Journal articles: 'Earthquake theory'

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Wan, Hai Tao, and Qing Mei Kong. "Research on Performance-Based Design Theory." Advanced Materials Research 594-597 (November 2012): 1684–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.594-597.1684.

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Three level seismic fortification theory is seismic design theory of the bearing capacity,which can not really realize that no damage under minor earthquake, repairable under moderate earthquake and no collapsing under strong earthquake. In order to overcome this deficiency, American earthquake engineering and structural engineering experts have profound conclusion after the previous earthquakes, improved bearing capacity design method, put forward the theory of performance-based design.Firstly,the origin of performance-based design theory is introduced in the paper.Secondly,the main content of performance-based design theory is illustrated,which include Earthquake Hazard Levels,performance levels of building structure,target building performance levels and performance- based design methods.Finally,the paper pointes out that performance-based design theory has attracted extensive attention of Chinese researchers and engineering designer,a series of research work has been carried on,and some achievement has been made.

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McBrearty, Ian W., Joan Gomberg, Andrew A. Delorey, and Paul A. Johnson. "Earthquake Arrival Association with Backprojection and Graph Theory." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 109, no. 6 (October 8, 2019): 2510–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120190081.

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Abstract The association of seismic‐wave arrivals with causative earthquakes becomes progressively more challenging as arrival detection methods become more sensitive, and particularly when earthquake rates are high. For instance, seismic waves arriving across a monitoring network from several sources may overlap in time, false arrivals may be detected, and some arrivals may be of unknown phase (e.g., P or S waves). We propose an automated method to associate arrivals with earthquake sources and obtain source locations applicable to such situations. To do so, we use a pattern detection metric based on the principle of backprojection to reveal candidate sources followed by graph‐theory‐based clustering and an integer linear optimization routine to associate arrivals with the minimum number of sources necessary to explain the data. This method solves for all sources and phase assignments simultaneously, rather than in a sequential greedy procedure as is common in other association routines. We demonstrate our method on both synthetic and real data from the Integrated Plate Boundary Observatory Chile seismic network of northern Chile. For the synthetic tests, we report results for cases with varying complexity, including rates of 500 earthquakes/day and 500 false arrivals/station/day, for which we measure true positive detection accuracy of >95%. For the real data, we develop a new catalog between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2017 containing 817,548 earthquakes, with detection rates on average 279 earthquakes/day and a magnitude‐of‐completion of M∼1.8. A subset of detections are identified as sources related to quarry and industrial site activity, and we also detect thousands of foreshocks and aftershocks of the 1 April 2014 Mw 8.2 Iquique earthquake. During the highest rate of aftershock activity, >600 earthquakes/day are detected in the vicinity of the Iquique earthquake rupture zone.

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Poirier, Jean-Paul. "Electrical earthquakes: A short-lived theory in the 18th century." Earth Sciences History 35, no. 2 (January 1, 2016): 283–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6178-35.2.283.

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As soon as it was shown that thunderstorms were due to electricity, it became obvious for many physicists that earthquakes, which, as Pliny said, were subterranean thunderstorms, must be electrical phenomena. Despite some opposition, the ‘system of electricity’ became the fashionable theory of earthquakes, in the second half of the 18th century. Its proponents insisted on the idea that only electrical discharges could explain that earthquake shocks propagated instantaneously over large distances. A majority of the Italian philosophers attributed the disastrous 1783 Calabrian earthquake to electricity. When electrostatic machines and Leiden jars gave way to Voltaic piles, in the beginning of the 19th century, the ‘system of electricity’ rapidly disappeared.

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Thurber, Clifford H. "Nonlinear earthquake location: Theory and examples." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 75, no. 3 (June 1, 1985): 779–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0750030779.

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Abstract A fundamental modification to Geiger's method of earthquake location for local earthquakes is described which incorporates nonlinear behavior of travel time as a function of source position. The use of Newton's method rather than the usual Gauss-Newton method allows the inclusion of second-order partial derivatives of travel time with respect to source coordinates in the location algorithm. These second-order derivatives can be calculated quite easily for half-space and layered crustal models. Expected benefits are improved convergence and stability, as demonstrated in a series of examples, and more realistic assessment of solution uncertainty.

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Wang, Kai, and Kuan Liu. "Prediction of Mining Step in Strong Mine Earthquake Based on Grey System Theory." Advanced Materials Research 734-737 (August 2013): 594–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.594.

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Mine earthquake is one of induced earthquakes caused by mining activities. When strong mine earthquake happens, the propagation process of seismic waves have enormous energies, which will make dynamic load pulse impulsion for coal seams and roadways strongly, as the result, the coal would collapse and throw out coal-rock mass dynamically, moreover, it would evoke impulsion pressure which could cause casualties.

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Zimbidis, Alexandros A., Nickolaos E. Frangos, and Athanasios A. Pantelous. "Modeling Earthquake Risk via Extreme Value Theory and Pricing the Respective Catastrophe Bonds." ASTIN Bulletin 37, no. 01 (May 2007): 163–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ast.37.1.2020804.

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The aim of the paper is twofold. Firstly, to analyze the historical data of the earthquakes in the boarder area of Greece and then to produce a reliable model for the risk dynamics of the magnitude of the earthquakes, using advanced techniques from the Extreme Value Theory. Secondly, to discuss briefly the relevant theory of incomplete markets and price earthquake catastrophe bonds, combining the model found for the earthquake risk and an appropriate model for the interest rate dynamics in an incomplete market framework. The paper ends by providing some numerical results using Monte Carlo simulation techniques and stochastic iterative equations.

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Zimbidis, Alexandros A., Nickolaos E. Frangos, and Athanasios A. Pantelous. "Modeling Earthquake Risk via Extreme Value Theory and Pricing the Respective Catastrophe Bonds." ASTIN Bulletin 37, no. 1 (May 2007): 163–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0515036100014793.

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The aim of the paper is twofold. Firstly, to analyze the historical data of the earthquakes in the boarder area of Greece and then to produce a reliable model for the risk dynamics of the magnitude of the earthquakes, using advanced techniques from the Extreme Value Theory. Secondly, to discuss briefly the relevant theory of incomplete markets and price earthquake catastrophe bonds, combining the model found for the earthquake risk and an appropriate model for the interest rate dynamics in an incomplete market framework. The paper ends by providing some numerical results using Monte Carlo simulation techniques and stochastic iterative equations.

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Men, Kepei. "Research on Prediction of Three Great Earthquakes During the Beginning of the 21st Century in the Northern Xizang Plateau." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 66, no. 10-11 (November 1, 2011): 681–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5560/zna.2011-0028.

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The northern Xizang Plateau is a main seismic zone inWest China. Since 1700, M ≥ 7 earthquakes have had an obvious commensurability and orderliness in this region. The main ordered values are 106∼107a, 77∼78a, 53∼54a, 26∼27a, 11∼12a, and 3∼4a. According to the information forecasting theory ofWen-BoWeng (W. B.Weng, Fundamentals of Forecasting Theory. Petroleum Industry Press, Beijing 1984 (in Chinese)), combining ordered analysis with complex network technology, we try to explore the practical method for M ≥ 7 earthquake prediction with Chinese characteristics, and build a informational ordered network structure of M ≥7 earthquakes in the northern Xizang Plateau. In this paper, we study the prediction of three great earthquakes (the 2001 Kunlunshan M8.1, the 2008Wenchuan M8.0, and the 2010 M7.1 Yushu earthquake) during the beginning of the 21st century based on the method of ordered network structure, and give many famous earthquake examples in China and abroad. Meanwhile, the cause of formation about the Wenchuan and Yushu earthquake has been discussed primarily. At last, we present some new prediction opinions: the future M ≥7 earthquakes will happen in 2014 - 2015, 2026 - 2027, and 2030 pre and post in this region. The results show that this method has a unique effect on moderate term and long term prediction for great earthquakes.

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Wanliss, J., V. Muñoz, D. Pastén, B. Toledo, and J. A. Valdivia. "Critical behavior in earthquake energy dissipation." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics Discussions 2, no. 2 (April 17, 2015): 619–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npgd-2-619-2015.

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Abstract. We explore bursty multiscale energy dissipation from earthquakes flanked by latitudes 29 and 35.5° S, and longitudes 69.501 and 73.944° W (in the Chilean central zone). Our work compares the predictions of a theory of nonequilibrium phase transitions with nonstandard statistical signatures of earthquake complex scaling behaviors. For temporal scales less than than 84 h, time development of earthquake radiated energy activity follows an algebraic arrangement consistent with estimates from the theory of nonequilibrium phase transitions. There are no characteristic scales for probability distributions of sizes and lifetimes of the activity bursts in the scaling region. The power-law exponents describing the probability distributions suggest that the main energy dissipation takes place due to largest bursts of activity, such as major earthquakes, as opposed to smaller activations which contribute less significantly though they have greater relative occurrence. The results obtained provide statistical evidence that earthquake energy dissipation mechanisms are essentially "scale-free," displaying statistical and dynamical self-similarity. Our results provide some evidence that earthquake radiated energy and directed percolation belong to a similar universality class.

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Teisseyre, R. "New earthquake rebound theory." Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 39, no. 1 (June 1985): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(85)90110-4.

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Chen, Jin, Hong Tang, and Wenkai Chen. "Deep learning of the aftershock hysteresis effect based on the elastic dislocation theory." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 11 (November 24, 2020): 3117–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-3117-2020.

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Abstract. This paper selects fault source models of typical earthquakes across the globe and uses a volume extending 100 km horizontally from each mainshock rupture plane and 50 km vertically as the primary area of earthquake influence for calculation and analysis. A deep neural network is constructed to model the relationship between elastic stress tensor components and aftershock state at multiple timescales, and the model is evaluated. Finally, based on the aftershock hysteresis model, the aftershock hysteresis effect of the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008 and Tohoku earthquake in 2011 is analyzed, and the aftershock hysteresis effect at different depths is compared and analyzed. The correlation between the aftershock hysteresis effect and the Omori formula is also discussed and analyzed. The constructed aftershock hysteresis model has a good fit to the data and can predict the aftershock pattern at multiple timescales after a large earthquake. Compared with the traditional aftershock spatial analysis method, the model is more effective and fully considers the distribution of actual faults, instead of treating the earthquake as a point source. The expansion rate of the aftershock pattern is negatively correlated with time, and the aftershock patterns at all timescales are roughly similar and anisotropic.

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Chen, Jiemin, Zelin Yan, Linfeng Xu, Zhixin Liu, Yan Liu, and Jiawei Tian. "The Nonlinear Time Sequence Analysis in the Alpine-Himalayan Earthquake Zone." E3S Web of Conferences 299 (2021): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129902001.

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The characteristics of the earthquake activity in the Eurasian earthquake zone, which is the second largest earthquake zone in the world, was investigated by researchers. The earthquake activity of the Eurasian earthquake zone was analysed in various disciplines, such as earth dynamics, rock mechanics, geology and tectonics. The emergence of fractal theory provided a new direction in exploring the characteristics of the earthquake activity in the Eurasian earthquake zone. This study processed the data on the earthquake activity in the Eurasian earthquake zone by self-similarity method and scaled invariant feature test and used the rescaled range analysis method to analyse the nonlinear time series fractal characteristics of the earthquake activity in the Eurasian earthquake zone. Results show that the time series of earthquake activity in the study area is not an independent Poisson process, which exhibits the characteristics of scale invariance and long-range correlation. Approximately 80% of the H values of the earthquake activity iteratively increase and decrease for moderate earthquakes, which is mainly concentrated during the increasing stage. The time difference of the H value between the two-neighbouring earthquake shows that the H value fluctuates in the active earthquake region and is stationary in the relatively stable region. Strong earthquakes will likely occur in the next few years because the H value fluctuates.

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Men, Kepei, and Wenjun Liu. "The Orderly Network Structure of M≥ 7 Strong Earthquake Chain and its Prediction in Xinjiang Region of China." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 66, no. 5 (May 1, 2011): 363–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2011-0513.

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M ≥ 7 strong earthquakes have had an obvious commensurability and orderliness in Xinjiang, China, and its neighbourhood region since 1800. The main orderly values are 30a×k (k = 1,2, 3), 11 ~ 12a, 41 ~ 43a, and 18 ~ 19a. According to the informative forecasting theory of Wen-BoWeng and complex networks technology, we try to explore the practical methods for strong earthquake prediction with Chinese characteristics, and conceive the informational orderly network structure of M ≥ 7 strong earthquakes. Based on this, Yutian M7.3 strong earthquake was successful predicted in 2008. Meanwhile, the next strong earthquake with magnitude 7 or so will happen around 2014 - 2015 in this region. The results shows that strong earthquakes could be predicted. This method has an unique effect for mid-and-long term prediction of strong earthquakes.

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Li, Shasha, Guofang Zhai, Chenjing Fan, Jing Chen, and Li Li. "The Need for Cognition on Earthquake Risk in China Based on Psychological Distance Theory." Complexity 2020 (December 31, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8882813.

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There is a high need for cognition on earthquake risk to improve the public’s risk knowledge and risk awareness, so that they can make right decisions and take quick actions regarding mitigation measures and adjustments. In this study, search engine query data from the Baidu Index were extracted to reveal the information search behaviors of the Chinese public regarding the earthquake risk from 2010 to 2012. The data were also analyzed to discuss the characteristics of need for cognition on a nationwide scale and over the long term. The results showed that (1) graphic representations of need for cognition adhere to a “half-peak pattern” before and after earthquake events and (2) dimensions in psychological distance theory, such as temporal distance (time span between earthquakes), spatial distance, and social distance (geographic location) influence the need for cognition on earthquake risk that was the time and spatial discount effect. The implications for theory and practice regarding risk communication and management are discussed and concluded.

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Major, Ann M. "A Test of Situational Communication Theory: Public Response to the 1990 Browning Earthquake Prediction." International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters 11, no. 3 (November 1993): 337–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028072709301100306.

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Iben Browning's December 3, 1990, earthquake prediction for the New Madrid fault region provided the setting for examining public response and communication about a disaster warning. Grunig's (1983) situational theory of publics was used to examine respondents’ orientations toward the earthquake problem, that is whether they recognized the problem and whether they felt they could do anything about the problem. Two public opinion surveys, the first conducted during the first week of November 1990, and the follow-up conducted during the last week of February 1991, were analyzed. High problem recognition publics were more likely to have reported involvement with the earthquake issue, to have talked with others about earthquakes, and to have done something to prepare for the earthquake. This study extends situational theory by including a measure of the perceived influence of communication on involvement. In the November 1990 survey, problem-facers and constrained reported that both television and newspaper news and interpersonal discussion influenced their perception of the importance of the earthquake problem, whereas in the February survey, only discussion with others impacted issue involvement. Mass media use and interpersonal discussion do influence how important people perceive a potential disaster to be particularly if those people recognize the disaster as a problem and believe that they can prepare for the disaster.

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Speck, Kirsten, Barbara St Pierre Schneider, and Nadia Deashinta. "A Rodent Model to Advance the Field Treatment of Crush Muscle Injury During Earthquakes and Other Natural Disasters." Biological Research For Nursing 15, no. 1 (August 5, 2011): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099800411414698.

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Approximately 170 earthquakes of 6.0 or higher magnitude occur annually worldwide. Victims often suffer crush muscle injuries involving impaired blood flow to the affected muscle and damage to the muscle fiber membrane. Current rescue efforts are directed toward preventing acute kidney injury (AKI), which develops upon extrication and muscle reperfusion. But field-usable, muscle-specific interventions may promote muscle regeneration and prevent or minimize the pathologic changes of reperfusion. Although current rodent crush injury models involve reperfusion upon removal of the crush stimulus, an analysis of their methodological aspects is needed to ensure adequate simulation of the earthquake-related crush injury. The objectives of this systematic review are to (a) describe rodent crush muscle injury models, (b) discuss the benefits and limitations of these models, and (c) offer a recommendation for animal models that would increase our understanding of muscle recovery processes after an earthquake-induced crush muscle injury. The most commonly used rodent model uses a clamping or pressing crush stimulus directly applied to murine hindlimb muscle. This model has increased our understanding of muscle regeneration but its open approach does not adequately represent the earthquake-related crush injury. The model we recommend for developing field-usable, muscle-specific interventions is a closed approach that involves a nonclamping crush stimulus. Findings from studies employing this recommended model may have greater relevance for developing interventions that lessen the earthquake’s devastating impact on individual and community health and quality of life, especially in developing countries.

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Jing, Jin, Yang Yu, and Jiang Yuxin. "Research on Intelligent Evaluation Model of Railway Internationalized Earthquake Emergency Rescue Talents Based on Analytic Hierarchy Process and Fuzzy Theory." Shock and Vibration 2021 (October 11, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6862306.

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Earthquakes occur frequently in the 21st century and cause a large number of casualties; induced secondary geological disasters will cause more serious casualties. How to reasonably deal with the earthquake disaster to carry out emergency rescue work is becoming increasingly urgent; the ability level of earthquake disaster emergency rescue personnel is directly related to the follow-up relief effect. Based on this, aiming at the emergency rescue ability of nationalized railway management talents in high-intensity earthquake areas around the world, this paper will use the methods of analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy theory to construct an intelligent evaluation model of railway international earthquake emergency rescue personnel ability. In addition, this paper carries out a questionnaire survey of experts in related fields and model empirical research and puts forward optimization measures and suggestions for the personnel training of railway international earthquake emergency rescue in high-intensity seismic areas based on the results of model evaluation.

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Lu, Kunquan, Meiying Hou, Zehui Jiang, Qiang Wang, Gang Sun, and Jixing Liu. "Understanding earthquake from the granular physics point of view — Causes of earthquake, earthquake precursors and predictions." International Journal of Modern Physics B 32, no. 07 (March 5, 2018): 1850081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979218500819.

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We treat the earth crust and mantle as large scale discrete matters based on the principles of granular physics and existing experimental observations. Main outcomes are: A granular model of the structure and movement of the earth crust and mantle is established. The formation mechanism of the tectonic forces, which causes the earthquake, and a model of propagation for precursory information are proposed. Properties of the seismic precursory information and its relevance with the earthquake occurrence are illustrated, and principle of ways to detect the effective seismic precursor is elaborated. The mechanism of deep-focus earthquake is also explained by the jamming–unjamming transition of the granular flow. Some earthquake phenomena which were previously difficult to understand are explained, and the predictability of the earthquake is discussed. Due to the discrete nature of the earth crust and mantle, the continuum theory no longer applies during the quasi-static seismological process. In this paper, based on the principles of granular physics, we study the causes of earthquakes, earthquake precursors and predictions, and a new understanding, different from the traditional seismological viewpoint, is obtained.

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Yamashita, Teruo, and Roman Teisseyre. "Continuum Theory of Earthquake Fracturing." Journal of Physics of the Earth 42, no. 6 (1994): 425–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4294/jpe1952.42.425.

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Chui, Glennda. "Seismology: Shaking up earthquake theory." Nature 461, no. 7266 (October 2009): 870–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/461870a.

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Men, Kepei. "The Ordered Network Structure of M≥8 Great Earthquakes and their Prediction in Mainland China." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 67, no. 5 (May 1, 2012): 308–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5560/zna.2012-0013.

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China is one of the countries which have the most earthquake disasters in the world. A total of 23 M ≥ 8 earthquakes occurred in Mainland China from 1303 to 2010. The seismic activity of M ≥ 8 earthquakes has had an obvious self-organized orderliness. The main ordered values are 252~258 a, 108~112 a, 94~98 a, 44~47 a, 24~25 a, 16~19 a, and 11~14 a. According to the information forecasting theory of Wen-Bo Weng and combining ordered analysis with complex network technology, we build an informational ordered network structure of M ≥ 8 great earthquakes in Mainland China and try to explore the practical method for M ≥ 8 great earthquake prediction with Chinese characteristics. In this paper, we have summarized the prediction research on two great earthquakes (the 2001 Kunlunshan M8.1 and the 2008 Wenchuan M8.0 earthquake) during the beginning of the 21st century in western Mainland China. At last, with the method of ordered network structure, we present a new prediction opinion: the future M ≥ 8 great earthquakes will happen in 2026 and 2065 pre and post in Mainland China. The results show that a M ≥ 8 great earthquake could be predicted and the network feature is the formation mechanism of great earthquakes. The ordered network method has a unique effect on moderate term and long term prediction for M ≥ 8 great earthquakes.

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Wang, J. P., and Y. Xu. "A non-stationary earthquake probability assessment with the Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 10 (October 23, 2015): 2401–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-2401-2015.

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Abstract. From theory to experience, earthquake probability associated with an active fault should be gradually increasing with time since the last event. In this paper, a new non-stationary earthquake assessment motivated/derived from the Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion is introduced. Different from other non-stationary earthquake analyses, the new model can more clearly define and calculate the stress states between two characteristic earthquakes. In addition to the model development and the algorithms, this paper also presents an example calculation to help explain and validate the new model. On the condition of best-estimate model parameters, the example calculation shows a 7.6 % probability for the Meishan fault in central Taiwan to induce a major earthquake in years 2015–2025, and if the earthquake does not occur by 2025, the earthquake probability will increase to 8 % in 2025–2035, which validates the new model that can calculate non-stationary earthquake probability as it should vary with time.

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Chandra ; Jonathan Hans Yoas Sihotang, Jansen. "SOPO BATAK TOBA RESILIENCE TECTONICS TOWARD EARTHQUAKE STUDY OBJECT: SOPO NAGARI SIHOTANG." Riset Arsitektur (RISA) 3, no. 03 (July 5, 2019): 222–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26593/risa.v3i03.3333.222-239.

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Abstract- Sopo is a granary house in traditional Batak Toba architecture. Sopo is important for Batak Toba community because it serves as a place to store rice which is the source of life. Nowadays sopo is harder to find than ruma. Most of the sopo has transformed into Batak Toba house and uses as a residence. Sopo is located in Lake Toba, North Sumatra, which is prone to earthquakes. Sopo Nagari Sihotang was built in the 1920s and has experienced many earthquakes, now the sopo still survive without any structural damage. The resistance of the sopo over the years proves the sopo resilience to earthquakes. From the evidence of resilience to earthquake, its interesting to investigate the tectonics of this sopo. The purpose of the research is to understand the tectonic of Sopo Nagari Sihotang that resilience to earthquake and find local wisdom in facing earthquake disaster.The research used descriptive method with qualitative approach by describing the existing state of Sopo Nagari Sihotang and comparing it with tectonic theory and earthquake resistant structure. The sopo’s data were collected by field observation and literature study. The data are grouped into four parts, namely construction, detail, space, and ornaments that become points for analysis of tectonics. Tectonic analysis is associated with the theory of earthquake resistant structures to find out what makes tectonic of the sopo resilient to earthquakes.The result is the tectonic resilience of the Sopo Nagari Sihotang to earthquakes are found in the tectonics construction in the use of materials; tectonics detail on vertical structures and horizontal structures; and tectonics space at the story height – the activity, the spatial form – the building hape, the spatial form - the structure, and the activity - the structure. The tectonic resilience of Sopo Nagari Sihotang to earthquakes is not found in the tectonics construction and tectonics ornament. The local wisdom which are the main factors make the sopo resilience to earthquake are found on, the tectonics detail of the sopo post-batu ojahan can retain the sopo by relying on the frictional force resulting from self-weight of the sopo; the tectonics detail of the sopo post-ransang can bind every sopo posts; the use of lightweight wood materials thus reducing inertia forces. Key Words: resilience, tectonics, sopo, earthquake, Batak Toba

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Steeples, Don W., and Dan D. Steeples. "Far-field aftershocks of the 1906 earthquake." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 86, no. 4 (August 1, 1996): 921–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0860040921.

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Abstract During the 24 hr following the great San Francisco, California, earthquake of 18 April 1906, separate seismic events were felt at Paisley, Oregon; Phoenix, Arizona; Los Angeles, California; and Brawley, California (MMIX). Using probability theory, we show that the occurrence of felt earthquakes in each of these widespread locations on the same day would constitute a rare event. Rates of felt-earthquake occurrences over a 9-yr period from 1897 to 1906 were determined for the four different regions that experienced earthquakes within 24 hr after the 1906 event. We modeled the likelihood of occurrence of these aftershocks in the spirit of the “ball-in-the-box” probability problem, and the results indicated a very high probability that the aftershock zone of the great earthquake extended at least 500 km beyond the extent of ground breakage, implying a disturbance of the stress field over an area at least two to three times longer than the fault break itself.

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Guillermo Cordaro, Enrique, Patricio Venegas-Aravena, and David Laroze. "Long-term magnetic anomalies and their possible relationship to the latest greater Chilean earthquakes in the context of the seismo-electromagnetic theory." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 6 (June 11, 2021): 1785–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1785-2021.

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Abstract. Several magnetic measurements and theoretical developments from different research groups have shown certain relationships with worldwide geological processes. Secular variation in geomagnetic cutoff rigidity, magnetic frequencies, or magnetic anomalies have been linked with spatial properties of active convergent tectonic margins or earthquake occurrences during recent years. These include the rise in similar fundamental frequencies in the range of microhertz before the Maule 2010, Tōhoku 2011, and Sumatra–Andaman 2004 earthquakes and the dramatic rise in the cumulative number of magnetic anomalous peaks before several earthquakes such as Nepal 2015 and Mexico (Puebla) 2017. Currently, all of these measurements have been physically explained by the microcrack generation due to uniaxial stress change in rock experiments. The basic physics of these experiments have been used to describe the lithospheric behavior in the context of the seismo-electromagnetic theory. Due to the dramatic increase in experimental evidence, physical mechanisms, and the theoretical framework, this paper analyzes vertical magnetic behavior close to the three latest main earthquakes in Chile: Maule 2010 (Mw 8.8), Iquique 2014 (Mw 8.2), and Illapel 2015 (Mw 8.3). The fast Fourier transform (FFT), wavelet transform, and daily cumulative number of anomalies methods were used during quiet space weather time during 1 year before and after each earthquake in order to filter space influence. The FFT method confirms the rise in the power spectral density in the millihertz range 1 month before each earthquake, which decreases to lower values some months after earthquake occurrence. The cumulative anomaly method exhibited an increase prior to each Chilean earthquake (50–90 d prior to earthquakes) similar to those found for Nepal 2015 and Mexico 2017. The wavelet analyses also show similar properties to FFT analysis. However, the lack of physics-based constraints in the wavelet analysis does not allow conclusions that are as strong as those made by FFT and cumulative methods. By using these results and previous research, it could be stated that these magnetic features could give seismic information about impending events. Additionally, these results could be related to the lithosphere–atmosphere–ionosphere coupling (LAIC effect) and the growth of microcracks and electrification in rocks described by the seismo-electromagnetic theory.

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Pei, Li Na. "Performance-Based Research of Existing Reinforced Concrete Building Structure Seismic Evaluation and Reinforcement Technology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 513-517 (February 2014): 3500–3503. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.513-517.3500.

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Based on the current seismic codes, the elastic capacity calculation under frequent earthquake and ductile details of seismic design should be used for both seismic design of new buildings and seismic evaluation of existing buildings to satisfy the seismic fortification criterion, namely/no damage under frequent earthquake, repairable under moderate earthquake, and no collapse under severe earthquake0. For the evaluation, rebuilding and extending of existing structures which dissatisfy the ductile details of current seismic codes, the elastic capacity calculation under frequent earthquake is obviously not enough. In this paper, the advanced performance-based seismic theory is introduced while story drift ratio and deformation of component are used as performance targets to solve the problems of seismic evaluation and strengthening for existing reinforced concrete structures.

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Zhang, Yong, Da Jian Hu, and Lu Xue. "Catastrophe Theory Analysis of Rock Mass Dynamic Destabilization." Applied Mechanics and Materials 166-169 (May 2012): 2774–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.166-169.2774.

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In step with body Ⅱ, analytic solution and illustration of elastic energy releasing amount of rock mass dynamic destabilization are given for the first time in the form of precise and approximate catastrophe model. It is upgraded from qualitative understand to quantitative description that study on rock stability at the stage before and after earthquake and rockburst. The halting point’s position of rock mass dynamic destabilization is ascertained strictly, and it offers scientific basis for the calculation on earthquake efficiency, the study on earthquake energy magnitude released, earthquake stress drop, fault offset after earthquake and amount of elastic strain recovery of surrounding rock. The system possesses the capability of applying work to surroundings when it destabilizes, and earthquake wave energy is the work that destabilizing rock system applies to surroundings by way of destructive. The given illustration of elastic energy releasing amount implicates wealth of information, it produces credible evidence for confirming that the mathematical abstract of rock dynamic destabilization is fold catastrophe model.

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Svetlizky, Ilya, Elsa Bayart, and Jay Fineberg. "Brittle Fracture Theory Describes the Onset of Frictional Motion." Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics 10, no. 1 (March 10, 2019): 253–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031218-013327.

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Contacting bodies subjected to sufficiently large applied shear will undergo frictional sliding. The onset of this motion is mediated by dynamically propagating fronts, akin to earthquakes, that rupture the discrete contacts that form the interface separating the bodies. Macroscopic motion commences only after these ruptures have traversed the entire interface. Comparison of measured rupture dynamics with the detailed predictions of fracture mechanics reveals that the propagation dynamics, dissipative properties, radiation, and arrest of these “laboratory earthquakes” are in excellent quantitative agreement with the predictions of the theory of brittle fracture. Thus, interface fracture replaces the idea of a characteristic static friction coefficient as a description of the onset of friction. This fracture-based description of friction additionally provides a fundamental description of earthquake dynamics and arrest.

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Babeshko, Vladimir A., Olga V. Evdokimova, and Olga M. Babeshko. "The theory of the starting earthquake." Ecological Bulletin of Research Centers of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation 13, no. 1. Pt. 2 (April 22, 2016): 37–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31429/vestnik-13-1-2-37-80.

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Kourouklas, Christos, Rodolfo Console, Eleftheria Papadimitriou, Maura Murru, and Vassilios Karakostas. "Modelling the large earthquakes recurrence times along the North Aegean Trough Fault Zone (Greece) with a physics-based simulator." Geophysical Journal International 225, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 2135–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggab085.

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SUMMARY The recurrence time of large earthquakes above a predefined magnitude threshold on specific faults or fault segments is one of the key parameters for the development of long-term Earthquake Rupture Forecast models. Observational data of successive large earthquakes per fault segment are often limited and thus inadequate for the construction of robust statistical models. The physics-based earthquake simulators are a powerful tool to overcome recurrence data limitations by generating long earthquake records. A physics-based simulator, embodying well known physical processes, is applied in the North Aegean Trough (NAT) Fault Zone (Greece). The application of the simulation is implemented, after defining a five segment source model, aiming at the investigation of the recurrence behaviour of earthquakes with Mw ≥ 6.5 and Mw ≥ 7.0. The detailed examination of the 544 Mw ≥ 6.5 earthquakes included in the simulated catalogue reveals that both single and multiple segmented ruptures can be realized along the NAT. Results of statistical analysis of the interevent times of Mw ≥ 6.5 and Mw≥ 7.0 earthquakes per participating segment to the related ruptures indicate the better performance of the Brownian Passage Time renewal model in comparison to exponential model. These results provide evidence for quasi-periodic recurrence behaviour, agreeing with the elastic rebound theory, instead of Poissonian behaviour.

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Men, Ke-Pei, and Kai Zhao. "The Ordered Network Structure and Prediction Summary for M≥7 Earthquakes in Xinjiang Region of China." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 69, no. 12 (December 1, 2014): 635–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5560/zna.2014-0053.

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AbstractM ≥7 earthquakes have showed an obvious commensurability and orderliness in Xinjiang of China and its adjacent region since 1800. The main orderly values are 30 a × k (k = 1,2,3), 11 ~ 12 a, 41 ~ 43 a, 18 ~ 19 a, and 5 ~ 6 a. In the guidance of the information forecasting theory of Wen-Bo Weng, based on previous research results, combining ordered network structure analysis with complex network technology, we focus on the prediction summary of M ≥ 7 earthquakes by using the ordered network structure, and add new information to further optimize network, hence construct the 2D- and 3D-ordered network structure of M ≥ 7 earthquakes. In this paper, the network structure revealed fully the regularity of seismic activity of M ≥ 7 earthquakes in the study region during the past 210 years. Based on this, the Karakorum M7.1 earthquake in 1996, the M7.9 earthquake on the frontier of Russia, Mongol, and China in 2003, and two Yutian M7.3 earthquakes in 2008 and 2014 were predicted successfully. At the same time, a new prediction opinion is presented that the future two M ≥ 7 earthquakes will probably occur around 2019 - 2020 and 2025 - 2026 in this region. The results show that large earthquake occurred in defined region can be predicted. The method of ordered network structure analysis produces satisfactory results for the mid-and-long term prediction of M ≥ 7 earthquakes.

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Venegas-Aravena, Patricio, Enrique Cordaro, and David Laroze. "Fractal Clustering as Spatial Variability of Magnetic Anomalies Measurements for Impending Earthquakes and the Thermodynamic Fractal Dimension." Fractal and Fractional 6, no. 11 (October 26, 2022): 624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract6110624.

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Several studies focusing on the anomalies of one specific parameter (such as magnetic, ionospheric, radon release, temperature, geodetic, etc.) before impending earthquakes are constantly challenged because their results can be regarded as noise, false positives or are not related to earthquakes at all. This rise concerns the viability of studying isolated physical phenomena before earthquakes. Nevertheless, it has recently been shown that all of the complexity of these pre-earthquake anomalies rises because they could share the same origin. Particularly, the evolution and concentration of uniaxial stresses within rock samples have shown the generation of fractal crack clustering before the macroscopic failure. As there are studies which considered that the magnetic anomalies are created by lithospheric cracks in the seismo-electromagnetic theory, it is expected that the crack clustering is a spatial feature of magnetic and non-magnetic anomalies measurements in ground, atmospheric and ionospheric environments. This could imply that the rise of multiparametric anomalies at specific locations and times, increases the reliability of impending earthquake detections. That is why this work develops a general theory of fractal-localization of different anomalies within the lithosphere in the framework of the seismo-electromagnetic theory. In addition, a general description of the fractal dimension in terms of scaling entropy change is obtained. This model could be regarded as the basis of future early warning systems for catastrophic earthquakes.

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Ezersky, A., D. Tiguercha, and E. Pelinovsky. "Resonance phenomena at the long wave run-up on the coast." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 13, no. 11 (November 5, 2013): 2745–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-2745-2013.

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Abstract. Run-up of long waves on a beach consisting of three pieces of constant but different slopes is studied. Linear shallow-water theory is used for incoming impulse evolution, and nonlinear corrections are obtained for the run-up stage. It is demonstrated that bottom profile influences the run-up characteristics and can lead to resonance effects: increase of wave height, particle velocity, and number of oscillations. Simple parameterization of tsunami source through an earthquake magnitude is used to calculate the run-up height versus earthquake magnitude. It is shown that resonance effects lead to the sufficient increase of run-up heights for the weakest earthquakes, and a tsunami wave does not break on chosen bottom relief if the earthquake magnitude does not exceed 7.8.

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Ezersky, A., D. Tiguercha, and E. Pelinovsky. "Resonance phenomena at the long wave run-up on the coast." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 1, no. 2 (March 21, 2013): 561–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-1-561-2013.

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Abstract. Run-up of long wave on a beach consisting of three pieces of constant but different slopes is studied. Linear shallow-water theory is used for incoming impulse evolution and non-linear corrections are obtained for the run-up stage. It is demonstrated that bottom profile influences the run-up characteristics and can lead to the resonance effects: increasing of wave height, particle velocity, and number of oscillations. Simple parameterization of tsunami source through an earthquake magnitude is used to calculate the run-up height versus earthquake magnitude. It is shown that resonance effects lead to the sufficient increasing of run-up heights for weakest earthquakes and tsunami wave does not break on chosen bottom relief if the earthquake magnitude does not exceed 7.8.

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Men, Ke-Pei, and Kai Zhao. "The Ordered Network Structure of M≥8 Earthquakes and its Prediction for the Ordered Pair Great Earthquakes in Mainland China." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 69, no. 3-4 (April 1, 2014): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5560/zna.2013-0086.

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According to the statistical data, a total of 23 M ≥ 8 earthquakes occurred in Mainland China from 1303 to 2012. The seismic activity of M ≥ 8 earthquakes has showed an obvious self-organized orderliness. It should be remarked especially that there were three ordered pairs of M ≥8 earthquakes occurred in West China during 1902 - 2001, of which the time interval in each pair of two earthquakes was four years. This is a unique and rare earthquake example in earthquake history of China and the world. In the guidance of the information forecasting theory of Wen-Bo Weng, based on previous research results, combining ordered analysis with complex network technology, this paper focuses on the summary of the ordered network structure of M ≥ 8 earthquakes, supplements new information, constructs and further optimizes the 2D- and 3D-ordered network structure of M ≥ 8 earthquakes to make prediction research. At last, a new prediction opinion is presented that the future ordered pair of great earthquakes will probably occur around 2022 and 2026 in Mainland China.

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Rabe, Zulfhikar, Soon Singh Bikar Singh, Muralindran Mariappan, Amran Manining, Ibnis Shaid Abdul Rajun, and Latifah Mohd Zain @Matjin. "A Theoretical Framework to Study Conceptual Understanding and Earthquake Readiness Among School Students at Ranau, Sabah." Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH) 7, no. 9 (September 30, 2022): e001711. http://dx.doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v7i9.1711.

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School students are a group that is very vulnerable to the risk of earthquake disasters in schools. Hence, a clearer understanding of the concept of earthquakes and readiness for earthquakes is a key element that needs to be given special attention by teachers in educating students. This scenario has prompted various studies to be conducted to evaluate and identify methods and strategies to improve understanding of concepts and earthquake preparedness to students. This is to help reduce risk and build disaster resilience among students. Therefore, the integration of the use of robots in the game learning module is able to help students in understanding the important concepts of earthquakes and the readiness that need to be taken when facing this disaster. This is due to the potential of the inclusion of robots in the teaching and learning process of games to boost student intrinsic motivation, enhance their critical thinking, problem-solving, and metacognition skills, and make it simpler for them to understand difficult concepts. To ensure that the teaching and learning process of the robot game module is perfectly implemented and meets the learning objectives, it is crucial to choose the appropriate theory. This article suggests a theoretical framework based on inclusive review of literatures to explore conceptual understanding of earthquake and earthquake preparedness among school students at Ranau, Sabah.

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Rosenau, Matthias, Fabio Corbi, and Stephane Dominguez. "Analogue earthquakes and seismic cycles: experimental modelling across timescales." Solid Earth 8, no. 3 (May 19, 2017): 597–635. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-8-597-2017.

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Abstract. Earth deformation is a multi-scale process ranging from seconds (seismic deformation) to millions of years (tectonic deformation). Bridging short- and long-term deformation and developing seismotectonic models has been a challenge in experimental tectonics for more than a century. Since the formulation of Reid's elastic rebound theory 100 years ago, laboratory mechanical models combining frictional and elastic elements have been used to study the dynamics of earthquakes. In the last decade, with the advent of high-resolution monitoring techniques and new rock analogue materials, laboratory earthquake experiments have evolved from simple spring-slider models to scaled analogue models. This evolution was accomplished by advances in seismology and geodesy along with relatively frequent occurrences of large earthquakes in the past decade. This coincidence has significantly increased the quality and quantity of relevant observations in nature and triggered a new understanding of earthquake dynamics. We review here the developments in analogue earthquake modelling with a focus on those seismotectonic scale models that are directly comparable to observational data on short to long timescales. We lay out the basics of analogue modelling, namely scaling, materials and monitoring, as applied in seismotectonic modelling. An overview of applications highlights the contributions of analogue earthquake models in bridging timescales of observations including earthquake statistics, rupture dynamics, ground motion, and seismic-cycle deformation up to seismotectonic evolution.

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Trinacty, Christopher. "FEAR AND HEALING: SENECA, CAECILIUS IUCUNDUS, AND THE CAMPANIAN EARTHQUAKE OF 62/63ce." Greece and Rome 66, no. 1 (March 11, 2019): 93–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383518000335.

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The earthquake of 62/63cewas a catastrophic event for Pompeii and Campania. The destruction and death toll were extensive and it is clear that the city of Pompeii was still recovering and rebuilding when the eruption of Vesuvius happened. This article takes into consideration the mental and emotional damage that the earthquake caused and the way in which Seneca and the archaeological record help us to perceive strategies of consolation and therapy. Seneca discusses this earthquake in Book 6 of hisNaturales quaestionesand hopes to lead his reader from the shock of the earthquake to a more comprehensive understanding of the physical causes of the tremor. The cultural memory of events not witnessed directly (such as Seneca's write-up of the Pompeii earthquake) makes us all survivors and ‘turn[s] history into a memory in which we can all participate’. If trauma ‘spreads via language and representation’, Seneca wants to limit what exactly is traumatic about this event and employs his creative rhetoric to do so. His account demonstrates how Stoic physics and ethics are connected and moves the reader from his or her fear of earthquakes to the fear of death at the root of the anxiety. Seneca carefully alters the valence of certain terms as well as selected memories of the earthquake to encourage his reader to transcend his or her fear and view earthquakes as natural occurrences, not anomalies to be dreaded. He does this through strategies identified in modern trauma theory as useful for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and this article investigates how contemporary trauma theory can help us understand aspects of Seneca's remedy. Seneca's repetitions of certain events and terminology works to reassess and renovate them from a philosophical angle – in essence it turns potential ‘flashbacks’ and ‘triggers’ into beneficial sites of memory and the means of recovery. Survivors often relive the trauma again and again – Seneca's work alludes to this, but now makes the victim actively revise how to make such iterations part of the recovery.

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Colombelli, Simona, Gaetano Festa, and Aldo Zollo. "Early rupture signals predict the final earthquake size." Geophysical Journal International 223, no. 1 (July 17, 2020): 692–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa343.

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SUMMARY When a seismic rupture starts, the process may evolve into multiple ways, generating different size earthquakes. Contrasting models have been proposed to describe the evolution of the rupture process while limited observations at the scale of real earthquake data are available, so that a unifying theory is still missing. Here we show that small and large earthquake ruptures are different before the arrest and they do not exhibit a common, size-independent, universal behaviour. For earthquakes with magnitude 4 < M < 9 occurred in Japan, we measure the initial rate of the P-wave peak amplitude and show that this quantity is correlated to the final event magnitude and not affected by distance attenuation, thus being a proxy for the initiation time of the rupture process. While opening new views on the rupture preparation process, our findings can have significant implications on the effective development of fast and reliable methods for source characterization and ground shaking prediction.

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Sornette, Didier, and Charles G. Sammis. "Complex Critical Exponents from Renormalization Group Theory of Earthquakes: Implications for Earthquake Predictions." Journal de Physique I 5, no. 5 (May 1995): 607–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp1:1995154.

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Liu, Dingwen, Jingyao Wang, and Yongjuan Wang. "Application of catastrophe theory in earthquake hazard assessment and earthquake prediction research." Tectonophysics 167, no. 2-4 (October 1989): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(89)90068-1.

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Maki, Norio, and Laurie A. Johnson. "How will we Manage Recovery from a Catastrophic Disaster? Organization Structure for Recovery Management in the World." Journal of Disaster Research 11, no. 5 (October 1, 2016): 889–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2016.p0889.

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The role of recovery organization management is important, and organizations in various forms have been established internationally to aid recovery from large-scale disasters. This paper clarifies three types of recovery organizations by analyzing them in various countries based on disaster organization theory. Furthermore, it analyzes recovery organizations that operated after the Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake and the Great East Japan Earthquake in Japan. It then examines the operations of recovery organizations during large-scale earthquakes that may lead to a national crisis by comparing recovery organizations internationally. Finally, this paper clarifies the necessity of “emergent” organizations.

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Marchandon, M., M. Vergnolle, and O. Cavalié. "Fault interactions in a complex fault system: insight from the 1936–1997 NE Lut earthquake sequence." Geophysical Journal International 224, no. 2 (September 23, 2020): 1157–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa451.

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SUMMARY Calculations of Coulomb stress changes have shown that moderate to large earthquakes may increase stress at the location of future earthquakes. Coulomb stress transfers have thus been widely accepted to explain earthquake sequences, especially for sequences occurring within parallel or collinear fault systems. Relating, under this framework, successive earthquakes occurring within more complex fault systems (i.e. conjugate fault system) is more challenging. In this study, we assess which ingredients of the Coulomb stress change theory are decisive for explaining the succession of three large (Mw 7+) earthquakes that occurred on a conjugate fault system in the NE Lut, East Iran, during a 30-yr period. These earthquakes belong to a larger seismic sequence made up of 11 earthquakes (Mw 5.9+) from 1936 to 1997. To reach our goal, we calculate, at each earthquake date, the stress changes generated by the static deformation of the preceding earthquakes, the following post-seismic deformation due to the viscoelastic relaxation of the lithosphere, and the interseismic deformation since 1936. We first show that accurately modelling the source and receiver fault geometry is crucial to precisely estimating Coulomb stress changes. Then we show that 7 out of 10 earthquakes of the NE Lut sequence, considering the uncertainties, are favoured by the previous earthquakes. Furthermore, the last two M7+ earthquakes of the sequence (1979 and 1997) have mainly been favoured by the moderate Mw ∼ 6 earthquakes. Finally, we investigate the link between the Coulomb stress changes due to previous earthquakes and the rupture extension of the next earthquake and show that a correlation does exist for some earthquakes but is not systematic.

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Boullata, Issa J., Tahir Wattar, and William Granara. "The Earthquake." World Literature Today 74, no. 4 (2000): 904. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40156295.

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Robles, Whitney Barlow. "Atlantic Disaster: Boston Responds to the Cape Ann Earthquake of 1755." New England Quarterly 90, no. 1 (March 2017): 7–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tneq_a_00583.

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This article examines religious, scientific, and media responses to the 1755 Cape Ann earthquake, which affected Boston and other regions throughout the Atlantic world. The earthquake's prolonged generation of environmental data challenged American colonists' attempts to achieve certainty about the natural disaster. Further news of the famous and devastating Lisbon earthquake forced Americans to broaden their horizon of environmental change to one that extended into the ocean–a formative moment for the development of transatlantic science, and one that can help historians resolve seemingly opposed historiographic currents.

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Yoder, M. R., D. L. Turcotte, and J. B. Rundle. "Record-breaking earthquake intervals in a global catalogue and an aftershock sequence." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 17, no. 2 (March 31, 2010): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-17-169-2010.

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Abstract. For the purposes of this study, an interval is the elapsed time between two earthquakes in a designated region; the minimum magnitude for the earthquakes is prescribed. A record-breaking interval is one that is longer (or shorter) than preceding intervals; a starting time must be specified. We consider global earthquakes with magnitudes greater than 5.5 and show that the record-breaking intervals are well estimated by a Poissonian (random) theory. We also consider the aftershocks of the 2004 Parkfield earthquake and show that the record-breaking intervals are approximated by very different statistics. In both cases, we calculate the number of record-breaking intervals (nrb) and the record-breaking interval durations Δtrb as a function of "natural time", the number of elapsed events. We also calculate the ratio of record-breaking long intervals to record-breaking short intervals as a function of time, r(t), which is suggested to be sensitive to trends in noisy time series data. Our data indicate a possible precursory signal to large earthquakes that is consistent with accelerated moment release (AMR) theory.

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Danish, Aamar, Naveed Ahmad, and M. Usama Salim. "Manufacturing and Performance of an Economical 1-D Shake Table." Civil Engineering Journal 5, no. 9 (September 23, 2019): 2019–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2019-03091390.

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The researchers and engineers encountered many problems to precisely replicate earthquake waves. Earthquakes are one of the nature's worst catastrophes and are still unpredictable. Statistical research has shown that the earthquakes have increased in frequency in recent years and have become a major concern for the world especially for those countries which are located on the fault lines such as Japan, Bangladesh and Pakistan. So, it was imperative to device a mechanism to check earthquake response and apply some necessary mitigations for the safety of humanity. After many years of research an indispensable testing apparatus was designed named as Shake Table. This apparatus is extensively used in earthquake research centers globally because it is the best available apparatus to replicate the earthquakes imposed dynamic effects on structures. A uni-axial shaking table was designed, manufactured and installed in University of Engineering & Technology Taxila, Pakistan which is operated on 3 HP servo motor coupled with encoder, motion controller and supported on HSB mechanical linear drive. The system was assembled in a simple way with care to endure sufficient replication of given (recorded) motion by shake table system. This paper focuses on the designing, manufacturing and performance of an economical analytical model of 1-D shake table incorporating conjunction of structural dynamics and linear control theory.

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Rong, Huang, Liang Xuedong, Zeng Guizhi, Ye Yulin, and Wang Da. "An evaluation of coordination relationships during earthquake emergency rescue using entropy theory." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 31, no. 5 (May 2015): 947–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00039514.

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Emergency rescue after an earthquake is complex work which requires the participation of relief and social organizations. Studying earthquake emergency coordination efficiency can not only help rescue organizations to define their own rescue missions, but also strengthens inter-organizational communication and collaboration tasks, improves the efficiency of emergency rescue, and reduces loss. In this paper, collaborative entropy is introduced to study earthquake emergency rescue operations. To study the emergency rescue coordination relationship, collaborative matrices and collaborative entropy functions are established between emergency relief work and relief organizations, and the collaborative efficiency of the emergency rescue elements is determined based on this entropy function. Finally, the Lushan earthquake is used as an example to evaluate earthquake emergency rescue coordination efficiency.

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Lu, Qing Rui, Hai Ying Jiang, Perino Andrea, and Dan Xie. "Static and Dynamic Analysis for Ovaling Deformation of Circular Tunnels under No-Slip Conditions." Applied Mechanics and Materials 353-356 (August 2013): 1609–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.353-356.1609.

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Many underground structures have witnessed great damage in recent earthquakes. Thus underground structures in earthquake prone zones should be designed to withstand both static overburden loads and earthquake loads. In this paper, different closed form solutions for the analysis of the tunnel response, are considered as developed on the basis of the theory that the stress increment due to seismic loading can be assessed through a correct estimate of free-field deformation, while the internal forces of tunnel linings subjected to overburden loads can also be estimated through an assumption of far-field stress using the developed solutions. Numerical studies have been performed to validate the available analytical solutions.

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Jinhua, Zhao, Lu Hanpeng, Li Hong, Zheng Jianchang, Zhong Puyu, and Wang Feng. "The theory of drought-earthquake relationship revisited." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 671, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 012031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/671/1/012031.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Earthquake theory'

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