Journal articles on the topic 'Earth temperature Western Australia Carnarvon Basin'

In Western Australian basins, subsurface drill-hole data, primarily from petroleum exploration, allows the identification of regions of high temperature at depth that may be potential geothermal resources. The extent and economic viability of such resources remain poorly known and require further study. Observed temperatures at depths up to 4.5 km reach 150°C in parts of the Canning, Carnarvon and Perth basins, indicating low-enthalpy resources related to regional heat flow. The greatest potential for hydrothermal resources is in the Perth Basin where subsurface temperatures of 65–85°C are reached at 2–3.5 km depth. Heat-flow modelling of 170 Perth Basin wells shows a range of 30–140 mW/m2, with the highest surface heat-flow values in the northern part of the basin. The median value of 76.5 mW/m2 for this basin exceeds the average reported for the Australian continent—64.5 mW/m2. Potential hot rocks resources are present in parts of the Canning, Carnarvon and Perth basins where the depth to 200°C is less than 5 km. Knowledge of high subhorizontal stress conditions that can enhance geothermal water flow from engineered reservoirs are based on data mostly from petroleum wells in the Perth Basin. A systematic quantitative assessment of geological, hydrogeological, geophysical, stress orientation and geochemical conditions is required to further delineate and prove these resources. Progressive compilation, validation and interpretation of subsurface data from more than 800 wells is underway, and includes temperature logs of 47 shallow water bores and 30 new thermal conductivity measurements of Perth Basin wells. Data compilation from 580 wells in the Canning, Carnarvon and Perth basins is complete. To date the greatest number of wells indicating high geothermal gradients and temperatures are in the Carnarvon Basin.

Large-scale 3D modeling of realistic earth models is being increasingly undertaken in industry and academia. These models have proven useful for various activities such as geologic scenario testing through seismic finite-difference (FD) modeling, investigating new acquisition geometries, and validating novel seismic imaging, inversion, and interpretation methods. We have evaluated the results of the Western Australia (WA) Modeling (WAMo) project, involving the development of a large-scale 3D geomodel representative of geology of the Carnarvon Basin, located offshore of WA’s North West Shelf (NWS). Constrained by a variety of geologic, petrophysical, and field seismic data sets, the viscoelastic WAMo 3D geomodel was used in seismic FD modeling and imaging tests to “validate” model realizations. Calibrating the near-surface model proved to be challenging due to the limited amount of well data available for the top 500 m below the mudline. We addressed this issue by incorporating additional information (e.g., geotechnical data, analog studies) as well as by using soft constraints to match the overall character of nearby NWS seismic data with the modeled shot gathers. This process required undertaking several “linear” iterations to apply near-surface model conditioning, as well as “nonlinear” iterations to update the underlying petrophysical relationships. Overall, the resulting final WAMo 3D geomodel and accompanying modeled shot gathers and imaging results are able to reproduce the complex full-wavefield character of NWS marine seismic data. Thus, the WAMo model is well-calibrated for use in geologic and geophysical scenario testing to address common NWS seismic imaging, inversion, and interpretation challenges.

The Cooper subregion within the central Eromanga Basin is the Swiss army knife among Australia’s sedimentary basins. In addition to important oil and gas resources, it hosts abundant coal bed methane, important groundwater resources, features suitable conditions for enhanced geothermal systems, and is a potential site for carbon capture and storage. However, after seven decades of exploration, various uncertainties remain concerning its tectonic and thermal evolution. In this study, the public-domain 3D model of the Cooper and Eromanga stacked sedimentary basins was modified by integrating the latest structural and stratigraphic data, then used to perform numerical basin modelling and subsidence history analysis for a better comprehension of their complex geologic history. Calibrated 1D/3D numerical models provide the grounds for heat flow, temperature, thermal maturity, and sediment thickness maps. According to calibrated vitrinite reflectance profiles, a major hydrothermal/magmatic event at about 100 Ma with associated basal heat flow up to 150 mW/m2 caused source rock maturation and petroleum generation and probably overprinted most of the previous hydrothermal events in the study area. This event correlates with sedimentation rates up to 200 m/Ma and was apparently accompanied by extensive crustal shear. Structural style and depocentre migration analysis suggest that the Carboniferous–Triassic Cooper Basin initially has been a lazy-s shaped triplex pull-apart basin controlled by the Cooper Basin Master Fault before being inverted into a piggy-back basin and then blanketed by the Jurassic–Cretaceous Eromanga Basin. The interpreted Central Eromanga Shear Zone governed the tectonic evolution from the Triassic until today. It repeatedly induced NNW-SSE directed deformation along the western edge of the Thomson Orogen and is characterized by present-day seismicity and distinct neotectonic features. We hypothesize that throughout the basin evolution, alternating tectonic stress caused frequent thermal weakening of the crust and facilitated the establishment of the Cooper Hot Spot, which recently increased again its activity below the Nappamerri Trough.

Key formations throughout the North Perth Basin have been mapped from 3D and 2D seismic data to define depth grid inputs to a 3D basin model calibrated with temperature and maturity data from 45 wells, plus an additional 27 pseudo well models. The Permian Carynginia Formation and Early Triassic Hovea Member of the Kockatea Shale have been defined in this model as unconventional shale reservoir targets. Basin-wide pyrolysis data have been used to construct kinetics curves for both the Carynginia Formation and Kockatea Shale, which define Type D/E and mixed B, and D/E kerogen types, respectively. When combined with thermal history inputs, these source rocks expel and retain significant volumes of hydrocarbons, of which the free hydrocarbons in the retained components reach 22 BCF/km2 for the Carynginia Formation gas and 8 MMBBLS/km2 and 21 BCF/km2 for the Hovea Member liquids and gas, respectively. The defined kinetics relationships allow the estimation of kerogen-specific oil and gas windows, which have been applied across the study area to map unconventional play fairways for both formations, and to calculate the initial total organic carbon (TOC) and hydrogen index (HI) for each unit prior to significant maturation. This study employs a mass balance approach through basin modelling as a means of estimating likely retained hydrocarbon volumes in key unconventional reservoirs in the basin. Sonic and density data from 28 wells in the basin have been used to calculate theoretical porosity to determine likely areas of overpressure. When combined with observed connection gas peaks and modelled maturity, there is a reasonable correlation suggesting that the basin exhibits modest overpressure of 2–6 MPa associated with the main gas window at 1.2 Ro% and this observation is applied to the play fairway mapping process. Play fairways are further constrained through geomechanical and stress considerations from mechanical earth models (MEMs) built from log and image data for wells in the basin. These data define an overall strike-slip stress regime with SHmax consistently oriented east to west with the exception of local perturbations. Dynamic rock strength calculated from the same MEM process shows target zones in the Kockatea Shale and Carynginia Formation ranging from ~60–130 MPa unconfined compressive strength (UCS), calibrated against available static data. The net thickness of rock with a UCS >75 MPa is mapped and overlain on retained in place hydrocarbon maps to restrict the area of likely economically extractable resource. While unconventional play cut-offs in the Perth Basin are notably lower than those commonly used in shale gas plays in the US, successful stimulation of Perth Basin rocks has been demonstrated by substantial flows from wells such as Arrowsmith–2. This study outlines a new workflow for mapping unconventional resources and suggests that Australian rocks are unique in both depositional environment and mechanical properties such that unconventional assessment using US play cut-offs may be misleading.

Abstract In the first half of this research, this study examines the trend in tropical cyclone (TC) activity over the economically important northwest Western Australia (NWA) TC basin (equator–40°S, 80°–140°E) based on statistical analyses of the International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS) and large-scale environmental variables, which are known to be closely linked to the formation and longevity of TCs, from NCEP–NCAR reanalyses. In the second half, changes in TC activity from climate model projections for 2000–60 are compared for (i) no scenario change (CNTRL) and (ii) the moderate IPCC Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) A1B scenario (EGHG). The aims are to (i) determine differences in mean annual TC frequency and intensity trends, (ii) test for differences between genesis and decay positions of CNTRL and EGHG projections using a nonparametric permutation test, and (iii) use kernel density estimation (KDE) for a cluster analysis of CNTRL and EGHG genesis and decay positions and generate their probability distribution functions. The main findings are there is little difference in the mean TC number over the period, but there is a difference in mean intensity; CNTRL and EGHG projections differ in mean genesis and decay positions in both latitude and longitude; and the KDE reveals just one cluster in both CNTRL and EGHG mean genesis and decay positions. The EGHG KDE is possibly disjoint, with a wider longitudinal spread. The results can be explained in terms of physical, meteorological, and sea surface temperature (SST) conditions, which provide natural limits to the spread of the genesis and decay points.

The intracratonic Paleoproterozoic Nonacho Basin, deposited on the western margin of the Rae craton, contains historic polymetallic (i.e., U, Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn, Ag) occurrences spatially associated with its unconformable contact with underlying crystalline basement rocks and regionally occurring faults. This study presents the paragenesis, mineral chemistry and geochemistry of uranium mineralized rocks and minerals of the MacInnis Lake sub-basin of the Nonacho Basin, to evaluate the style and relative timing of uranium mineralization. Mineralization is restricted to regionally occurring deformation zones, and post-dates widely spread and pervasive albitization and more local Ba-rich K-feldspar alteration of host rocks. Uranium mineralized rocks show elevated concentration of Cu, Ag and Au relative to variably altered host rocks. Microscopic and compositionally heterogeneous altered uraninite occurs (i) as overgrowths on partially dissolved Cu-sulphides with magnetite in chlorite ± quartz, calcite veins, and (ii) with minor uranophane in hematite-sericite-chlorite ± quartz breccia and stockwork. Both uraninite types are Th poor (<0.09 wt.% ThO2) and variably rich in SO4 (up to 2.26 wt.%), suggesting a low-temperature hydrothermal origin in a relatively oxidized environment. Rare-earth element (+Y) concentrations in type-i uraninite are high, up to 9.5 wt.% Σ(REE+Y)2O3 with CeN/YN values > 1, similar to REE compositions of uraninite in metasomatic iron and alkali-calcic systems (MIAC), including low-temperature hematite-type IOCG-deposits (e.g., Olympic Dam, Gawler Craton, Australia) and albitite-hosted uranium deposits (e.g., Southern Breccia, Great Bear Magmatic Zone, Canada, and Gunnar Deposit, Beaverlodge District, Canada). Both uraninite types are variably rich in Ba (up to 3 wt.% BaO), a geochemical marker for MIAC systems, provided by the dissolution of earlier secondary Ba-rich K-feldspar. Chemical U-Th-Pb dating yields minimum ages of 1757 to 1739 ± 70 Ma for type-ii uraninite-uranophane, consistent with strike-slip movement along regional structures of the basin. We suggest that MacInnis Lake uranium occurrences formed from oxidized hydrothermal fluids along previously altered (albitized, potassically altered) regional-scale faults. Uranium minerals precipitated on earlier Fe-rich sulfides (chalcopyrite, bornite), which acted as a redox trap for mineralization, in low-temperature (~310–330 °C, based on Al-in-chlorite thermometry) breccias and stockwork zones, late in a metasomatic iron and alkali-calcic alteration system.

Climate change induced sea-level rise (SLR) is on its increase globally. Regionally the lowlands of China, Vietnam, Bangladesh, and islands of the Malaysian, Indonesian and Philippine archipelagos are among the world’s most threatened regions. Sea-level rise has major impacts on the ecosystems and society. It threatens coastal populations, economic activities, and fragile ecosystems as mangroves, coastal salt-marches and wetlands. This paper provides a summary of the current state of knowledge of sea level-rise and its effects on both human and natural ecosystems. The focus is on coastal urban areas and low lying deltas in South-East Asia and Vietnam, as one of the most threatened areas in the world. About 3 mm per year reflects the growing consensus on the average SLR worldwide. The trend speeds up during recent decades. The figures are subject to local, temporal and methodological variation. In Vietnam the average values of 3.3 mm per year during the 1993-2014 period are above the worldwide average. Although a basic conceptual understanding exists that the increasing global frequency of the strongest tropical cyclones is related with the increasing temperature and SLR, this relationship is insufficiently understood. Moreover the precise, complex environmental, economic, social, and health impacts are currently unclear. SLR, storms and changing precipitation patterns increase flood risks, in particular in urban areas. Part of the current scientific debate is on how urban agglomeration can be made more resilient to flood risks. Where originally mainly technical interventions dominated this discussion, it becomes increasingly clear that proactive special planning, flood defense, flood risk mitigation, flood preparation, and flood recovery are important, but costly instruments. Next to the main focus on SLR and its effects on resilience, the paper reviews main SLR associated impacts: Floods and inundation, salinization, shoreline change, and effects on mangroves and wetlands. The hazards of SLR related floods increase fastest in urban areas. This is related with both the increasing surface major cities are expected to occupy during the decades to come and the increasing coastal population. In particular Asia and its megacities in the southern part of the continent are increasingly at risk. The discussion points to complexity, inter-disciplinarity, and the related uncertainty, as core characteristics. An integrated combination of mitigation, adaptation and resilience measures is currently considered as the most indicated way to resist SLR today and in the near future.References Aerts J.C.J.H., Hassan A., Savenije H.H.G., Khan M.F., 2000. Using GIS tools and rapid assessment techniques for determining salt intrusion: Stream a river basin management instrument. 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Uranium-Th-Pb dating of phosphate minerals in very low-grade metasedimentary rocks from the Archean Pilbara Craton, Western Australia, has revealed a long history of deformation and fluid flow during the Paleoproterozoic. However, this technique has not detected evidence for fluid flow along craton margins during Phanerozoic rifting and breakup. We report the use of in situ Th-Pb geochronology of rhabdophane, a hydrous light rare earth element phosphate, to date fluid flow in shale from the 2.76 Ga Mount Roe Basalt from drill hole number 6 of the Archean Biosphere Drilling Program (ABDP6), northwestern Pilbara Craton. Thorium-Pb dating of rhabdophane in carbonaceous shale yields three main populations with weighted mean 208Pb/232Th ages of 152 ± 6 Ma, 132 ± 4 Ma, and 119 ± 4 Ma, which indicates phosphate growth up to 2.64 b.y. after deposition. The rhabdophane ages are coeval with three major breakup events in eastern Gondwana: separation of Southwest Borneo and Argoland from Australia (ca. 156–152 Ma), breakup of Greater India from Australia (ca. 140–135 Ma), and separation of Greater India/India from Antarctica (ca. 123 Ma). The proximity of drill hole ABDP6 to major Mesoarchean faults and shear zones on the craton margin, which are parallel to rift propagation and basin development, points to episodic reactivation of ancient crustal structures &gt;2.8 b.y. after their formation. Our results also highlight the potential of rhabdophane as a U-Th-Pb geochronometer for dating low-temperature (&lt;200 °C) fluid flow and hydrous alteration. The migration of Mesozoic fluids through Archean shales adds weight to questions about the origin of geochemical signals in ancient altered rocks and how to extract information about the early environment and biosphere.