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Academic literature on the topic 'Earthen Settlement'

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Published: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Earthen Settlement"

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Tang, Xiaojia, Shui Shen, and Xin Su. "From rammed earth to stone wall: Chronological insight into the settlement change of the Lower Xiajiadian culture." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 22, 2022): e0273161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273161.

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In this article, we investigate the chronological change of settlements of the Lower Xiajiadian (LXJD) culture in northeast China. On the basis of excavation data, two types of settlements can be identified based on the methods of site construction: earthen (rammed earth/mudbrick) settlements and stone-constructed settlements. After integrating and reanalyzing all published 14C radiocarbon data of different LXJD sites, we argue that there is a clear chronological difference between these two types of settlements. It is revealed by the OxCal model that settlements built with earthen structures are generally earlier than those constructed with stones, and the changes in settlement spatial distribution and constructive material largely happened after 1500 BC. By means of correlation analysis with other related archaeological evidence, we suggest that the underlying social dynamics that contributed to LXJD settlement changes can be explored through multiple prospects.
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Zadnikov, S. A., and I. B. Shramko. "ON THE ISSUE OF THE ARCHITECTURE OF DEFENSIVE STRUCTURES OF THE EASTERN FORTIFICATION OF BILSK HILLFORT." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 42, no. 1 (April 6, 2022): 203–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2022.01.15.

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Bilsk is the largest fortified settlement of the Early Iron Age in Europe. The defensive line of the site consists of a rampart and the moat of more than 30 km length surrounding the area of ca. 5 thousand hectares. Over the years of the exploration of this archaeological site the idea of the time of settlement of certain parts of the archaeological complex, the origin and peculiarities of the creation of grand defensive structures was gradually formed. A special role in the process of their formation and use was played by the Eastern fortification, the fortified walls of which existed for more than two centuries. Recent exploration of its rampart and moat taking into account the results obtained last years suggest the creation of strong defencive system on the place of unfortified settlements and offered new vision of the appearance of fortified walls. The analysis of excavation materials of different years allows us to state that the territories occupied by unfortified settlements in the pre-fortress period were much larger and went beyond the future line of wood-earth fortifications. For more than a century and a half in the western part of the settlement complex there were no defencive structures. Only open settlements are known, which appeared in the last third of the 8th century BC. The situation changed in the second half of 6th century BC when the eastern part of the complex was occupied by the population with other traditions. Probably at the beginning of the third quarter of the 6th century BC the founders of the settlement, located in the eastern part of the watershed plateau, surrounded the most important part of the village with a wooden fence (a wall of logs, or mud). A similar wall defended the settlements within the modern Western settlement. The defensive line of the Great Fortress was later planned according to the same principle. We believe that such a light fence, without additional engineering structures, had no defensive significance but determined its own social space of settlements, which housed the estates of local tribal leaders, the most important public buildings and other facilities. Probably belonging to the different tribal groups prompted the inhabitants of the two settlements to strengthen the system of defence and surround the perimeter of each of them with an earthen rampart. The settlements gradually turned into a kind of residence of the local elite. We can assume that in the last third of the 5th century BC or at the beginning of the last quarter of this century, most likely, in the unstable situation in the region, the single strong defensive line in the form of an earthen rampart with a wooden wall on the ridge and a moat in front of them was created. The rampart and moat of the Great Fortress probably delineated the boundaries of the centre of the tribal union. The representatives of different ethnic groups and different social groups lived in this large area. The created defensive line with a length of 35 km was relevant until the middle of the 5th century BC until the time of the appearance of the settlement within the Western settlement. In the Eastern settlement life continues for another century and a half, until the endof the 4th century BC.
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Korzh, A. A. "NEW RESEARCH OF FORTIFICATION OF THE BASIVKA HILL-FORT." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 42, no. 1 (April 6, 2022): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2022.01.10.

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Defensive structures are the integral part of any fortified settlement. Their study requires significant labor costs, so usually the earthen constructions haven’t received enough attention from the predecessors. Basivka hill-fort is definitely the key settlement of the Scythian Age in the Sula River basin. Its total area is approximately 170 ha. The central, residential part is located on three well-fortified capes. Not all fortification areas were created simultaneously but had developed dynamically in time and space. Successful usage of natural topographic features at this settlement is combined with the basics of defense tactics. Modern agricultural activity and dwelling construction led to significant damage,and in some places to the destruction of earthen structures of Basivka hill-fort. This is especially true of the Great Outer Rampart which is well-preserved only in the eastern part. The complexity of the modern terrain and the significant forest cover were the determining factors that hindered the preparation of the most accurate topographic plan of this site. The paper presents a new plan of central fortifications but it also needs to be revised which is a matter of the future. A separate issue of the work is devoted to the placement of ancient entrances, which, like the fortification in general, could change over time and move from the main to the role of secondary ones. The paper highlights the results of excavations of the Great Basivka Rampart which were conducted in 2020—2021. It is ascertained that the defensive structures cover the cultural layer of the settlement. In general, valuable information was obtained regarding the development of fortifications in the Ukrainian Forest-Steppe of Dnieper Left-Bank area in the Scythian Age.
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do Carmo Souza, Leonardo Roque, and Sumitra S. Kandolkar. "Geotechnical Evaluation of Traditional ‘Bunds’ - Earthen Levees - From Goa." Applied Mechanics and Materials 877 (February 2018): 230–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.877.230.

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Ancient Goa was reclaimed from the marshy deltas by remnants of the Saraswat Civilization who settled there and brought with them their ancient technology. We need to learn from these ancient structures that have survived nearly 8000 years and therefore are truly sustainable. Their construction method needs to be replicated to help India’s growing infrastructure demand and lowland reclamation. They use renewable, locally available materials like Soil, Lime, Ash, Cowdung and Straw. They are multi functional: habitation, irrigation, pisiculture, agriculture, rainwater harvesting, infrastructure etc. they possess a stable shape. They save at an average 80% more space than standard embankments. A 6-8% mix of Lime and Coconut Leaf Ash gave best results for soil stabilization. They have good slope stability with a factor of safety of more than 1.5. They have no seepage problems. The self-repairing sustainable coconut tree root system provided 20% more shear strength and seismic stability. As they have already existed for many years they are already undergone settlement and consolidation. This is green engineering that has scope for ancient technology aiding modern technology and spurring India’s growth in it race for international primacy as a technological superpower.
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Mammadzadeh, Huseyn. "Shortepe fortified settlement and еarly Barda town in Garabagh." Grani 23, no. 11 (November 25, 2020): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/1720104.

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Shortepe situated near Shatirli village of Barda in Garabagh region of Azerbaijan Republic. Archaeological excavations gave us an opportunity to research antique and early medieval period of the city. Shortepe is one of the biggest antique and early medieval settlements of Azerbaijan. The settlement situated near Shatirli village in Barda region. There situated Bronze Age settlement Balatepe which were one of the important centers of Kura-Araxes (proto-albanians) tribes, Bronze Age kurgans and Shortepe archaeological complex in Shatirli village. As a result of the research, four cultural strata were discovered. The first layer belongs to the Kur-Araz culture. In this layer, hearth-shaped and horseshoe-shaped hearths were found. In the second layer, painted and simple vessels typical of the Middle Bronze Age were found, and in the third layer, stone box-type tombs and long-necked clay vessels were found. The fourth layer is located at a depth of 0.3-0.9 m. Earthen graves belonging to children and the elderly were found in this layer. There are considerable information about Barda city and a region where it is situated in the works of authors of Antic and Early Middle Ages. Archeologists C.Morqan, N.Silosani, İ.Babayev, R.Goyushov, A.Nuriyev, H.Jafarov, F.Osmanov, A.Mammadov, M.Huseynov had been researched in Barda. According to professor A.M.Mammadov, Shortepe monument is remains of ancient Barda that called “Harum” in the works of Nizami Ganjavi. The article was dedicated to antique and early medieval fortified settlement Shortepe, which researchers prove that the settlement was an ancient Barda town. We can localize it with Anariaka antique Caucasian Albanian settlement. Archaeological excavations were continued in 2006-2016 years regularly. Archaeological excavations had been led in Shortepe in 2014. Scientific researches had been continued in the size of 10x10 m and the area had been divided 4 square. In the result of the archaeological excavations has been got the material examples which dedicated to the antique and early medieval period. In 2015 year archaeological excavations continued. Fortified part of settlement and pit graves was unearthed during digs. Scientific investigations show that Shortepe was ancient city of Garabagh region of Azerbaijan.
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Rybchynskyi, Nestor-Mykolai. "GRAPHIC RECONSTRUCTION OF DEFENSE BULWARK OF THE THIRD FORTIFIED SETTLEMENT OF IX - X CENTURIES. IN THE KOROSTEN CITY (ON BASIS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA)." Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications 14, no. 2021 (2021): 132–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2020.14.132.

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From ancient times, mankind has tried to protect their settlement from predators and enemies. This promoted to creation of comfortable living conditions. This contributed to the emergence of fortified settlements. On the territory that archaeologists associate with the Slavs tribe Drevlyany, settlements began to appear in the IX century. when the Great Migration of the Slavs was finally completed. Bohdan Zvizdetsky, researcher of drevlyan՚s antiquity, provided information about 20 fortified settlements between the Horyn and Teteriv rivers. Such settlements are called in Ukrainian «horodyshche». Unfortunately, researchers rarely turned to archaeological research of the fortifications of drevlyan՚s fortified settlements. They primarily paid attention to the filling of cultural layer and archaeological excavation of ancient cemeteries. Therefore, few fortifications have been studied: Rayky, Secont fortified settlement in Korosten, Malyn and Third fortified settlement in Korosten. In general, it is worth mentioning the researchers who studied and analyzed the fortifications of the settlements of Kyiveian Rus՚ in the IX - XIII centuries. P. Rappaport was one of the first to pay attention to the construction of defensive bulwarks in his opinion, main types of wooden structures were palisade and the pillar structure, when horizontal logs are clamped between two verticals, or in the grooves of one vertical. Another archaeologist who paid attention to the study of fortifications was M. Kuchera. In his opinion, the most used was a framework structure. As a basis of a design, he put three-, or four-walled framework. They could be separate segments of the defense wall, or be structurally combined into a single line. Another option for fortifications, the researcher considered the walls of the pillar structure. Archaeologist Yuri Morgunov is also tried to study of fortifications of Kyievian Rus՚. He singled out separate elements: Escarpments; ditches; wooden-earthen defense constructions. In the middle of XX century. military engineer B. Sperk considered various types of defensive walls of fortified settlements of Ancient Rus՚. He wrote that, the main types of walls were three- or four-walled framework. They could be separate segments of the defense wall, or be structurally combined into a single line. Also, architect Vadym Lukyanchenko was engaged in architectural analysis. He turned his attention to the construction of wooden and earth defense construction. According to him, the earliest type of fortifications was a palisade, and later there were several types of fortifications: three, or four-walled frameworks. Based on the work of other researchers, as well as on analogies from the monuments of Poland (Motych; Naszacowice; Zawada Lanckorońska), Czech Republic (Uherské Hradiště- Rybárny; Breclav-Pohansko; Vlastislav) , Slovakia (Spišske Tomášovce; Pobedim), Germany (Behren-Lübchin; Lenzen; Oldenburg; Berlin-Spandau) and Austria (Gars-Thunau), was created a graphic reconstruction of the south-eastern section of the defensive wall of fortified settlement №3 in Korosten. The main structure was a 4-walled framework. We assume that the diameter of the deck could be 250 mm. In addition, frameworks, as the main structure of the defensive wall, were also found on the early medieval fortified settlement near Olevsk, which is also considered as drevlyan՚s fortress. Hypothetical size of each framework could reach 2x2 m in plan and up to 3 m in height. On the top of framework could be a palisade. It was protection for the defenders of the fortress. It was system of fences. The diameter of the deck of a single pile could be 200 mm and a height of 1.8 m. The difference in the height of individual piles formed loopholes. The piles were located on the inside, near the outer wall of the framework. A similar construction can be traced on the already mentioned settlement of Motych and Gars-Thunau. For construction of wooden and earthen construction was required a wide range of tools. It was partially represented by archaeological finds: wooden shovels with metal shells, axes of various types, saws, etc. Despite the fact that other segments of the defensive line of third fortified settlement in Korosten have not been studied. Based on the plan published by I. Samoilovsky, it is possible to draw a conclusion that such a construction of the defensive wall was not found along the entire defensive perimeter. So, the section on the eastern side adjacent to the steep cliffs on the Uzh river does not have clear protective fortifications. Therefore, Therefore, it was possible that this area was fortified only with a palisade. Also, according to I. Samoilovsky's plan, the western and northern parts of the defensive perimeter are surrounded by a powerful bulwark, which most likely had a more complex structure with larger parameters of fortifications. Unfortunately, the worst studied element of the lines of defense of the settlements of the IX - X centuries is the entrance remains. Therefore, were used analogies from well-researched monuments in Poland, Germany, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. In all cases, it had pillar structure withn the gate tower. It has an exclusively observation function, because they do not have loopholes. That is why in visualization gate structures is also only as observation and guard points. The outer wall of such a gatehouse could be made of boards. The volume of the watchtower could be covered with a gabled roof. This design required the installation of a roof ridge and the placement of wooden brackets for the stability of the structure. A wooden bridge over the defensive moat could be located in front of the entrance, which would facilitate access to the settlement in peacetime.
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Quintus, Seth, Jennifer Huebert, Stephanie Day, Noa Lincoln, Kyungsoo Yoo, Tiffany Lee, Darby Filimoehala, and Dolly Autufuga. "TEMPO AND TRAJECTORY OF THE BUILT LANDSCAPE ON TA‘Ū ISLAND, MANU‘A GROUP, AMERICAN SĀMOA: INTEGRATING EXTENSIVE RADIOCARBON DATING WITH JOINT POSTERIOR MODELING." Radiocarbon 62, no. 5 (July 20, 2020): 1317–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2020.60.

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ABSTRACTStone and earthen architecture is nearly ubiquitous in the archaeological record of Pacific islands. The construction of this architecture is tied to a range of socio-political processes, and the temporal patterning of these features is useful for understanding the rate at which populations grew, innovation occurred, and social inequality emerged. Unfortunately, this temporal patterning is poorly understood for many areas of the region, including the Sāmoan archipelago. Here, we describe a project directed toward establishing a robust chronology for the construction of these earthen and stone terraces and linear mounds on Ta‘ū Island. Using recent methodological improvements, we highlight the tempo at which different architectural types were constructed on the island and the implications for understanding demographic expansion and changing land tenure practices in the last 1500 years. This research suggests the construction of architecture was largely confined to the 2nd millennium AD with a small number of terraces plausibly built in the 1st millennium AD. This temporal patterning suggests that a reconfiguration of settlement patterns occurred within West Polynesia as people there moved into other regions of Oceania.
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Matveeva, N. P. "Defensive Buildings of the Bakalskaya Culture (The Staro-Lybaevskoe-1 Settlement in the Forest-Steppe Trans-Urals)." Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology 22, no. 3 (March 5, 2023): 114–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-3-114-124.

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Purpose. The purpose of this article is to evaluate defensive potentialities of the Middle Age population in the Trans-Urals. The main task is to reconstruct the exterior of the fortified areas and the necessary amount of work.Results. The defensive buildings of the Staro-Libayevskoye-1 fortified settlement were used. It has been established on the terrace of the Middle Tobol river and had the 5-angle form, size 65 × 75 m and a simple rampart-and-ditch line with two approach gates. This square was used for habitation twice in Middle age epoch. Apparently, large earthworks were not carried out due to the features of the relief, which had a height difference of 2 meters; considering the wooden wall and the ditch depth. Based on the analysis of the archaeological finds and the cultural layer, we established that in the early period of the Bakalskaya culture (4th – 5th centuries) the settlement was encircled with timber-framed wall and the terrace slope possibly played a role of a berm. The inhabitants created a defense line minimum of 5.5–6 meters in height. We assume that there was exacerbation of social and local conflicts, and the population sought to prevent these conflicts by strengthening defense. The Ustyug-1 synchronous cemetery testifies to the existence of a constant military threat, such as attacks by migrants and conflicts with the use of weapons. Later, in 8th – 10th centuries the settlers used traditional methods and created a new earthen wall. It was built two times wider, then earlier, using pre-existing land cultural layer. The settlers abandoned the laborious movement of soil from the ditch to the height of the wall. For greater protection, they equipped the earthen rampart with timber-frame structures and created a barrier 5.5 meters high.Conclusion. Concluding, we suggest that a dangerous military situation persisted during this period, as evidenced by samples of weapons and a cemetery in the settlement. The study also revealed a trend towards increasing labor costs for fortifications construction.
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Perttula, Timothy K., and Robert Rogers. "The Evolution of a Caddo Community in Northeastern Texas: The Oak Hill Village Site (41RK214), Rusk County, Texas." American Antiquity 72, no. 1 (January 2007): 71–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40035299.

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The Oak Hill Village (41RK214) in northeastern Texas is a prehistoric (ca. A.D. 1150–1450) Caddo settlement that was completely excavated in the mid-1990s prior to lignite mining activities. Analysis of the architectural remains, key calibrated radiocarbon dates, and changes in ceramic decorations, indicates that the village evolved as three temporally and spatially different communities composed of a number of separate households. Emerging in the latter two communities were important social institutions (a plaza, an earthen mound, and specialized structures with extended entranceways) that bound this singular Caddo community together for approximately 150–200 years (ca. A.D. 1250–1450).
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Pompeani, David P., Aubrey L. Hillman, Matthew S. Finkenbinder, Daniel J. Bain, Alexander Correa-Metrio, Katherine M. Pompeani, and Mark B. Abbott. "The environmental impact of a pre-Columbian city based on geochemical insights from lake sediment cores recovered near Cahokia." Quaternary Research 91, no. 2 (December 27, 2018): 714–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2018.141.

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AbstractCahokia is the largest documented urban settlement in the pre-Columbian United States. Archaeological evidence suggests that the city, located near what is now East St. Louis, Illinois, began to rapidly expand starting around AD 1050. At its height, Cahokia extended across 1000 ha and included large plazas, timber palisade walls, and hundreds of monumental earthen mounds. Following several centuries of occupation, the city experienced a period of gradual abandonment from about AD 1200 to 1400. Here, we present geochemical data from a 1500-year-old sediment core from nearby Horseshoe Lake that records watershed impacts associated with the growth and decline of Cahokia. Sedimentary analysis shows a distinctive 24-cm-thick, gray, fine-grained layer formed between AD 1150 and 1220 and characterized by low carbonate δ13C, elevated sorbed metal concentrations, and higher organic matter δ15N. The deposition of this layer is contemporaneous with archaeological evidence of increased agricultural activity, earthen mound construction, and higher populations surrounding the lake. We hypothesize that these human impacts increased soil erosion, producing new sediment sources from deeper soil horizons, and shifted dissolved transport to the lake, producing lower carbonate δ13C values, higher concentrations of lead, copper, potassium, and aluminum, and increased δ15N, likely due to contributions of enriched nitrogen from sewage.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Earthen Settlement"

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FRENDA, ANTONINO. "CHINESE CULTURAL LANDSCAPES. Sustainable development, Conservation and continuity of tradition." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2643130.

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Research Field The research starts from the need to reflect on the growth of the contemporary city and the land consumption in China, investigating the question in the light of the sustainable development and of the preservation of cultural heritage. In a rapidly developing context as the Chinese one, the relentless rules of industrialization and urbanization have broken the existing balance in the countryside and transformed the entire social structure. The metropolis swallows places and several villages are dismantled without reserves. In addition to this ‘topofagia’ there is the progressive threat of abandonment of a large-scale of rural territory. The landscape, result of the dialogue and the connection between mankind-nature-culture, loses its link with the territory and traditions, becoming a (non) place that support business and economic functions in which the tourism industry fits as an additional factor that sees reducing the identity of rural sites in a mere stereotype of tourist attraction. Research Object The research looks to the agricultural and productive landscape in the north-central China with particular attention to the area of the Loess Plateau, involved in an important process of sustainable development and soil conservation that takes into account the protection of local traditions (cultural, architectural , agricultural, etc.). In particular, the study addresses the issue of preservation of the earthen vernacular heritage represented by Yáodòng, today completely abandoned and at risk. Subject of studies and research, this heritage is becoming a point of reference to look to for the preparation of land development plans driven by the principles of sustainability, inclusion, innovation and social responsibility and which attempting to reconcile the local traditions with the new modern standards in low-cost housing. Research Methodology The research uses a methodology of reading of the landscape, which is divided substantially according to two approaches: a 'sensitive' approach and a 'descriptive' one. Initially a landscape awakens in us emotions and feelings. Our first approach is therefore aesthetic, emotional and sensory. In this meaning, literature and iconography are an interesting method of investigation of the landscape that provides a reading not detached from the experience of the writer/photographer/painter / etc. ('sensitive' approach). Subsequently, the analysis of the landscape for individual layers allows us to highlight the structural elements and trace individual items, which summarize its identity and influence our vision ('descriptive' approach). Research Tools Through involvement in the cultural debate and active participation in the projects of protection of local heritage conducted by the University (Xi’an Jiaotong University. Department of Architecture / Institute of heritage sites & historical architecture conservation), by local research centers (Silk Road Economic Belt Cultural Tourism Union / Xi’an Tourism Design and Research Institute) and international ones (ICOMOS), it was possible to investigate the strategies and guidelines of ongoing development. Bibliographic and archivistic researches, as well as the study of law (local and international) for the protection of cultural heritage, have been useful to track the state of the art and highlight any discrepancies between the legislative guidelines (theory) and modus operandi (practice). Research Outline The research is made up of four chapters. The first chapter traces the main historical stages of post-revolutionary China, with particular attention to land reforms that have affected the country (from agricultural collectivization of the early years of the People's Republic until the decollectivisation following the plenary session of the eighth Central Committee and the reforms dictated by Deng Xiaoping in the late 70s). The second chapter focuses on the study of the conservative practice of cultural and environmental heritage in China, looking to the local instruments of safeguard in the broader context of the international legislation. The third chapter give us a 'sensitive' reading of cultural landscapes, offering a 'vision' of rural China through the lens of literary and iconographic sources. The fourth chapter deals with the vernacular heritage of earthen architecture, investigated and presented through case studies in the territory, offering the occasion to reflect on issues relating to the protection and conservation of the agricultural and productive Chinese landscape. Research Results The commitment of this country to pursue a sustainable development that will necessarily have to pass the sifter of the policies of heritage protection, is an important test bed from which you can identify successful policies and perhaps growth patterns compatible with the protection of the heritage, with advantages, therefore, for both the heritage and for the community. Research Conclusion The aim of the research was to understand and highlight the special features of the agricultural and productive Chinese landscape analyzing the landscape values of the place fixing a starting point for any kind of transformation of the places.
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Maia, Rafael Torres. "Avaliação das variáveis que influenciaram no uso da terra como material construtivo para habitação social rural no Assentamento Rural Sepé Tiaraju - Serra Azul - SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18141/tde-10042013-150037/.

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Após muitas décadas de mau uso das técnicas construtivas de terra, associando-as à miséria e habitações subumanas, há tentativas de resgatá-las e reintroduzi-las como opção construtiva digna. A terra, utilizada como material construtivo, possui muitas potencialidades, especialmente quando se trata do meio rural, onde se apresenta em quantidade e variedade abundante, possibilitando maior flexibilidade na técnica a ser utilizada. Além disso, as áreas rurais brasileiras, inclusive os assentamentos rurais de reforma agrária, têm um déficit de moradias proporcionalmente equivalente ao das áreas urbanas, porém não recebem uma atenção equivalente na forma de políticas públicas e investimentos. Os programas habitacionais federais, em sua maioria, são desenhados para a população e dinâmica das áreas urbanas e não contemplam particularidades do campo e do trabalhador rural. No Assentamento Rural Sepé Tiaraju, localizado no município de Serra Azul-SP, 77 famílias acessaram recursos provenientes de um programa habitacional federal e do INCRA para construção de suas casas. Dessas 77, um grupo de 10 famílias auto-intitulado de Grupo Alternativo, optou por construir suas casas utilizando materiais ditos mais sustentáveis, não industrializados e, de preferência, não comercializáveis, escolhendo a terra como material construtivo de vedação. No entanto, após cinco anos de projeto, apenas três famílias permaneceram com a terra como opção construtiva. Diante desse contexto, o objetivo dessa pesquisa é identificar e avaliar as variáveis que tiveram maior influência na adoção da terra como material construtivo para habitação social rural no caso do Grupo Alternativo do Assentamento Rural Sepé Tiaraju. Como método de coleta de dados da pesquisa foi utilizado o levantamento documental e áudio-visual, com consulta à literatura técnica e científica sobre o tema, os registros de pesquisa do grupo Habis e consulta a profissionais e pesquisadores da área de construção em terra. Como métodos de análise de dados da pesquisa foram utilizados a Linha do Tempo e a Matriz de Correlação de Influência (MCI). Como resultado, pode-se identificar que as variáveis que tiveram maior influência na adoção da terra como material construtivo para habitação social rural no presente caso, foram as relacionadas ao \"material construtivo\", \"assessor técnico\" e \"produção\". Já as variáveis relacionadas a Famílias, tiveram muita influência, mas não foram determinantes. As relações de influência que tiveram maior destaque foram as relações dentro do grupo de variáveis relacionadas a elementos técnicos e entre essas e as variáveis relacionadas ao assessor técnico. Os resultados dessa pesquisa permitem indicar que a terra é uma opção viável para construção de habitação rural com recursos de programas habitacionais federais, desde que exista um programa habitacional direcionado para as especificidades do meio rural e uso de materiais não convencionais.
After many decades of misuse of earth-based building techniques, which are associated with poverty and subhuman housing, some people still try to rescue and reintroduce them as a worthy alternative. The earth used as a building material has many potential, mainly when applied to rural areas, where this kind of material is encountered in abundant quantity and variety, being possible to apply more techniques. In addition, the Brazilian rural areas, including rural settlements of agrarian reform have a housing deficit that is proportionally equivalent to the urban areas. However, these rural areas do not receive equivalent attention in terms of public policies and investments. Many federal housing programs are designed for the population and dynamic urban areas, thus, sometimes they do not consider the conditions of rural areas and worker particularities. In Sepé Tiaraju Rural Settlement located in the municipality of Serra Azul, state of São Paulo, 77 families used funds obtained from a federal housing program and from INCRA to build their homes. From these 77 families, a group of 10 families chose to build their homes using more sustainable materials, non-industrialized and non-commercialized, choosing the earth as a building material for walls. This group was called Alternative Group. However, after five years only three families remain using the earth-based building technique. Following this context, the objective of this research is the identification and evaluation of variables that most influenced the adoption of earth-based building technique applied to social housing in rural areas. In order to validate the methodology proposed, this work uses the case of the Alternative Group (Sepé Tiaraju Rural Settlement). In this way, as the method to obtain research data was the use of documents and audio-visual resources, the researches of Habis Group, moreover, consultation to professionals and researchers of this area. After obtained all these data, a timeline and a correlation matrix were employed in order to evaluate the data in a qualitative way. It is important to highlight that the correlation matrix was used to verify the influence between the variables that compose the data previously obtained. Hence, one can identify that the variables related to technical advisor, production and building material were most responsible to use the earth-based building technique in this case study. On the other hand, the variables related to family had some influence, but were not decisive, and the variables related to technical elements and their relationships with the variables related to technical advisor have been highlighted. The final results of this research allow us to indicate that earth is a viable choice for building rural housing using funds from federal housing programs. However, it is important that these programs target the specificities of rural areas and unconventional materials.
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Berkheimer, Scott A. "Instrumented geogrid reinforced mechanically stabilized earth wall undergoing large settlement." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 140 p, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1338919121&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Bantjes, Rod. "Improved earth : land settlement, community and class in rural North America 1990 to 1960." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316559.

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Hatiboglu, Olgun. "Investigation Of Koyulhisar (sivas) Settlement Area In Terms Of Slope Instability." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12611017/index.pdf.

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Koyulhisar settlement area is located on the northern flank of Kelkit valley which is seismically active and landslide-prone area. The settlement area was adversely affected from active landslides and some of the houses were evacuated. The purpose of this thesis is to delineate areas where slope instability exists within the Koyulhisar settlement area, and to investigate an active landslide by means of field observations, drilling, sampling, field and laboratory testing, and in-situ monitoring using inclinometer. Based on the field studies, it is observed that flyschoidal sequence as bedrock and colluvium consisting clay and silt with some gravel are the main lithological units exposed in the study area. Two landslide affected areas are identified, the one investigated due to its adverse effect to some important governmental buildings, has a non-circular failure surface due to the existence of the flyschoidal sequence below the colluvium. The inclinometer measurements reveal that the displacements are local and their velocities are generally less than 14 mm/year indicating that the landslide is an extremely slow landslide. In addition, high groundwater table is observed as one of the major parameters in occurrence of landslide.
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Scherer, Rebecca Elizabeth. "Settlement Analyses of Grade Supported Tanks Constructed with the Use of Prefabricated Wick Drains and an Earth Preload." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2011. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1345.

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In the design of tank foundations several design techniques are considered. This study focuses on grade supported tanks constructed under an extensive preload and instrumentation program. Settlement estimation methods were performed and compared to field instrumentation data taken at the project sites. Three project sites were selected for this study. The geotechnical investigations were performed by Eustis Engineering Services, L.L.C. and included both undisturbed soil borings and cone penetrometer tests. Conclusions were made about the accuracy of the calculations and how assumptions affect the settlement computation results.
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Abrams, Alejandro J. "Earth pressure balance (EPB) tunneling induced settlements in the Tren Urbano Project, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/38945.

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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2007.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 72-73).
Underground construction of the Rio Piedras section of the Tren Urbano project involved the construction of twin tunnels (6.3m diameter) with Earth Pressure Balance machines in weathered alluvial soil. The depth of the cover over the tunnel crown varies from 13m to 10m. The twin tunnels, which connect the Rio Piedras Station and University of Puerto Rico Station, each have a length of 433 meters. Precast concrete linings offered the final structural support. Ground deformations were monitored throughout the construction of both twin tunnels. Volume loss is defined as the volume of ground loss as a proportion of the final tunnel volume and is measured in the plane perpendicular to the tunnel heading. Volume losses corresponding to the process of tunnel construction are identified in this thesis. Settlement troughs both over single and twin tunnels (when symmetric) are often described by a Gaussian curve. However, previous studies have suggested that the settlement trough due to twin tunnels is not symmetric with respect to the midpoint between the two tunnels.
(cont.) The current research shows that the superposition methods proposed by Suwansawat and Einstein (2007) are able to describe the observed settlement trough of the two bored tunnels with volume losses ranging from 0.9 to 1.8% for each bore. These results are up to a factor of 2 larger than volume losses predicted by empirical methods based on overload factors (Macklin, 1999).
by Alejandro J. Abrams.
M.Eng.
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Altinbilek, Erdem Mehmet. "Estimation Of Consolidation Settlements Caused By Groundwater Drainage At Ulus-kecioren Subway Project." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607165/index.pdf.

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Prediction of ground settlements have always been a big challenge for the engineers that are responsible for the design of subway tunnel projects. Since ground settlement is a crucial concept directly affecting the successfulness of a project, it must be taken seriously and should be accurately estimated. Consolidation settlements in the close proximity of Ulus-Keç
iö
ren Subway project due to groundwater drainage is the focus of this study. In this sense, the necessary data about the project characteristics and the site conditions were collected thru project descriptions and the geotechnical investigations conducted at the project site. Utilizing the generated database analytical calculations were carried out to predict the settlements. Upon completion of this stage of analysis several of the locations were numerically modeled for further investigation. Numerical analysis was conducted at four sections by using Plaxis, to determine the amount of expected displacements and the resulting groundwater situation. Despite of the differences between these two methods the resulting settlement estimations displayed consistency.
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Suwansawat, Suchatvee 1972. "Earth pressure balance (EPB) shield tunneling in Bangkok : ground response and prediction of surface settlements using artificial neural networks." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/32222.

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Thesis (Sc.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2002.
Vita.
Includes bibliographical references.
Although Earth Pressure Balance (EPB) shields have been used for several decades, very little information exists about the actual mechanisms of shield-ground interaction. The ground response mechanism induced by EPB tunneling is difficult to understand, because this requires not only reliable ground deformation measurements in the field but also operational records of the shield. Numerous empirical and analytical relations between characteristics of traditional shields and surface and subsurface deformations exist; also 2-D and 3-D numerical analyses have been applied to such tunneling problems. However, very few approaches have been developed for EPB tunneling. This research makes use of the fact that in the Bangkok MRTA project, data on ground deformation and shield operation were collected. The tunnel sizes are practically identical and the subsurface conditions over long distances are comparable, which allow one to establish relationships between ground characteristics and EPB-operation on the one hand, and surface and subsurface deformations on the other hand. A computerized database, which records much of the information on a ring-by-ring (1.2 meter interval) basis, was developed for this purpose. After using the information to identify which ground- and EPB-characteristic have the greatest influence on ground movements, an approach based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) was used to develop predictive relations. Since the method has the ability to map input to output patterns, ANN enable one to map all influencing parameters to surface settlements.
(cont.) Combining the extensive computerized database and the knowledge of what influences the surface settlements, ANN can become a useful predictive method. This research attempts to evaluate the potential as well as the limitations of ANN for predicting surface settlements caused by EPB shield tunneling and to develop optimal neural network models for this purpose. Specifically, this involves settlement predictions over the tunnel axes of single and twin tunnels; together with other interpretations, it is also possible to predict settlement troughs. Other shield effects such as lateral deformation and liner deformation of the first tunnel caused by the second tunnel are also evaluated.
by Suchatvee Suwansawat.
Sc.D.
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Davenport, John Lawrence. "ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION IN THE OUACHITA NATIONAL FOREST: EVALUATING THE PRAGMATISM OF PRE-EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT BENCHMARKS." Lexington, Ky. : [University of Kentucky Libraries], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10225/891.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Kentucky, 2008.
Title from document title page (viewed on October 29, 2008). Document formatted into pages; contains: vii, 124 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 98-123).
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Books on the topic "Earthen Settlement"

1

Ambrose, William A., James F. Reilly, and Douglas C. Peters, eds. Energy Resources for Human Settlement in the Solar System and Earth’s Future in Space. Tulsa, OK U.S.A.: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/m1011336.

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Peters, Douglas C., William A. Ambrose, and James F. Reilly. Energy resources for human settlement in the solar system and Earth's future in space. Tulsa, OK, U.S.A: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 2013.

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service), SpringerLink (Online, ed. Settlement Calculation on High-Rise Buildings: Theory and Application. Berlin, Heidelberg: Science Press,Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2011.

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Lundvall, Justin F. Mitigation of roadway settlement above buried culverts and pipes: Final report. [Cheyenne]: Wyoming Dept. of Transportation, 1997.

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Pauls, D. R. Plains Hydrology and Reclamation Project: Investigation of the settlement behaviour of mine backfill. [Edmonton, Alta.]: Heritage Fund, 1988.

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W, Culver Donald, Bulman Melvin J, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Human exploration and settlement of the moon using LUNOX-augmented NTR propulsion. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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Paddenberg, Dietlind. Die Funde der jungslawischen Feuchtbodensiedlung von Parchim-Löddigsee, Kr. Parchim, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, 2012.

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Reis, José Alberione dos. Arqueologia dos Buracos de Bugre: Uma pré-história do Planalto Meridional. Caxias do Sul: EDUCS, 2002.

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Hangzhou Wan kua hai da qiao nan an jie xian shen hou ruan ji chen jiang kong zhi ji shu: Settlement control technology for deep and thick soft foundation of south linkage expressway of Hangzhou Bay Cross-sea Bridge. Beijing Shi: Ren min jiao tong chu ban she, 2010.

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author, Liu Xiaohong 1968, ed. Gao su tie lu wu zha gui dao hong nian tu lu ji chen jiang kong zhi yu dong li wen ding xing: Red clay subgrade settlement control and dynamic stability analysis of ballastless track of high speed railway. Beijing: Zhongguo tie dao chu ban she, 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "Earthen Settlement"

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Milligan, Tony. "Rawlsian Deliberation About Space Settlement." In Human Governance Beyond Earth, 9–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18063-2_2.

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Terekhina, Vera V., Natalia N. Skakun, and Vyacheslav M. Bicbaev. "On the Issue of Consumer Settlements of Flint Products from the Tripolye Settlement-Workshop of the Bodaki in Phase BII." In Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences, 267–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86040-0_23.

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Zhang, Wengang, and Hanlong Liu. "Ground Settlements and Dewatering." In Design of Deep Braced Excavation and Earth Retaining Systems Under Complex Built Environment, 173–200. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5320-9_5.

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Ankushev, Maksim N., Ildar A. Faizullin, and Ivan A. Blinov. "Metallurgical Slags of Rodnikovoe Late Bronze Age Settlement." In Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences, 117–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48864-2_16.

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Rappaport, Margaret Boone, and Konrad Szocik. "Practical Planning Commences: Next Steps in the Settlement of Earth’s Moon." In Space and Society, 1–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81388-8_1.

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Wells, Lisa E. "A Geomorphological Approach to Reconstructing Archaeological Settlement Patterns Based on Surficial Artifact Distribution." In Earth Sciences and Archaeology, 107–41. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1183-0_5.

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Ankushev, Maksim N., Ildar A. Faizullin, Dmitry A. Artemyev, and Ivan A. Blinov. "Metalworking and Metallurgical Slags in Tokskoe Late Bronze Age Settlement." In Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences, 41–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86040-0_4.

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Bhatt, Mukesh. "Constituting Outer Space: The Governance of Planetary Settlements and Artificial Habitats." In Human Governance Beyond Earth, 149–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18063-2_11.

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Wöss, Emmy R., and Maja Novosel. "Krka River (Croatia): Case Study of Bryozoan Settlement from Source to Estuary." In Lecture Notes in Earth System Sciences, 435–48. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16411-8_29.

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Molchanov, Ivan V., Lev A. Muravyev, Denis D. Byzov, and Nikolay V. Soldatkin. "Remote Sensing of the Konoplyanka 2 Settlement in the Southern Trans-Urals." In Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences, 305–11. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16544-3_29.

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Conference papers on the topic "Earthen Settlement"

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ABDULAC, Samir. "Ghadames, Libya A traditional Earthen Settlement, Resilient to Crises and Environmental Challenges." In HERITAGE2022 International Conference on Vernacular Heritage: Culture, People and Sustainability. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/heritage2022.2022.15676.

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Ghadames, a World Heritage property, is an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement, representative of a traditional culture and human interaction with its environment. The old town has a symbiotic relationship with its surrounding oasis. Its earthen housing design is extremely original and climatically adapted. Serious human and environmental challenges increased recently. The community of Ghadames has however always been, responsible for the exceptional qualities of this site, from its inception to its conservation. An active local convenient authority was purposefully set up for conservation. Fortunately, the present crisis in Libya only caused indirect damage. . Our paper aims at better inform about Ghadames little known heritage features, encountered challenges and conservation achievements. Through this particular case study, our multi-faceted paper aims to demonstrate how a comprehensive approach, in construction, architecture, urbanism, landscaping, irrigation, climate, law and institutions, is important for understanding and planning conservation issues. @
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Felix Andrade, Dayane, Sofia Araújo Lima Bessa, and Marco Antônio Penido de Rezende. "Vernacular architecture in Brazilian semiarid region: survey and memory in the state of Sergipe." In HERITAGE2022 International Conference on Vernacular Heritage: Culture, People and Sustainability. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/heritage2022.2022.15127.

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Buildings with earth in their composition have been common since the beginning of the Brazilian territory’s settlement. Until this day, wattle-and-daub homes are frequent in the Northeast region of the country. This technique uses a structural cage made of the weft of woods whose interlocking voids are covered with thrown wet clay. Due to the current association of these buildings as shelters for insects that may contain Trypanosoma cruzi (which transmits the Chagas disease) numerous public policies guide eradication and replacement of these buildings by others built with masonry. Due to the destruction of these buildings, built with vernacular earthen techniques, this research aims to survey buildings that still resist in the semiarid region of Sergipe state. Therefore, literature review was carried out on architecture in the semiarid region and building investigation techniques using digital tools. Considering Sars-Cov-2 pandemic as a prohibitive condition that caused difficulties in collecting data in the field, it was necessary to seek out methods that could be used for a remote survey. Furthermore, an exploratory analysis was carried out with digitally available tools in which it was possible to observe popular buildings built with earth in the legal semi-arid region. Initially, data was collected from the latest demographic censuses carried out by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), as well as the socioeconomic data of Brazilian families in poverty situations registered with the government. This initial data, however, did not present information on geographic positioning of the dwellings, making it necessary to conduct a survey through Google Street View software, allowing the visualization of images at ground level, being effective on searching for wattle-and-daub residences. From these data, a catalog of the constructions found was generated and, by georeferencing these dwellings, the documentation produced may contribute to the preservation of vernacular constructive memory of this study’s location object.
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Soh, Chien Lin, Jay Kamdar, Khushi Shah, Martine Irog, Nitya Jagadam, Pablo Arriazu, Paras Adlakha, et al. "Domi Inter Astra (DIA) Moon Base: an interdisciplinary approach for cooperation to build a near-future Moonbase and how to use it as an educational tool." In Symposium on Space Educational Activities (SSAE). Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/conference-9788419184405.088.

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Permanent human settlements outside of low-earth orbit face technical and psycho-social challenges for the crew members and programmatic risks around funding and operating these missions, without clear public support and international involvement. A concept for the construction and operation of a lunar settlement named "Domi Inter Astra" (DIA), near the Shackleton Crater, was developed to understand the feasibility of a near-term permanent settlement crewed by international researchers and tourists. This project was created by a team under the Space Generation Advisory Council's auspices and a follow-on to our First Place design in the Moon Base Design Contest by The Moon Society. Technologies for infrastructure, life-support, environment control, and robotics were selected using high-level trade studies to balance resource requirements, safety, reliability, operability, and maintainability of the base over a long (20+ year) operating life with 10-30 inhabitants. Technology roadmaps were developed for gaps in existing technologies, considering opportunities with ISRU and methods of closing the environment control and life support system loops. A wider range of human factors pertaining to the social environment onboard the base is discussed to ensure long-term stability. Architectural design choices were made, keeping these factors in mind while also considering technical and economic viability. Large-scale space exploration projects must mitigate both public interest and funding risks throughout their life cycle. Economic roadmaps are introduced to diversify revenue streams throughout the settlement's design, deployment, and operation. Funding opportunities that evolve with the base design and functionality over time are identified for long-term economic sustainability. A polycentric model for international collaboration is explored to promote interest from current space-leading countries while providing opportunities for emerging space nations. The DIA lunar settlement case study showcases the interrelation between engineering, economics, architecture, science, social and management scopes. It highlights the interdisciplinary approach and inclusivity in the field of space sciences. This case study can help international and public-private partnerships to develop human space exploration capabilities further. The current DIA base plan could be used in many ways for educational activities, for any level of students and professionals. Two types of activities could be design and analysis based and mini analogue missions. Students could devise and perform small experiments that relate to the base’s day-to-day activities as well as resources required, for example growing microgreens and plants in different conditions, geology surveys, 3D printing different objects and many such mini-projects. Graduate students and professionals could work on CAD modelling for structures, improving the architectural plan and the statistical analysis for the economical model.
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Cui, Yubo, Lizhan Liu, Zhiqian Guo, and Xueyan Peng. "Modified Diatomaceous Earth for Sludge Settlement Amelioration." In 2009 International Conference on Energy and Environment Technology (ICEET 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceet.2009.562.

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Joyce, Eric R., Michael P. Snyder, and Adrian N. Mazzarella. "Human Settlement on a Near-Earth Asteroid." In AIAA SPACE 2013 Conference and Exposition. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2013-5303.

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Matula, Thomas L., and Kevin Greene. "HALE: A Flexible Approach to Settlement of the Solar System." In Earth and Space 2014. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784479179.040.

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Dodson, Marilyn D. "Lessons Learned from Settlement of Three Highway Embankment MSE Walls." In Earth Retention Conference (ER) 2010. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41128(384)60.

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Zhu, Juntao, Yawei Li, Yahui Zhao, and Dongxu Xiong. "The application of grey mode in building settlement monitoring." In International Conference on Intelligent Earth Observing and Applications, edited by Guoqing Zhou and Chuanli Kang. SPIE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2221982.

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Malmberg, Peter. "Satellite Earth stations for Greenlandic towns and settlements." In 16th International Communications Satellite Systems Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1996-1124.

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Nie, Guangyu, Hongyan Wen, Hong Gao, Zhi Yang, and Ming Yang. "Application of discrete grey model in settlement prediction of high-speed railway." In International Conference on Intelligent Earth Observing and Applications, edited by Guoqing Zhou and Chuanli Kang. SPIE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2206110.

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