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Journal articles on the topic 'Earthquake'
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1
Isik, Ercan, Coskun Sagir, Zuhal Tozlu, and Umit Salim Ustaoglu. "Determination of Urban Earthquake Risk for Kırşehir, Turkey." Earth Sciences Research Journal 23, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v23n3.60255.
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Predicting the outcomes of earthquakes before they occur is one of the fundamental components of modern disaster management. Loss estimation analyses have an important place at the assessment stage of earthquakes and in estimation of losses that earthquakes may lead to. With these analyses, it is possible to access information that is relevant to potential damages and losses. In this paper, loss estimation analyses were carried out by using the earthquake scenario which foresaw a previous earthquake that was experienced in an around Kırşehir which is seismically active and located in the Central Anatolia Region in Turkey. The 1938 Akpınar earthquake which occurred in and around the province of Kırşehir was taken into consideration as an earthquak escenario, and loss estimation analyses were conducted for this earthquake scenario. In this paper, significant contributions will be made for preparation of an earthquake master plan and risk management plan for Kırşehir. Besides, studies on reduction of earthquake losses in the region may utilise these results.
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Dai, Xiaofeng, Xin Liu, Rui Liu, Menghao Song, Guangbin Zhu, Xiaotao Chang, and Jinyun Guo. "Coseismic Slip Distribution and Coulomb Stress Change of the 2023 MW 7.8 Pazarcik and MW 7.5 Elbistan Earthquakes in Turkey." Remote Sensing 16, no. 2 (January 8, 2024): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16020240.
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On 6 February 2023, the MW 7.8 Pazarcik and the MW 7.5 Elbistan earthquakes occurred in southeastern Turkey, close to the Syrian border, causing many deaths and a great deal of property destruction. The Pazarcik earthquake mainly damaged the East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ). The Elbistan earthquake mainly damaged the Cardak fault (CF) and the Doğanşehir fault (DF). In this study, Sentinel-1A ascending (ASC) and descending (DES) orbit image data and pixel offset tracking (POT) were used to derive surface deformation fields in the range and azimuth directions induced by the Pazarcik and Elbistan earthquakes (hereinafter referred to as the Turkey double earthquakes). Utilizing GPS coordinate sequence data, we computed the three-dimensional surface deformation resulting from the Turkey double earthquakes. The surface deformation InSAR and GPS results were combined to invert the coseismic slip distribution of the EAFZ, CF, and DF using a layered earth model. The results show that the coseismic ruptures of the Turkey double earthquakes were dominated by left-lateral strike-slips. The maximum slip was 7.76 m on the EAFZ and about 8.2 m on the CF. Both the earthquakes ruptured the surface. The Coulomb failure stress (CFS) was computed based on the fault slip distribution and the geometric parameters of all the active faults within 300 km of the MW 7.8 Pazarcik earthquake’s epicenter. The CFS change resulting from the Pazarcik earthquake suggests that the subsequent Elbistan earthquake was triggered by the Pazarcik earthquake. The Antakya fault experienced an increase in CFS of 8.4 bars during this double-earthquake event. Therefore, the MW 6.3 Uzunbağ earthquake on 20 February 2023 was jointly influenced by the Turkey double earthquakes. Through stress analysis of all the active faults within 300 km of the MW 7.8 Pazarcik earthquake’s epicenter, the Ecemis segment, Camliyayla fault, Aadag fault, Ayvali fault, and Pula segment were all found to be under stress loading. Particularly, the Ayvali fault and Pula segment exhibited conspicuous stress loading, signaling a higher risk of future seismic activity.
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Cui, Yueju, Jianan Huang, Zhaojun Zeng, and Zhenyu Zou. "CO Emissions Associated with Three Major Earthquakes Occurring in Diverse Tectonic Environments." Remote Sensing 16, no. 3 (January 26, 2024): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16030480.
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Significant amounts of gases are emitted from the earth’s crust into the atmosphere before, during, and after major earthquakes. To understand the relationship between gas emissions, earthquakes, and tectonics, we conducted a thorough investigation using satellite data from AQUA AIRS. We focused on three major earthquakes: the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan MW 7.9 earthquake in China’s intra-continental plate, the 26 December 2004 Sumatra-Andaman MW 9.1 earthquake in Indonesia Island, and the 4 April 2010 Baja California MW 7.2 earthquake in Mexico’s active plate margin. Anomalies in the total column (TotCO) and multiple layers (CO VMR) of carbon monoxide were observed along fault zones, with peak values at the epicenter areas. Furthermore, temporal anomalies of TotCO and CO VMR appeared in the month of the Wenchuan earthquake in the intra-continent, three months prior to the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake and one month before the Baja California earthquake in the active plate margins, respectively. Notably, the duration of CO anomalies before earthquakes in active plate margins was longer than that in the intra-continental region, and the intensity of the CO anomaly in active plate margins was higher than that in the intra-continental region. The results show a profound correlation with both seismic and tectonic activities, which was particularly evident in the earthquake’s magnitude, rupture length, and the tectonic settings surrounding the epicenter. Furthermore, the type of the fault at which the earthquake occurred also played an important role in these CO anomaly variations. These findings support the identification of earthquake precursors and may help improve our understanding of earthquake forecasting and tectonics.
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Nanjo, Kazuyoshi Z. "Predicting the unpredictable." Impact 2020, no. 6 (November 16, 2020): 35–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2020.6.35.
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Better understanding of hazardous natural phenomena means improved preparedness and the opportunity to mitigate the damaging impact of these natural hazards. For example, improving knowledge about earthquakes can enable safer buildings to be built, as well as disaster prevention measures to be implemented, ultimately saving lives. This is particularly important in a country like Japan, which is earthquake-prone and where earthquakes prove to be very unpredictable. A team of Japanese researchers is seeking to reduce uncertainty in earthquake hazards by conducting statistical analyses of seismic activity, with a focus on the Nankai Trough megathrust earthquake. These investigations have enabled the researchers to estimate the state of the stress in and around the earthquake's focal region, and they believe this may lead to a method for qualitatively evaluating whether the next Nankai Trough earthquake is imminent.
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Tiwari, Ram Krishna, and Harihar Paudyal. "Spatial mapping of b-value and fractal dimension prior to November 8, 2022 Doti Earthquake, Nepal." PLOS ONE 18, no. 8 (August 9, 2023): e0289673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0289673.
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An earthquake of magnitude 5.6 mb (6.6 ML) hit western Nepal (Doti region) in the wee hours of wednesday morning local time (2:12 AM, 2022.11.08) killing at least six people. Gutenberg-Richter b-value of earthquake distribution and correlation fractal dimension (D2) are estimated for 493 earthquakes with magnitude of completeness 3.6 prior to this earthquake. We consider earthquakes in western Nepal Himalaya and adjoining region (80.0–83.5°E and 27.3–30.5°N) for the period of 1964 to 2022 for the analysis. The b-value 0.68±0.03 implies a high stress zone and the spatial correlation dimension 1.81±0.02 implies a highly heterogeneous region where the epicenters are spatially distributed. Low b-values and high D2 values identify the study region as a high hazard zone. Focal mechanism styles and low b-values correlate with thrust nature of earthquakes and show that the earthquake’s occurrence is associated with the dynamics of the faults responsible for generating the past earthquakes.
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Hough, Susan E., and Stacey S. Martin. "Which Earthquake Accounts Matter?" Seismological Research Letters 92, no. 2A (January 20, 2021): 1069–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220200366.
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Abstract Earthquake observations contributed by human observers provide an invaluable source of information to investigate both historical and modern earthquakes. Commonly, the observers whose eyewitness accounts are available to scientists are a self-selected minority of those who experience a given earthquake. As such these may not be representative of the overall population that experienced shaking from the event. Eyewitness accounts can contribute to modern science only if they are recorded in the first place and archived in an accessible repository. In this study, we explore the extent to which geopolitics and socioeconomic disparities can limit the number of earthquake observers whose observations can contribute to science. We first revisit a late nineteenth-century earthquake in the central United States in 1882 that provides an illustrative example of an event that has been poorly characterized due to a reliance on English-language archival materials. For modern earthquakes, we analyze data collected for recent earthquakes in California and India via the online “Did You Feel It?” (DYFI) system. In California, online data-collection systems appear to be effective in gathering eyewitness accounts from a broad range of socioeconomic groups. In India, however, responses to the DYFI system reveal a strong bias toward responses from urban areas as opposed to rural settlements, as well a bias with literacy rate. The dissimilarity of our results from modern earthquakes in the United States and India provides a caution that, in some parts of the world, contributed felt reports can still potentially provide an unrepresentative view of earthquake effects, especially if online data collection systems are not designed to be broadly accessible. This limitation can in turn potentially shape our understanding of an earthquake’s impact and the characterization of seismic hazard.
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Lai, Junyan, Lu Ding, Yuan Zhang, Weimin Wu, Haruo Hayashi, Reo Kimura, Masafumi Hosokawa, and Yukihisa Sakurada. "Development of NERSS Training Program for Earthquake Emergency Response Capacity Building of Local Governments." Journal of Disaster Research 10, no. 2 (April 1, 2015): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2015.p0263.
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Responses to medium-magnitude earthquakes are as significant as to catastrophic earthquakes, because medium-magnitude temblors occur as many as a dozen times more than catastrophic earthquakes – at least from the year 1900. In China, local governments are obligated to protect residents against earthquakes that have a magnitude of <bm>Ms</bm>$6.0. The ways in which local governments perform these obligations differ, however, due to obstacles such as inadequate disaster planning, a lack of public earthquake awareness, and a shortage of qualified emergency managers. When an earthquake hits, the hazards that residents are unaware of may arise concurrently, putting thousands lives and millions of acres of property in danger. In short, the response capacity of local governments is crucial to an earthquake’s aftermath. To enhance the capacity of local government response to earthquake emergencies, the National Earthquake Response Support Service (NERSS) of China started work on training programs years ago. With the cooperation with the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and Japanese scientists in the last five years, based on lessons learned from China’s historical earthquakes and disasters, the authors have created the prototype for an earthquake disaster management curriculum, which it has then been demonstrated and continuously improved. This paper reviews the prototype curriculum and its development methodology, presents demonstrative deliveries of the curriculum, and discusses training effectiveness and further improvements. Applying an international emergency management framework and related experience, focusing on local government capacity building, the demonstrative trainings have been proved to be beneficial to local government response activities and the latest amendment to earthquake preplanning in China. Future systematic tracking research of training effectiveness is proposed to keep curriculum updating and appropriate as times change.
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Anderson, John G., Steven G. Wesnousky, and Mark W. Stirling. "Earthquake size as a function of fault slip rate." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 86, no. 3 (June 1, 1996): 683–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0860030683.
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Abstract Estimates of the potential size of earthquakes on mapped active faults are generally based on regressions of earthquake magnitude (Mw) versus length (L) of fault rupture for historical earthqukes. The fault slip rate (S) has been ignored in formal prediction equations, but more accurate predictions of future earthquake magnitudes on mapped faults may be obtained when it is included. A least-squares regression for a data set of 43 earthquakes occurring on faults for which slip rates are reported shows Mw = 5.12 + 1.16 log L − 0.20 log S, where L is in units of Km and S is in units of mm/yr. The result indicates that the largest earthquakes will occur on the slowest slipping faults if the rupture length is held constant.
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Justo, J. L., and C. Salwa. "The 1531 Lisbon earthquake." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 88, no. 2 (April 1, 1998): 319–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0880020319.
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Abstract In January 1531, the Tagus River Estuary was hit by a strong earthquake, the intensity of which in Lisbon was, according to relevant authors, greater than that of the 1755 earthquake. It was cited by most of the European annalists of the time and was responsible for the destruction of structures, the loss of lives, and enormous panic, thus making it one of the most disastrous earthquakes in the history of Portugal. If we give credit to the detailed descriptions, the maximum intensity was probably X MSK. According to our study, the seismic event was probably caused by the Lower Tagus fault zone (LTFZ). A critical review of reports from the time has allowed us to discredit the claims of the earthquake's effects quite far away from the epicenter. Thanks to this the magnitude remains within moderate limits. On the other hand, the study of the earthquake's effects outside Portugal and the consideration of geological factors have allowed us to produce a reliable isoseismal map. Study of this historical earthquake may greatly influence the design of structures in the rapidly developing area of the Tagus estuary.
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Brimzhanova, S. S., А. А. Akhmadiya, N. Nabiyev, and Kh Moldamurat. "Determination of the earthquake epicenter using the maximum displacement method obtained by Sentinel-1A/B data via ESA SNAP software." Bulletin of the National Engineering Academy of the Republic of Kazakhstan 84, no. 2 (June 15, 2022): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.47533/2020.1606-146x.154.
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This article discusses a method for determining an earthquake’s epicenter using modern radar data from the Sentinel-1A/b remote sensing satellite. To determine the epicenter of the earthquake, finding the maximum displacement from the radar image data was used. The displacement (displacement) of the earth’s crust was obtained by processing on the ESA SNAP software. Two earthquakes that occurred in 2020 were studied to determine the epicenters in the ascending and descending orbits of the satellite. These earthquakes occurred in Western Xizang, China, and Doganyol, Turkey. The maximum deviation from the epicenter’s officially registered coordinates was 15.6 km for Doganyol and 3.2 km for the West Xinjiang Earthquake.
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Li, Yujiang, Yongsheng Li, Xingping Hu, and Haoqing Liu. "Fault Geometry and Mechanism of the Mw 5.7 Nakchu Earthquake in Tibet Inferred from InSAR Observations and Stress Measurements." Remote Sensing 13, no. 24 (December 17, 2021): 5142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13245142.
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Different types of focal mechanism solutions for the 19 March 2021 Mw 5.7 Nakchu earthquake, Tibet, limit our understanding of this earthquake’s seismogenic mechanism and geodynamic process. In this study, the coseismic deformation field was determined and the geometric parameters of the seismogenic fault were inverted via Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) processing of Sentinel-1 data. The inversion results show that the focal mechanism solutions of the Nakchu earthquake are 237°/69°/−70° (strike/dip/rake), indicating that the seismogenic fault is a NEE-trending, NW-dipping fault dominated by the normal faulting with minor sinistral strike-slip components. The regional tectonic stress field derived from the in-situ stress measurements shows that the orientation of maximum principal compressive stress around the epicenter of the Nakchu earthquake is NNE, subparallel to the fault strike, which controlled the dominant normal faulting. The occurrence of seven M ≥ 7.0 historical earthquakes since the M 7.0 Shenza earthquake in 1934 caused a stress increase of 1.16 × 105 Pa at the hypocenter, which significantly advanced the occurrence of the Nakchu earthquake. Based on a comprehensive analysis of stress fields and focal mechanisms of the Nakchu earthquake, we propose that the dominated normal faulting occurs to accommodate the NE-trending compression of the Indian Plate to the Eurasian Plate and the strong historical earthquakes hastened the process. These results provide a theoretical basis for understanding the geometry and mechanics of the seismogenic fault that produced the Nakchu earthquake.
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Omote, Syun'itiro. "Earthquake Disasters and Earthquake Engineering in Japan." Journal of Disaster Research 1, no. 1 (August 1, 2006): 26–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2006.p0026.
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Major earthquakes occur somewhere every year with accompanying devastations. For example, the center of the city of Managua was destroyed completely in December 1972 with the loss of more than 15,000 lives. Government buildings also did not escape destruction which brought about a paralysis in Governmental functioning for a short time. In April of the same year, in Iran an earthquake of magnitude 6.9 attacked the town of Ghir causing the loss of 5,000 lives. Large earthquakes accompanied by large losses of life occur frequently in Iran. Another type of earthquake destruction was caused in Peru in 1970 resulting in the loss of more than 50,000 lives under a huge mud slide that accompanied the big earthquake. In 1971, the San Fernando Earthquake, in the U.S.A. caused very heavy damage to the modern reinforced concrete buildings and highway overpasses calling serious attention to the devastation which might be brought about in modern large cities if a destructive earthquake should occur. The figure for lives lost by the San Fernando earthquake was small, assisted by the extremely lucky time of the occurrence of the earthquake at 6 A.M., when daily activity had not yet started. In 1968 an earthquake occurred in the city of Manila, the Philippines, crashing down completely an apartment house burying 260 people under the debris together with the destruction of many large reinforced concrete buildings. In the same year another big earthquake occurred in the northern part of Japan causing very heavy damage to the reinforced concrete buildings, all of which had been designed to resist earthquake force according to the Japanese regulations for antiseismic design. Repeated destruction of reinforced concrete buildings by earthquakes in recent years has caused a questioning of construction engineering. Such heavy destruction as experienced by reinforced concrete buildings in this earthquake (buildings which were designed and constructed under the antiseismic regulations) raised serious discussions among Japanese earthquake engineers which call for urgent studies. In Table 1 is shown a list of earthquakes that have resulted in heavy destruction since 1960. It may be surprising to find that about 20 earthquakes are included in the table showing that an average of three earthquakes of a destructive nature occurs somewhere on earth every two years. According to UNESCO statistics, between 1926 and 1950 over 350,000 people were killed by earthquakes, and the damage to buildings and public works totaled nearly $ 10,000 million. In proportion to the spread of urban civilization throughout the world, the toll taken by these destructive earthquakes has been steadily increasing and will increase more rapidly in the future. The only way to ensure against these substantial economic losses is to design and build, and to strengthen existing buildings, in such a way that the structure will resist the seismic forces to be expected in each area.
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Fan, Gang, Jun Wang, Shunchao Qi, Gongda Lu, Xingguo Yang, and Jiawen Zhou. "Spatiotemporal Evolution of Earthquakes in Longmenshan Fault and Adjacent Area, before and after the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake." Shock and Vibration 2021 (November 24, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9400276.
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Seismicity sequence following a main earthquake usually contains much meaningful information for unveiling the focal mechanism and predicting the reoccurrence interval of large earthquakes. The spatiotemporal evolution of earthquakes before and after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake (Ms 8.0) is analysed comprehensively in this study. The frequency-magnitude relation of the 3493 earthquake events retrieved from the database of the International Seismological Centre indicates that the adopted catalogue is complete for magnitudes ≥Ms 3.4. The seismicity during the 10 years before the Wenchuan earthquake remained stable, including the magnitudes and focal depths. However, seismicity attenuated sharply in the year following the Wenchuan earthquake, and the magnitude of earthquakes before the Wenchuan earthquake decreased gradually. The area of the seismogenic zone of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake was smaller than the earthquake stricken area. The earthquakes that occurred in the Longmenshan fault area and adjacent area in the study period were mainly shallow earthquakes. The focal depths of earthquakes in the study area became stable gradually after the Wenchuan earthquake, mainly within the range from 10 to 16 km. The earthquakes in the study area were mainly distributed with an along-dip distance of 0–20 km, and the seismicity was distributed uniformly along the fault strike.
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Liu, Meiqin, Hiroyuki Mitsuhara, and Masami Shishibori. "A Mobile Application for Earthquake Education Targeting Foreigners Intending to Visit Japan." International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) 16, no. 24 (December 20, 2022): 170–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v16i24.35479.
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Japan is in the Pacific Rim Seismic Belt, and earthquakes happen frequently. Foreigners who lack the necessary earthquake knowledge and escape skills may not survive strong earthquakes in Japan. Therefore, it is essential to provide earthquake education to these foreigners. Since rich-formed earthquake education has been available for foreigners living in Japan, this research works to improve the earthquake education situation for foreigners who intend to visit Japan. Receiving earthquake education in advance helps enhance foreigners’ earthquake risk awareness, gain more opportunities to master earthquake survival knowledge, and build earthquake survival confidence. This paper proposed a learning model called ‘FOE+G’ to achieve this research goal. ‘FOE’ means the frequency of occurrence of earthquakes in Japan, and ‘G’ means gamification. A prototype system in the form of a cross-platform application has been developed to confirm that the learning model improves earthquake education for the target audience. The application delivers an earthquake notification to target objects each time an eligible earthquake occurs in Japan. The High-frequency earthquakes in Japan lead to relatively frequent updates, which enable users to build earthquake awareness, realise the importance of earthquake education, and participate more actively in it. Furthermore, gamification is employed in the application to prompt participation in earthquake education.
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Hori, Takane. "Earthquake and Tsunami Scenarios as Basic Information to Prepare Next Nankai Megathrust Earthquakes." Journal of Disaster Research 12, no. 4 (July 28, 2017): 775–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2017.p0775.
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This paper describes earthquake and tsunami scenarios as basic information for preparing for the next Nankai megathrust earthquakes. Models to clarify the size of the Nankai megathrust earthquake and changes in occurrence intervals, simulations using such models, and simulations of crustal deformations and tsunamis based on the simulations were employed. This paper re-examines past earthquakes and tsunamis, the possibility of slightly larger earthquakes and tsunamis, their sizes, the necessity of countermeasures against subsidence caused by earthquakes in the Inland Sea, the possibility of the Nankai earthquake occurrence before the Tokai (Tonankai) earthquake, and the possibility of the triggering of the Nankai earthquake by the Hyuga-nada earthquake.
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Simanjuntak, Andrean V. H., and Olymphia Olymphia. "Perbandingan Energi Gempa Bumi Utama dan Susulan (Studi Kasus : Gempa Subduksi Pulau Sumatera dan Jawa)." Jurnal Fisika FLUX 14, no. 1 (July 21, 2017): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/flux.v14i1.3776.
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Indonesia is located on the third meeting of the active tectonic world plates which are Eurasian Indian - Australia and the Pacific Plate. This condition makes Indonesia as a tectonically active area with seismicity level or pattern of high seismicity. Occurrence of devastating earthquake followed by aftershocks of earthquakes, often increase the level of social unrest. The purpose of this study is calculate the energy of devastating earthquakes and followed by aftershocks, so it can be compared to the amount of energy released by both of them. By obtaining these comparisons, the study is based on scientific studies can be used as a reference in providing information on the possible impact of an occurrence of the earthquake and its aftershocks. Empirical formula of Guttenberg- Richter was used to calculate the energy value, historical data with aftershock earthquakes was obtained from ISC (International Seismological Center) for five major earthquakes are Bengkulu, Pangandaran, Simeulue, West Sumatra, and Tasikmalaya earthquake. Earthquake aftershocks taken within three months after a major earthquake. From analysis and energy calculations of earthquake aftershocks of a major earthquake with a magnitude of five large, energy-earthquake aftershocks ranging from 0.1% to 33%, with a random pattern. By comparing the energy aftershocks of earthquakes, the results are generally 10%, it is estimated that the earthquake with strike-slip mechanism having earthquake aftershocks with a total energy is less than 10%. While earthquakes with earthquake aftershocks have thrust mechanism with a total energy of more than 10%.
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Meng, Qingjun, Benchun Duan, and Bin Luo. "Using a dynamic earthquake simulator to explore tsunami earthquake generation." Geophysical Journal International 229, no. 1 (November 18, 2021): 255–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggab470.
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SUMMARY Observations of historical tsunami earthquakes reveal that ruptures of these earthquakes propagate slowly at shallow depth with longer duration, depletion in high-frequency radiation and larger discrepancy of Mw–Ms than ordinary megathrust earthquakes. They can effectively generate tsunami and lead to huge damage to regional populated areas near the coast. In this study, we use a recently developed dynamic earthquake simulator to explore tsunami earthquake generation from a physics-based modelling point of view. We build a shallow-dipping subduction zone model in which locally locked, unstable patches (asperities) are distributed on a conditionally stable subduction interface at shallow depth. The dynamic earthquake simulator captures both quasi-static and dynamic processes of earthquake cycles. We find that earthquakes can nucleate on these asperities and propagate into the surrounding conditionally stable zone at slow speeds, generating tsunami earthquakes. A high normal stress asperity, representing a subducted seamount, can act as an asperity in some events but as a barrier in other events over multiple earthquake cycles. Low normal stress asperities typically act as asperities in tsunami earthquakes. The degree of velocity-weakening in the conditionally stable zone, which may sustain rupture at different speeds or stop rupture, is critical for tsunami earthquake generation and affects its recurrence interval. Distributed asperities may rupture in isolated events separated by tens of years, or in a sequence of events separated by hours to days, or in one large event in a cascade fashion, demonstrating complex interactions among them. The recurrence interval on a high normal stress asperity is much larger than that on low normal stress asperities. These modelling results shed lights on the observations from historical tsunami earthquakes, including the 1994 and 2006 Java tsunami earthquakes and 2010 Mentawai tsunami earthquake.
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Pırtı, Atınç. "Investigation of the effects of Kahramanmaraş earthquake series on Cyprus Arc, Dead Sea fault, Hatay regions and stations close to two earthquakes epicenters." Geodesy and cartography 50, no. 3 (September 25, 2024): 113–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/gac.2024.19634.
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In various parts of the globe, there have been several earthquakes of a modest size. Monitoring the change of the points over time is a key component of typical techniques for extracting dynamic responses. This technique was unable to completely extract all of the earthquake’s dynamic properties. The GNSS precise point positioning (PPP) may be a useful tool for obtaining values of the point’s displacement that are more exact up to millimeters, which can help to overcome these flaws and evaluate the seismic wave of such earthquakes. Ultimately, PPP is a crucial tool for getting the precise observations. In this study, Canadian Spatial Reference System Precise Point Positioning (CSRS-PPP) approach to analyze the station’s displacement components and the station’s heights in periods from the two Kahramanmaraş earthquakes. The earthquake sequences that occurred in Turkey’s Kahramanmaraş in 2023 is an example of complicated faulting brought on by interactions between three plates close to the Hatay Triple Junction (HTJ). While the relative plate movements in this area are minimal (usually less than 10 mm/year), even sluggish plate motion zones may nevertheless see earthquakes that are quite destructive. Due to the three-plate system’s unusual geometry, a number of large earthquakes with very varied fault orientations were active throughout this series. A 7.8-magnitude earthquake happened on February 6, 2023 in southern Turkey, close to Syria’s northern border. A magnitude 7.5 earthquake, situated about 95 kilometers to the southwest, was occurred nine hours after the first one. The first earthquake was as big as the most powerful one ever recorded there in 1939 and was the most catastrophic to strike earthquake-prone Turkey in more than 20 years. In this study, the effects of two earthquakes in Kahramanmaraş were investigated on the Cyprus Arc, the Dead Sea fault, Hatay and the points close to two earthquakes zone. In the obtained results, it was computed that the greatest horizontal displacement occurred at the HAT2 station with 68.97 cm.
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Kerr, R. A. "Earthquake--or Earthquack?" Science 250, no. 4980 (October 26, 1990): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.250.4980.511.
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Obara, Kazushige, and Takuya Nishimura. "Main Results from the Program Promotion Panel for Subduction-Zone Earthquakes." Journal of Disaster Research 15, no. 2 (March 20, 2020): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2020.p0087.
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Understanding the occurrence mechanism of subduction zone earthquakes scientifically is intrinsically important for not only forecast of future subduction earthquakes but also disaster mitigation for strong ground motion and tsunami accompanied by large earthquakes. The Program Promotion Panel for Subduction-zone earthquakes mainly focused on interplate megathrust earthquakes in the subduction zones and the research activity included collection and classification of historical data on earthquake phenomena, clarifying the current earthquake phenomena and occurrence environment of earthquake sources, modelling earthquake phenomena, forecast of further earthquake activity based on monitoring crustal activity and precursory phenomena, and development of observation and analysis technique. Moreover, we studied the occurrence mechanism of intraslab earthquakes within the subducting oceanic plate. Five-year observational research program actually produced enormous results for deep understanding of subduction zone earthquakes phenomena, especially in terms of slow earthquakes, infrequent huge earthquakes, and intraslab earthquakes. This paper mainly introduces results from researches on these phenomena in subduction zones.
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Wang, Xi, Zeyuan Zhong, Yuechen Yao, Zexu Li, Shiyong Zhou, Changsheng Jiang, and Ke Jia. "Small Earthquakes Can Help Predict Large Earthquakes: A Machine Learning Perspective." Applied Sciences 13, no. 11 (May 24, 2023): 6424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13116424.
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Earthquake prediction is a long-standing problem in seismology that has garnered attention from the scientific community and the public. Despite ongoing efforts to understand the physical mechanisms of earthquake occurrence, there is no convincing physical or statistical model for predicting large earthquakes. Machine learning methods, such as random forest and long short-term memory (LSTM) neural networks, excel at identifying patterns in large-scale databases and offer a potential means to improve earthquake prediction performance. Differing from physical and statistical approaches to earthquake prediction, we explore whether small earthquakes can be used to predict large earthquakes within the framework of machine learning. Specifically, we attempt to answer two questions for a given region: (1) Is there a likelihood of a large earthquake (e.g., M ≥ 6.0) occurring within the next year? (2) What is the maximum magnitude of an earthquake expected to occur within the next year? Our results show that the random forest method performs best in classifying large earthquake occurrences, while the LSTM method provides a rough estimation of earthquake magnitude. We conclude that small earthquakes contain information relevant to predicting future large earthquakes and that machine learning provides a promising avenue for improving the prediction of earthquake occurrences.
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Jiao, Yuyu, and Nobuoto Nojima. "Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Assessment Considering the Sequence of the First and Second Earthquakes Along the Nankai Trough." Journal of Disaster Research 18, no. 8 (December 1, 2023): 839–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2023.p0839.
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The Earthquake Research Committee (ERC) of the Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion conducted a probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment due to large earthquakes along the Nankai Trough for the next 30 years. Utilizing the basic data of earthquake source models and calculated maximum tsunami heights, the authors propose a method to evaluate the hazard curves of the first and second earthquakes separately, considering the sequence of earthquake occurrence in one cycle of large earthquake activities along the Nankai Trough. First, based on the relative weights allocated to the 176 occurrence patterns of 79 earthquake source regions, the weights for the 2,720 characterized earthquake fault models (CEFMs) are calculated. The hazard curve of the first earthquake is evaluated using the 2,720 sets of maximum tsunami heights and weights under the condition that one of the CEFMs causes an earthquake. Next, the conditional hazard curves for the possible second earthquakes conditional on each individual first earthquake are calculated. Finally, the hazard curve for the second earthquake is evaluated as a weighted average of the conditional hazard curves. Numerical examples are shown for 15 sites. The first earthquake accounts for about 60% or more of the total hazard evaluated by ERC, and its contribution increases with increasing maximum tsunami height. The first and second earthquakes account for 80%–90% of the total hazard.
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KORKMAZ, Burak Can. "The Position and Importance of Earthquake Education in the World." EDUCATIONE 2, no. 2 (September 26, 2023): 246–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.58650/educatione.1330891.
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Earthquake education is significant for students to raise awareness and improve knowledge related to earthquakes. Literature on earthquakes emphasizes that people with high awareness and increased knowledge can effectively cope with the devastating effects. At this point, traditional teaching methods, such as drills and theoretical lessons, are inadequate, but innovative methods like virtual reality (VR) technology is more promising. However, there is no consensus on the ideal type of earthquake education. In the world, earthquake education significantly differs. Even though some countries are located in regions that are prone to earthquakes, they do not consider earthquake education in schools. On the other hand, several countries include earthquake education in school curricula. Existing literature demonstrates the insufficiency of current earthquake education in countries like Mexico and Israel. Students have deficiencies in knowledge related to the earthquake in spite of the implementation of earthquake education in schools. Reviewing different countries implementing earthquake education allows us to create an ideal type of earthquake education. Therefore, this review aims to investigate earthquake education in different countries.
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Inoue, Yuta, Kazutomo Ohashi, Yuko Ohno, Takako Fujimaki, Anna Tsutsui, Ling Zha, and Tomotaka Sobue. "Pregnant women’s migration patterns before childbirth after large-scale earthquakes and the added impact of concerns regarding radiation exposure in Fukushima and five prefectures." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 1, 2022): e0272285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272285.
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The 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake (within Fukushima, Iwate, and Miyagi prefectures) was a complex disaster; it caused a tsunami and the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident, resulting in radiation exposure. This study investigated the earthquake’s effects on the migration patterns of pregnant women and their concerns regarding radiation exposure. We also considered the following large-scale earthquakes without radiation exposure: Great Hanshin-Awaji (Hyogo prefecture), Niigata-Chuetsu, and Kumamoto. Pregnant women were categorized as outflow and inflow pregnant women. Data on the annual number of births three years before and after the earthquake were used as a denominator to calculate the outflow and inflow rates per 100 births. The odds ratios of annual outflow and inflow rates after the earthquake, using three years before the earthquake as the baseline, were calculated. The odds-ratio for outflow significantly increased for Hyogo, Fukushima, Miyagi, and Kumamoto prefectures after the earthquake, particularly for Fukushima, showing a significant increase until three years post the Great East Japan Earthquake (disaster year: odds-ratio: 2.66 [95% confidence interval: 2.44–2.90], 1 year post: 1.37 [1.23–1.52], 2 years post: 1.13 [1.00–1.26], 3 years post: 1.18 [1.05–1.31]), while the remaining three prefectures reported limited increases post one year. The inflow decreased after the earthquake, particularly in Fukushima, showing a significant decrease until 2 years post the Great East Japan Earthquake (disaster year: 0.58 [0.53–0.63], 1 year post: 0.76 [0.71–0.82], 2 years post: 0.83 [0.77–0.89]). Thus, pregnant women’s migration patterns changed after large-scale earthquakes, suggesting radiation exposure concerns possibly have a significant effects. These results suggested that plans for receiving assistance and support that considers the peculiarities of disaster related damage and pregnant women’s migration patterns are needed in both the affected and non-affected areas.
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Kaneko, Hiroyuki. "Evaluation of Tsunami Disasters Caused by the 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake." Journal of Disaster Research 18, no. 6 (September 1, 2023): 578–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2023.p0578.
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The 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake is one of the earthquakes that have occurred multiple times in the past as part of the Sagami Trough earthquakes. These earthquakes, which occurred at the plate boundary, occurred in 1495 (Meio Earthquake), 1703 (Genroku Earthquake), and again in 1923, causing significant damage to various areas in Kanto, including Tokyo and Yokohama, and it came to be known as the Great Kanto Earthquake. The Sagami Trough earthquakes have consistently brought strong tsunami disasters to various areas in Kanto, extending from the Sagami Bay coast to the Boso Peninsula, and residents along the coast were highly aware of the risk of tsunamis occurring after major earthquakes. Although a tsunami occurred in the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923, it is believed to have had a wave height approximately half that of the tsunami in the Genroku Earthquake. However, this tsunami destroyed the livelihoods of villages and caused significant damage. In this study, we aim to reexamine historical records related to the tsunami in the Great Kanto Earthquake and objectively evaluate the actual situation of this tsunami disaster.
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Reitherman, Robert. "Earthquakes that have initiated the development of earthquake engineering." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 39, no. 3 (September 30, 2006): 145–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.39.3.145-157.
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The recent 75th anniversary of the 1931 Hawke’s Bay Earthquake reminds us that a particular earthquake can have a great effect on the development of engineering methods to contend with this natural hazard. Factors other than the occurrence of a single earthquake are also present before and after such a historically important event, and there are examples of countries that began on the path toward modern earthquake engineering in the absence of any particular earthquake playing an important causal role. An earthquake that was large in seismological (e.g. magnitude) or engineering (e.g. destructiveness) measures may have had little effect on engineering tools developed to contend with the earthquake problem. The history of earthquake engineering is not merely a set of events rigidly tied to a chronology of major earthquakes. Nonetheless, some significant earthquakes have been step function events on the graph of long-term progress in earthquake engineering. Only earthquakes that bring together several prerequisites have had such historic effects, creating in a country a beachhead for earthquake engineering that persisted in the following decades. In this brief historical review, the following seminal earthquakes are discussed: 1906 Northern California, United States; 1908 Reggio-Messina, Italy; 1923 Kanto, Japan; 1931 Mach and 1935 Quetta, India-Pakistan; 1931 Hawke’s Bay, New Zealand.
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Khalisa, Cut Lutfia, Halida Yunita, and Munira Sungkar. "Analysis of the Value of Maximum Ground Acceleration in Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Efforts on the Lan." E3S Web of Conferences 476 (2024): 01021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202447601021.
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The Aceh region itself has a location that is within the scope of the Sumatran fault, areas on active faults can experience a high possibility of earthquakes. Earthquake epicenters on the mainland can occur due to shifts in the Sumatran fault which is indicated by the number of earthquakes along the fault and generally has shallow depths. The research was conducted to determine the value of the earthquake acceleration on the ground around the East Aceh Alue Genteng bridge. The results of this study found that the magnitude of the earthquake can affect the level of acceleration of the earthquake that occurs, the acceleration of the earthquake increases with the magnitude of the earthquake. Based on the results of calculating the acceleration of the earthquake using magnitude 7, 5 SR-9.3 SR, the earthquake acceleration occurred significantly and continues to increase. Earthquake acceleration data is one of the important data that can be used in earthquake mitigation such as in planning strong building structures that are able to withstand loads caused by earthquakes.
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Maslyaev, A. V. "RUSSIAN CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM DOES NOT RECOGNIZE THE IMPACT OF REPEATED EARTHQUAKES ON CONSTRUCTION SITES." ASJ. 1, no. 38 (July 14, 2020): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/asj.2707-9864.2020.1.38.12.
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Today, many learned builders know that earthquakes in the territory of, for example, a settlement can manifest themselves in the form of the first most powerful earthquake (main underground shock), which is usually followed by a series of weaker repeated earthquakes (repetitive shocks). There are many examples of such a sequence of manifestations of strong earthquakes in a certain territory, when tens of thousands of people die in destroyed buildings during repeated exposure earthquakes. It is thanks to these examples that scientists, builders, understand the main cause of death due to repeated earthquakes, which is the maximum permissible degree of damage formed in buildings under the influence of the first main earthquake. In addition, many builders are aware of many examples today when the intensity of the impact of a repeated earthquake on buildings was, for a number of reasons, stronger than the intensity of the effects of a major earthquake. However, contrary to the examples of the death of thousands of people in buildings during repeated earthquakes, in the construction system of Russia, the calculation of earthquake-resistant objects continues to take into account the impact of only one main earthquake. Therefore, the article substantiates the need to take into account the effects of earthquakes and repeated earthquakes in the calculations of earthquake-resistant buildings.
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Rubinstein, Justin L., Andrew J. Barbour, and Jack H. Norbeck. "Forecasting Induced Earthquake Hazard Using a Hydromechanical Earthquake Nucleation Model." Seismological Research Letters 92, no. 4 (February 24, 2021): 2206–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220200215.
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Abstract In response to the dramatic increase in earthquake rates in the central United States, the U.S Geological Survey began releasing 1 yr earthquake hazard models for induced earthquakes in 2016. Although these models have been shown to accurately forecast earthquake hazard, they rely purely on earthquake statistics because there was no precedent for forecasting induced earthquakes based upon wastewater injection data. Since the publication of these hazard models, multiple physics-based methods have been proposed to forecast earthquake rates using injection data. Here, we use one of these methods to generate earthquake hazard forecasts. Our earthquake hazard forecasts are more accurate than statistics-based hazard forecasts. These results imply that fluid injection data, where and when available, and the physical implications of fluid injection should be included in future induced earthquake hazard forecasts.
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Zhang, Tao, Guangyuan Tan, Weihua Bai, Yueqiang Sun, Yuhe Wang, Xiaotian Luo, Hongqing Song, and Shuyu Sun. "A Disturbance Frequency Index in Earthquake Forecast Using Radio Occultation Data." Remote Sensing 15, no. 12 (June 13, 2023): 3089. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15123089.
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Earthquake forecasting is the process of forecasting the time, location, and magnitude of an earthquake, hoping to gain some time to prepare to reduce the disasters caused by earthquakes. In this paper, the possible relationship between the maximum electron density, the corresponding critical frequency, and the occurrence of earthquakes is explored by means of radio occultation data based on mechanism analysis and actual earthquake-nearby data. A new disturbance frequency index is proposed in this paper as a novel method to help forecast earthquakes. Forecasting of the location and timing of earthquakes is based on the connection between proven new frequency distributions and earthquakes. The effectiveness of this index is verified by backtracking observation around the 2022 Ya’an earthquake. Using this index, occultation data can forecast the occurrence of earthquakes five days ahead of detection, which can help break the bottleneck in earthquake forecasting.
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Cao, Xu-Yang. "An Iterative PSD-Based Procedure for the Gaussian Stochastic Earthquake Model with Combined Intensity and Frequency Nonstationarities: Its Application into Precast Concrete Structures." Mathematics 11, no. 6 (March 8, 2023): 1294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11061294.
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Earthquakes cause severe damage to human beings and financial development, and they are commonly associated with a lot of uncertainties and stochastic factors regarding their frequency, intensity and duration. Thus, how to accurately select an earthquake record and determine an earthquake’s influence on structures are important questions that deserve further investigation. In this paper, the author developed an iterative power spectral density (PSD)-based procedure for the Gaussian stochastic earthquake model with combined intensity and frequency nonstationarities. In addition, they applied this procedure to five precast concrete structures for dynamic analysis and verification. The research proved the effectiveness of the iterative procedure for matching the target response spectra and for generating the required seismic records. The application examples verified the accuracy of the seismic design for the precast concrete structures and indicated the reliable dynamic demands of the precast concrete structures under the stochastic excitation of nonstationary earthquakes. In general, the research provided a meaningful reference for further stochastic earthquake selections, and it could play an effective role in further assessments of precast structures.
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Yulita, Tiara, Chaterine Theresia Lubis, and Agus Sofian Eka Hidayat. "PENENTUAN PREMI MURNI DI KABUPATEN KEPAHIANG PROVINSI BENGKULU DENGAN MEMPERHITUNGKAN PELUANG KEJADIAN GEMPA BUMI DAN RASIO KERUSAKAN BANGUNAN." VARIANCE: Journal of Statistics and Its Applications 5, no. 2 (October 31, 2023): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/variancevol5iss2page147-158.
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Indonesia is a country that is very vulnerable to earthquakes, one of which is in Bengkulu Province, especially Kepahiang Regency. To deal with risks or losses caused by earthquakes, insurance can be purchased. Therefore, in this study, earthquake insurance premiums will be determined by taking into account the probability of an earthquake occurring and the ratio of damage to buildings in Kepahiang Regency. The PSHA (Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis) method is used to determine the probability of an earthquake occurring. In the PSHA process, earthquake data will be collected and analyzed to identify earthquake sources, characterize earthquake sources, and calculate earthquake hazard (the probability of an earthquake). Damage data on buildings will be processed to obtain a ratio of building damage. After that, a pure premium will be obtained, by multiplying the EADR (Expected Annual Damage Ratio) value with the sum insured of the building, where EADR is the estimated level of annual damage due to earthquakes in an area
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Monica, Fadilla, Vira Friska, Deasy Arisa, and Marzuki Marzuki. "Comparison of Deformation Vectors Due to Earthquake in Subduction Zone and Sumatran Fault for Each Phase of Earthquake Cycle." JURNAL ILMU FISIKA | UNIVERSITAS ANDALAS 14, no. 2 (June 20, 2022): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jif.14.2.73-85.2022.
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This study compares the deformation in West Sumatra due to the earthquakes in the subduction zone and the Sumatran Fault. The Mw6.0 Mentawai earthquake 2019 with a thrust fault mechanism and the Mw5.4 South Solok earthquake 2019 with a strike-slip fault mechanism were used as case studies for the subduction zone and Sumatran Fault, respectively. The deformation was observed using 12 SuGAr (Sumatra GPS Array) and 8 InaCORS (Indonesian Continuously Operating Reference Station) stations, which were processed using GAMIT/GLOBK software. There are differences in the deformation vectors of the two earthquakes. The Mentawai earthquake experienced larger energy accumulation than the South Solok earthquake. The coseismic phase of the Mentawai earthquake experienced the largest horizontal shift at the SLBU station, which was 15.48 mm in the direction of S29.96W, while the South Solok earthquake is found to horizontally shift the CSDH station at the size of 5.75 mm towards S11.45E. The postseismic phase of the Mentawai earthquake lasted 60 days, longer than the South Solok earthquake (20 days). The difference in deformation characteristic between these two earthquakes found in this study will be valuable information in modeling earthquakes in Sumatra.
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Zhang, Yihe. "Causes and recommendations for post-disaster reconstruction earthquake in Turkey." Applied and Computational Engineering 9, no. 1 (September 25, 2023): 210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/9/20230091.
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Earthquake, also known as ground motion and ground vibration, is a natural phenomenon caused by the rapid release of energy from the earth's crust, during which seismic waves are generated. The current level of science and technology cannot predict the arrival of earthquakes, and earthquakes will be unpredictable for a long time in the future. The so-called examples of successful earthquake prediction are basically coincidences. For earthquakes, what we should do is to improve the seismic level of buildings and do a good job of defence, rather than predicting earthquakes. Turkey experienced a strong earthquake in 2023, causing a large number of buildings to collapse and casualties. One of the main reasons why the earthquake was so severe was that Turkey was located in an earthquake zone between the Eurasian continents, and the collision of plates caused the earthquake. Second, Turkey's rudimentary building structures and misuse of raw materials increased the damage caused by the disaster. For the damage of this disaster, it is necessary to establish a relatively complete earthquake relief system, including the improvement of the strength of earthquake-resistant buildings and the rescue and rescue work after the disaster.
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Chang, J. C., D. A. Lockner, and Z. Reches. "Rapid Acceleration Leads to Rapid Weakening in Earthquake-Like Laboratory Experiments." Science 338, no. 6103 (October 4, 2012): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1221195.
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After nucleation, a large earthquake propagates as an expanding rupture front along a fault. This front activates countless fault patches that slip by consuming energy stored in Earth’s crust. We simulated the slip of a fault patch by rapidly loading an experimental fault with energy stored in a spinning flywheel. The spontaneous evolution of strength, acceleration, and velocity indicates that our experiments are proxies of fault-patch behavior during earthquakes of moment magnitude (Mw) = 4 to 8. We show that seismically determined earthquake parameters (e.g., displacement, velocity, magnitude, or fracture energy) can be used to estimate the intensity of the energy release during an earthquake. Our experiments further indicate that high acceleration imposed by the earthquake’s rupture front quickens dynamic weakening by intense wear of the fault zone.
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Madlazim, M. "COULOMB STRESS CHANGES DUE TO RECENT ACEH EARTHQUAKES." Jurnal Penelitian Fisika dan Aplikasinya (JPFA) 5, no. 1 (June 14, 2015): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/jpfa.v5n1.p9-14.
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Coulomb stress change analysis has been applied to understand whether the 2013/07/02 (Mw=6.1) has been triggered by 2013/01/21 earthquake (Mw=6.1) the proximity to failure on the Aceh segment of Sumatra Fault Zone (SFZ). We examine the problem of how one earthquake might trigger another using Coulomb stress changes plotting. To plot the Coulomb stress changes, we used Global CMT data for the both earthquakes and used GEOFON data for manually revised epicenters of its aftershocks. The earthquakes are located on Aceh segment of the historic no recorded large earthquake. Coulomb stress changes modeling of the both earthquakes and plot their aftershocks. Surprisingly, the 2013/07/02 earthquake is located on increasing Coulomb stress changes region of 2013/01/21 earthquake plotting. Here explain that the 2013/07/02 earthquake has been triggered by the 2013/01/21 earthquake. Further, the two aftershocks of the 2013/07/02 earthquake is located on increasing Coulomb stress changes region of 2013/07/02 earthquake plotting. So that, the aftershocks has been triggered by increasing Coulomb stress changes of the 2013/07/02 earthquake.
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Lv, Zhao. "The Seismic Analysis of an Exhibition in Shanxi." Applied Mechanics and Materials 275-277 (January 2013): 1540–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.275-277.1540.
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In order to quantify the goal of earthquake-proof, such as minor earthquake, earthquake repair and earthquake does not fall, the project will analyze the seismic performance in three stages according to the sub-structure of small earthquakes, moderate earthquake, large earthquake. First, in the small earthquakes stage the method of MIDAS finite element analysis software will be used to calculate and analyze, meanwhile, the method of flexible schedule analysis will be as a supplementation to seismic checking. Second, in the stage of moderate earthquake, the data is calculated by adjusting the corresponding parameter values. Third, in the large earthquake stage, Pushover Analysis will be adopted. The aim is to identify weaknesses and to propose corresponding seismic measures in the structure by the Seismic performance analysis.
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Li, Siyuan, Yuanzhi Zhou, and Qiuming Cheng. "Unveiling Temporal Cyclicities in Seismic b-Values and Major Earthquake Events in Japan by Local Singularity Analysis and Wavelet Methods." Fractal and Fractional 8, no. 6 (June 17, 2024): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract8060359.
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Studying the temporal characteristics of earthquake activity contributes to enhancing earthquake prediction capabilities. The seismic b-value is a key indicator describing the relationship between seismic frequency and magnitude. This study investigates the correlation between the occurrence of major earthquakes and seismic b-values using earthquake activity records in Japan from 1990 to 2023. Local singularity analysis and wavelet analysis of earthquake frequency and b-value time series reveal significant 5-year periodic features in seismic activity in Japan. Furthermore, our research identifies that this periodicity is also prominent in major earthquakes with magnitudes of 7 and above. Additionally, through a detailed analysis of the cross-correlation between seismic b-values and the occurrence time of major earthquakes, we uncover a notable pattern: major earthquakes often occur approximately two years after the peak of seismic b-values. This discovery offers a new perspective on earthquake prediction and may play a crucial role in future earthquake early warning systems.
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Suparmanto, Gatot, and Ika Subekti Wulandari. "Penyuluhan Kesehatan Tentang Prosedur Evakuasi Saat Terjadinya Gempa Bumi Di Desa Wonorejo Karanganyar." Pelita Masyarakat 3, no. 1 (September 9, 2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/pelitamasyarakat.v3i1.5580.
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Earthquakes in Indonesia cause physical damage as well as fatalities, high mortality rates and disability when an earthquake occurs, it is necessary to reduce or prevent it by increasing people's knowledge and skills about how to evacuate during an earthquake. Earthquakes that are not resolved with resilience and lack of human resources that can handle earthquakes from pre-disaster, during disaster and post-disaster. Earthquakes are caused by the movement of the Earth's crust (Earth's plates). The frequency of a region, refers to the type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time. Earthquakes are measured using a seismometer. Moment magnitude is the most common scale where earthquakes occur throughout the world so that the community is demanded to be prepared, one of which is evacuation during a disaster which is held by evacuation counseling in Wonorejo Village, Karanganyar. earthquake with pre-test data 75% of the residents did not know and after counseling and post-testing it was found that 90% of the residents understood the skills and knowledge of evacuation during an earthquake. with the lack of knowledge and skills of residents regarding evacuation during an earthquake, it is very appropriate for residents to understand when an earthquake occurs
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Hashimoto, Tetsuo, and Takashi Yokota. "Successive Occurrence of Large Earthquakes Along the Kuril Trench." Journal of Disaster Research 17, no. 6 (October 1, 2022): 1059–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2022.p1059.
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Large earthquakes have repeatedly occurred from Hokkaido to the Kamchatka Peninsula along the Kuril Trench. First, we confirmed the successive occurrence of large earthquakes of similar magnitude in nearby regions and within a short time interval using earthquake catalogs issued by international organizations. The searching criteria was whether a succeeding earthquake (Mw ≥ 7.75) had occurred within 500 km and 3 years of a preceding earthquake (Mw ≥ 7.70) in the period between 1890 and 2014. The pairs of successively occurring earthquakes were the June 1893 and March 1894 earthquakes, the September and November 1918 earthquakes, the October 1963 earthquakes, the October 1994 and December 1995 earthquakes, and the November 2006 and January 2007 earthquakes. These 5 pairs among the 21 large earthquakes were identified the successively occurring large earthquakes. Next, we tried to relocate the epicenters of the 1918 earthquakes because their epicenters had been changed in the version of the earthquake catalog referenced. We re-read the arrival times of the P and S waves from the seismograms of Japan Meteorological Agency and estimated the epicenters for the 1918 earthquakes from S-P times. The epicenters were a relative offset of about 160 km and the September event was near the epicenter of the 2006 Kuril earthquake.
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Zheng, Tongyan, Lei Li, Chong Xu, and Yuandong Huang. "Spatiotemporal Analysis of Earthquake Distribution and Associated Losses in Chinese Mainland from 1949 to 2021." Sustainability 15, no. 11 (May 26, 2023): 8646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15118646.
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A comprehensive earthquake hazard database is crucial for comprehending the characteristics of earthquake-related losses and establishing accurate loss prediction models. In this study, we compiled the earthquake events that have caused losses since 1949, and established and shared a database of earthquake hazard information for the Chinese mainland from 1949 to 2021. On this basis, we preliminarily analyzed the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of 608 earthquake events and the associated losses. The results show the following: (1) The number of earthquakes is generally increasing, with an average of annual occurrence rising from three to twelve, and the rise in the economic losses is not significant. The number of earthquakes occurring in the summer is slightly higher than that in the other three seasons. (2) The average depths of earthquakes within the six blocks display a decreasing trend from west to east, with a majority (63.8%) of earthquakes occurring at depths ranging from 5 to 16 km. (3) Although the number of earthquakes in the east is lower than that in the west, earthquakes in the east are more likely to cause casualties when they have the same epicenter intensity. Southwest China is located in the Circum-Pacific seismic zone where earthquake hazards are highly frequent. The results can provide fundamental data for developing earthquake-related loss prediction models.
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Jenkins, Alex, Alison Rust, and Juliet Biggs. "relationship between large earthquakes and volcanic eruptions: A global statistical study." Volcanica 7, no. 1 (March 22, 2024): 165–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.30909/vol.07.01.165179.
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It is now generally accepted that large earthquakes can promote eruptions at nearby volcanoes. However, the prevalence of “triggered” eruptions, as well as the distance and timescale over which triggering occurs, remain unclear. Here, we use modern global earthquake and eruption records to compare volcanic eruption rates before and after large earthquakes with the time- averaged background eruption rate. We quantify the significance of observed deviations from the average eruption rate using Monte Carlo simulations. To integrate our findings with previous eruption triggering studies, we systematically vary the earthquake magnitudes we consider, as well as the distances and timescales used to calculate eruption rates. We also investigate the effects of earthquake depth and slip orientation. Overall, we find that post-earthquake eruption rates are around 1.25 times the average eruption rate within 750 km and one year following Mw ≥ 7 earthquakes, with above-average post-earthquake eruption rates possibly lasting for two to four years. By contrast, pre-earthquake eruption rates are around 0.9 times the average eruption rate within 750 km and182 days before Mw ≥7 earthquakes. Furthermore, deep earthquakes (≥7 0km) appear to more strongly affect eruption rates than shallow earthquakes, while earthquake slip orientation is also important. Further study of the relationships reported here represents a good opportunity to improve our understanding of tectono-magmatic relationships.
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Fauzi. "Factors Influencing the Selection of Housing Location Post Earthquake 2007 in Solok." JURNAL PEMBANGUNAN WILAYAH & KOTA 8, no. 1 (August 3, 2016): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/pwk.v8i1.11554.
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ABSTRACTSolok City is within range of the Sumatera active fault where destructive earthquakes have happenedfrequently (Padang Panjang earthquake 1926, Singkarak earthquake 1943 and 2004, and Solokearthquake 2007). Problems arise when most of the population often quickly forget the danger offuture earthquakes and the mitigation efforts to reduce disaster hazards. New housings were stillbuilt in areas highly prone to earthquakes. The study investigated the factors affecting thelocational choice for housing in post‐earthquake Solok City using qualitative descriptive format.Post earthquake locational analysis of housing areas showed that cumulatively 47% of the houseswere built in ‘high’ to ‘very high’ vulnerability area meaning that almost half of the houses built in theyear 2010 are exposed to high risk from earthquakes. Analysis found four latent factors affecting thechoice for housing location post 2007 Solok earthquake included (1) Earthquake Vulnerability, (2)House Prices, (3) Accessibility, and (4) Policy and Social factors. Analysis showed how earthquakevulnerability was indeed the priority factor in the choice of location for the general society. Howeverthis is contradictory to the reality of the current locations of housing areas built after the 2007earthquake. The general society considered earthquake as very important but they built their housesin the disaster prone ares anyway. Therefore a common awareness needs to be established among allstakeholders to reduce the risks and improve mitigation efforts in case of future disasters.Keywords: earthquake vulnerability, housing location choice, post‐earthquake
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Hinojosa, Hector R. "The Importance of Assessing the Geological Site Effects of Ancient Earthquakes from the Archaeoseismological Point of View." Eng 4, no. 1 (February 22, 2023): 719–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/eng4010043.
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Earthquakes have and continue to, occur worldwide, though some places are affected more than others by earthquake-induced ground shaking and the same earthquake can cause more damage in one area than in nearby locations due to site-specific geological site conditions, also known as local site effects. Depending on the chronology of the earthquakes, various disciplines of seismology include instrumental and historical seismology, archaeoseismology, palaeoseismology and neotectonics, each focusing on using specific sources of information to evaluate recent or ancient earthquakes. Past earthquakes are investigated to expand the pre-instrumental and instrumental earthquake catalog and better evaluate a region’s seismic hazard. Archaeoseismology offers a way to achieve these goals because it links how ancient civilizations and their environment might have interacted and responded to past earthquake-induced ground motion and soil amplification. Hence, archaeoseismology explores pre-instrumental (past) earthquakes that might have affected sites of human occupation and their nearby settings, which have left their co-seismic marks in ancient manufactured constructions exhumed by archaeological excavations. However, archaeoseismological observations are often made on a limited epicentral area, poorly constrained dated earthquakes and occasionally on unclear evidence of earthquake damage. Archaeological excavations or field investigations often underestimate the critical role that an archaeological site’s ancient geological site conditions might have played in causing co-seismic structural damage to ancient anthropogenic structures. Nevertheless, the archaeological community might document and inaccurately diagnose structural damage by ancient earthquake shaking to structures and even estimate the size of past earthquakes giving little or no consideration to the role of geological site effects in addressing the causative earthquake. This mixture of factors frequently leads to imprecise estimates of the size of ancient earthquakes and unlikely earthquake environmental impacts, leaving unexplained the location and the moment magnitude of the causative earthquake. Hence, it is essential not to rely solely on earthquake intensities based on archaeologically documented co-seismic damage without assessing the nature of the observed structural damage and the contribution of the geological site effects. This paper explains the geological site effects concept to archaeologists unfamiliar with the notion. It clarifies its role in assessing ground shaking, soil amplification and earthquake intensity by past earthquakes and how and why the geological site effects can be estimated when a site is thought to have been struck by an earthquake. Hence, the geological site effects must be considered when archaeological excavations describe and interpret destruction layers. Conversely, engineers and seismologists dealing with seismic hazard risk assessment must pay close attention to archaeological investigations assessing earthquake intensities and locations based on field evidence of damage to structures attributed to past earthquakes, because the geological site effects might have been factored in inaccurately or not at all.
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Erlangga, Wisnu, Mochamad Teguh, Malik Mushthofa, Imam Trianggoro Saputro, and Gunawan Setiadi. "SEBARAN GEMPA UTAMA BERDASARKAN MAGNITUDO DAN KEDALAMAN DI WILAYAH MAMUJU DAN SEKITARNYA." Teknisia 27, no. 2 (December 20, 2022): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.20885/teknisia.vol27.iss2.art6.
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Sulawesi is one of Indonesia's large islands with a high vulnerability to earthquakes due to its geographical location, which lies between the confluence of tectonic plates and several active faults. The earthquake events' intensity was relatively high with small to large magnitudes. One area recently hit by a large earthquake that caused material losses and casualties was found in Mamuju. Given this condition, it is essential to determine the latest seismicity mitigation in the Mamuju area and its surroundings to look at the distribution of the mainshock based on the magnitude and depth of the earthquake. Earthquakes that occur in a particular area and for a certain period can describe the concentration of earthquake activity. The earthquake data activity used in this study is to find earthquake data for the period 1960-2021, followed by a declustering process which is carried out to separate the mainshock from the aftershocks. Separating the mainshock from the aftershocks is performed using the time window and distance windows criteria. Based on the analysis, it was found that the number of mainshocks that occurred in the Mamuju region was 20.11% of the total earthquake events that occurred (5366 earthquake event data) with a dominance of moderate to large magnitude (4<M<6). Meanwhile, based on the depth of the earthquake, 54.19% of the earthquake event were shallow earthquakes (0 km < D < 60 km). This can be used as a basis for updating existing earthquake maps and for paying attention to the application of earthquake-resistant building regulations and building construction permits in the Mamuju area, considering that the vulnerability to earthquakes in this area is relatively high.
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Van Dissen, R., J. Begg, and Y. Awata. "Preliminary paleoearthquake investigations of active faults on Awaji Island, Japan, in relation to the 1995 Great Hanshin (Kobe) earthquake." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 29, no. 3 (September 30, 1996): 172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.29.3.172-177.
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Approximately one year after the Great Hanshin (Kobe) Earthquake, two New Zealand geologists were invited to help with the Geological Survey of Japan's paleoearthquake/active fault studies in the Kobe/Awaji area. Trenches excavated across the Nojima fault, which ruptured during the Great Hanshin Earthquake, showed evidence of past surface rupture earthquakes, with the age of the penultimate earthquake estimated at approximately 2000 years. A trench across the Higashiura fault, located 3-4 km southeast of the Nojima fault, revealed at least two past surface rupture earthquakes. The timing of the older earthquakes is not yet known, but pottery fragments found in the trench constrain the timing of the most recent earthquake at less than 500-600 years. Historical records for this part of Japan suggest that within the last 700 years there has been only one regionally felt earthquake prior to the 1995 Great Hanshin Earthquake, and this was the AD 1596 Keicho Earthquake. It thus seems reasonable to suggest that the Higashiura fault was, at least in part, the source of the AD 1596 Keicho Earthquake.
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Lamontagne, Maurice, Reynald Du Berger, and Anne E. Stevens. "Seismologists Can Help Attenuate some Post-Earthquake Vibrations among the Public." Earthquake Spectra 8, no. 4 (November 1992): 573–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585696.
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Very often after a strongly felt earthquake, the media and the general public consider seismologists to be the source of all information, particularly in regions where earthquakes occur infrequently. Widely felt earthquakes can have a strong social impact (“the post-earthquake vibrations among the public”) whenever the population is unprepared. Since 1935, eastern Canadian seismologists have been involved in four cases of post-earthquake communications with social impact. Recently, seismologists of the Geological Survey of Canada developed a communications strategy to help people cope with post-earthquake stress, particularly that component of stress arising from an insufficient knowledge of earthquakes. A communications plan is prepared before the emergency response period; a high priority is given to those persons who felt the earthquake most strongly; basic information on earthquake phenomena and preparedness is provided; and finally, seismologists make themselves both known and available before and after the earthquake. With this strategy, seismologists can help to relieve unnecessary anxiety and to promote positive preparation.
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Contopoulos, Ioannis, Janusz Mlynarczyk, Jerzy Kubisz, and Vasilis Tritakis. "Possible Identification of Precursor ELF Signals on Recent EQs That Occurred Close to the Recording Station." Atmosphere 15, no. 9 (September 19, 2024): 1134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos15091134.
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The Lithospheric–Atmospheric–Ionospheric Coupling (LAIC) mechanism stands as the leading model for the prediction of seismic activities. It consists of a cascade of physical processes that are initiated days before a major earthquake. The onset is marked by the discharge of ionized gases, such as radon, through subterranean fissures that develop in the lead-up to the quake. This discharge augments the ionization at the lower atmospheric layers, instigating disturbances that extend from the Earth’s surface to the lower ionosphere. A critical component of the LAIC sequence involves the distinctive perturbations of Extremely Low Electromagnetic Frequencies (ELF) within the Schumann Resonances (SR) spectrum of 2 to 50 Hz, detectable days ahead of the seismic event. Our study examines 10 earthquakes that transpired over a span of 3.5 months—averaging nearly three quakes monthly—which concurrently generated 45 discernible potential precursor seismic signals. Notably, each earthquake originated in Southern Greece, within a radius of 30 to 250 km from the observatory on Mount Parnon. Our research seeks to resolve two important issues. The first concerns the association between specific ELF signals and individual earthquakes—a question of significant importance in seismogenic regions like Greece, where earthquakes occur frequently. The second inquiry concerns the parameters that determine the detectability of an earthquake by a given station, including the requisite proximity and magnitude. Initial findings suggest that SR signals can be reliably linked to a particular earthquake if the observatory is situated within the earthquake’s preparatory zone. Conversely, outside this zone, the correlation becomes indeterminate. Additionally, we observe a differentiation in SR signals based on whether the earthquake took place over land or offshore. The latter category exhibits unique signal behaviors, potentially attributable to the water layers above the epicenter acting as a barrier to the ascending gases, thereby affecting the atmospheric–ionospheric ionization process.
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Bubb, Charles. "Earthquake engineering in Australia." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 32, no. 1 (March 31, 1999): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.32.1.13-20.
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Earthquake Engineering in Australia, as elsewhere, has been formatted in the aftermath of damaging earthquakes. The first Australian Code AS2121-1979 was written and published after the 1968 Meckering WA earthquake. The second AS1170.4 1993 was published after the 1989 Newcastle NSW earthquake. Good quality Building Codes are a necessary basis for sound earthquake resistant designs. Both implementation and enforcement of the codes and sound robust construction in the field are essential for the protection of life and infrastructure. Also essential is the preservation and upgrading of the earthquake database. A study to assist the safer operation of emergency services immediately following damaging earthquakes is proposed.
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Rusdi, Zyad. "PEMBUATAN DASHBOARD GEMPA BUMI DI INDONESIA." Computatio : Journal of Computer Science and Information Systems 6, no. 2 (December 15, 2022): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/computatio.v6i2.19850.
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Abstract
Earthquakes are one of the most frequent disasters in Indonesia in recent years. Earthquakes often strike the country of Indonesia because Indonesia is located along tectonic paths so that earthquakes become an unavoidable disaster and my goal in conducting this research is to show data on earthquakes that occurred in Indonesia during the last few years from 2008 to 2018. Earthquakes also have risks. which is quite large depending on the strength of the earthquake produced, the higher the strength of the earthquake, the greater the risk that will be caused to the risk of a tsunami. The data used are date, area, earthquake strength, victims and damage caused by the earthquake for the manufacture of earthquake dashboards in Indonesia and the purpose of making dashboards to provide information to users about earthquake events that occurred in Indonesia through the dashboard display to make it easier for users to understand the data. presented through the dashboard. The dashboard creation will be done using the Power BI application. The method used is the waterfall method because it has a clear flow from beginning to end.