than expected. Given such seismic hazard, the assessment of reinforced concrete substructures has become crucial in order to prioritize the bridges that may need to be retrofitted and to maintain the highway network operable after a major seismic event. Recent long duration subduction earthquakes occurred in Maule, Chile (Mw 8.8, 2010) and Tohoku, Japan (Mw 9.0, 2011) are a reminder of the importance of studying the effect of subduction ground motions on structural performance. For this purpose, the seismic performance of substandard circular reinforced concrete bridge columns was experimentally evaluated using shake table tests by comparing the column response from crustal and subduction ground motions. Three continuous reinforced columns and three lap-spliced columns were tested using records from 1989 Loma Prieta, 2010 Maule and 2011 Tohoku. The results of the large-scale experiments and numerical studies demonstrated that the increased duration of subduction ground motions affects the displacement capacity and can influence the failure mode of bridge columns. Furthermore, more damage was recorded under the subduction ground motions as compared to similar maximum deformations under the crustal ground motion. The larger number of plastic strain cycles imposed by subduction ground motions influence occurrence of reinforcement bar buckling at lower displacement compared to crustal ground motions. Moreover, based on the experimental and numerical results, subduction zone ground motion effects are considered to have a significant effect on the performance of bridge columns. Therefore, it is recommended to consider the effects of subduction zone earthquakes in the performance assessment of substandard bridges, or when choosing ground motions for nonlinear time-history analysis, especially in regions prone to subduction zone mega earthquakes. Finally, for substandard bridges not yet retrofitted or upgraded seismically, the following performance limit recommendation is proposed: for the damage state of collapse, which is related to the ODOT's Life Safety performance level, the maximum strain in the longitudinal reinforcement should be reduced from 0.09 (in./in.) to a value of 0.032 (in./in.) for locations where subduction zone earthquakes are expected, to take into consideration the occurrence of bar buckling.
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Books on the topic "Earthquakes effects"

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United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. [Earthquakes]. Rockville, Md.?]: [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration], 1990.

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Center, National Geophysical Data, ed. Earthquake damage, the Cape Mendocino earthquakes, April 25 and 26, 1992. Boulder, Colo. (325 Broadway, Boulder 80303): U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Geophysical Data Center, 1993.

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Kaisha, Nishi Nihon Ryokaku Tetsudō Kabushiki. Hanshin Awaji Daishinsai tetsudō fukkyū kirokushi. Ōsaka-shi: Nishi Nihon Ryokaku Tetsudō Kabushiki Kaisha, 1996.

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Page, Robert A. The Los Angeles dam story. [Reston, VA]: U.S. Geological Survey, 1995.

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D, Booth E., and Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation Team (Great Britain), eds. The Mexican earthquake of 19th September 1985: A field report. London: Society for Earthquakes and Civil Engineering Dynamics, Institution of Civil Engineers, 1986.

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A, Cassaro Michael, Çelebi Mehmet, and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Report on recommended list of structures for seismic instrumentation in the New Madrid Region. [Denver, Colo.?]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1987.

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Center, National Geophysical Data, ed. Earthquake damage, northern Iran, June 21, 1990: Engineering aspects. Boulder, Colo. (325 Broadway, Boulder 80303): U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Geophysical Data Center, 1993.

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Yavuz, Erdem. 1939 depremi: Erzincan ve bölgeye etkisi. Cağaloğlu, İstanbul: Arı Sanat, 2017.

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Dean, William Edwin. Earthquakes and old buildings: Seismic risk permits for California structures. Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 1993.

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Center, National Geophysical Data. Earthquake damage to schools. Boulder, Colo.]: [U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Geophysical Data Center], 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Earthquakes effects"

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Meneroud, Jean-Pierre. "Seismic Microzonation of Site Effects." In Vrancea Earthquakes: Tectonics, Hazard and Risk Mitigation, 77–84. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4748-4_8.

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Gianniou, M. "Investigating the Effects of Earthquakes Using HEPOS." In Gravity, Geoid and Earth Observation, 661–68. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10634-7_87.

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Aydan, Ömer. "Effects of earthquakes associated surface ruptures on engineering structures." In Earthquake Science and Engineering, 179–228. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003164371-7.

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Bottari, Carla. "Archaeoseismology in Sicily: Past Earthquakes and Effects on Ancient Society." In Earthquakes and Their Impact on Society, 491–504. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21753-6_20.

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Arciniega-Ceballos, Alejandra, Marcela Baena-Rivera, and Francisco J. Sánchez-Sesma. "The 1985 (M8.1) Michoacán Earthquake and Its Effects in Mexico City." In Living Under the Threat of Earthquakes, 65–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68044-6_4.

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Trifonov, Vladimir G. "World Map of Active Faults, their Seismic and Environmental Effects." In Historical and Prehistorical Earthquakes in the Caucasus, 169–79. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5464-2_9.

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Trifunac, Mihailo D. "The Nature of Site Response During Earthquakes." In Coupled Site and Soil-Structure Interaction Effects with Application to Seismic Risk Mitigation, 3–31. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2697-2_1.

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Krée, Paul, and Christian Soize. "Probabilistic Approach to the Effects of Earthquakes on Structures." In Mathematics of Random Phenomena, 186–228. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4770-2_7.

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Karner, Stephen L., and Chris Marone. "Effects of loading rate and normal stress on stress drop and stick-slip recurrence interval." In Geocomplexity and the Physics of Earthquakes, 187–98. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gm120p0187.

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Sonley, Eleanor, and Rachel E. Abercrombie. "Effects of methods of attenuation correction on source parameter determination." In Earthquakes: Radiated Energy and the Physics of Faulting, 91–97. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/170gm11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Earthquakes effects"

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Yamagata, Nobuki, and Pedro V. Marcal. "DYNAMIC FRACTURE EFFECTS ON EARTHQUAKES." In 10th World Congress on Computational Mechanics. São Paulo: Editora Edgard Blücher, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/meceng-wccm2012-18665.

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sanina, irina, Yuri Rybnov, Natalya Konstantinovskaya, and Margarita Nesterkina. "Seismoacoustic effects of strong earthquakes." In 27th International Symposium on Atmospheric and Ocean Optics, Atmospheric Physics, edited by Oleg A. Romanovskii and Gennadii G. Matvienko. SPIE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2603219.

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Byers, William G. "Effects of Six Recent Earthquakes on Railroads." In Sixth U.S. Conference and Workshop on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering (TCLEE) 2003. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40687(2003)29.

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"On the Effects of Earthquakes for Türkiye's Railways." In 4th International Conference on Engineering and Applied Natural Sciences ICEANS 2023. All Sciences Academy, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59287/as-proceedings.314.

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Zaleski, Martin, Gerald Ferris, and Alex Baumgard. "Near-Real-Time Seismic Monitoring for Pipelines." In 2018 12th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2018-78013.

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Earthquake hazard management for oil and gas pipelines should include both preparedness and response. The typical approach for management of seismic hazards for pipelines is to determine where large ground motions are frequently expected, and apply mitigation to those pipeline segments. The approach presented in this paper supplements the typical approach but focuses on what to do, and where to do it, just after an earthquake happens. In other words, we ask and answer: “Is the earthquake we just had important?”, “What pipeline is and what sites might it be important for?”, and “What should we do?” In general, modern, high-pressure oil and gas pipelines resist the direct effects of strong shaking, but are vulnerable to large co-seismic differential permanent ground displacement (PGD) produced by surface fault rupture, landslides, soil liquefaction, or lateral spreading. The approach used in this paper employs empirical relationships between earthquake magnitude, distance, and the occurrence of PGD, derived from co-seismic PGD case-history data, to prioritize affected pipeline segments for detailed site-specific hazard assessments, pre-event resiliency upgrades, and post-event response. To help pipeline operators prepare for earthquakes, pipeline networks are mapped with respect to earthquake probability and co-seismic PGD susceptibility. Geological and terrain analyses identify pipeline segments that cross PGD-susceptible ground. Probabilistic seismic models and deterministic scenarios are considered in estimating the frequency of sufficiently large and close causative earthquakes. Pipeline segments are prioritized where strong earthquakes are frequent and ground is susceptible to co-seismic PGD. These may be short-listed for mitigation that either reduces the pipeline’s vulnerability to damage or limits failure consequences. When an earthquake occurs, pipeline segments with credible PGD potential are highlighted within minutes of an earthquake’s occurrence. These assessments occur in near-real-time as part of an online geohazard management database. The system collects magnitude and location data from online earthquake data feeds and intersects them against pipeline network and terrain hazard map data. Pipeline operators can quickly mobilize inspection and response resources to a focused area of concern.
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Uslu, Kamil. "History, Economic Costs, Measures To Be Taken Of Earthquake Occurrences In Varıous Regions Of The World And In Türkiye." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c15.02836.

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Various large and small earthquakes have occurred in our world from the past to the present, and they will continue to do so. . When the earth's plates move against each other, pressure is exerted on the lithosphere. As a result, the plates in the earth's crust exert forces on themselves and each other as they move. When the force is large enough, the shell is forced to break. In our study, information will be presented about the history of earthquakes in the world and in Türkiye, deaths as a result of deadly destructive disasters, the effects of earthquakes on the country's economy, and the measures to be taken from the policies taken by the state regarding earthquakes. As a limitation of the study, earthquake geology and engineering are out of the scope of the study. Since there is no technology to prevent earthquakes, living with the reality of earthquakes and living in accordance with public and private rules can reduce the risk of destructive and deadly disasters.
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Ghannam, A. "Relocation Processing of Selected Earthquakes in the Gulf of Aqaba Region." In EAGE Workshop on Dead Sea Sinkholes – Causes, Effects and Solutions. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20143074.

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Español-Espinel, C., S. P. G. Madabhushi, S. K. Haigh, C. N. Abadie, D. M. Xu, J. E. Go, and P. R. J. Morrison. "Seismic Response of Large Diameter Monopiles for Offshore Wind Turbines in Liquefiable Soils." In Innovative Geotechnologies for Energy Transition. Society for Underwater Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3723/ayiz4578.

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Offshore wind energy is rapidly expanding to earthquake-prone regions, with design to seismic loading becoming a primary concern. This is especially relevant to monopiles, which are the preferred option in shallow to medium water depths at present. This paper presents centrifuge tests of a monopile foundation and turbine tower subjected to low- and high-frequency earthquakes. The experiment reproduces calm air conditions, meaning that no lateral wind load was considered. Low-frequency earthquakes were found to cause excitation of the topmost part of the superstructure, whereas high-frequency earthquakes generated strong resonance effects at the base. Further data analysis suggests that high-frequency earthquake shaking can trigger liquefaction of the soil surrounding the monopile, which may in turn lead to significant tilting of the foundation and superstructure. Technical guidelines recommend a maximum allowable rotation of 0.5 degrees for offshore wind turbines at present.
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Wibowo, Hartanto, Danielle M. Smith, Ian G. Buckle, and David H. Sanders. "Live Load Effects on Response of Bridges during Earthquakes." In Structures Congress 2012. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412367.053.

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Shiomi, Kensuke. "Seismic Performance Evaluation for Steel-Frame-Structure Considering Member Fracture." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65673.

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Through the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake or the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake, much larger earthquakes are considered recently in the seismic designs of large steel-frame structures. When structures are exposed by these severe ground motions, partial destructions in the structures, such as damage or fracture of members could happen. Especially, the low cycle fatigue of steel structures because of the repeated load from these long-term ground motions is a serious problem. However, current seismic performance evaluation method based on nonlinear dynamic analysis considers only elastic and plastic deformation of each member, excluding the fracture of members. If this member fracture happens during earthquakes, there is considered to be many effects on the seismic performance, like the changes of the vibration property, the dynamic response and the energy absorbance capacity of structures. Therefore, the fracture of members is preferably taken into account in the seismic performance evaluation for these large earthquakes. This paper proposes the dynamic analysis method for steel-frame structures which can express the member fracture. Dynamic analyses considering and not considering member fracture under the repeated loads supposing the long-term earthquake are conducted to the FEM model of full-scale structure. By comparing each result, the effects of considering member fracture to the seismic performance such as the dynamic response and the energy absorbance capacity are discussed.
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Reports on the topic "Earthquakes effects"

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Koehler, R. D., G. A. Carver, R. L. Scher, L. W. Kelly, G. L. White, D. E. Miller, and J. L. Aho. Pacific northwest earthquakes and potential effects on Alaska. Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, August 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.14509/24224.

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Lindley, G. Analysis of source spectra, attenuation, and site effects from central and eastern United States earthquakes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/576070.

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Hammad, Ali, and Mohamed Moustafa. Seismic Behavior of Special Concentric Braced Frames under Short- and Long-Duration Ground Motions. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, December 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/zont9308.

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Over the past decade, several long-duration subduction earthquakes took place in different locations around the world, e.g., Chile in 2010, Japan in 2011, China in 2008, and Indonesia in 2004. Recent research has revealed that long-duration, large-magnitude earthquakes may occur along the Cascadia subduction zone of the Pacific Northwest Coast of the U.S. The duration of an earthquake often affects the response of structures. Current seismic design specifications mostly use response spectra to identify the hazard and do not consider duration effects. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of the effect of the duration of the ground motion on structural performance and its design implications is an important issue. The goal of this study was to investigate how the duration of an earthquake affects the structural response of special concentric braced frames (SCBFs). A comprehensive experimental program and detailed analytical investigations were conducted to understand and quantify the effect of duration on collapse capacity of SCBFs, with the goal of improving seismic design provisions by incorporating these effects. The experimental program included large-scale shake table tests, and the analytical program consisted of pre-test and post-test phases. The pre-test analysis phase performed a sensitivity analysis that used OpenSees models preliminarily calibrated against previous experimental results for different configuration of SCBFs. A tornado-diagram framework was used to rank the influence of the different modeling parameters, e.g., low-cycle fatigue, on the seismic response of SCBFs under short- and long-duration ground motions. Based on the results obtained from the experimental program, these models were revisited for further calibration and validation in the post-test analysis. The experimental program included three large-scale shake-table tests of identical single-story single-bay SCBF with a chevron-brace configuration tested under different ground motions. Two specimens were tested under a set of spectrally-matched short and long-duration ground motions. The third specimen was tested under another long-duration ground motion. All tests started with a 100% scale of the selected ground motions; testing continued with an ever-increasing ground-motion scale until failure occurred, e.g., until both braces ruptured. The shake table tests showed that the duration of the earthquake may lead to premature seismic failure or lower capacities, supporting the initiative to consider duration effects as part of the seismic design provisions. Identical frames failed at different displacements demands because of the damage accumulation associated with the earthquake duration, with about 40% reduction in the displacement capacity of the two specimens tested under long-duration earthquakes versus the short-duration one. Post-test analysis focused first on calibrating an OpenSees model to capture the experimental behavior of the test specimens. The calibration started by matching the initial stiffness and overall global response. Next, the low-cycle fatigue parameters were fine-tuned to properly capture the experimental local behavior, i.e., brace buckling and rupture. The post-test analysis showed that the input for the low-cycle fatigue models currently available in the literature does not reflect the observed experimental results. New values for the fatigue parameters are suggested herein based on the results of the three shake-table tests. The calibrated model was then used to conduct incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) using 44 pairs of spectrally-matched short- and long-duration ground motions. To compare the effect of the duration of ground motion, this analysis aimed at incorporating ground-motion variability for more generalized observations and developing collapse fragility curves using different intensity measures (IMs). The difference in the median fragility was found to be 45% in the drift capacity at failure and about 10% in the spectral acceleration (Sa). Using regression analysis, the obtained drift capacity from analysis was found to be reduced by about 8% on average for every additional 10 sec in the duration of the ground motion. The last stage of this study extended the calibrated model to SCBF archetype buildings to study the effect of the duration of ground motion on full-sized structures. Two buildings were studied: a three-story and nine-story build that resembled the original SAC buildings but were modified with SCBFs as lateral support system instead of moment resisting frames. Two planer frames were adopted from the two buildings and used for the analysis. The same 44 spectrally-matched pairs previously used in post-test analysis were used to conduct nonlinear time history analysis and study the effect of duration. All the ground motions were scaled to two hazard levels for the deterministic time history analysis: 10% exceedance in 50 years and 2% exceedance in 50 years. All analysis results were interpreted in a comparative way to isolate the effect of duration, which was the main variable in the ground-motion pairs. In general, the results showed that the analyzed SCBFs experienced higher drift values under the long-duration suite of ground motions, and, in turn, a larger percentage of fractured braces under long-duration cases. The archetype SCBFs analysis provided similar conclusions on duration effects as the experimental and numerical results on the single-story single-bay frame.
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Paul, C., and J. F. Cassidy. Seismic hazard investigations at select DND facilities in Southwestern British Columbia: subduction, in-slab, and crustal scenarios. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331199.

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Southwest British Columbia has some of the highest seismic hazard in Canada and is home to facilities owned by the Department of National Defence which support operations on the west coast of Canada. The potential impact of seismic hazards on these government facilities are investigated here. The hazard is from three primary sources: subduction interface, crustal and in-slab earthquakes. NRCan, in consultation with DRDC have produced representative earthquake scenarios for each of these sources. The subduction scenario we constructed was an M8.9 earthquake extending along the entire Cascadia Subduction Zone from 4 to 18 km depth. We used an M6.8 earthquake occurring along a 30 km fault at between 52 and 60 km depth below Boundary Bay to represent in-slab events. The final scenario, representing a crustal source, was an M6.4 along the central 47 km of the Leech River Valley-Devil's Mountain Fault system. We found that the Cascadia subduction scenario dominated the shaking hazard over much of the study region. Meanwhile, the in-slab and crustal scenarios have higher but more localized hazards in Vancouver and Victoria. In addition to the primary ground motion hazard, we also examined secondary seismic hazards: secondary amplification effects, landslides, liquefaction, surface ruptures, tsunami, flooding, fire, and aftershocks. Each of the secondary hazards had varying impacts depending on the scenario and locations within the region.
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Bray, Jonathan, Ross Boulanger, Misko Cubrinovski, Kohji Tokimatsu, Steven Kramer, Thomas O'Rourke, Ellen Rathje, Russell Green, Peter Robertson, and Christine Beyzaei. U.S.—New Zealand— Japan International Workshop, Liquefaction-Induced Ground Movement Effects, University of California, Berkeley, California, 2-4 November 2016. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, March 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/gzzx9906.

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There is much to learn from the recent New Zealand and Japan earthquakes. These earthquakes produced differing levels of liquefaction-induced ground movements that damaged buildings, bridges, and buried utilities. Along with the often spectacular observations of infrastructure damage, there were many cases where well-built facilities located in areas of liquefaction-induced ground failure were not damaged. Researchers are working on characterizing and learning from these observations of both poor and good performance. The “Liquefaction-Induced Ground Movements Effects” workshop provided an opportunity to take advantage of recent research investments following these earthquake events to develop a path forward for an integrated understanding of how infrastructure performs with various levels of liquefaction. Fifty-five researchers in the field, two-thirds from the U.S. and one-third from New Zealand and Japan, convened in Berkeley, California, in November 2016. The objective of the workshop was to identify research thrusts offering the greatest potential for advancing our capabilities for understanding, evaluating, and mitigating the effects of liquefaction-induced ground movements on structures and lifelines. The workshop also advanced the development of younger researchers by identifying promising research opportunities and approaches, and promoting future collaborations among participants. During the workshop, participants identified five cross-cutting research priorities that need to be addressed to advance our scientific understanding of and engineering procedures for soil liquefaction effects during earthquakes. Accordingly, this report was organized to address five research themes: (1) case history data; (2) integrated site characterization; (3) numerical analysis; (4) challenging soils; and (5) effects and mitigation of liquefaction in the built environment and communities. These research themes provide an integrated approach toward transformative advances in addressing liquefaction hazards worldwide. The archival documentation of liquefaction case history datasets in electronic data repositories for use by the broader research community is critical to accelerating advances in liquefaction research. Many of the available liquefaction case history datasets are not fully documented, published, or shared. Developing and sharing well-documented liquefaction datasets reflect significant research efforts. Therefore, datasets should be published with a permanent DOI, with appropriate citation language for proper acknowledgment in publications that use the data. Integrated site characterization procedures that incorporate qualitative geologic information about the soil deposits at a site and the quantitative information from in situ and laboratory engineering tests of these soils are essential for quantifying and minimizing the uncertainties associated site characterization. Such information is vitally important to help identify potential failure modes and guide in situ testing. At the site scale, one potential way to do this is to use proxies for depositional environments. At the fabric and microstructure scale, the use of multiple in situ tests that induce different levels of strain should be used to characterize soil properties. The development of new in situ testing tools and methods that are more sensitive to soil fabric and microstructure should be continued. The development of robust, validated analytical procedures for evaluating the effects of liquefaction on civil infrastructure persists as a critical research topic. Robust validated analytical procedures would translate into more reliable evaluations of critical civil infrastructure iv performance, support the development of mechanics-based, practice-oriented engineering models, help eliminate suspected biases in our current engineering practices, and facilitate greater integration with structural, hydraulic, and wind engineering analysis capabilities for addressing multi-hazard problems. Effective collaboration across countries and disciplines is essential for developing analytical procedures that are robust across the full spectrum of geologic, infrastructure, and natural hazard loading conditions encountered in practice There are soils that are challenging to characterize, to model, and to evaluate, because their responses differ significantly from those of clean sands: they cannot be sampled and tested effectively using existing procedures, their properties cannot be estimated confidently using existing in situ testing methods, or constitutive models to describe their responses have not yet been developed or validated. Challenging soils include but are not limited to: interbedded soil deposits, intermediate (silty) soils, mine tailings, gravelly soils, crushable soils, aged soils, and cemented soils. New field and laboratory test procedures are required to characterize the responses of these materials to earthquake loadings, physical experiments are required to explore mechanisms, and new soil constitutive models tailored to describe the behavior of such soils are required. Well-documented case histories involving challenging soils where both the poor and good performance of engineered systems are documented are also of high priority. Characterizing and mitigating the effects of liquefaction on the built environment requires understanding its components and interactions as a system, including residential housing, commercial and industrial buildings, public buildings and facilities, and spatially distributed infrastructure, such as electric power, gas and liquid fuel, telecommunication, transportation, water supply, wastewater conveyance/treatment, and flood protection systems. Research to improve the characterization and mitigation of liquefaction effects on the built environment is essential for achieving resiliency. For example, the complex mechanisms of ground deformation caused by liquefaction and building response need to be clarified and the potential bias and dispersion in practice-oriented procedures for quantifying building response to liquefaction need to be quantified. Component-focused and system-performance research on lifeline response to liquefaction is required. Research on component behavior can be advanced by numerical simulations in combination with centrifuge and large-scale soil–structure interaction testing. System response requires advanced network analysis that accounts for the propagation of uncertainty in assessing the effects of liquefaction on large, geographically distributed systems. Lastly, research on liquefaction mitigation strategies, including aspects of ground improvement, structural modification, system health monitoring, and rapid recovery planning, is needed to identify the most effective, cost-efficient, and sustainable measures to improve the response and resiliency of the built environment.
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Ko, Yu-Fu, and Jessica Gonzalez. Fiber-Based Seismic Damage and Collapse Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Single-Column Pier-Supported Bridges Using Damage Indices. Mineta Transportation Institute, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2023.2241.

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Near-fault earthquakes can have major effects on transportation systems due to the structural damage they impose on bridges. Therefore, it is imperative to assess the seismic damage of bridges appropriately, and this research focuses on reinforced concrete (RC) bridges. This research advances the seismic performance assessment of RC single-column pier-supported bridges with flexural failure under near-fault ground motion by use of ductility coefficients and damage indices. The methodology included modeling fiber-based nonlinear beam-column elements to simulate the damage development process of RC bridge piers under earthquake loadings, considering the global buckling of longitudinal steel bars, examining the cracking and spalling of cover concrete, and analyzing the effects of bond-slip. The tensile strain represented the damage of the longitudinal bars while the compression strain represented the cover concrete damage. Two innovative nonlinear fiber-based finite element models (FEMs) were developed: Model 1 (bond-slip excluded) and Model 2 (bond-slip included). Nonlinear static cyclic pushover analyses and nonlinear response history analyses were conducted. The simulation results were compared with available pseudo-dynamic test results. Model 1 provided a more ideal prognosis on the seismic performance of RC single-column pier-supported bridges under near-fault ground motion. The proposed damage indices can indicate the damage state at any stage and the gradual accumulation of damage in RC bridge piers, which are more convincing than most other indices in the literature. The proposed fiber-based nonlinear FEMs, together with the use of ductility coefficients and proposed damage indices, can also assist engineers and researchers in simulating the seismic behavior and assessing the damage state of RC bridge columns in a computationally effective manner which can empower engineers to identify and prioritize RC bridges for seismic retrofit and maintenance.
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Kirby, S. H., K. C. Creager, and L. A. Preston. Large earthquakes under our feet and deep beneath the Puget lowland and Georgia Strait: how often do they occur, how big can they get and what are their likely effects? Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/222515.

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Shrivastava, H. P. Evaluation of near-field earthquake effects. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10191913.

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Miller, Sebastián J., and Germán Caruso. Quake'n and Shake'n...Forever! Long-Run Effects of Natural Disasters: A Case Study on the 1970 Ancash Earthquake. Inter-American Development Bank, October 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011658.

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This study estimates the effects of the 1970 Ancash earthquake on human capital accumulation on the affected and subsequent generation, 37 years after the shock, using the Peruvian censuses of 1993 and 2007. The main finding is that males affected by the earthquake in utero completed on average 0. 5 years less schooling while females affected by the earthquake completed 0. 8 years less schooling. Surprisingly, those whose mothers were affected at birth by the earthquake have 0. 4 less years of education, while those whose fathers were affected by the earthquake at birth have no effects on their education. The evaluation of other outcomes also suggests that the level of welfare of the affected individuals has been negatively impacted in the long run. The present investigation supports previous literature on shocks in early childhood, providing evidence of the existence of intergenerational transmission of shocks.
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Yokel, Felix Y. Effect of subsurface conditions on earthquake ground motions. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.4769.

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