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Journal articles on the topic 'Earthquake geology and paleoseismology'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Michetti, Alessandro M., and Paul L. Hancock. "Paleoseismology: Understanding past earthquakes using quaternary geology." Journal of Geodynamics 24, no. 1-4 (September 1997): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0264-3707(97)00004-5.

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2

Ward, Steven N. "A multidisciplinary approach to seismic hazard in southern California." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 84, no. 5 (October 1, 1994): 1293–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0840051293.

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Abstract A serious obstacle facing seismic hazard assessment in southern California has been the characterization of earthquake potential in areas far from known major faults where historical seismicity and paleoseismic data are sparse. This article attempts to fill the voids in earthquake statistics by generating “master model” maps of seismic hazard that blend information from geology, paleoseismology, space geodesy, observational seismology, and synthetic seismicity. The current model suggests that about 40% of the seismic moment release in southern California could occur in widely scattered areas away from the principal faults. As a result, over a 30-yr period, nearly all of the region from the Pacific Ocean to 50 km east of the San Andreas Fault has a greater than 50/50 chance of experiencing moderate shaking of 0.1 g or greater, and about a 1 in 20 chance of suffering levels exceeding 0.3 g. For most of the residents of southern California, thelion's share of hazard from moderate earthquake shaking over a 30-yr period derives from smaller, closer, more frequent earthquakes in the magnitude range (5 ≦ M ≦ 7) rather than from large San Andreas ruptures, whatever their likelihood.

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3

Leithold, Elana L., Karl W. Wegmann, Delwayne R. Bohnenstiehl, Catelyn N. Joyner, and Audrianna F. Pollen. "Repeated megaturbidite deposition in Lake Crescent, Washington, USA, triggered by Holocene ruptures of the Lake Creek-Boundary Creek fault system." GSA Bulletin 131, no. 11-12 (March 20, 2019): 2039–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b35076.1.

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Abstract Lake Crescent, a 180-m-deep, glacially carved lake located on the Olympic Peninsula in western Washington, USA, overlies the Lake Creek-Boundary Creek fault zone, a system of structures with at least 56 km of late Pleistocene to Holocene surface rupture. Investigation of the lake’s sediment, including a reflection seismic survey and analysis of piston cores, reveals evidence that the fault beneath the lake has ruptured four times in the past ∼7200 years, producing unusually thick deposits termed megaturbidites. The earthquakes triggered rockslides that entered the lake and caused displacement waves (lake tsunamis) and seiches, most recently ca. 3.1 ka. Seismic reflection results from beneath the depth of core penetration reveal at least two older post-glacial ruptures that are likely to have similarly affected the lake. The stratigraphy of Lake Crescent provides insight into the behavior of a fault system that partially accommodates regional clockwise rotation and contraction of the northern Cascadia forearc through oblique dextral shear, and highlights the potential for disruption to critical infrastructure, transportation corridors, and industry on the North Olympic Peninsula during future surface-rupturing earthquakes. Our results illustrate the potential synergism between lacustrine paleoseismology and fault-scarp trench investigations. More precise dating of strong earthquake shaking afforded by continuous accumulation of lake sediment improves earthquake histories based on trenched fault scarp exposures, which are commonly poorly dated.

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4

Yeats, Robert S. "Paleoseismology: Why can't earthquakes keep on schedule?" Geology 35, no. 9 (2007): 863. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/focus092007.1.

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5

Wolf, Lorraine W., Martitia P. Tuttle, Sharon Browning, and Stephanie Park. "Geophysical surveys of earthquake-induced liquefaction deposits in the New Madrid seismic zone." GEOPHYSICS 71, no. 6 (November 2006): B223—B230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2353801.

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We explore the effectiveness and limitations of electrical and electromagnetic methods in imaging buried, earthquake-induced liquefaction deposits. Geophysical surveys conducted at liquefaction sites in the New Madrid seismic zone (NMSZ) in the central United States demonstrate that these subsurface-imaging techniques can be useful tools in paleoseismology. Paleoseismological studies of liquefaction features provide one of the few means for estimating recurrence intervals of large earthquakes in the NMSZ, a region with widespread evidence of strong ground shaking but short instrumental record. Noninvasive geophysical methods minimize ground disturbance during these studies, an attribute of particular importance when the studies are conducted at federally protected archaeological sites. Surveys such as those described here can be used to locate buried liquefaction deposits and to site trenches for detailed geologic studies.

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6

Tuttle, Hartleb, Wolf, and Mayne. "Paleoliquefaction Studies and the Evaluation of Seismic Hazard." Geosciences 9, no. 7 (July 13, 2019): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9070311.

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Recent and historical studies of earthquake-induced liquefaction, as well as paleoliquefaction studies, demonstrate the potential usefulness of liquefaction data in the assessment of the earthquake potential of seismic sources. Paleoliquefaction studies, along with other paleoseismology studies, supplement historical and instrumental seismicity and provide information about the long-term behavior of earthquake sources. Paleoliquefaction studies focus on soft-sediment deformation features, including sand blows and sand dikes, which result from strong ground shaking. Most paleoliquefaction studies have been conducted in intraplate geologic settings, but a few such studies have been carried out in interplate settings. Paleoliquefaction studies provide information about timing, location, magnitude, and recurrence of large paleoearthquakes, particularly those with moment magnitude, M, greater than 6 during the past 50,000 years. This review paper presents background information on earthquake-induced liquefaction and resulting soft-sediment deformation features that may be preserved in the geologic record, best practices used in paleoliquefaction studies, and application of paleoliquefaction data in earthquake source characterization. The paper concludes with two examples of regional paleoliquefaction studies—in the Charleston seismic zone and the New Madrid seismic zone in the southeastern and central United States, respectively—which contributed to seismic source models used in earthquake hazard assessment.

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7

Williams, Jack N., Hassan Mdala, Åke Fagereng, Luke N. J. Wedmore, Juliet Biggs, Zuze Dulanya, Patrick Chindandali, and Felix Mphepo. "A systems-based approach to parameterise seismic hazard in regions with little historical or instrumental seismicity: active fault and seismogenic source databases for southern Malawi." Solid Earth 12, no. 1 (January 27, 2021): 187–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-12-187-2021.

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Abstract. Seismic hazard is commonly characterised using instrumental seismic records. However, these records are short relative to earthquake repeat times, and extrapolating to estimate seismic hazard can misrepresent the probable location, magnitude, and frequency of future large earthquakes. Although paleoseismology can address this challenge, this approach requires certain geomorphic setting, is resource intensive, and can carry large inherent uncertainties. Here, we outline how fault slip rates and recurrence intervals can be estimated by combining fault geometry, earthquake-scaling relationships, geodetically derived regional strain rates, and geological constraints of regional strain distribution. We apply this approach to southern Malawi, near the southern end of the East African Rift, and where, although no on-fault slip rate measurements exist, there are constraints on strain partitioning between border and intra-basin faults. This has led to the development of the South Malawi Active Fault Database (SMAFD), a geographical database of 23 active fault traces, and the South Malawi Seismogenic Source Database (SMSSD), in which we apply our systems-based approach to estimate earthquake magnitudes and recurrence intervals for the faults compiled in the SMAFD. We estimate earthquake magnitudes of MW 5.4–7.2 for individual fault sections in the SMSSD and MW 5.6–7.8 for whole-fault ruptures. However, low fault slip rates (intermediate estimates ∼ 0.05–0.8 mm/yr) imply long recurrence intervals between events: 102–105 years for border faults and 103–106 years for intra-basin faults. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the large range of these estimates can best be reduced with improved geodetic constraints in southern Malawi. The SMAFD and SMSSD provide a framework for using geological and geodetic information to characterise seismic hazard in regions with few on-fault slip rate measurements, and they could be adapted for use elsewhere in the East African Rift and globally.

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8

Al-Ashkar, Abeer, Antoine Schlupp, Matthieu Ferry, and Ulziibat Munkhuu. "Tectonic Geomorphology and Paleoseismology of the Sharkhai fault: a new source of seismic hazard for Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia)." Solid Earth 13, no. 3 (March 31, 2022): 761–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-13-761-2022.

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Abstract. We present first constraints from tectonic geomorphology and paleoseismology along the newly discovered Sharkhai fault near the capital city of Mongolia. Detailed observations from high-resolution Pleiades satellite images and field investigations allowed us to map the fault in detail, describe its geometry and segmentation, characterize its kinematics, and document its recent activity and seismic behavior (cumulative displacements and paleoseismicity). The Sharkhai fault displays a surface length of ∼ 40 km with a slightly arcuate geometry, and a strike ranging from N42 to N72∘. It affects numerous drainages that show left-lateral cumulative displacements reaching 94 m. Paleoseismic investigations document faulting and depositional/erosional events for the last ∼ 3000 years and reveal that the most recent event occurred between 775 and 1778 CE and the penultimate earthquake occurred between 1605 and 835 BCE. The resulting time interval of 2496 ± 887 years is the first constraint for the Sharkhai fault for large earthquakes. On the basis of our mapping of the surface rupture and the resulting segmentation analysis, we propose two possible scenarios for large earthquakes with likely magnitudes of 6.7 ± 0.2 or 7.1 ± 0.7. Furthermore, we apply scaling laws to infer coseismic slip values and derive preliminary estimates of long-term slip rates. Finally, these data help build a comprehensive model of active faults in that region and should be considered in the seismic hazard assessment for the city of Ulaanbaatar.

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9

Townsend, Tracey. "Paleoseismology of the Waverley Fault Zone and implications for earthquake hazard in South Taranaki, New Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 41, no. 4 (December 1998): 467–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1998.9514823.

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10

Dixon, Timothy H., E. Norabuena, and L. Hotaling. "Paleoseismology and Global Positioning System: Earthquake-cycle effects and geodetic versus geologic fault slip rates in the Eastern California shear zone." Geology 31, no. 1 (2003): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0055:pagpse>2.0.co;2.

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11

Gràcia, Eulàlia, Alexis Vizcaino, Carlota Escutia, Alessandra Asioli, Ángel Rodés, Raimon Pallàs, Jordi Garcia-Orellana, Susana Lebreiro, and Chris Goldfinger. "Holocene earthquake record offshore Portugal (SW Iberia): testing turbidite paleoseismology in a slow-convergence margin." Quaternary Science Reviews 29, no. 9-10 (May 2010): 1156–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.01.010.

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12

Migeon, S., C. Garibaldi, G. Ratzov, S. Schmidt, J. Y. Collot, S. Zaragosi, and L. Texier. "Earthquake-triggered deposits in the subduction trench of the north Ecuador/south Colombia margin and their implication for paleoseismology." Marine Geology 384 (February 2017): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2016.09.008.

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13

Michetti, Alessandro Maria. "Quaternary geology, paleoseismology and earthquake hazards in regions with moderate active tectonics and high vulnerability: the seismic landscape of the Po Plain." Quaternary International 279-280 (November 2012): 325–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2012.08.932.

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14

Mendecki, Maciej, and Jacek Szczygieł. "Physical constraints on speleothem deformations caused by earthquakes, seen from a new perspective: Implications for paleoseismology." Journal of Structural Geology 126 (September 2019): 146–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2019.06.008.

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15

Deev, Evgeny V., Svetlana N. Kokh, Yuri Dublyansky, Ella V. Sokol, Denis Scholz, Gennady G. Rusanov, and Vadim N. Reutsky. "Travertines of the South-Eastern Gorny Altai (Russia): Implications for Paleoseismology and Paleoenvironmental Conditions." Minerals 13, no. 2 (February 12, 2023): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13020259.

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The south-eastern Gorny Altai is one of the most hazardous seismogenic area in the north of Central Asia. We present a synthesis of field, 230Th-U geochronological, mineralogical and geochemical data collected on seven Quaternary travertines. All travertines occur within the zones of active faults that border the Chuya and Kurai intermontane basins. Travertine cement mainly comprises calcite (with minor amounts of aragonite), which cements alluvial, alluvial fan, and colluvial deposits. The results of 230Th-U dating suggest that deposition of the travertines was triggered by large paleoearthquakes in the last eight thousand years. Several stages of travertine formation with ages 9–11 ka BP correspond to the known period of strong paleoseismicity in the region (8–16 ka BP). The 123 ka BP travertine resulted from a slip triggered by the Middle Pleistocene deglaciation, while that of 400 ka BP represents seismic motions likely associated with the main Cenozoic orogenic phase. All travertine forming events fall within warm and wet climatic phases (interglacials). Large earthquakes activated faults and caused a rapid rise along them of ambient-temperature bicarbonate groundwater, which was previously sealed in deep-seated Upper Neoproterozoic–Paleozoic limestone-dolostone aquifers. Rapid CO2 degassing of the spring water was the most important control of calcite or aragonite precipitation. Such travertines represent an important tool for paleoseismological research in seismically active regions.

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16

Kremer, Katrina, Juan Pablo Corella, Thierry Adatte, Emmanuel Garnier, gregor Zenhäusern, and Stéphanie Girardclos. "Origin of Turbidites In Deep Lake Geneva (France–Switzerland) In the Last 1500 Years." Journal of Sedimentary Research 85, no. 12 (December 1, 2015): 1455–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2015.92.

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Abstract: Turbidites in lacustrine sediments are commonly used to assess the frequencies of flood events and/or earthquakes. Understanding the origin of those deposits is key to adequately assess the sources and triggers of such events in large lacustrine systems. Ca/Ti X-ray fluorescence core scanner and magnetic susceptibility values on sediment cores of the deep basin of Lake Geneva are used as a provenance indicator of the turbidites either from the Dranse or Rhone deltas or from the slopes not influenced by deltaic input. This tool is validated by mineralogical analyses (X-ray diffraction), major-, and trace-element geochemistry (X-ray fluorescence). Based on this discrimination method, the turbidites deposited in the central part of the deep basin can be classified regarding their origin. From all identified turbidites, four turbidites are chosen based on their large depositional area and volumes and are studied in more detail in order to better understand the processes leading to turbidite deposition in the deep basin. The age intervals of these turbidites were compared to the historical records of extreme events in the region of Lake Geneva. These turbidites can be related to extreme floods, earthquakes, and “spontaneous” delta collapses. The cause of two turbidites could not be identified precisely due to large dating intervals that did not allow attributing a specific historical event to the turbidite layer. Overall, this study provides a tool in classifying the turbidites in deep Lake Geneva and exemplifies that defining the cause of turbidites is complex although it remains a prerequisite for paleohydrology and paleoseismology studies.

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17

Ganev, Plamen N., James F. Dolan, Kimberly Blisniuk, Mike Oskin, and Lewis A. Owen. "Paleoseismologic evidence for multiple Holocene earthquakes on the Calico fault: Implications for earthquake clustering in the Eastern California shear zone." Lithosphere 2, no. 4 (August 2010): 287–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/l82.1.

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18

Li, Chuanyou, Wenjun Zheng, and Weitao Wang. "Trenching exposures of the surface rupture of 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake, China: Implications for coseismic deformation and paleoseismology along the Central Longmen Shan thrust fault." Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 40, no. 4 (March 2011): 825–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2010.04.011.

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19

Ramírez-Herrera, María-Teresa, David Romero, Néstor Corona, Héctor Nava, Hamblet Torija, and Felipe Hernández Maguey. "The 23 June 2020 Mw 7.4 La Crucecita, Oaxaca, Mexico Earthquake and Tsunami: A Rapid Response Field Survey during COVID-19 Crisis." Seismological Research Letters 92, no. 1 (November 11, 2020): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220200263.

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Abstract The 23 June 2020 La Crucecita earthquake occurred at 10:29 hr on the coast of Oaxaca in an Mw 7.4 megathrust event at 22.6 km depth and triggered a tsunami recorded at tide gauge stations and a Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis off the coast of Mexico. Immediately after the earthquake, a rapid response effort was coordinated by members of the Tsunami and Paleoseismology Laboratory, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Despite the challenges posed by the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic crisis, a postearthquake and post-tsunami field survey went ahead two days after the event. We describe here the details of the rapid response survey of the vertical coseismic deformation, tsunami, geologic effects, and lessons from working in the field during the COVID-19 crisis. We surveyed 44 km along the coast of Oaxaca. Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, some local communities enforced rules of confinement. We solved most of the challenges faced during this crisis by rapidly networking with local organizations prior to surveying. We assessed coseismic uplift by means of mortality caused by vertical displacement of intertidal organisms and resurveying of benchmarks, and we measured tsunami runup. Our results show coastal uplift of 0.53 m near the epicenter and decreasing farther away from it; uplift was up to 0.8 m in areas related to exposure of the coast. Of our values of coastal uplift, about 0.53 m fit well with the 0.55 m of uplift reported by tide gauge data at Huatulco. Coastal uplift and low tide at the time of the event limited the tsunami inundation and runup on the Oaxaca coast. Nevertheless, we found tsunami inundation evidence at four confined coastal sites reaching a maximum runup of 1.5 m. The enclosed morphology of these sites determined higher runup and tsunami inundation. Local coastal morphology effects are not detected in tsunami models lacking detailed bathymetry and topography. This issue needs to be addressed during tsunami hazard assessments.

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20

Rodríguez, Luz, Hans Diederix, Eliana Torres, Franck Audemard, Catalina Hernández, André Singer, Olga Bohórquez, and Santiago Yepez. "Identification of the seismogenic source of the 1875 Cucuta earthquake on the basis of a combination of neotectonic, paleoseismologic and historic seismicity studies." Journal of South American Earth Sciences 82 (March 2018): 274–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2017.09.019.

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21

Wills, S. "GEOLOGY: A Slump in Paleoseismology." Science 298, no. 5601 (December 13, 2002): 2093c—2093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.298.5601.2093c.

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22

Shishikura, Masanobu. "Recent Issues Affecting Forecast of Subduction Zone Great Earthquakes in Japan Through Paleoseismological Study." Journal of Disaster Research 9, no. 3 (June 1, 2014): 330–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2014.p0330.

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Because the 2011 great Tohoku earthquake was accompanied by phenomena similar to those associated with the 869 Jogan earthquake, as reconstructed on the basis of historical and geological evidence, paleoseismology is recognized for its potential effectiveness in earthquake forecasting. In attempts to avoid such unexpected situations as the 2011 Tohoku event when taking disaster prevention measures, the Japanese government and local administrations announced a maximum class model for earthquakes and tsunamis that is not based on paleoseismological evidence. Thus, paleoseismologists must both inductively study the reconstruction of evidence fromthe past and deductively evaluate the maximum class earthquake and tsunami.

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23

Vaughan, Patrick R., Kimberly M. Thorup, and Thomas K. Rockwell. "Paleoseismology of the Elsinore fault at Agua Tibia Mountain southern California." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 89, no. 6 (December 1, 1999): 1447–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0890061447.

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Abstract We investigated two trench sites to determine Holocene paleoseismicity on the flanks of Agua Tibia Mountain along the Elsinore fault, southern California. Our investigation revealed that a minimum of four earthquakes produced surface rupture on this southern reach of the Temecula segment of the fault in the past 4.5 ka. We also recognized evidence for an earthquake that predated 4.5 ka, possibly by only a short period of time. Radiocarbon and historical data constrain the timing of the most recent earthquake to between A.D. 1655 and the onset of construction of the Pala Mission complex, in about A.D. 1810. Four of the recognized events occurred between 2.7 ka and just before 4.5 ka, whereas the fifth occurred less than 340 years ago. These observations suggest that either earthquake occurrence has been irregular at this site or that the paleoseismic record at Agua Tibia Mountain is incomplete. If the latter is correct and if the record between 2.7 and 4.5 ka is complete, then our preferred interpretation suggests an average return time for surface-rupturing events of 550 to 600 years. The best estimates of event times for the three oldest dated events are 2.8, 3.25, and 4.0 ka, with another event just before 4.5 ka, indicating return intervals for this time period ranging between 450 and 750 years. Using the previously determined slip rate for the Temecula segment of the Elsinore fault of 5 mm/yr, and assuming that 550-600-year average return time is correct, the likelihood for an earthquake on the Temecula segment in the next 50 years is less than 5%.

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24

Atwater, Brian F., Bobb Carson, Gary B. Griggs, H. Paul Johnson, and Marie S. Salmi. "Rethinking turbidite paleoseismology along the Cascadia subduction zone." Geology 42, no. 9 (September 2014): 827–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g35902.1.

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25

Hartleb, R. D., J. F. Dolan, O. Kozaci, H. S. Akyuz, and G. G. Seitz. "A 2500-yr-long paleoseismologic record of large, infrequent earthquakes on the North Anatolian fault at Cukurcimen, Turkey." Geological Society of America Bulletin 118, no. 7-8 (June 30, 2006): 823–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b25838.1.

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26

Haddad, D. E., S. O. Akciz, J. R. Arrowsmith, D. D. Rhodes, J. S. Oldow, O. Zielke, N. A. Toke, A. G. Haddad, J. Mauer, and P. Shilpakar. "Applications of airborne and terrestrial laser scanning to paleoseismology." Geosphere 8, no. 4 (July 16, 2012): 771–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges00701.1.

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27

Amoroso, Sara, Filippo Bernardini, Anna Maria Blumetti, Riccardo Civico, Carlo Doglioni, Fabrizio Galadini, Paolo Galli, et al. "Quaternary geology and paleoseismology in the Fucino and L’Aquila basins." Geological Field Trips 8, no. 1.2 (June 2016): 1–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3301/gft.2016.02.

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Kozacı, Özgür, James F. Dolan, Önder Yönlü, and Ross D. Hartleb. "Paleoseismologic evidence for the relatively regular recurrence of infrequent, large-magnitude earthquakes on the eastern North Anatolian fault at Yaylabeli, Turkey." Lithosphere 3, no. 1 (February 2011): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/l118.1.

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29

Hornblow, S., M. Quigley, A. Nicol, R. Van Dissen, and N. Wang. "Paleoseismology of the 2010 Mw 7.1 Darfield (Canterbury) earthquake source, Greendale Fault, New Zealand." Tectonophysics 637 (December 2014): 178–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2014.10.004.

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Taylor-Silva, Briar I., Mark W. Stirling, Nicola J. Litchfield, Jonathan D. Griffin, Ella J. van den Berg, and Ningsheng Wang. "Paleoseismology of the Akatore Fault, Otago, New Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 63, no. 2 (July 24, 2019): 151–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2019.1645706.

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31

Langridge, Robert Max, Ray J. Weldon, Juan Carlos Moya, and Gerardo Suárez. "Paleoseismology of the 1912 Acambay earthquake and the Acambay-Tixmadejé fault, Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 105, B2 (February 10, 2000): 3019–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999jb900239.

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32

Shennan, Ian, Martin D. Brader, Natasha L. M. Barlow, Frank P. Davies, Chris Longley, and Neil Tunstall. "Late Holocene paleoseismology of Shuyak Island, Alaska." Quaternary Science Reviews 201 (December 2018): 380–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.10.028.

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33

Faridi, M., H. Nazari, J. P. Burg, N. Haghipour, M. Talebian, M. Ghorashi, M. A. Shokri, E. Ahmadzadeh, and S. S. Sahebari. "Structural Characteristics, Paleoseismology and Slip Rate of the Qoshadagh Fault, Northwest of Iran." Geotectonics 53, no. 2 (March 2019): 280–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0016852119020031.

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34

ANDREOU, C., V. MOUSLOPOULOU, I. FOUNTOULIS, and Κ. ATAKAN. "Implications of paleoseismology in seismic hazard analysis in NW Crete and Kythira strait (Greece)." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 34, no. 4 (January 1, 2001): 1465. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.17244.

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The scope of this paper is to study how geological data contribute to hazard analysis and the extent to which they can be incorporated in the existing hazard models. For this reason the study area was divided into area source zones and the paleoseismological data collected and studied on the Kera fault zone, in Chania, Crete, were taken into account. The seismic hazard was calculated with CRISIS99, using a combination of the Poissonian and the characteristic earthquake model. The data from the Kera fault affect slightly the calculation of seismic hazard. It is suggested that more paleoseismological data and a good attenuation relationship for the area, would lead to the development of hazard models capable to incorporate geological information and it would improve the quality of seismic hazard analysis.

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35

McAuliffe, Lee J., James F. Dolan, Edward J. Rhodes, Judith Hubbard, John H. Shaw, and Thomas L. Pratt. "Paleoseismologic evidence for large-magnitude (Mw7.5–8.0) earthquakes on the Ventura blind thrust fault: Implications for multifault ruptures in the Transverse Ranges of southern California." Geosphere 11, no. 5 (September 15, 2015): 1629–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges01123.1.

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36

Hetényi, György, Romain Le Roux-Mallouf, Théo Berthet, Rodolphe Cattin, Carlo Cauzzi, Karma Phuntsho, and Remo Grolimund. "Joint approach combining damage and paleoseismology observations constrains the 1714 A.D. Bhutan earthquake at magnitude 8 ± 0.5." Geophysical Research Letters 43, no. 20 (October 27, 2016): 10,695–10,702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016gl071033.

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Rockwell, T., E. Gath, T. Gonzalez, C. Madden, D. Verdugo, C. Lippincott, T. Dawson, et al. "Neotectonics and Paleoseismology of the Limon and Pedro Miguel Faults in Panama: Earthquake Hazard to the Panama Canal." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 100, no. 6 (December 1, 2010): 3097–129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120090342.

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Wallace, Laura, Ursula Cochran, William Power, and Kate Clark. "Earthquake and Tsunami Potential of the Hikurangi Subduction Thrust, New Zealand: Insights from Paleoseismology, GPS, and Tsunami Modeling." Oceanography 27, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 104–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2014.46.

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McAuliffe, Lee J., James F. Dolan, Eric Kirby, Chris Rollins, Ben Haravitch, Steve Alm, and Tammy M. Rittenour. "Paleoseismology of the southern Panamint Valley fault: Implications for regional earthquake occurrence and seismic hazard in southern California." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 118, no. 9 (September 2013): 5126–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jgrb.50359.

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40

Li, Xinnan, Chuanyou Li, Steven G. Wesnousky, Peizhen Zhang, Wenjun Zheng, Ian K. D. Pierce, and Xuguang Wang. "Paleoseismology and slip rate of the western Tianjingshan fault of NE Tibet, China." Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 146 (September 2017): 304–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2017.04.031.

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Caputo, Riccardo, and Spyros B. Pavlides. "Earthquake geology: Methods and applications." Tectonophysics 453, no. 1-4 (June 2008): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2008.01.007.

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McGuire, Jeffrey J. "The geology of earthquake swarms." Nature Geoscience 12, no. 2 (January 21, 2019): 82–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0302-1.

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Sibson, Richard H. "The scope of earthquake geology." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 359, no. 1 (2011): 319–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp359.18.

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Gupta, H. K. "GEOLOGY: The Deadliest Intraplate Earthquake." Science 291, no. 5511 (March 16, 2001): 2101–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1060197.

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45

Puji, Anggraini Rizkita, Mudrik Rahmawan Daryono, and Danny Hilman Natawidjaja. "Potentially active normal faulting zone identified in the eastern margin of Palu City, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 873, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/873/1/012071.

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Abstract The 2018 Mw 7.5 earthquake in Palu, Central Sulawesi, resulting in ~2,000 fatalities and estimated economic losses of ~22.8 trillion Indonesian Rupiah, according to the report of BAPPENAS and Central Sulawesi Provincial-Government. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent similar disaster in the future by further detailed studies of any other potential sources that are capable of generating such hazards. Palu City is in the vast depression valley bordered by mountains in its eastern and western margins. The 2018 earthquake source is the Palukoro Fault, which runs through the western margin of onshore Palu Valley then continued under the bay. Along the eastern margin of the valley, we also identified a wide zone of many potentially active faults strands orienting N-S and NW-SE, showing predominantly normal faulting. These faults are observed from their normal fault scarps as inspected from Light Detection and Ranging Digital Terrain Model (LiDAR DTM) data with 90-cm resolution and field ground checks. The faults deformed the old terrace sediments (Late Pleistocene, ~125 kya), but it is unclear whether they also cut the Holocene young alluvial like the ruptured fault of 2018 event. Further paleoseismology investigation is then necessary to obtain further information about these potentially-active normal faults, including their slip-rate and the past ruptures.

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Pandey, Anand K., and Devender Kumar. "CSIR-NGRI’s Quest for Understanding Earth Surface Processes and Liquefaction Based Paleoseismology in the Himalaya and Adjoining Region." Journal of the Geological Society of India 97, no. 10 (October 2021): 1152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12594-021-1844-6.

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Haeussler, Peter J., Timothy C. Best, and Christopher F. Waythomas. "Paleoseismology at high latitudes: Seismic disturbance of upper Quaternary deposits along the Castle Mountain fault near Houston, Alaska." Geological Society of America Bulletin 114, no. 10 (October 2002): 1296–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<1296:pahlsd>2.0.co;2.

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Gregersen, Søren, Jørgen Hjelme, and Erik Hjortenberg. "Earthquake in Denmark." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 44 (February 28, 1998): 115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.37570/bgsd-1998-44-07.

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Within the last two decades the sensitivity to small earthquakes has been much improved in Denrnark. Two to ten earthquakes are recorded each year of magnitudes 1% to 4%. The seismicity pattem seen in recent data basically confirms the patterns noted from previous instrumental locations, as well as from felt areas of older dates. This means earthquake activity cutting off the earthquake zones of western Nonvay and of southem Sweden: (1) In north-western Jylland, and in the Skagerrak Sea the earthquake zone cuts off a zone of earthquakes along the western coast of Norway. At least some of these earthquakes in Jylland and Skagerrak occur at depths 30-40 km, close to Moho. (2) In north-eastern Sjaelland and in the Kattegat Sea, as well as around Bornholm the earthquake activity occurs in the upper crust, at depths shallower than 15 km. This appears as the south-western boundary of the scattered activity in south-western Sweden. In general terms this can be considered the south-western rheological edge of the Fennoscandian Shield. The north-western earthquake zone is along the middle axis of the Norwegian-Danish Basin, and the eastern earthquake zone is in the Tornquist Zone. The two earthquake zones are not connected. This can not be ascribed to lack of sensitivity, so the Fennoscandian Border Zone can not be termed active as such. The central part of Denrnark is aseisrnic; and the same is true for the south-western part of Denmark and northern Germany. In the North Sea the graben area is the most active. The Viking Graben in the north has a significant earthquake activity, and the Central Graben, which goes through the Danish sector of the North Sea has small, but noticeable activity. On the British side of the graben there are additional active areas. The stress field responsible for these earthquakes is rather uniform across the Fennoscandian Border Zone, with scattered exceptions. It reflects the general NW-SE compression of northem Europe between the North Atlantic spreading ridge and the Alpine collision between Europe and Africa.

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Pantosti, Daniela, David P. Schwartz, and Gianluca Valensise. "Paleoseismology along the 1980 surface rupture of the Irpinia Fault: Implications for earthquake recurrence in the southern Apennines, Italy." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 98, B4 (April 10, 1993): 6561–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92jb02277.

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SHENNAN, IAN, NATASHA BARLOW, ROD COMBELLICK, KLARA PIERRE, and OLIVIA STUART-TAYLOR. "Late Holocene paleoseismology of a site in the region of maximum subsidence during the 1964 Mw 9.2 Alaska earthquake." Journal of Quaternary Science 29, no. 4 (May 2014): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jqs.2705.

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