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Academic literature on the topic 'Earth resistance (Geophysics) Measurement'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Earth resistance (Geophysics) Measurement"

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Scambos, T. A., R. Ross, T. Haran, R. Bauer, D. G. Ainley, K. W. Seo, M. De Keyser, A. Behar, and D. R. MacAyeal. "A camera and multisensor automated station design for polar physical and biological systems monitoring: AMIGOS." Journal of Glaciology 59, no. 214 (2013): 303–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2013jog12j170.

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AbstractThe Automated Meteorology–Ice/Indigenous species–Geophysics Observation System (AMIGOS) consists of a set of measurement instruments and camera(s) controlled by a single-board computer with a simplified Linux operating system and an Iridium satellite modem supporting two-way communication. Primary features of the system relevant to polar operations are low power requirements, daily data uploading, reprogramming, tolerance for low temperatures, and various approaches for automatic resets and recovery from low power or cold shutdown. Instruments include a compact weather station, single- or dual-frequency GPS, solar flux and reflectivity sensors, sonic snow gauges, simplified radio-echo sounder, and resistance thermometer string in the firn column. In the current state of development, there are two basic designs. One is intended for in situ observations of glacier conditions. The other supports a high-resolution camera for monitoring biological or geophysical systems from short distances (100 m to 20 km). The stations have been successfully used in several locations for operational support, monitoring rapid ice changes in response to climate change or iceberg drift, and monitoring penguin colony activity. As of August 2012, there are nine AMIGOS systems installed, all on the Antarctic continent or in the surrounding ocean.
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Hill, Graham J. "On the Use of Electromagnetics for Earth Imaging of the Polar Regions." Surveys in Geophysics 41, no. 1 (September 12, 2019): 5–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10712-019-09570-8.

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Abstract The polar regions are host to fundamental unresolved challenges in Earth studies. The nature of these regions necessitates the use of geophysics to address these issues, with electromagnetic and, in particular, magnetotelluric studies finding favour and being applied over a number of different scales. The unique geography and climatic conditions of the polar regions means collecting magnetotelluric data at high latitudes, which presents challenges not typically encountered and may result in significant measurement errors. (1) The very high contact resistance between electrodes and the surficial snow and ice cover (commonly MΩ) can interfere with the electric field measurement. This is overcome by using custom-designed amplifiers placed at the active electrodes to buffer their high impedance contacts. (2) The proximity to the geomagnetic poles requires verification of the fundamental assumption in magnetotellurics that the magnetic source field is a vertically propagating, horizontally polarised plane wave. Behaviour of the polar electro-jet must be assessed to identify increased activity (high energy periods) that create strong current systems and may generate non-planar contributions. (3) The generation of ‘blizstatic’, localised random electric fields caused by the spin drift of moving charged snow and ice particles that produce significant noise in the electric fields during periods of strong winds. At wind speeds above ~ 10 m s−1, the effect of the distortion created by the moving snow is broad-band. Station occupation times need to be of sufficient length to ensure data are collected when wind speed is low. (4) Working on glaciated terrain introduces additional safety challenges, e.g., weather, crevasse hazards, etc. Inclusion of a mountaineer in the team, both during the site location planning and onsite operations, allows these hazards to be properly managed. Examples spanning studies covering development and application of novel electromagnetic approaches for the polar regions as well as results from studies addressing a variety of differing geologic questions are presented. Electromagnetic studies focusing on near-surface hydrologic systems, glacial and ice sheet dynamics, as well as large-scale volcanic and tectonic problems are discussed providing an overview of the use of electromagnetic methods to investigate fundamental questions in solid earth studies that have both been completed and are currently ongoing in polar regions.
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Zemanian, A. H., and B. Anderson. "Modeling of borehole resistivity measurements using infinite electrical grids." GEOPHYSICS 52, no. 11 (November 1987): 1525–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442269.

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An infinite electrical resistive grid generated by a finite‐difference approximation to Poisson’s equation in cylindrical coordinates with no azimuthal variation has been used to model borehole resistivity measurements. The medium surrounding the borehole is infinite in extent and its resistivity varies only in the radial direction. As a result, the branch resistance values of the infinite grid also vary only in the radial direction. A continued fraction of Laurent operators determines the node voltages along the borehole’s surface. Use of an operational calculus based upon the finite Fourier transformation converts the continued fraction into a readily computed form. This yields new formulas for apparent resistivity, given various resistivity measuring arrays and a resistivity profile in the radial direction. In contrast to classical methods, the need to match boundary conditions at the interface of a cylindrically layered earth is eliminated, so that the procedure is just as easily applied to a continuous resistivity profile as it is to a stepped profile. Moreover, the method is computationally fast by virtue of the fast Fourier transform algorithm and the avoidance of boundary‐condition matching. The speed and versatility of this model make it useful for studying the effects of complex invasion on the response of resistivity tools.
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Gai‐shan, Zhao. "Asymptotic formula of the transform function for the layered‐earth potential and its applications to interpretation of resistivity sounding data." GEOPHYSICS 50, no. 9 (September 1985): 1513–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442021.

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With the development of computation techniques based on the digital linear filter method and the wide use of computers, automatic interpretation of vertical electric sounding (VES) data has become practical and common. The digital linear filter method developed in Ghosh (1971a, b) makes solving the inverse problem of VES easier and more practical, because it requires less computer time and storage space, is more accurate than other methods, and does not restrict the number of layers, electrode spacings, and layer depths. However, considerable ambiguity in the interpretation may result when many layers are involved. This means that strongly differing layer distributions may yield apparent resistivity sounding curves that, although not equal, differ so slightly that they cannot be accurately distinguished. In other words, the interpretation provided is only one of many acceptable interpretations, all of which are consistent with the field curves within the accuracy of measurements. Some combination parameters obtained may be useful in this case, and they are needed sometimes. I present a new method to interpret resistivity sounding data, by which some combination parameters such as total longitudinal conductance, total transverse resistance, and the resistivity of the substratum can be obtained.
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Peck, Lindamae, Richard C. Nolen-Hoeksema, Christopher C. Barton, and Robert B. Gordon. "Measurement of the resistance of imperfectly elastic rock to the propagation of tensile cracks." Journal of Geophysical Research 90, B9 (1985): 7827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jb090ib09p07827.

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Prémaillon, Mélody, Vincent Regard, Thomas J. B. Dewez, and Yves Auda. "GlobR2C2 (Global Recession Rates of Coastal Cliffs): a global relational database to investigate coastal rocky cliff erosion rate variations." Earth Surface Dynamics 6, no. 3 (August 9, 2018): 651–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-651-2018.

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Abstract. Rocky coast erosion (i.e., cliff retreat) is caused by a complex interaction of various forcings that can be marine, subaerial or due to rock mass properties. From Sunamura's seminal work in 1992, it is known that cliff retreat rates are highly variable over at least four orders of magnitude, from 1 to 10 mm yr−1. While numerous local studies exist and explain erosion processes at specific sites, there is a lack of knowledge at the global scale. In order to quantify and rank the various parameters influencing erosion rates, we compiled existing local studies into a global database called GlobR2C2 (which stands for Global Recession Rates of Coastal Cliffs). This database reports erosion rates from publications, cliff setting and measurement specifications; it is compiled from peer-reviewed articles and national databases. In order to be homogeneous, marine and climatic forcings were recorded from global models and reanalyses. Currently, GlobR2C2 contains 58 publications that represent 1530 studied cliffs and more than 1680 estimated erosion rate. A statistical analysis was conducted on this database to explore the links between erosion rates and forcings at a global scale. Rock resistance, inferred using the criterion of Hoek and Brown (1997), is the strongest signal explaining variation in erosion rate. Median erosion rates are 2.9 cm yr−1 for hard rocks, 10 cm yr−1 for medium rocks and 23 cm yr−1 for weak rocks. Concerning climate, only the number of frost days (number of day per year below 0 ∘C) for weak rocks shows a significant, positive, trend with erosion rate. The other climatic and marine forcings do not show any clear or significant relationship with cliff retreat rate. In this first version, GlobR2C2, with its current encompassing vision, has broad implications. Critical knowledge gaps have come to light and prompt a new coastal rocky shore research agenda. Further study of these questions is paramount if we one day hope to answer questions such as what the coastal rocky shore response to sea-level rise or increased storminess may be.
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Zhang, H., G. D. Egbert, A. D. Chave, Q. Huang, A. Kelbert, and S. Y. Erofeeva. "Constraints on the resistivity of the oceanic lithosphere and asthenosphere from seafloor ocean tidal electromagnetic measurements." Geophysical Journal International 219, no. 1 (July 11, 2019): 464–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz315.

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SUMMARY The electromagnetic (EM) field generated by ocean tidal flow is readily detectable in both satellite magnetic field data, and in ocean-bottom measurements of electric and magnetic fields. The availability of accurate charts of tidal currents, constrained by assimilation of modern satellite altimetry data, opens the possibility of using tidal EM fields as a source to image mantle electrical resistivity beneath the ocean basins, as highlighted by the recent success in defining the globally averaged lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary (LAB) with satellite data. In fact, seafloor EM data would be expected to provide better constraints on the structure of resistive oceanic lithosphere, since the toroidal magnetic mode, which can constrain resistive features, is a significant component of the tidal EM field within the ocean, but is absent above the surface (in particular in satellite data). Here we consider this issue in more detail, using a combination of simplified theoretical analysis and 1-D and 3-D numerical modelling to provide a thorough discussion of the sensitivity of satellite and seafloor data to subsurface electrical structure. As part of this effort, and as a step toward 3-D inversion of seafloor tidal data, we have developed a new flexible 3-D spherical-coordinate finite difference scheme for both global and regional scale modelling, with higher resolution models nested in larger scale solutions. We use the new 3-D model, together with Monte Carlo simulations of errors in tidal current estimates, to provide a quantitative assessment of errors in the computed tidal EM signal caused by uncertainty in the tidal source. Over the open ocean this component of error is below 0.01 nT in Bz at satellite height and 0.05 nT in Bx on the seafloor, well below typical signal levels. However, as coastlines are approached error levels can increase substantially. Both analytical and 3-D modelling demonstrate that the seafloor magnetic field is most sensitive to the lithospheric resistance (the product of resistivity and thickness), and is more weakly influenced (primarily in the phase) by resistivity of the underlying asthenosphere. Satellite data, which contain only the poloidal magnetic mode, are more sensitive to the conductive asthenosphere, but have little sensitivity to lithospheric resistance. For both seafloor and satellite data’s changes due to plausible variations in Earth parameters are well above error levels associated with source uncertainty, at least in the ocean interior. Although the 3-D modelling results are qualitatively consistent with theoretical analysis, the presence of coastlines and bathymetric variations generates a complex response, confirming that quantitative interpretation of ocean tidal EM fields will require a 3-D treatment. As an illustration of the nested 3-D scheme, seafloor data at five magnetic and seven electric stations in the northeastern Pacific (41○N, 165○W) are fit with trial-and-error forward modelling of a local domain. The simulation results indicate that the lithospheric resistance is roughly 7 × 108 Ωm2. The phase of the seafloor data in this region are inconsistent with a sharp transition between the resistive lithosphere and conductive asthenosphere.
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Kuzmenko, Eduard, and Sergiy Bagriy. "GEODYNAMICS." GEODYNAMICS 1(32)2022, no. 1(32) (June 28, 2022): 119–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/jgd2022.02.119.

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The aim of the research is to substantiate the scientific foundations of an integrated approach to solving environmental and geological problems related to groundwater salinization in the Kalush mining region; quantitative evaluation of the dynamics of such salinization and its relationship with the river system based on geochemical and geophysical observations. The relevance of the research is determined by the need to solve the following tasks: 1) identification of the sources of the groundwater contamination; 2) determination of saline areas, including settlements within which drinking water horizons become unsuitable for the direct use; 3) characteristics of the dynamics, that is, the degree of salinity and the rate of its changes in space and time; 4) determination of the danger to the operation of water intake facilities; 5) determination of the risk of contamination of the river basin. The methodology consists in establishing the correlation between hydrogeochemical and electrometric observations, as well as determining the transition patterns from measurements of electrical resistance to the groundwater salinity. It also includes creating spatio-temporal models of groundwater salinity dynamics and assessing the risks of surface watercourses contamination taking into account its main sources and providing initial data for making management decisions. With the help of the hydrogeochemical observations (the groundwater mineralization) and electrical exploration (measurement of electrical resistance), correlations were established between the geophysical characteristics inherent in the aquifer and the groundwater mineralization. As a result, this made it possible to concretize the sources and determine the area and degree of salinization according to the planar geophysical surveys. Regime observations allowed us to establish the movement direction and speed of the salinity front. The obtained quantitative characteristics of the salinization dynamics of the aquifer allowed calculating the contamination risks of the Limnytsia and Dnister Rivers. The scientific novelty consists in the further development of the methods for assessing underground mineralization based on the results of geophysical research, including the method of electrical exploration. For the first time, spatio-temporal models of the groundwater mineralization dynamics in the territory of the Kalush mining region (KMR) were created. In addition, the assessment of the risks of the surface watercourse contamination (the Limnytsia and Dnister Rivers) was given, taking into account the main sources of contamination within the KMR. The application of the obtained results makes it possible to quickly research the areas associated with probable contamination of the territory, to provide initial data for further planning and management actions. A reliable forecast allows envisaging the measures for reducing the environmental load on the aquifer, which is the only drinking horizon for the town of Kalush.
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de Leeuw, Jan, Michael P. Lamb, Gary Parker, Andrew J. Moodie, Daniel Haught, Jeremy G. Venditti, and Jeffrey A. Nittrouer. "Entrainment and suspension of sand and gravel." Earth Surface Dynamics 8, no. 2 (June 3, 2020): 485–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-485-2020.

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Abstract. The entrainment and suspension of sand and gravel are important for the evolution of rivers, deltas, coastal areas, and submarine fans. The prediction of a vertical profile of suspended sediment concentration typically consists of assessing (1) the concentration near the bed using an entrainment relation and (2) the upward vertical distribution of sediment in the water column. Considerable uncertainty exists in regard to both of these steps, especially the near-bed concentration. Most entrainment relations have been tested against limited grain-size-specific data, and no relations have been evaluated for gravel suspension, which can be important in bedrock and mountain rivers. To address these issues, we compiled a database with suspended sediment data from natural rivers and flume experiments, taking advantage of the increasing availability of high-resolution grain size measurements. We evaluated 12 dimensionless parameters that may determine entrainment and suspension relations and applied multivariate regression analysis. A best-fit two-parameter equation (r2=0.79) shows that near-bed entrainment, evaluated at 10 % of the flow depth, decreases with the ratio of settling velocity to skin-friction shear velocity (wsi/u∗skin), as in previous relations, and increases with Froude number (Fr), possibly due to its role in determining bedload-layer concentrations. We used the Rouse equation to predict concentration upward from the reference level and evaluated the coefficient βi, which accounts for differences in the turbulent diffusivity of sediment from the parabolic eddy viscosity model used in the Rouse derivation. The best-fit relation for βi (r2=0.40) indicates greater relative sediment diffusivities for rivers with greater flow resistance, possibly due to bedform-induced turbulence, and larger wsi/u∗skin; the latter dependence is nonlinear and therefore different from standard Rouse theory. In addition, we used empirical relations for gravel saltation to show that our relation for near-bed concentration also provides good predictions for coarse-grained sediment. The new relations extend the calibrated parameter space over a wider range in sediment sizes and flow conditions compared to previous work and result in 95 % of concentration data throughout the water column predicted within a factor of 9.
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Gailler, Lydie, Phillipe Labazuy, Edouard Régis, Aline Peltier, and Valérie Ferrazzini. "Active structures and thermal state of the Piton de la Fournaise summit revealed by combined UAV magnetic and thermal infrared measurements." Volcanica 5, no. 1 (February 3, 2022): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.30909/vol.05.01.4154.

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In this study, we demonstrate the strong potential of combining Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-based thermal infrared (IR) and magnetic measurements to image the thermal state of volcanic edifices, as well as the distribution of active volcano-tectonic features at depth. Since magnetization is strongly dependent on temperature and alteration, thermally active structures are also associated with a decrease in magnetization. Based on the analysis of recent combined magnetic and infrared acquisitions, we focus on the recent evolution of the summit activity at Piton de la Fournaise. The comparison clearly highlights zones of major thermal activity, alteration and high permeability, and potentially areas of low mechanical resistance. Those observations provide information on preferential pathways for future activity, and also provide constraints on fluid transfer, diffusion, and cooling processes occurring within the volcano subsurface. Through reiterations, such combined UAV measurements are therefore particularly relevant in monitoring volcanic hazards before, during and after eruptions.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Earth resistance (Geophysics) Measurement"

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McNamara, Ken W. "An application of functional analysis to a problem in geophysics /." Title page, contents and summary only, 1992. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SM/09smm1695.pdf.

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Aguirre, Gerardo 1960. "AN APPRAISAL OF THE ELECTRICALLY THIN CONDUCTIVE SHEET MODEL IN GEOPHYSICAL PROBING." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275495.

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Rigoti, Augustinho. "Reduction of ambiguity in geological models using multiple data sets." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66266.

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Harris, Jane C. "Pieces of a Puzzle: Fitting Electromagnetic Induction into Geophysical Strategies to Produce Enhanced Archaeological Characterisation." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/15743.

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Electromagnetic induction (EM) methods have been utilised in a recent surge of archaeological applications across continental Europe, Ireland and Scandinavia. Development of multi-exploration depth instruments and improvements to instrument stability have improved its reputation as an effective method for mapping archaeological remains. Despite these advances, EM methods are comparatively lacking in rigour when for British sites. Through a structured scheme of experimental analysis and fieldwork, this thesis develops an understanding of the responses of EM instruments over a range of British archaeology, including earthworks, field systems, burials, modern remains, and a Cistercian abbey; the results of which demonstrate its effective over a diversity of environments. The impact of instrument-based issues on the collected measurements was quantified through a scheme of experiments targeting instrument drift, calibration and elevation. Dedicated instrument operation and processing workflows were developed based on the collective field and experimental results, which recommend best practice guidelines for improving the quality and accuracy of collected data. The link between instrument measurements and buried archaeology was further developed through a structured analysis of the EM datasets with complementary earth resistance and magnetic results. The integration of the EM, earth resistance and magnetic datasets was utilised to develop an enhanced archaeological characterisation of subsurface features. While the earth resistance and magnetic methods generally responded to different aspects of the buried archaeology, the EM surveys were able to detect a range of responses evident in the results of the former methods. Therefore, the role of EM methods within this characterisation are shown to “bridge the gap” between the earth resistance and magnetic methods, while providing a comprehensive characterisation of the remains in their own right.
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Fry, Robert J. "Time-lapse Geophysical Investigations over Known Archaeological Features Using Electrical Resistivity Imaging and Earth Resistance." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6901.

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Electrical methods of geophysical survey are known to produce results that are hard to predict at different times of the year, and under differing weather conditions. This is a problem which can lead to misinterpretation of archaeological features under investigation. The dynamic relationship between a ‘natural’ soil matrix and an archaeological feature is a complex one, which greatly affects the success of the feature’s detection when using active electrical methods of geophysical survey. This study has monitored the gradual variation of measured resistivity over a selection of study areas. By targeting difficult to find, and often ‘missing’ electrical anomalies of known archaeological features, this study has increased the understanding of both the detection and interpretation capabilities of such geophysical surveys. A 16 month time-lapse study over 4 archaeological features has taken place to investigate the aforementioned detection problem across different soils and environments. In addition to the commonly used Twin-Probe earth resistance survey, electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) and quadrature electro-magnetic induction (EMI) were also utilised to explore the problem. Statistical analyses have provided a novel interpretation, which has yielded new insights into how the detection of archaeological features is influenced by the relationship between the target feature and the surrounding ‘natural’ soils. The study has highlighted both the complexity and previous misconceptions around the predictability of the electrical methods. The analysis has confirmed that each site provides an individual and nuanced situation, the variation clearly relating to the composition of the soils (particularly pore size) and the local weather history. The wide range of reasons behind survey success at each specific study site has been revealed. The outcomes have shown that a simplistic model of seasonality is not universally applicable to the electrical detection of archaeological features. This has led to the development of a method for quantifying survey success, enabling a deeper understanding of the unique way in which each site is affected by the interaction of local environmental and geological conditions.
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Fry, Robert James. "Time-lapse geophysical investigations over known archaeological features using electrical resistivity imaging and earth resistance." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6901.

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Electrical methods of geophysical survey are known to produce results that are hard to predict at different times of the year, and under differing weather conditions. This is a problem which can lead to misinterpretation of archaeological features under investigation. The dynamic relationship between a ‘natural’ soil matrix and an archaeological feature is a complex one, which greatly affects the success of the feature’s detection when using active electrical methods of geophysical survey. This study has monitored the gradual variation of measured resistivity over a selection of study areas. By targeting difficult to find, and often ‘missing’ electrical anomalies of known archaeological features, this study has increased the understanding of both the detection and interpretation capabilities of such geophysical surveys. A 16 month time-lapse study over 4 archaeological features has taken place to investigate the aforementioned detection problem across different soils and environments. In addition to the commonly used Twin-Probe earth resistance survey, electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) and quadrature electro-magnetic induction (EMI) were also utilised to explore the problem. Statistical analyses have provided a novel interpretation, which has yielded new insights into how the detection of archaeological features is influenced by the relationship between the target feature and the surrounding ‘natural’ soils. The study has highlighted both the complexity and previous misconceptions around the predictability of the electrical methods. The analysis has confirmed that each site provides an individual and nuanced situation, the variation clearly relating to the composition of the soils (particularly pore size) and the local weather history. The wide range of reasons behind survey success at each specific study site has been revealed. The outcomes have shown that a simplistic model of seasonality is not universally applicable to the electrical detection of archaeological features. This has led to the development of a method for quantifying survey success, enabling a deeper understanding of the unique way in which each site is affected by the interaction of local environmental and geological conditions.
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Ishankuliev, Murad. "Resistivity imaging of abandoned minelands at Huntley Hollow, Hocking County, Ohio." Ohio : Ohio University, 2007. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1180039190.

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Amidu, Sikiru Adetona Dunbar John A. "Electrical resistivity imaging for characterizing dynamic hydrologic systems." Waco, Tex. : Baylor University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2104/5207.

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Nakata, Dorene Samantha. "Syn-eruptive degassing of a single submarine lava flow : constraints on MORB CO₂ variability, vesiculation, and eruption dynamics." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1912/3933.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Joint Program in Marine Geology and Geophysics (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2010.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 33-37).
Mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs) exhibit a wide range of CO2 concentrations, reflecting saturation to supersaturation (and rarely undersaturation) relative to their emplacement depths. In this study, we explore the mechanisms of CO2 degassing and the implications this has for estimating the advance rates and durations of seafloor eruptions. We present dissolved volatile concentrations (mainly of CO 2 and H20) and vesicle size distributions (VSDs) for a unique suite of MORB glasses collected at the East Pacific Rise, ~9° 50' N. These MORB glasses were collected at -200 m intervals along an across-axis track over a single flow pathway within the recently emplaced 2005-06 eruption boundaries; systematic sample collection provides one of the first opportunities to characterize intra-flow geochemical and physical evolution during a single eruption at a fast-spreading ridge. Compared to measurements of MORB volatiles globally, dissolved H20 concentrations are relatively uniform (0.10 - 0.16 weight percent), whereas dissolved CO2 contents exhibit a range of concentrations (154 - 278 ppm) and decrease with distance from the EPR axis (i.e., eruptive vent). Ion microprobe analysis of dissolved volatiles within the MORB glasses suggest that the magma erupted supersaturated (pressure equilibrium with 920 - 1224 mbsf) and in near-equilibrium with the melt lens of the axial magma chamber (~1250 - 1500 mbsf), and degassed to near equilibrium (299 - 447 mbsf) with seafloor depths over the length of the flow. The decrease in CO 2 concentrations spans nearly the full range of dissolved CO2 contents observed at the EPR and shows that the varying degrees of volatile saturation that have been observed in other MORB sample suites may be explained by degassing during emplacement. Vesicularity (0.1 - 1.2%) increases with decreasing dissolved CO2 concentrations. We use vesicle size distributions (VSDs)-vesicle sizes and number densities-to quantify the physical evolution of the CO2 degassing process. VSDs suggest that diffusion of CO2 into preexisting vesicles, and not nucleation of new vesicles, is the dominant mechanism of increasing CO2 in the vapor phase. We also use VSDs, along with estimates of vesicle growth rates, to constrain emplacement time of the 2005-06 eruption to <~24 hours and to resolve variations in advance rate with down flow distance.
by Dorene Samantha Nakata.
S.M.
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Tuit, Caroline Beth 1973. "The marine biogeochemistry of molybdenum." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/58369.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Joint Program in Marine Geology and Geophysics (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2003.
Includes bibliographical references.
Prevailing wisdom holds that the vertical distribution of molybdenum (Mo) in the open ocean is conservative, despite Mo's important biological role and association with Mn oxides and anoxic sediments. Mo is used in both nitrogenase, the enzyme responsible for N2 fixation, and nitrate reductase, which catalyzes assimilatory and dissimilatory nitrate reduction. Laboratory culture work on two N2 fixing marine cyanobacteria, Trichodesmium and Crocosphaera, and a marine facultative denitrifier, Marinobacter hydrocarbanoclasticus, showed that Mo cell quotas in these organisms were positively correlated with Mo-containing enzyme activity. Mo concentrations in Crocosphaera dropped almost to blank levels when not fixing N2 suggesting daily synthesis and destruction of the entire nitrogenase enzyme and release of Mo. Trichodesmium cultures, however, retained a pool of cellular Mo even when not fixing N2. Colonies of Trichodesmium collected in the field have Mo:C tenfold higher than seen in culture, these Mo:C ratios were reflected in SPM samples from the same region. Fe:C ratios for Trichodesmium were between 12-160 pmol:mol in field and culured samples. The Fe:C ratio of Crocosphaera was established to be 15.8 =/+ 11.3 under N2 fixing conditions. Mo cellular concentrations in cultured organisms were too small to significantly influence dissolved Mo distributions, but may slightly affect Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) distributions. Mean SPM Mo:C ratios were slightly elevated in regions of N2 fixation and denitrification.. A high precision (=/+ 0.5%) isotope dilution ICP-MS method for measuring Mo was developed to re-evaluate the marine distribution of Mo in the dissolved and particulate phase.
(cont.) Mn oxides were not found to significantly influence either the dissolved or SPM Mo distribution. Dissolved Mo profiles from the Sargasso and Arabian Sea were conservative. However, dissolved Mo profiles from the Eastern Tropical Pacific showed both depletion and enrichment of dissolved Mo possibly associated with interaction of Mo with coastal sediments. Dissolved Mo profiles in several California Borderland Basins showed 1-2 nM Mo depletions below sill depth. A more focused study of water column response to sediment fluxes using the high precision Mo analyses is necessary to determine whether these phenomena are related.
by Caroline Beth Tuit.
Ph.D.
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Books on the topic "Earth resistance (Geophysics) Measurement"

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Graham, C. Douglas R. Electrical resistivity studies in the Inner Bluegrass Karst Region, Kentucky. Lexington: Kentucky Geological Survey, 1999.

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2

Stopiński, Wojciech. Analiza zmian oporności elektrycznej górotworu w warunkach eksploatacji górniczej. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawn. Nauk., 1986.

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Verweerd, Arre Job. Performance analysis and characterisation of a new magneto-electrical measurement system for electrical conductivity imaging. Jülich: Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Zentralbibliothek, 2007.

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Yamaguchi, Satoru. Yamasaki dansōkei no jishin hassei shindo kara chihyō made no 3-jigenhi teikō kōzō no kaimei. [Uji-shi]: Kyōto Daigaku Bōsai Kenkyūjo, 2011.

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Nicol, J. L. Antenna input impedance: Experimental confirmation and geological application. Townsville, Qld: Physics Dept., James Cook University of North Queensland, 1987.

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Zemt͡sov, V. N. Ėlektricheskie zondirovanii͡a na postoi͡annom toke v rudnykh raĭonakh. Moskva: "Nedra", 1990.

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Jödicke, Hartmut. Zonen hoher elektrischer Krustenleitfähigkeit im Rhenoherzynikum und seinem nördlichen Vorland. Münster: Lit, 1991.

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T, Balesta S., ed. Ėlektroprovodnostʹ zemnoĭ kory i verkhneĭ mantii Kamchatki. Moskva: "Nauka", 1991.

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Machczyński, Wojciech. Prądy i potencjały wzdłuż obwodów ziemnopowrotnych w zewnętrznym polu elektromagnetycznym (Quasi-stacjonarnym). Poznań: Wydawn. Politechniki Poznańskiej, 1988.

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Sheets, Rodney A. Use of electrical resistivity to detect underground mine voids in Ohio. Columbus, Ohio: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Earth resistance (Geophysics) Measurement"

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Mandea, Mioara, and Anca Isac. "Geomagnetic Field, Measurement Techniques." In Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics, 1–5. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10475-7_117-1.

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Mandea, Mioara, and Anca Isac. "Geomagnetic Field, Measurement Techniques." In Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics, 381–86. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8702-7_117.

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Mandea, Mioara, and Anca Isac. "Geomagnetic Field, Measurement Techniques." In Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics, 502–7. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58631-7_117.

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Radhakrishna, T., J. D. A. Piper, and Asanulla R. Mohamed. "Palaeomagnetism, Measurement Techniques and Instrumentation." In Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics, 1–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10475-7_200-1.

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Radhakrishna, Tallavajhala, and J. D. A. Piper. "Paleomagnetism, Measurement Techniques and Instrumentation." In Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics, 933–44. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8702-7_200.

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Radhakrishna, T., J. D. A. Piper, and Asanulla R. Mohamed. "Paleomagnetism, Measurement Techniques and Instrumentation." In Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics, 1202–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58631-7_200.

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Monfort, Cèsar Carreras. "Earth Resistance Survey: A Mature Archaeological Geophysics Method for Archaeology." In Natural Science in Archaeology, 153–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01784-6_8.

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"Measurement of Heat Flow on Land." In Developments in Solid Earth Geophysics, 21–56. Elsevier, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-88309-4.50006-3.

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"Measurement of Heat Flow at Sea." In Developments in Solid Earth Geophysics, 87–106. Elsevier, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-88309-4.50008-7.

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Lowrie, William. "5. Gravity and the figure of the Earth." In Geophysics: A Very Short Introduction, 69–91. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198792956.003.0005.

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‘Gravity and the figure of the Earth’ discusses the measurement of gravity and its variation at the Earth’s surface and with depth. Gravity is about 0.5 per cent stronger at the poles than at the equator and it first increases with depth until the core–mantle boundary and then sinks to zero at the Earth’s centre. Using satellites to carry out geodetic and gravimetric observations has revolutionized geodesy, creating a powerful geophysical tool for observing and measuring dynamic processes on the Earth. The various measurement techniques employed fall in two categories: precise location of a position on the Earth (such as GPS) and accurate determination of the geoid and gravitational field. Bouguer and free-air gravity anomalies and isostasy are explained.
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Conference papers on the topic "Earth resistance (Geophysics) Measurement"

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Miles, C. "Measurement of Earth conductor resistance and soil resistivity." In Summer Event on History of Electrical Engineering. IEE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:20030183.

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Shang, X., K. S. K. Yeo, and M. J. Lancaster. "High Frequency Resistance and Capacitance Measurement for Archaeological Surveying." In Near Surface 2009 - 15th EAGE European Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20147114.

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Auken, E., and G. M. Hoversten. "Resolution of 3D Earth Structures — Detection and Measurement Configuration Using Different Sources." In Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems 1996. Environment and Engineering Geophysical Society, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.4133/1.2922234.

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Auken, E., and G. M. Hoversten. "Resolution Of 3D Earth Structures - Detection And Measurement Configuration Using Different Sources." In 9th EEGS Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.205.1996_010.

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Ladanyi, Jozsef, and Balazs Smohai. "Influence of auxiliary electrode arrangements on earth resistance measurement using the Fall-of-Potential method." In 2013 4th International Youth Conference on Energy (IYCE). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iyce.2013.6604146.

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Raizer, Adroaldo, Vilson Luiz Coelho, Wilson Valente, and Carlos Iran Cardoso. "Contribution to Tagg's methodology in the resistance measurement of earth-electrode systems at reduced distances." In 2015 International Symposium on Lightning Protection (XIII SIPDA). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sipda.2015.7339307.

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Ku, Bih-Yuan, Ching Liang Wu, and Chun-Fu Lin. "Rail-to-Earth Resistance Assessment for a Medium Capacity Transit System With Continuous Negative Rails by Potential Measurement." In 2016 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2016-5810.

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This paper presents the development of a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the resistance to ground for the electrically continuous negative rails of a medium capacity transit line of the Taipei Rapid Transit System. Using synchronous potential measurements at three stations we examine potential profiles to locate potential rail sections with low resistance to ground qualitatively. Also the voltage sag values are used to quantitatively calculate rail-to-ground resistance per unit length. The approach presented in this paper requires only voltage measurements with the traction current as the energization source. Thus, this approach can be performed as a routine maintenance procedure to obtain rail-to-ground resistance values from a system-wide point of view.
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Salamanca, H. L. L., P. A. B. Block, F. S. Retorta, D. B. Dahlke, L. R. A. Gamboa, R. T. Bee, and T. F. Aquino. "Residual current method of grounding resistance measurement in transmissions towers with earth wire - Part 1: Study of residual current in transmition towers." In 2016 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition (T&D). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdc.2016.7520016.

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Sutcliffe, C. J., and A. Millward. "The Effect of Pitch Moment of Inertia in Body Axes on the Performance or a Yacht in Waves." In SNAME 13th Chesapeake Sailing Yacht Symposium. SNAME, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/csys-1997-015.

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Observation of full size yachts sailing upwind in a seaway has shown that, because of the presence of the sails, the yacht is constrained to move in body axes (parallel to the mast) rather than in earth axes (normal to the water). It is thought that this is due to the effect of the sails in the air and the keel and other appendages in the water providing a large damping force which resists any motion normal to the mast line. An experimental project has been carried out therefore to investigate the effect of this change in motion axes on the forces and motions induced by the seaway. The experiments were carried out on a model of an IACC class hull in regular head waves for a range of wave heights in both earth and body axes using a recirculating water channel. The magnitudes and phase angles of resistance, side force, pitch, heave and heel moment were measured. Comparisons between the results of the present work and previous experimentation, with motion in earth axes, showed similar trends. However the results from the experiments using motion in body axes showed marked changes in the measured motion and resistance characteristics when compared to the earth axes data. It is thought that this difference could well affect the order of merit when comparing the performance of two hulls and it was concluded therefore that the change to measurement in body axes is important for the correct prediction of the performance of a yacht in a seaway. The effect of the pitch moment of inertia on the motion and forces on the model was then studied, first using motion in earth axes and subsequently using motion in body axes. In general it was found that in both earth and body axes there was a strong cross coupling between the pitching motion and the heave motion and that a low gyradius resulted in smaller motions and a reduced added resistance; however the effect of any change in pitch moment of inertia was more significant in body axes. The results showed that a yacht optimised for low pitch moment of inertia would have superior performance in comparison with a yacht which has a high inertia under identical wave conditions.
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Khalsa, Manjit Singh, and Krishan Sabherwal. "Strategy for Mitigating AC Voltage on Light Rail Systems’ Interactions With Utility AC Power Distribution Systems." In 2015 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2015-5748.

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Light rail systems interact with utility AC power distribution systems in many areas where running rails run parallel to the utility AC power transmission and distribution lines. This interaction may produce a 60Hz voltage on the running rail relative to the earth, adjacent to that the running rail. Since the running rails on modern systems are reasonably well isolated, this can result in potentials that can cause significant AC voltage on the rail that can cause instrumentation problems and personnel safety issues working on right-of-way (ROW). This effect is generally seen in areas where electrical distribution lines (power lines) run parallel to the running rail. This paper will describe methodology used to mitigate the problems by selecting a suitable capacitor filter bank network that provides a highly conductive path for the induced AC voltages between the substation grounding grid and the running rail at the traction power substation location. The filter actually provides lower resistance to AC than the resistance to the ground, thus from an AC standpoint, the running rails are connected to the earth at that location. This drains much of the AC potential between running rail and the earth thus greatly lessening this potential even at significant distance from the substation. The filter network provides no path for DC current so it does not increase stray traction earth currents produced by rail drop voltage from an accelerating train. The adequate measurement and verification (M & V) techniques are adopted to achieve desired results. The paper describes a cost effective solution comprising of an RC network filter with NEMA 3R rating enclosure, along with monitoring devices for monitoring DC and AC voltages and currents at the negative rail. These devices are installed and tested to mitigate the stray current issues successfully at the Valley Transportation Authority’s (VTA) traction power substation #31.
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