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1
Gabriel, Alice-Agnes, Thomas Ulrich, Mathilde Marchandon, James Biemiller, and John Rekoske. "3D Dynamic Rupture Modeling of the 6 February 2023, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey Mw 7.8 and 7.7 Earthquake Doublet Using Early Observations." Seismic Record 3, no. 4 (October 1, 2023): 342–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0320230028.
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Abstract The 2023 Turkey earthquake sequence involved unexpected ruptures across numerous fault segments. We present 3D dynamic rupture simulations to illuminate the complex dynamics of the earthquake doublet. Our models are constrained by observations available within days of the sequence and deliver timely, mechanically consistent explanations of the unforeseen rupture paths, diverse rupture speeds, multiple slip episodes, heterogeneous fault offsets, locally strong shaking, and fault system interactions. Our simulations link both earthquakes, matching geodetic and seismic observations and reconciling regional seismotectonics, rupture dynamics, and ground motions of a fault system represented by 10 curved dipping segments and embedded in a heterogeneous stress field. The Mw 7.8 earthquake features delayed backward branching from a steeply branching splay fault, not requiring supershear speeds. The asymmetrical dynamics of the distinct, bilateral Mw 7.7 earthquake are explained by heterogeneous fault strength, prestress orientation, fracture energy, and static stress changes from the previous earthquake. Our models explain the northward deviation of its eastern rupture and the minimal slip observed on the Sürgü fault. 3D dynamic rupture scenarios can elucidate unexpected observations shortly after major earthquakes, providing timely insights for data-driven analysis and hazard assessment toward a comprehensive, physically consistent understanding of the mechanics of multifault systems.
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Lin, Yu Sen, Li Hua Xin, and Min Xiang. "Parameters Analysis of Train Running Performance on High-Speed Bridge during Earthquake." Advanced Materials Research 163-167 (December 2010): 4457–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.163-167.4457.
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A model of coupled vehicle-bridge system excited by earthquake and irregular track is established for studying train running performance on high-speed bridge during earthquake, by the methods of bridge structure dynamics and vehicle dynamics. The results indicate that under Qian’an earthquake waves vehicle dynamical responses hardly vary with the increasing-height pier, but vehicle dynamical responses increase evidently while the height of pier is 18m, which the natural vibration frequency is approaching to dominant frequency of earthquake waves. Dynamic responses are linearly increasing with earthquake wave strength. Dynamic response of vehicles including lateral car body accelerations and every safety evaluation index all increase with train speed, so the influences of train speed must be taken into account in evaluating running safety of vehicles on bridge during earthquakes, but lateral displacement of bridge is varying irregularly. Dynamic responses and lateral displacement of bridge reduce under the higher dominant frequency of earthquake wave. Derailment coefficient, later wheel-rail force and lateral vehicle acceleration become small with increasing damping ratio. Vertical vehicle acceleration and reduction rate of wheel load are hardly varying with damping ratio.
3
Tiwari, Ram Krishna, and Harihar Paudyal. "Spatial mapping of b-value and fractal dimension prior to November 8, 2022 Doti Earthquake, Nepal." PLOS ONE 18, no. 8 (August 9, 2023): e0289673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0289673.
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An earthquake of magnitude 5.6 mb (6.6 ML) hit western Nepal (Doti region) in the wee hours of wednesday morning local time (2:12 AM, 2022.11.08) killing at least six people. Gutenberg-Richter b-value of earthquake distribution and correlation fractal dimension (D2) are estimated for 493 earthquakes with magnitude of completeness 3.6 prior to this earthquake. We consider earthquakes in western Nepal Himalaya and adjoining region (80.0–83.5°E and 27.3–30.5°N) for the period of 1964 to 2022 for the analysis. The b-value 0.68±0.03 implies a high stress zone and the spatial correlation dimension 1.81±0.02 implies a highly heterogeneous region where the epicenters are spatially distributed. Low b-values and high D2 values identify the study region as a high hazard zone. Focal mechanism styles and low b-values correlate with thrust nature of earthquakes and show that the earthquake’s occurrence is associated with the dynamics of the faults responsible for generating the past earthquakes.
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Sobolev, G. A. "Seismicity dynamics and earthquake predictability." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 11, no. 2 (February 14, 2011): 445–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-445-2011.
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Abstract. Many factors complicate earthquake sequences, including the heterogeneity and self-similarity of the geological medium, the hierarchical structure of faults and stresses, and small-scale variations in the stresses from different sources. A seismic process is a type of nonlinear dissipative system demonstrating opposing trends towards order and chaos. Transitions from equilibrium to unstable equilibrium and local dynamic instability appear when there is an inflow of energy; reverse transitions appear when energy is dissipating. Several metastable areas of a different scale exist in the seismically active region before an earthquake. Some earthquakes are preceded by precursory phenomena of a different scale in space and time. These include long-term activation, seismic quiescence, foreshocks in the broad and narrow sense, hidden periodical vibrations, effects of the synchronization of seismic activity, and others. Such phenomena indicate that the dynamic system of lithosphere is moving to a new state – catastrophe. A number of examples of medium-term and short-term precursors is shown in this paper. However, no precursors identified to date are clear and unambiguous: the percentage of missed targets and false alarms is high. The weak fluctuations from outer and internal sources play a great role on the eve of an earthquake and the occurrence time of the future event depends on the collective behavior of triggers. The main task is to improve the methods of metastable zone detection and probabilistic forecasting.
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Wu, Gongcheng, Kanghua Zhang, Chonglang Wang, and Xing Li. "Nucleation Mechanism and Rupture Dynamics of Laboratory Earthquakes at Different Loading Rates." Applied Sciences 13, no. 22 (November 11, 2023): 12243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app132212243.
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The loading rate of tectonic stress is not constant during long-term geotectonic activity and significantly affects the earthquake nucleation and fault rupture process. However, the mechanism underlying the loading rate effect is still unclear. In this study, we conducted a series of experiments to explore the effect of the loading rate on earthquake nucleation and stick–slip characteristics. Through lab experiments, faults were biaxially loaded at varying rates to produce a series of earthquakes (stick–slip events). Both shear strain and fault displacement were monitored during these events. The findings indicate a substantial effect of the loading rate on the recurrence interval and the shear stress drop of these stick–slip events, with the recurrence interval inversely proportional to the loading rate. The peak friction of the fault also decreases with the increasing loading rate. Notably, prior to the dynamic rupture of earthquakes, there exists a stable nucleation phase where slip occurs in a quasi-static manner. The critical nucleation length, or the distance required before the dynamic rupture, diminishes with both the loading rate and normal stress. A theoretical model is introduced to rationalize these observations. However, the rupture velocity of these lab-simulated earthquakes showed no significant correlation with the loading rate. Overall, this study enhanced our comprehension of earthquake nucleation and rupture dynamics in diverse tectonic settings.
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Jiménez, A., K. F. Tiampo, and A. M. Posadas. "An Ising model for earthquake dynamics." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 14, no. 1 (January 19, 2007): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-14-5-2007.
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Abstract. This paper focuses on extracting the information contained in seismic space-time patterns and their dynamics. The Greek catalog recorded from 1901 to 1999 is analyzed. An Ising Cellular Automata representation technique is developed to reconstruct the history of these patterns. We find that there is strong correlation in the region, and that small earthquakes are very important to the stress transfers. Finally, it is demonstrated that this approach is useful for seismic hazard assessment and intermediate-range earthquake forecasting.
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Charpentier, Arthur, and Marilou Durand. "Modeling earthquake dynamics." Journal of Seismology 19, no. 3 (April 16, 2015): 721–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10950-015-9489-9.
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Ventura, Carlos E., W. D. Liam Finn, and Norman D. Schuster. "Seismic response of instrumented structures during the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 22, no. 2 (April 1, 1995): 316–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l95-045.
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This paper presents an overview of strong motion records obtained from instrumented structures during the 1994 Northridge earthquake. It describes the behaviour of buildings, bridges, and dams that have been instrumented by the major strong motion instrumentation networks operating in California and highlights important features of the most significant structural motions recorded during the earthquake. The structural damage observed during a reconnaissance visit to the affected areas by the earthquake is correlated with preliminary analyses of the recorded motions. Detailed discussions of the dynamic behaviour of two instrumented reinforced concrete buildings that suffered damage during the earthquake are presented. The behaviour of these buildings during previous earthquakes is also examined. This paper and the companion paper on ground motions provide comprehensive information about instrumental records obtained in the region affected by the earthquake. Key words: earthquake engineering, structural response, strong motion instrumentation, damage evaluation, buildings, bridges, dams, structural dynamics, acceleration, amplification.
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Delorey, Andrew A., Kevin Chao, Kazushige Obara, and Paul A. Johnson. "Cascading elastic perturbation in Japan due to the 2012 Mw 8.6 Indian Ocean earthquake." Science Advances 1, no. 9 (October 2015): e1500468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500468.
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Since the discovery of extensive earthquake triggering occurring in response to the 1992 Mw (moment magnitude) 7.3 Landers earthquake, it is now well established that seismic waves from earthquakes can trigger other earthquakes, tremor, slow slip, and pore pressure changes. Our contention is that earthquake triggering is one manifestation of a more widespread elastic disturbance that reveals information about Earth’s stress state. Earth’s stress state is central to our understanding of both natural and anthropogenic-induced crustal processes. We show that seismic waves from distant earthquakes may perturb stresses and frictional properties on faults and elastic moduli of the crust in cascading fashion. Transient dynamic stresses place crustal material into a metastable state during which the material recovers through a process termed slow dynamics. This observation of widespread, dynamically induced elastic perturbation, including systematic migration of offshore seismicity, strain transients, and velocity transients, presents a new characterization of Earth’s elastic system that will advance our understanding of plate tectonics, seismicity, and seismic hazards.
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Ramos, Marlon D., Prithvi Thakur, Yihe Huang, Ruth A. Harris, and Kenny J. Ryan. "Working with Dynamic Earthquake Rupture Models: A Practical Guide." Seismological Research Letters 93, no. 4 (April 13, 2022): 2096–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220220022.
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Abstract Dynamic rupture models are physics-based simulations that couple fracture mechanics to wave propagation and are used to explain specific earthquake observations or to generate a suite of predictions to understand the influence of frictional, geometrical, stress, and material parameters. These simulations can model single earthquakes or multiple earthquake cycles. The objective of this article is to provide a self-contained and practical guide for students starting in the field of earthquake dynamics. Senior researchers who are interested in learning the first-order constraints and general approaches to dynamic rupture problems will also benefit. We believe this guide is timely given the recent growth of computational resources and the range of sophisticated modeling software that are now available. We start with a succinct discussion of the essential physics of earthquake rupture propagation and walk the reader through the main concepts in dynamic rupture model design. We briefly touch on fully dynamic earthquake cycle models but leave the details of this topic for other publications. We also highlight examples throughout that demonstrate the use of dynamic rupture models to investigate various aspects of the faulting process.
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Zöller, G., and S. Hainzl. "Detecting premonitory seismicity patterns based on critical point dynamics." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 1, no. 1/2 (June 30, 2001): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-1-93-2001.
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Abstract. We test the hypothesis that critical point dynamics precedes strong earthquakes in a region surrounding the future hypocenter. Therefore, we search systematically for regions obeying critical point dynamics in terms of a growing spatial correlation length (GCL). The question of whether or not these spatial patterns are correlated with future seismicity is crucial for the problem of predictability. The analysis is conducted for earthquakes with M > 6.5 in California. As a result, we observe that GCL patterns are correlated with the distribution of future seismicity. In particular, there are clear correlations in some cases, e.g. the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake and the 1999 Hector Mine earthquake. We claim that the critical point concept can improve the seismic hazard assessment.
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Ohsawa, Yukio. "Regional Seismic Information Entropy to Detect Earthquake Activation Precursors." Entropy 20, no. 11 (November 8, 2018): 861. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e20110861.
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A method is presented to detect earthquake precursors from time series data on earthquakes in a target region. The Regional Entropy of Seismic Information (RESI) is an index that represents the average influence of an earthquake in a target region on the diversity of clusters to which earthquake foci are distributed. Based on a simple qualitative model of the dynamics of land crust, it is hypothesized that the saturation that occurs after an increase in RESI precedes the activation of earthquakes. This hypothesis is validated by the earthquake catalog. This temporal change was found to correlate with the activation of earthquakes in Japanese regions one to two years ahead of the real activation, more reliably than the compared baseline methods.
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Zimbidis, Alexandros A., Nickolaos E. Frangos, and Athanasios A. Pantelous. "Modeling Earthquake Risk via Extreme Value Theory and Pricing the Respective Catastrophe Bonds." ASTIN Bulletin 37, no. 01 (May 2007): 163–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ast.37.1.2020804.
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The aim of the paper is twofold. Firstly, to analyze the historical data of the earthquakes in the boarder area of Greece and then to produce a reliable model for the risk dynamics of the magnitude of the earthquakes, using advanced techniques from the Extreme Value Theory. Secondly, to discuss briefly the relevant theory of incomplete markets and price earthquake catastrophe bonds, combining the model found for the earthquake risk and an appropriate model for the interest rate dynamics in an incomplete market framework. The paper ends by providing some numerical results using Monte Carlo simulation techniques and stochastic iterative equations.
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Zimbidis, Alexandros A., Nickolaos E. Frangos, and Athanasios A. Pantelous. "Modeling Earthquake Risk via Extreme Value Theory and Pricing the Respective Catastrophe Bonds." ASTIN Bulletin 37, no. 1 (May 2007): 163–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0515036100014793.
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The aim of the paper is twofold. Firstly, to analyze the historical data of the earthquakes in the boarder area of Greece and then to produce a reliable model for the risk dynamics of the magnitude of the earthquakes, using advanced techniques from the Extreme Value Theory. Secondly, to discuss briefly the relevant theory of incomplete markets and price earthquake catastrophe bonds, combining the model found for the earthquake risk and an appropriate model for the interest rate dynamics in an incomplete market framework. The paper ends by providing some numerical results using Monte Carlo simulation techniques and stochastic iterative equations.
15
Zhang, J., F. Gao, H. Yu, and X. Zhao. "Use of an orthogonal parallel robot with redundant actuation as an earthquake simulator and its experiments." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 226, no. 1 (October 3, 2011): 257–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406211413050.
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In this article, an orthogonal 6-degree-of-freedom (DOF) parallel robot with redundant actuation is studied as an earthquake motion simulator. Taking the practical simulation of earthquake waves into consideration, the general characteristics of natural earthquakes are analysed and complexity and variety of seismic waves, three-dimensional and multi-DOF movement, and strong devastating force are regarded as the three obvious features in this article. Based on the characteristics of this orthogonal 6-DOF parallel robot with redundant actuation and the features of earthquakes, the feasibility of using this parallel robot as an earthquake motion simulator is analysed from three aspects: orthogonal 6-DOF structure, decoupling feature, and redundant actuation module. In order to simulate an earthquake motion using this parallel robot, its inverse kinematics and dynamics models are derived. The control system of this earthquake simulator is developed based on the PXIbus development platform. The computed-torque control algorithm based on the inverse dynamics is used in the controller of this equipment. A typical three-directional earthquake motion, the El Centro earthquake, is simulated on the end-effector of this parallel robot by means of its mathematical models and control system. Three main motion parameters of simulated seismic waves, displacements, velocities, and accelerations, are measured, respectively, by laser tracker and acceleration sensors. The experimental results show this equipment is appropriate to be used as an earthquake simulator.
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Vasudevan, K., M. Cavers, and A. Ware. "Earthquake sequencing: chimera states with Kuramoto model dynamics on directed graphs." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 22, no. 5 (September 8, 2015): 499–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-22-499-2015.
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Abstract. Earthquake sequencing studies allow us to investigate empirical relationships among spatio-temporal parameters describing the complexity of earthquake properties. We have recently studied the relevance of Markov chain models to draw information from global earthquake catalogues. In these studies, we considered directed graphs as graph theoretic representations of the Markov chain model and analyzed their properties. Here, we look at earthquake sequencing itself as a directed graph. In general, earthquakes are occurrences resulting from significant stress interactions among faults. As a result, stress-field fluctuations evolve continuously. We propose that they are akin to the dynamics of the collective behavior of weakly coupled non-linear oscillators. Since mapping of global stress-field fluctuations in real time at all scales is an impossible task, we consider an earthquake zone as a proxy for a collection of weakly coupled oscillators, the dynamics of which would be appropriate for the ubiquitous Kuramoto model. In the present work, we apply the Kuramoto model with phase lag to the non-linear dynamics on a directed graph of a sequence of earthquakes. For directed graphs with certain properties, the Kuramoto model yields synchronization, and inclusion of non-local effects evokes the occurrence of chimera states or the co-existence of synchronous and asynchronous behavior of oscillators. In this paper, we show how we build the directed graphs derived from global seismicity data. Then, we present conditions under which chimera states could occur and, subsequently, point out the role of the Kuramoto model in understanding the evolution of synchronous and asynchronous regions. We surmise that one implication of the emergence of chimera states will lead to investigation of the present and other mathematical models in detail to generate global chimera-state maps similar to global seismicity maps for earthquake forecasting studies.
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Chugh, Ashok K., and J. Lawrence Von Thun. "Pore pressure response analysis for earthquakes." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 22, no. 4 (November 1, 1985): 466–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t85-066.
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Modifications and extensions made to the computer programs APOLLO and GADFLEA for studying the generation and dissipation of pore water pressure in soil deposits under earthquake loading are presented. The revised versions of these computer programs permit a fuller use of the analytically estimated site-specific earthquake response of soil deposits. These changes do not, however, alter the basic formulation of the problem and the solution strategies implemented in the computer programs APOLLO and GADFLEA. It is argued that the dynamic pore pressure response results obtained through these programs when used iteratively with the total stress ground response analysis should yield results close to the true effective stress ground response analysis for earthquake loading. Key words: pore pressure, earthquakes, soil dynamics, analysis, effective stress, computer programs, liquefaction.
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Yin, Jiuxun, Zefeng Li, and Marine A. Denolle. "Source Time Function Clustering Reveals Patterns in Earthquake Dynamics." Seismological Research Letters 92, no. 4 (March 31, 2021): 2343–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220200403.
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Abstract We cluster a global database of 3529 Mw>5.5 earthquakes in 1995–2018 based on a dynamic time warping distance between earthquake source time functions (STFs). The clustering exhibits different degrees of complexity of the STF shapes and suggests an association between STF complexity and earthquake source parameters. Most of the thrust events have simple STF shapes across all depths. In contrast, earthquakes with complex STF shapes tend to be located at shallow depths in complicated tectonic regions, exhibit long source duration compared with others of similar magnitude, and tend to have strike-slip mechanisms. With 2D dynamic modeling of dynamic ruptures on heterogeneous fault properties, we find a systematic variation of the simulated STF complexity with frictional properties. Comparison between the observed and synthetic clustering distributions provides useful constraints on frictional properties. In particular, the characteristic slip-weakening distance could be constrained to be short (<0.1 m) and depth dependent if stress drop is in general constant.
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Vasudevan, K., M. Cavers, and A. Ware. "Earthquake sequencing: Chimera states with Kuramoto model dynamics on directed graphs." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics Discussions 2, no. 1 (February 20, 2015): 361–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npgd-2-361-2015.
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Abstract. Earthquake sequencing studies allow us to investigate empirical relationships among spatio-temporal parameters describing the complexity of earthquake properties. We have recently studied the relevance of Markov chain models to draw information from global earthquake catalogues. In these studies, we considered directed graphs as graph theoretic representations of the Markov chain model, and analyzed their properties. Here, we look at earthquake sequencing itself as a directed graph. In general, earthquakes are occurrences resulting from significant stress-interactions among faults. As a result, stress-field fluctuations evolve continuously. We propose that they are akin to the dynamics of the collective behaviour of weakly-coupled non-linear oscillators. Since mapping of global stress-field fluctuations in real time at all scales is an impossible task, we consider an earthquake zone as a proxy for a collection of weakly-coupled oscillators, the dynamics of which would be appropriate for the ubiquitous Kuramoto model. In the present work, we apply the Kuramoto model to the non-linear dynamics on a directed graph of a sequence of earthquakes. For directed graphs with certain properties, the Kuramoto model yields synchronization, and inclusion of non-local effects evokes the occurrence of chimera states or the co-existence of synchronous and asynchronous behaviour of oscillators. In this paper, we show how we build the directed graphs derived from global seismicity data. Then, we present conditions under which chimera states could occur and subsequently, point out the role of Kuramoto model in understanding the evolution of synchronous and asynchronous regions.
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Rosenau, Matthias, Fabio Corbi, and Stephane Dominguez. "Analogue earthquakes and seismic cycles: experimental modelling across timescales." Solid Earth 8, no. 3 (May 19, 2017): 597–635. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-8-597-2017.
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Abstract. Earth deformation is a multi-scale process ranging from seconds (seismic deformation) to millions of years (tectonic deformation). Bridging short- and long-term deformation and developing seismotectonic models has been a challenge in experimental tectonics for more than a century. Since the formulation of Reid's elastic rebound theory 100 years ago, laboratory mechanical models combining frictional and elastic elements have been used to study the dynamics of earthquakes. In the last decade, with the advent of high-resolution monitoring techniques and new rock analogue materials, laboratory earthquake experiments have evolved from simple spring-slider models to scaled analogue models. This evolution was accomplished by advances in seismology and geodesy along with relatively frequent occurrences of large earthquakes in the past decade. This coincidence has significantly increased the quality and quantity of relevant observations in nature and triggered a new understanding of earthquake dynamics. We review here the developments in analogue earthquake modelling with a focus on those seismotectonic scale models that are directly comparable to observational data on short to long timescales. We lay out the basics of analogue modelling, namely scaling, materials and monitoring, as applied in seismotectonic modelling. An overview of applications highlights the contributions of analogue earthquake models in bridging timescales of observations including earthquake statistics, rupture dynamics, ground motion, and seismic-cycle deformation up to seismotectonic evolution.
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Febriani, Dewi, and Siti Rohmah Nurhayati. "Description of the dynamics of the resilience of people victims of the 2018 North Lombok earthquake." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 884, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/884/1/012040.
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Abstract Before the earthquake struck lombok island on July 26, 2018, with a magnitude of 6.4 SR and on August 5, 2018 with a magnitude of 7.0 SR, it turned out that the history of earthquakes in Lombok had occurred 7 times from 1856 to 2013 with different strengths. So it can be concluded that lombok island is classified as a disaster prone area. Earthquakes include geological disasters that leave major impacts on lives, economies, infrastructure, the environment as well as psychological impacts. This research aims to describe the dynamics of the resilience of the victims of the 2018 North Lombok earthquake. This research aims to describe the dynamics of the resilience of the victims of the 2018 North Lombok earthquake. This article was compiled using two sections using literature studies and empirical research with a qualitative approach through in-depth interview motode. The results showed that the dynamics of resilience formation in earthquake victims had a profound effect on the success of synergy holistically both individual strength factors in mitigation implementation, family support factors and community factors both in a broad and narrow environment. The aspects of resilience in lombok society are the dominant aspects of optimism, empathy, self-efficacy and reaching out.
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Johnson, Paul A., and Chris W. Johnson. "Earthquake fault slip and nonlinear dynamics." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 153, no. 3_supplement (March 1, 2023): A203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0018661.
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Earthquake fault slip under shear forcing can be envisioned as a nonlinear dynamical process dominated by a single slip plane. In contrast, nonlinear behavior in Earth materials (e.g., rock) is driven by a strain-induced ensemble activation and slip of a large number of distributed features—cracks and grain boundary slip across many scales in the volume. The bulk recovery of a fault post-failure and that of a rock sample post dynamic or static forcing (”aging” or the “slow dynamics”) is very similar with approximate log(time) dependence for much of the recovery. In our work, we analyze large amounts of continuous acoustic emission (AE) data from a laboratory “earthquake machine,” applying machine learning, with the task of determining what information regarding fault slip the AE signal may carry. Applying the continuous AE as input to machine learning models and using measured fault friction, displacement, etc., as model labels, we find that the AE are imprinted with information regarding the fault friction and displacement. We are currently developing approaches to probe stick-slip on Earth faults, those that are responsible for damaging earthquakes. A related goal is to quantitatively relate nonlinear elastic theory (e.g., PM space, Arrhenius) to frictional theory (e.g., rate-state).
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Rakuasa, Heinrich, S. Supriatna, A. Karsidi, A. Rifai, M. P. Tambunan, and A. Poniman K. "Spatial Dynamics Model of Earthquake Prone Area in Ambon City." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1039, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1039/1/012057.
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Abstract Ambon City has limitations in the development of residential areas because it is in an area prone to earthquake disasters, This is because Ambon City is in a very active tectonic area and 65% of settlement land / land built in Ambon City is in an active and weak fault zone and if there is a plate movement there will be an earthquake along the weak zone. One of the first steps to the effort to stigmatize disasters is to estimate how large the area of settlements that have been analyzed using cellular automata markov-chain located in earthquake-prone areas. This study aims to analyze changes in Ambon city land cover in 2012, 2017, 2021 and predict land cover in 2031 and synthesize spatial dynamics of settlement land availability with earthquake-prone areas in Ambon City in 2021 and 2031. This study uses Cellular Automata modeling to predict ambon city land cover in 2031 which will be covered with a map of earthquake-prone areas obtained from BPBD Ambon City to see residential areas that are in earthquake prone areas in Ambon City in 2021 and 2031. The results showed that the area of built land affected in earthquake-prone areas has a straight proportional relationship with the year of land development built. So that the more years then the area of land is built in areas prone to earthquakes and increasing. This research is expected to be used as a reference in the management of sustainable settlement area development and for efforts to organize space based on disaster mitigation in order to minimize losses and casualties due to earthquake disasters that will occur in Ambon City in this future.
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Gotoh, K., M. Hayakawa, and N. Smirnova. "Fractal analysis of the ULF geomagnetic data obtained at Izu Peninsula, Japan in relation to the nearby earthquake swarm of June–August 2000." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 3, no. 3/4 (August 31, 2003): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-3-229-2003.
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Abstract. In our recent papers we applied fractal methods to extract the earthquake precursory signatures from scaling characteristics of the ULF geomagnetic data, obtained in a seismic active region of Guam Island during the large earthquake of 8 August 1993. We found specific dynamics of their fractal characteristics (spectral exponents and fractal dimensions) before the earthquake: appearance of the flicker-noise signatures and increase of the time series fractal dimension. Here we analyze ULF geomagnetic data obtained in a seismic active region of Izu Peninsula, Japan during a swarm of the strong nearby earthquakes of June–August 2000 and compare the results obtained in both regions. We apply the same methodology of data processing using the FFT procedure, Higuchi method and Burlaga-Klein approach to calculate the spectral exponents and fractal dimensions of the ULF time series. We found the common features and specific peculiarities in the behavior of fractal characteristics of the ULF time series before Izu and Guam earthquakes. As a common feature, we obtained the same increase of the ULF time series fractal dimension before the earthquakes, and as specific peculiarity – this increase appears to be sharp for Izu earthquake in comparison with gradual increase of the ULF time series fractal dimension for Guam earthquake. The results obtained in both regions are discussed on the basis of the SOC (self-organized criticality) concept taking into account the differences in the depths of the earthquake focuses. On the basis of the peculiarities revealed, we advance methodology for extraction of the earthquake precursory signatures. As an adjacent step, we suggest the combined analysis of the ULF time series in the parametric space polarization ratio – fractal dimension. We reason also upon the advantage of the multifractal approach with respect to the mono-fractal analysis for study of the earthquake preparation dynamics.
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Madden, E. H., M. Bader, J. Behrens, Y. van Dinther, A.-A. Gabriel, L. Rannabauer, T. Ulrich, C. Uphoff, S. Vater, and I. van Zelst. "Linked 3-D modelling of megathrust earthquake-tsunami events: from subduction to tsunami run up." Geophysical Journal International 224, no. 1 (October 10, 2020): 487–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa484.
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SUMMARY How does megathrust earthquake rupture govern tsunami behaviour? Recent modelling advances permit evaluation of the influence of 3-D earthquake dynamics on tsunami genesis, propagation, and coastal inundation. Here, we present and explore a virtual laboratory in which the tsunami source arises from 3-D coseismic seafloor displacements generated by a dynamic earthquake rupture model. This is achieved by linking open-source earthquake and tsunami computational models that follow discontinuous Galerkin schemes and are facilitated by highly optimized parallel algorithms and software. We present three scenarios demonstrating the flexibility and capabilities of linked modelling. In the first two scenarios, we use a dynamic earthquake source including time-dependent spontaneous failure along a 3-D planar fault surrounded by homogeneous rock and depth-dependent, near-lithostatic stresses. We investigate how slip to the trench influences tsunami behaviour by simulating one blind and one surface-breaching rupture. The blind rupture scenario exhibits distinct earthquake characteristics (lower slip, shorter rupture duration, lower stress drop, lower rupture speed), but the tsunami is similar to that from the surface-breaching rupture in run-up and length of impacted coastline. The higher tsunami-generating efficiency of the blind rupture may explain how there are differences in earthquake characteristics between the scenarios, but similarities in tsunami inundation patterns. However, the lower seafloor displacements in the blind rupture result in a smaller displaced volume of water leading to a narrower inundation corridor inland from the coast and a 15 per cent smaller inundation area overall. In the third scenario, the 3-D earthquake model is initialized using a seismo-thermo-mechanical geodynamic model simulating both subduction dynamics and seismic cycles. This ensures that the curved fault geometry, heterogeneous stresses and strength and material structure are consistent with each other and with millions of years of modelled deformation in the subduction channel. These conditions lead to a realistic rupture in terms of velocity and stress drop that is blind, but efficiently generates a tsunami. In all scenarios, comparison with the tsunamis sourced by the time-dependent seafloor displacements, using only the time-independent displacements alters tsunami temporal behaviour, resulting in later tsunami arrival at the coast, but faster coastal inundation. In the scenarios with the surface-breaching and subduction-initialized earthquakes, using the time-independent displacements also overpredicts run-up. In the future, the here presented scenarios may be useful for comparison of alternative dynamic earthquake-tsunami modelling approaches or linking choices, and can be readily developed into more complex applications to study how earthquake source dynamics influence tsunami genesis, propagation and inundation.
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Kearse, Jesse, Yoshihiro Kaneko, Tim Little, and Russ Van Dissen. "Curved slickenlines preserve direction of rupture propagation." Geology 47, no. 9 (July 10, 2019): 838–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g46563.1.
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Abstract Slip-parallel grooves (striations) on fault surfaces are considered a robust indicator of fault slip direction, yet their potential for recording aspects of earthquake rupture dynamics has received little attention. During the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake (South Island, New Zealand), >10 m of dextral strike-slip on the steeply dipping Kekerengu fault exhumed >200 m2 of fresh fault exposure (free faces) where it crossed bedrock canyons. Inscribed upon these surfaces, we observed individual striae up to 6 m long, all of which had formed during the earthquake. These were typically curved. Using simulations of spontaneous dynamic rupture on a vertical strike-slip fault, we reproduce the curved morphology of striae on the Kekerengu fault. Assuming strike-slip pre-stress, our models demonstrate that vertical tractions induced by slip in the so-called cohesive zone result in transient changes in slip direction. We show that slip-path convexity is sensitive to the direction of rupture propagation. To match the convexity of striae formed in 2016 requires the rupture to have propagated in a northeast direction, a prediction that matches the known rupture direction of the Kaikōura earthquake. Our study highlights the potential for fault striae to record aspects of rupture dynamics, including the rupture direction of paleo strike-slip earthquakes.
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Carlson, J. M., J. S. Langer, and B. E. Shaw. "Dynamics of earthquake faults." Reviews of Modern Physics 66, no. 2 (April 1, 1994): 657–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.66.657.
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Nazarov, Yuriy P., and Vladimir I. Travush. "LONG-PERIOD SEISMIC IMPACTS AND IT AFFECTING ON THE STRENGTH OF HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS CONSTRUCTIONS." International Journal for Computational Civil and Structural Engineering 14, no. 4 (December 21, 2018): 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22337/2587-9618-2018-14-4-14-26.
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Currently, in all building codes, the diagrams of dynamics coefficient are limited to a maximum natural oscillation period of 1.8 s. However, this range is clearly not enough for the calculation of constructions of high-rise structures with characteristic basic periods of about 4-5 s and more. This article analyzes the available seis-mological data presented in the Center for Engineering Strong Motion Data (CESMD) database. The spectra of Tolioku earthquakes (Tohoku earthquake. Japan. March 11. 2011) and Emberley (New Zealand Earthquake. New Zealand. November 13, 2016) were studied, and dynamic factors for periods of natural oscillations of structures 4-5 s are calculated. The results of the study allow to establish reasonable values of dynamic coefficients in the field of high periods.
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Chen, Jiemin, Zelin Yan, Linfeng Xu, Zhixin Liu, Yan Liu, and Jiawei Tian. "The Nonlinear Time Sequence Analysis in the Alpine-Himalayan Earthquake Zone." E3S Web of Conferences 299 (2021): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129902001.
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The characteristics of the earthquake activity in the Eurasian earthquake zone, which is the second largest earthquake zone in the world, was investigated by researchers. The earthquake activity of the Eurasian earthquake zone was analysed in various disciplines, such as earth dynamics, rock mechanics, geology and tectonics. The emergence of fractal theory provided a new direction in exploring the characteristics of the earthquake activity in the Eurasian earthquake zone. This study processed the data on the earthquake activity in the Eurasian earthquake zone by self-similarity method and scaled invariant feature test and used the rescaled range analysis method to analyse the nonlinear time series fractal characteristics of the earthquake activity in the Eurasian earthquake zone. Results show that the time series of earthquake activity in the study area is not an independent Poisson process, which exhibits the characteristics of scale invariance and long-range correlation. Approximately 80% of the H values of the earthquake activity iteratively increase and decrease for moderate earthquakes, which is mainly concentrated during the increasing stage. The time difference of the H value between the two-neighbouring earthquake shows that the H value fluctuates in the active earthquake region and is stationary in the relatively stable region. Strong earthquakes will likely occur in the next few years because the H value fluctuates.
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VEITCH, STEPHEN A., and MEREDITH NETTLES. "Assessment of glacial-earthquake source parameters." Journal of Glaciology 63, no. 241 (October 2017): 867–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jog.2017.52.
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ABSTRACTGlacial earthquakes are slow earthquakes of magnitude M~5 associated with major calving events at near-grounded marine-terminating glaciers. These globally detectable earthquakes provide information on the grounding state of outlet glaciers and the timing of large calving events. Seismic source modeling of glacial earthquakes provides information on the size and orientation of forces associated with calving events. We compare force orientations estimated using a centroid-single-force technique with the calving-front orientations of the source glaciers at or near the time of earthquake occurrence. We consider earthquakes recorded at four glaciers in Greenland – Kangerdlugssuaq Glacier, Helheim Glacier, Kong Oscar Glacier, and Jakobshavn Isbræ – between 1999 and 2010. We find that the estimated earthquake force orientations accurately represent the orientation of the calving front at the time of the earthquake, and that seismogenic calving events are produced by a preferred section of the calving front, which may change with time. We also find that estimated earthquake locations vary in a manner consistent with changes in calving-front position, though with large scatter. We conclude that changes in glacial-earthquake source parameters reflect true changes in the geometry of the source glaciers, providing a means for identifying changes in glacier geometry and dynamics that complements traditional remote-sensing techniques.
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Zahariev, E. V. "Earthquake dynamic response of large flexible multibody systems." Mechanical Sciences 4, no. 1 (February 20, 2013): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ms-4-131-2013.
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Abstract. In the paper dynamics of large flexible structures imposed on earthquakes and high amplitude vibrations is regarded. Precise dynamic equations of flexible systems are the basis for reliable motion simulation and analysis of loading of the design scheme elements. Generalized Newton–Euler dynamic equations for rigid and flexible bodies are applied. The basement compulsory motion realized because of earthquake or wave propagation is presented in the dynamic equations as reonomic constraints. The dynamic equations, algebraic equations and reonomic constraints compile a system of differential algebraic equations which are transformed to a system of ordinary differential equations with respect to the generalized coordinates and the reactions due to the reonomic constraints. Examples of large flexible structures and wind power generator dynamic analysis are presented.
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Abercrombie, Rachel E. "Resolution and uncertainties in estimates of earthquake stress drop and energy release." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 379, no. 2196 (March 15, 2021): 20200131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2020.0131.
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Our models and understanding of the dynamics of earthquake rupture are based largely on estimates of earthquake source parameters, such as stress drop and radiated seismic energy. Unfortunately, the measurements, especially those of small and moderate-sized earthquakes (magnitude less than about 5 or 6), are not well resolved, containing significant random and potentially systematic uncertainties. The aim of this review is to provide a context in which to understand the challenges involved in estimating these measurements, and to assess the quality and reliability of reported measurements of earthquake source parameters. I also discuss some of the ways progress is being made towards more reliable parameter measurements. At present, whether the earthquake source is entirely self-similar, or not, and which factors and processes control the physics of the rupture remains, at least in the author's opinion, largely unconstrained. Detailed analysis of the best recorded earthquakes, using the increasing quantity and quality of data available, and methods less dependent on simplistic source models is one approach that may help provide better constraints. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Fracture dynamics of solid materials: from particles to the globe’.
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Saito, Tatsuhiko, and Tatsuya Kubota. "Tsunami Modeling for the Deep Sea and Inside Focal Areas." Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 48, no. 1 (May 30, 2020): 121–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-071719-054845.
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This article reviews tsunami modeling and its relation to recent developments of deep-ocean observations. Unlike near-coast observations, deep-ocean observations have enabled the capture of short-wavelength dispersive tsunamis and reflected waves from the coast. By analyzing these waves, researchers can estimate tsunami sources and earthquake slip distributions more reliably with higher spatial resolution. In addition, fractional tsunami speed reduction due to the elasticity of the Earth medium is now clearly detected. Densely and widely distributed tsunami sensors make it possible to observe tsunamis inside the earthquake focal area, and understanding tsunami generation mechanisms is increasingly important. In order to describe the generation field, we should consider seismic waves overlapping tsunami signals in addition to vertical and horizontal displacements at the sea bottom. The importance of elastic dynamics, in addition to fluid dynamics, is increasing in order for researchers to fully understand tsunami phenomena using the new offshore and inside focal area observations. ▪ Deep-ocean observations have advanced tsunami propagation modeling. ▪ New deep-ocean observations in earthquake focal areas are expected to detect in situ tsunami generation caused by megathrust earthquakes. ▪ The importance of elastic dynamics, in addition to fluid dynamics, is increasing to help researchers fully understand mechanics in tsunami generation and propagation. ▪ Tsunami modeling including earthquake rupture and seismic waves contributes to mega-thrust earthquake investigation and disaster mitigation.
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SRIVASTAVA, H. N., S. N. BHATTACHARYA, D. T. RAO, and S. SRIVASTAVA. "Strange attractor in earthquake swarms near Valsad (Gujarat), India." MAUSAM 58, no. 4 (November 26, 2021): 543–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v58i4.1439.
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Valsad district in south Gujarat near the western coast of the peninsular India experienced earthquake swarms since early February 1986. Seismic monitoring through a network of micro earthquake seismographs showed a well concentrated seismic activity over an area of 7 × 10 km2 with the depth of foci extending from 1 to 15 km. A total number of 21,830 earthquakes were recorded during March 1986 to June 1988. The daily frequency of earthquakes for this period was utilized to examine deterministic chaos through evaluation of dimension of strange attractor and Lyapunov exponent. The low dimension of 2.1 for the strange attractor and positive value of the largest Lyapunov exponent suggest chaotic dynamics in Valsad earthquake swarms with at least 3 parameters for earthquake predictability. The results indicate differences in the characteristics of deterministic chaos in intraplate and interplate regions of India.
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Danish, Aamar, Naveed Ahmad, and M. Usama Salim. "Manufacturing and Performance of an Economical 1-D Shake Table." Civil Engineering Journal 5, no. 9 (September 23, 2019): 2019–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2019-03091390.
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The researchers and engineers encountered many problems to precisely replicate earthquake waves. Earthquakes are one of the nature's worst catastrophes and are still unpredictable. Statistical research has shown that the earthquakes have increased in frequency in recent years and have become a major concern for the world especially for those countries which are located on the fault lines such as Japan, Bangladesh and Pakistan. So, it was imperative to device a mechanism to check earthquake response and apply some necessary mitigations for the safety of humanity. After many years of research an indispensable testing apparatus was designed named as Shake Table. This apparatus is extensively used in earthquake research centers globally because it is the best available apparatus to replicate the earthquakes imposed dynamic effects on structures. A uni-axial shaking table was designed, manufactured and installed in University of Engineering & Technology Taxila, Pakistan which is operated on 3 HP servo motor coupled with encoder, motion controller and supported on HSB mechanical linear drive. The system was assembled in a simple way with care to endure sufficient replication of given (recorded) motion by shake table system. This paper focuses on the designing, manufacturing and performance of an economical analytical model of 1-D shake table incorporating conjunction of structural dynamics and linear control theory.
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Erickson, Brittany A., Junle Jiang, Michael Barall, Nadia Lapusta, Eric M. Dunham, Ruth Harris, Lauren S. Abrahams, et al. "The Community Code Verification Exercise for Simulating Sequences of Earthquakes and Aseismic Slip (SEAS)." Seismological Research Letters 91, no. 2A (January 29, 2020): 874–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220190248.
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Abstract Numerical simulations of sequences of earthquakes and aseismic slip (SEAS) have made great progress over past decades to address important questions in earthquake physics. However, significant challenges in SEAS modeling remain in resolving multiscale interactions between earthquake nucleation, dynamic rupture, and aseismic slip, and understanding physical factors controlling observables such as seismicity and ground deformation. The increasing complexity of SEAS modeling calls for extensive efforts to verify codes and advance these simulations with rigor, reproducibility, and broadened impact. In 2018, we initiated a community code-verification exercise for SEAS simulations, supported by the Southern California Earthquake Center. Here, we report the findings from our first two benchmark problems (BP1 and BP2), designed to verify different computational methods in solving a mathematically well-defined, basic faulting problem. We consider a 2D antiplane problem, with a 1D planar vertical strike-slip fault obeying rate-and-state friction, embedded in a 2D homogeneous, linear elastic half-space. Sequences of quasi-dynamic earthquakes with periodic occurrences (BP1) or bimodal sizes (BP2) and their interactions with aseismic slip are simulated. The comparison of results from 11 groups using different numerical methods show excellent agreements in long-term and coseismic fault behavior. In BP1, we found that truncated domain boundaries influence interseismic stressing, earthquake recurrence, and coseismic rupture, and that model agreement is only achieved with sufficiently large domain sizes. In BP2, we found that complexity of fault behavior depends on how well physical length scales related to spontaneous nucleation and rupture propagation are resolved. Poor numerical resolution can result in artificial complexity, impacting simulation results that are of potential interest for characterizing seismic hazard such as earthquake size distributions, moment release, and recurrence times. These results inform the development of more advanced SEAS models, contributing to our further understanding of earthquake system dynamics.
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Lu, Yin, Nadav Wetzler, Nicolas Waldmann, Amotz Agnon, Glenn P. Biasi, and Shmuel Marco. "A 220,000-year-long continuous large earthquake record on a slow-slipping plate boundary." Science Advances 6, no. 48 (November 2020): eaba4170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba4170.
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Large earthquakes (magnitude ≥ 7.0) are rare, especially along slow-slipping plate boundaries. Lack of large earthquakes in the instrumental record enlarges uncertainty of the recurrence time; the recurrence of large earthquakes is generally determined by extrapolation according to a magnitude-frequency relation. We enhance the seismological catalog of the Dead Sea Fault Zone by including a 220,000-year-long continuous large earthquake record based on seismites from the Dead Sea center. We constrain seismic shaking intensities via computational fluid dynamics modeling and invert them for earthquake magnitude. Our analysis shows that the recurrence time of large earthquakes follows a power-law distribution, with a mean of 1400 ± 160 years. This mean recurrence is notable shorter than the previous estimate of 11,000 years for the past 40,000 years. Our unique record confirms a clustered earthquake recurrence pattern and a group-fault temporal clustering model, and reveals an unexpectedly high seismicity rate on a slow-slipping plate boundary.
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Stiros, Stathis C. "Intensities of ancient earthquakes, earthquake magnitude and soil dynamics effects. Evidence from the 1750 Croatia earthquake." Geodesy and Geodynamics 10, no. 4 (July 2019): 339–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geog.2018.03.005.
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Tian, Yun, Linfeng Wang, Honghua Jin, and Biao Zeng. "Dynamic Response of Seismic Dangerous Rock Based on PFC and Dynamics." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (October 31, 2020): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8846130.
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Rock slope instability by earthquakes results in substantial economic and property losses. The calculation method of interlayer load and stability coefficient of horizontal complex layered rock slopes in high-intensity areas is established from material mechanics, fracture mechanics, and dynamics. The stability of horizontal layered dangerous rock is calculated after combining it with PFC simulation technology to verify the rationality of the calculation in the Wenchuan area of Sichuan Province. The dynamic response characteristics of dangerous rocks under different weathering degrees are also analyzed. The results show that both methods have an excellent early warning effect on earthquake dangerous rocks. Among the PGA amplification factors, Model 1 has a relatively uniform distribution, Model 2 has a zigzag distribution, Models 3 and 4 have a “U”-shaped distribution, and the most severe acceleration dynamic responses are 4-1 and 4-2 rock blocks. The dynamic acceleration response of mudstone is affected by the crack propagation process of the upper sandstone and exhibits a particular elevation amplification effect. The peak stress gradually decreases with the increase in weathering and elevation. The stress change of the inner chain No. 2 in the horizontal x and y directions is severe, and the stress response of the outer chain No. 1 in the vertical z-direction is severe. It recommends that earthquake disaster protection projects should pay attention to the impact of low-frequency (0–10 Hz) and high-frequency (250 Hz) earthquakes on slope stability.
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Dieterich, J. H. "Earthquake simulations with time-dependent nucleation and long-range interactions." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 2, no. 3/4 (December 31, 1995): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-2-109-1995.
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Abstract. A model for rapid simulation of earthquake sequences is introduced which incorporates long-range elastic interactions among fault elements and time-dependent earthquake nucleation inferred from experimentally derived rate- and state-dependent fault constitutive properties. The model consists of a planar two-dimensional fault surface which is periodic in both the x- and y-directions. Elastic interactions among fault elements are represented by an array of elastic dislocations. Approximate solutions for earthquake nucleation and dynamics of earthquake slip are introduced which permit computations to proceed in steps that are determined by the transitions from one sliding state to the next. The transition-driven time stepping and avoidance of systems of simultaneous equations permit rapid simulation of large sequences of earthquake events on computers of modest capacity, while preserving characteristics of the nucleation and rupture propagation processes evident in more detailed models. Earthquakes simulated with this model reproduce many of the observed spatial and temporal characteristics of clustering phenomena including foreshock and aftershock sequences. Clustering arises because the time dependence of the nucleation process is highly sensitive to stress perturbations caused by nearby earthquakes. Rate of earthquake activity following a prior earthquake decays according to Omori's aftershock decay law and falls off with distance.
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Sharma, Ajanta, and Farha Zaman. "The Great Assam Earthquake of 1950: A Historical Review." Senhri Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.36110/sjms.2019.04.01.001.
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Northeast India is prone to major earthquake events due to its geographical and tectonic settings. Recurrence of the earthquakes in this part of India is frequent and associated with devastating events. Earthquake scenario in the region is very dangerous as the unplanned settlements with rise in population increased the vulnerability of human life. To understand such a risk and variability in human life and changes in natural dynamics; it is essential to know and study the past earthquake events. In northeast India, the last most devastating earthquake was the great Assam earthquake of 15th August 1950. This event brought different types of changes in the physiography which, results in havoc among the people. The changes in the river course, landslides, liquefaction and river bank changes are most influential factors in both human and natural arrangements. This brought devastation in human lives that resulted into several unsettled socio-economic issues. After the earthquake, Government and people tried together to overcome such trauma, although lack of preparedness caused some problems. This is the time to review all the scenario of major earthquakes in northeast India and realise that the necessity of preparedness is very important. The paper attempts to review the impact of the earthquake on different spheres: geographical, social and economic.
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Al-Nammari, Fatima M. "Long-Term Recovery of Historic Buildings." International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters 26, no. 1 (March 2008): 40–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028072700802600103.
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This paper explores the long-term earthquake recovery of historic buildings. The inquiry examines the dynamics of recovery from the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake for three NGO and public buildings, and identifies the variables that influenced it. The investigation indicates that long-term earthquake recovery for historic buildings is challenging, dynamic, and can be improved. There are several variables that influence the complexity of the recovery but, complications in earthquake recovery can be reduced through pre-incident recovery planning. The inquiry also illustrates that recovery dynamics are varied, and the challenges are dissimilar for different buildings. Several variables influence historic buildings’ recovery and are shaped by the bureaucratic recovery processes, involved players, context of recovery, and the building itself.
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Efstathiou, A., A. Tzanis, and F. Vallianatos. "ON THE NATURE AND DYNAMICS OF THE SEISMOGENETIC SYSTEM OF SOUTH CALIFORNIA, USA: AN ANALYSIS BASED ON NON-EXTENSIVE STATISTICAL PHYSICS." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 50, no. 3 (July 27, 2017): 1329. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11839.
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We examine the nature of the seismogenetic system in South California, USA, by searching for evidence of non-extensivity in the earthquake record. We attempt to determine whether earthquakes are generated by a self-excited Poisson process, in which case they obey Boltzmann-Gibbs thermodynamics, or by a Critical process, in which long-range interactions in non-equilibrium statesare expected (correlation) and the thermodynamics deviate from the Boltzmann-Gibbs formalism. Emphasis is given to background earthquakes since it is generally agreed that aftershock sequences comprise correlated sets. Accordingly, the analysis is based on the accurate earthquake catalogue compiled of the South California Earthquake Data Center, in which aftershocks are either included or have been removed with a stochastic declustering procedure. We examine multivariate cumulative frequency distributions of earthquake magnitudes, interevent time and interevent distance, in the context of Non-Extensive Statistical Physics, which is a generalization of extensive Boltzmann-Gibbs thermodynamics to non-equilibrating (non-extensive) systems. The results indicate a persistent subextensive seismogenetic system exhibiting long-range, moderate to high correlation. Criticality appears to be a plausible causative mechanism although conclusions cannot be drawn until alternative complexity mechanisms can be ruled out.
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FUKUYAMA, Eiichi. "Parameters for Earthquake Rupture Dynamics." Zisin (Journal of the Seismological Society of Japan. 2nd ser.) 61, Supplement (2009): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4294/zisin.61.309.
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Chelidze, Tamaz, and Teimuraz Matcharashvili. "Electromagnetic control of earthquake dynamics?" Computers & Geosciences 29, no. 5 (June 2003): 587–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0098-3004(03)00040-2.
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Nakanishi, Hiizu. "Complex Behavior in Earthquake Dynamics." International Journal of Modern Physics B 12, no. 03 (January 30, 1998): 273–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979298000211.
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Recent progresses in understanding earthquake dynamics with the aid of a simple spring-block system is reviewed from a physicists' point of view. Dynamical instability due to negative dynamical friction amplifies any perturbation and leads to a chaotic behavior for almost any initial configurations. It is also pointed out that static friction gives another source of the complex behavior which is characteristic to a threshold element system.
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Bonham-Carter, Graeme. "Soil dynamics and earthquake engineering." Computers & Geosciences 17, no. 4 (January 1991): 594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(91)90119-x.
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Tian, Xue, Xinyu Ma, Maowei Huang, Yiting Guo, Hongfei Yang, Liusheng Yang, Hui Chen, Ruoyun Gao, Jian Li, and Yongming Lin. "Spatiotemporal Dynamic Characteristics of Land Use in the Typical Watershed of Wenchuan Earthquake-Affected Areas—A Case Study in the Longxi River Basin." Sustainability 14, no. 23 (November 29, 2022): 15937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142315937.
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Major earthquakes cause serious damage to ecosystem structure and function through their huge destructive force and subsequent geohazards. Understanding the characteristics of post-earthquake land use change is of great interest to assess the effects of ecological restoration in earthquake-affected areas. However, little is known about the consequences of land use change on a small scale due to incomplete, non-comprehensive, and sparse research data. Here, we used remote-sensing images to study the land use change characteristics of the Longxi River before and after the Wenchuan earthquake by calculating the land use dynamics degree, transition matrix, and gravity center of the Longxi River Basin from 2005 to 2015. The Wenchuan earthquake disaster did not affect the main dominance of forests. Grassland, the second dominant land type, was replaced by geohazard-induced unutilized land after the earthquake. Compared with pre-earthquake in 2005, the areas of cultivated land, forest, grassland, and water area decreased, while those of construction land and unutilized land increased in 2015. The single land use dynamic degree and spatial dynamic change degree show the highest transition intensity of other land use types to unutilized land between 2005 and 2009. However, the degrees of all land use types decreased between 2009 and 2015. Both banks of the lower reach of the Longxi River had high and developing comprehensive indexes of land use degrees during the study period. The gravity centers of grassland, construction land, water, and cultivated land changed from north to south, while forest and unutilized land had the opposite pattern. Our results provide useful information for ecological restoration, ecological security, and soil-erosion control in earthquake-affected areas.
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Kiyashchenko, D., N. Smirnova, V. Troyan, and F. Vallianatos. "Dynamics of multifractal and correlation characteristics of the spatio-temporal distribution of regional seismicity before the strong earthquakes." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 3, no. 3/4 (August 31, 2003): 285–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-3-285-2003.
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Abstract. Investigations of the distribution of regional seismicity and the results of numerical simulations of the seismic process show the increase of inhomogenity in spatio-temporal distribution of the seismicity prior to large earthquakes and formation of inhomogeneous clusters in a wide range of scales. Since that, the multifractal approach is appropriate to investigate the details of such dynamics. Here we analyze the dynamics of the seismicity distribution before a number of strong earthquakes occurred in two seismically active regions of the world: Japan and Southern California. In order to study the evolution of spatial inhomogeneity of the seismicity distribution, we consider variations of two multifractal characteristics: information entropy of multifractal measure generation process and the higher-order generalized fractal dimension of the continuum of the earthquake epicenters. Also we studied the dynamics of the level of spatio-temporal correlations in the seismicity distribution. It is found that two aforementioned multifractal characteristics tend to decrease and the level of spatio-temporal correlations tends to increase before the majority of considered strong earthquakes. Such a tendency can be considered as an earthquake precursory signature. Therefore, the results obtained show the possibility to use multifractal and correlation characteristics of the spatio-temporal distribution of regional seismicity for seismic hazard risk evaluation.
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Olsen-Kettle, Louise, Hans Mühlhaus, and Christian Baillard. "A study of localization limiters and mesh dependency in earthquake rupture." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 368, no. 1910 (January 13, 2010): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2009.0190.
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No complete physically consistent model of earthquake rupture exists that can fully describe the rich hierarchy of scale dependencies and nonlinearities associated with earthquakes. We study mesh sensitivity in numerical models of earthquake rupture and demonstrate that this mesh sensitivity may provide hidden clues to the underlying physics generating the rich dynamics associated with earthquake rupture. We focus on unstable slip events that occur in earthquakes when rupture is associated with frictional weakening of the fault. Attempts to simulate these phenomena directly by introducing the relevant constitutive behaviour leads to mesh-dependent results, where the deformation localizes in one element, irrespective of size. Interestingly, earthquake models with oversized mesh elements that are ill-posed in the continuum limit display more complex and realistic physics. Until now, the mesh-dependency problem has been regarded as a red herring—but have we overlooked an important clue arising from the mesh sensitivity? We analyse spatial discretization errors introduced into models with oversized meshes to show how the governing equations may change because of these error terms and give rise to more interesting physics.