Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Earth interactions'
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1
Mukherjee, Rick. "Strong interactions in alkaline-earth Rydberg ensembles." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-157228.
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Ultra-cold atoms in optical lattices provide a versatile and robust platform to study fundamental condensed-matter physics problems and have applications in quantum optics as well as quantum information processing. For many of these applications, Rydberg atoms (atoms excited to large principal quantum numbers) are ideal due to its long coherence times and strong interactions.
However, one of the pre-requisite for such applications is identical confinement of ground state atoms with Rydberg atoms. This is challenging for conventionally used alkali atoms. In this thesis, I discuss the potential of using alkaline-earth Rydberg atoms for many-body physics by implementing simultaneous trapping for the relevant internal states. In particular, I consider a scheme for generating multi-particle entanglement and explore charge transport in a one dimensional atomic lattice.
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Ghan, S. J. (Steven John). "Unstable radiative-dynamical interactions." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/52897.
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Goodman, Jason (Jason Curtis) 1973. "Interannual middle-latitude atmosphere-ocean interactions." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/16779.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2001.Includes bibliographical references (p. 144-151).
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
This thesis discusses the interaction of atmosphere and ocean in midlatitudes on interannual and decadal timescales. We investigate the extent to which mutuallycoupled atmosphere-ocean feedback can explain the observed coupled variability on these timescales, and look for preferred modes of atmospheric response to forcing by sea-surface temperature anomalies. First, we formulate and study a very simple analytical model of the mutual interaction of the middle-latitude atmosphere and ocean. The model is found to support coupled modes in which oceanic baroclinic Rossby waves of decadal period grow through positive coupled feedback between the thermal forcing of the atmosphere induced by associated SST anomalies and the resulting windstress forcing of the ocean. Growth only occurs if the atmospheric response to thermal forcing is equivalent barotropic, with a particular phase relationship with the underlying SST anomalies. The dependence of the growth rate and structure of the modes on the nature of the assumed physics of air-sea interaction is explored, and their possible relation to observed phenomena discussed. We then construct a numerical model with the same physics; this enables us to consider the effects of nontrivial boundary conditions and background flows within the model. We find that the finite fetch of a closed ocean basin reduces growth rate and can lead to decay. However, the coupled mode described above remains the least-damped, and is thus the pattern most easily energized by stochastic forcing. Using a non-uniform atmospheric background flow focuses perturbation energy into particular areas, so that the coupled mode's expression in the atmosphere becomes fixed in space, rather than propagating. This improves the mode's resemblance to observed patterns of variability, such as the North Atlantic Oscillation, which are generally stationary patterns which fluctuate in intensity. The atmospheric component of the coupled mode exists in a balance between Rossby-wave propagation and vorticity advection. This is the same balance as the "neutral vectors" described by Marshall and Molteni (1993). Neutral vectors are the right singular vectors of the linearized atmospheric model's tendency matrix that have the smallest eigenvalues; they are also the patterns that exhibit the largest response to forcing perturbations in the linear model. We explain how the coupled mode arises as the ocean excites atmospheric neutral vectors. Neutral vectors act as pattern-specific amplifiers of ocean SST anomalies. We then proceed to study the neutral vectors of a quasigeostrophic model with realistic mean flow. We find a striking similarity between these patterns and the dominant patterns of variability observed in both the full nonlinear model and in the real world. We provide a mathematical explanation for this connection. Investigation of the "optimal forcing patterns" - the left singular vectors - proves to be less fruitful. The neutral modes have equivalent barotropic vertical structure, but their optimal forcing patterns are baroclinic and seem to be associated with low level heating. But the horizontal patterns of the forcing patterns are not robust, and are sensitive to the form of the inner product used in the SVD analysis. Additionally, applying "optimal" forcing patterns as perturbations to the full nonlinear model does not generate the response suggested by the linear model.
by Jason Goodman.
Ph.D.
4
Straub, Kyle M. "Quantifying turbidity current interactions with topography." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/40864.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2007.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 196-205).
This thesis advances our understanding of how transport properties of turbidity currents are mediated by interactions with seafloor topography, specifically channelized surfaces. Turbidity currents are responsible for crafting the morphology of continental margins. Unfortunately, very few direct observations exists defining turbidity current interactions with submarine channels and canyons because infrequent occurrence, great water depths, and high current velocities make measurements difficult to obtain. To overcome this problem, I utilize reduced scale laboratory experiments, remote sensing of the seafloor and subsurface deposits, and numerical analysis of transport processes. I focus on resolving the topography and composition of the evolving water-sediment interface with additional measurements that characterize the sediment transport and flow fields. I begin by quantifying interactions between turbidity currents and channel-bounding levees. Levees are the primary elements of self-formed channels and act to confine flows within channels, thereby increasing transport efficiency. I quantify the morphology and growth of levees in a submarine channel network offshore Borneo. Levee deposit trends are interpreted using laboratory observations and a morphodynamic model describing levee growth. Channel and levee deposits resulting from interactions between turbidity currents and sinuous submarine channels are then studied using reduced-scale laboratory experiments. Measurements of current superelevation in channel bends are used to illustrate the importance of current runup onto the outer banks of channel bends. This runup resulted in focused overbank flow and production of thick, coarse, steep levees at these sites.
(cont.) Additional laboratory experiments illustrate the importance of current-channel bend interactions to the runout length of turbidity currents. I observed enhanced mixing in channel bends that reduced proximal deposition rates in sinuous channels compared to straight channels. I hypothesize that a wholesale vertical mixing of suspended sediment within turbidity currents at channel bends is a necessary condition for the construction of submarine channels greater than 100 km in length. Finally, I document the deepening of submarine canyons under net depositional conditions using an industry-grade seismic volume from the continental slope offshore Borneo. Interpretation of seismic horizons suggests deposition resulted from sheet-like turbidity currents, highlighting the importance of unconfined currents to the evolution of seascapes.
by Kyle M. Straub.
Ph.D.
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Shah, N. J. "Hyperfine interactions in amorphous and crystalline alloys containing rare earth metals." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377743.
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Menon, Surabi. "Role of Sulfates in Regional Cloud-Climate Interactions." NCSU, 1998. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-19981102-133647.
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Aerosols affect the radiation budget of the earth-atmosphere system by directly reflecting or absorbing solar radiation and also indirectly, by altering the cloud albedo through changes in the cloud condensation nuclei concentration (CCN). Increases in CCN concentrations result in an increase in the cloud droplet number concentration (N). Assuming the cloud liquid water content (LWC) stays the same, this will result in smaller cloud droplet sizes. Thus, this will increase cloud reflectance and cloud lifetime as cloud cover also increases. An accurate quantification of the aerosol forcing effect is still not possible due to the complexity involved in understanding aerosol processes and their effects on climate. There has also been a lack of a coordinated effort toward linking surface and in situ observations, as well climate model results and satellite data. Due to the spatial and temporal heterogeneity in aerosol forcing, regional effects are important. In this dissertation, the direct and indirect radiative forcing effects of aerosols - primarily sulfates and to lesser extent soot aerosols at a site located in the southeastern U.S. are investigated by means of surface observations, modeling results and satellite data.During the summers of 1993-96, field experiments were conducted at Mt. Mitchell, North Carolina, at a site representative of the southeastern U.S. to determine the effect of pollutants on the cloud microphysical and optical properties. Analyses of the results from empirical relationships are used to obtain an estimate of the contribution of sulfates to indirect radiative forcing. Concurrent measurements of size resolved chemical concentrations, light scattering and absorption coefficients, aerosol size distribution and optical depth measurements were obtained during the winter of 1997 for cloud-free skies. Data from these measurements are used to investigate the chemical-physical-optical interaction between aerosols and to determine the direct forcing effect of aerosols by means of a column forcing model. Cloud water sulfate concentration is used as a measure of anthropogenic pollution. Back-trajectory analysis is used to identify the source of the air masses classified as polluted continental, continental and marine. The effect of anthropogenic pollution on cloud microphysical properties such as LWC, N, effective radii (Reff), CCN activation spectrum, cloud optical depth and reflectivity are investigated. The relationship between Reff and sulfate for different air masses, as well as the N-sulfate mass relationship, suggests that the counteracting effect of sulfates on greenhouse warming for the southeastern U.S. would be of a magnitude greater than -4.0 W m-2 obtained by previous modeling studies. Acidity variations between cloud droplets of different sizes indicated that on an average, smaller drops are enriched in sulfates, nitrates and ammonium, whereas, larger droplets have higher concentrations of sodium, calcium and magnesium. As part of a closure experiment cloud albedo calculated from in situ measurements was compared to that retrieved from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer data for four years (1993-96). The nonlinear relationships between the cloud microphysical/optical properties and the sulfate content imply the existence of an optimum level for the sulfate concentration that would affect cloud albedo. In terms of the direct forcing effect, wintertime forcing obtained for an internal mixture of sulfate and soot aerosols is much lower than that obtained during summer, due to reduced sulfate concentrations in winter. A quantitative measure of the direct forcing indicates higher magnitudes both for summer and winter than is obtained from previous modeling results. Analyses of the direct and indirect radiative forcing effect of sulfates for the southeastern U.S. indicate that the negative forcing effect is of greater magnitude than is predicted by modeling results. Thus, reduction in sulfate emissions would have a significant impact on climate for the southeastern U.S.
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McMorrow, D. F. "Crystal fields and hyperfine interactions in holmium compounds." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377728.
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Jerry, Ruel (Ruel Valentine). "Effects of subsurface fracture interactions on surface deformation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/84911.
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Thesis (S.M. in Geophysics)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2013.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 63-64).
Although the surface deformation resulting from the opening of a single fracture in a layered elastic half-space resembles the observed deformation at the InSalah site, it seems unlikely that only a single fracture is involved. This raises the question of how interaction among multiple fractures affects surface deformation. Finite element modeling is used to build a 3D model of a reservoir with multiple fractures. The interacting cracks and fractures give this model a more complicated stress state, and so any surface deformation would be different from that of a model with a single fracture. Geodetic monitoring of large-scale CO 2 sequestration provides a potentially powerful and cost-effective tool for interrogating reservoir structure and processes. For example, InSAR observations at the InSalah, Algeria sequestration site have mapped the surface deformation above an active reservoir, and helped delineate the effects of CO2 storage. The impact of interactions on individual fractures and the qualitative changes in the surface displacement and stress fields are considered and the importance of orientation, position and fracture area is investigated. It was found that when the crack locations are biased towards stacked parallel arrangements, then the shielding effect of interactions dominates, meaning that the overall stiffness of a representative volume increases. When collinear interactions dominate then the overall stiffness is reduced. These effects are then used to find a volume average and a continuum description of a solid with effective elastic properties. In this way a volume of fractured rock can be replaced with a representative volume with elastic properties that approximate the interaction effects.
by Ruel Jerry.
S.M.in Geophysics
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Moore, Kelsey Reed. "Cyanobacterial evolution and interactions with the Proterozoic world." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/127144.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, May, 2020Cataloged from the official PDF of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
Our understanding of the biosphere prior to the rise of complex life is built largely upon microbial mat structures and some exceptionally well-preserved microbial fossils from the Proterozoic (2500 to 540 million years ago). Some of these exceptional fossils are identifiable as cyanobacteria that were preserved by pyrite, amorphous silica (SiO₂) and other minerals. Although a record exists of these organisms, the sparse nature of fossil assemblages and simplicity of many Proterozoic fossil morphologies makes it difficult to identify specific taxa or create a complete picture of the ancient biosphere and how it interacted with the early Earth. Cyanobacteria are thought to have evolved early in Earth history and played a large part in shaping the ancient biosphere and geosphere, but questions remain about their evolution and the ways in which cyanobacterial communities interacted with the Earth during the Proterozoic Eon.
In this thesis, I seek to build a more complete understanding the record of Proterozoic cyanobacteria, their responses to environmental perturbations and the chemical conditions and microbe-mineral interactions that characterized the Proterozoic marine realm. I begin by investigating the evolutionary relationships between different cyanobacterial lineages and their relationship to chloroplasts. I then analyze an assemblage of pyritized cyanobacteria that were preserved during the Cryogenian and provide a record of primary productivity in the oceans following a global glaciation. Finally, I investigate factors that enabled the fossilization of some exceptionally preserved cyanobacteria and implications of these mechanisms for cyanobacterial biochemistry, chemical conditions, and interactions between microbes and Proterozoic tidal environments.
The combined molecular, fossil and experimental insights allow us to go beyond morphological interpretations of microbial fossils and build a more complete understanding of the evolutionary history of cyanobacteria, the types of cyanobacteria that were preserved during the Proterozoic, the responses of these cyanobacteria to environmental stresses and the interactions of those cyanobacteria with the evolving seawater chemistry.
by Kelsey R. Moore.
Ph. D.
Ph.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences
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Gunturu, Udaya Bhaskar. "Aerosol-Cloud interactions : a new perspective in precipitation enhancement." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/58462.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2010.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 171-184).
Increased industrialization and human activity modified the atmospheric aerosol composition and size-distribution during the last several decades. This has affected the structure and evolution of clouds, and precipitation from them. The processes and mechanisms by which clouds and precipitation are modified by changes in aerosol composition and size-distribution are very intricate. The objective of this thesis is to improve the understanding of the processes and mechanisms through which the changes in aerosol concentrations impact the evolution of deep convective clouds and precipitation formation. We develop a new coupled model in which a very detailed model of aerosol activation is coupled to a three-dimensional cloud resolving model. This coupled model can accurately represent different kinds of aerosol populations. This coupled model is used to investigate the impact of changing aerosol concentrations on the dynamics, microphysical evolution and precipitation formation in deep convective clouds. We examine the theories of aerosol activation, and the representation of aerosol activation in cloud models. The limitations of the extant methods of representation of aerosol activation in cloud models are evaluated. Then we descibe the components of the coupled model - Modified Eulerian and Lagrangian Aerosol Model (MELAM) and the Cloud Resolving Model (CRM). The features of these two component models with respect to aersol activation and cloud formation are discussed. The evaluation of the coupled model by simulation of a deep convertive event observed during the INDian Ocean EXperiment (INDOEX) by statistcal comparison of observed and simulated cloud fields shows that the coupled model can simulate deep convective events reasonably well. We present a study of the senstivity of the model to initial thermodynamic conditions (CAPE). Different initial thermodynamic conditons sampled during the INDOEX are used to initialize the coupled model and, the structure and evolution of the deep convective event are discussed. The study sheds new light on the respone of deep convection to CAPE. It is found that when the atmosphere has moderate CAPE, the precipitation forming processes are very active and when the CAPE is (cont.) low or high, they are comparatively less efficient.
As the most important part of our study, we examine the response of deep convection to changing initial aerosol concentration. Different aerosol concentrations from those representing pristine to polluted atmospheres are considered. We look at the buoyancy of the cloud and the microphysical evolution. It is found that the dynamics and microphysics are tightly coupled and we infer that to understand aerosol-cloud interactions in deep convective clouds, both - dynamics and microphysics - and their interaction have to be taken into consideration. Our results show that the response of a deep convective cloud to changing aerosol concentration is very different from the much well understood reponse of shallow clouds or small cumulus clouds. In general, increase in aerosol concentratin is seen to invigorate convection and lead to greater condensate. Although the cloud droplet size decreases, collision-coalescence is not completely inefficient. The precipitation in high aerosol regime is seen to occure in short spells of intense rain. A very interesting anomalous response of deep convection to initial aerosol concentration is observed at intermediate aerosol concentrations. The cloud lifetime, and precipitation are seen to increase in this regime. A possible mechanism to explain this anomalous behavior is proposed and the available circumstantial support for the mechanism from extant observations is presented. It is proposed that the efficient collection of rain and cloud droplets by ice and graupel particles in the middle troposphere is primarily responsible for this increased cloud lifetime and precipitation.
by Udaya Bhaskar Gunturu.
Ph.D.
11
Aharonov, Einat. "Solid-fluid interactions in porous media : processes that form rocks." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/53026.
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Janssen, Yuri. "Interplay between magnetic anisotropy and exchange interactions in rare-earth - transition-metal ferrimagnets." [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2003. http://dare.uva.nl/document/69269.
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Ghent, Darren John. "Land surface modelling and Earth observation of land/atmosphere interactions in African savannahs." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/10274.
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Land/atmosphere feedback processes play a significant role in determining climate forcing on monthly to decadal timescales. Considerable uncertainty however exists in land surface model representation of these processes. This investigation represents an innovative approach to understanding key land surface processes in African savannahs in the framework of the UK‘s most important land surface model – the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES). Findings from an investigation into the carbon balance of Africa for a 25-year period from 1982 to 2006 inclusive show that JULES estimated Africa to behave as a carbon sink for most of the 1980‘s and 1990‘s punctuated by three periods as a carbon source, which coincided with the three strongest El Niño events of the period. From 2002 until 2006 the continent was also estimated to be a source of carbon. Overall, the JULES simulation suggests a weakening of the African terrestrial carbon sink during this period primarily caused by hot and dry conditions in savannahs. Applying the model further, land surface temperature (LST) displayed large uncertainty with respect to savannah field measurements from Kruger National Park, South Africa, and JULES systematically underestimated LST with respect to Earth Observation data continent-wide. The postulation was that a reduction in the uncertainty of surface-to-atmosphere heat and water fluxes could be achieved by constraining JULES simulations with satellite-derived LST using an Ensemble Kalman Filter. Findings show statistically significant reductions in root mean square errors with data assimilation than without; for heat flux simulations when compared with Eddy Covariance measurements, and surface soil moisture when compared with derivations from microwave scatterometers. The improved representation of LST was applied to map daily fuel moisture content – one of the most important wildfire determinants - over the mixed tree/grass landscapes of Africa, whereby values were strongly correlated with field measurements acquired from three savannah locations.
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Matsoukis, Stamatoula. "Nonlinear aspects of electron whistler mode wave interactions in the inner earth magnetosphere." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284530.
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Ehlers, F. J. H. "Modelling of the interactions of Cu and rare earth metal with Si(001)." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2008. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1443951/.
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Cu is one of the most detrimental impurities to the Si devices. A theoretical investigation into diffusing interstitial Cu (Cuj) in Si and the interactions of Cu with other impurities and defects of the host lattice is strongly desired in order to understand and control the reaction paths of this impurity. We have performed ab initio modelling of the interactions of isolated Cu with bulk Si and the Si(OOl) surface, presenting explanations to a previously unsolved phenomena for the interactions of Cu with Si: according to our studies, Cu is a shallow donor with a closed 3d shell, strongly affected by inherent distortions of the Si environment The attraction of Cu to Si(OOl) is explained by surface reconstruction induced distortions of the Si environment with Cu-Si bond formation (leading to trapping of the impurity) only occurring within three layers of the surface. Our results provide promising results for gettering of Cu and Cu nanowire formation on the Si(OOl) surface. Rare earth (RE) disilicide nanowires on the Si(OOl) surface have been intensely studied by experiment as a candidate for next generation interconnects in devices. Our investigations of these systems represent the first theoretical studies of the interacting wire and substrate. We have focussed on the importance of treating the wire growth as a ID phenomenon, presenting a new candidate structure for the epitaxially grown wire on the basis of these considerations. Our studies, involving Y (not a RE metal but displaying the same behaviour with regards to wire growth) for simplicity, have verified the stability of the wire relative to the RE metal and Si atom reservoirs on the substrate. Finally, initial studies of atomic strings observed in very recent experiments upon deposition of Y on Si(OOl) have been carried out.
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Roşca, Sorin-Claudiu. "Alkaline-earth complexes supported by fluorinated ancillary ligands." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN1S155/document.
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L'addition catalysée des amines ou phosphines sur des substrats insaturés (alcènes, alcynes ou allènes) constitue une méthode efficace pour la production d’amines et phosphines à hautes valeurs ajoutées. Pour ces réactions, les complexes hétéroleptiques des métaux alcalino-terreux ont émergé comme des précatalyseurs effi caces. Cette thèse décrit la synthèse de complexes des alcalino-terreux supportés par des ligands aminoalcoolates fluorés de type [{RO}AeN(SiMe2H)2] ({RO} = aminoalcoolate fluoré; Ae = Ca, Sr). Des études par diffraction de rayons X montrent que ces complexes utilisent des interactions Ae···F–C and β-Si–H···Ae pour être cinétiquement inertes. Étonnamment, la somme de ces interactions non-covalentes dites secondaires est prédominante par rapport à la coordination d'éthers sur le centre métallique. En outre, les ligands aminoalcoolates fluorés ont été utilisés pour préparer de rares exemples de complexes Ae hétéroleptiques impliquant la coordination intramoléculaire de donneurs d'électrons π (i.e. alcènes et alcynes). Ainsi, pour la première fois, des complexes Ae stabilisés par des combinaisons d’interactions Ae···Cπ, Ae···F−C et β-Si−H···Ae ont été synthétisés. La nature de ces interactions a été sondée par des moyens spectroscopiques, cristallographiques et calculatoires (DFT). En revanche, nos efforts pour obtenir des complexes Ca–aryles ont conduit à la formation de complexes trinucléaires originaux présentant des interactions secondaires β-Si-H···Ca extrêmement fortes. Certains de ces complexes de calcium ont ensuite été testés en catalyse d’hydrophosphination du styrène avec la diphénylphosphine. Ils ont démontré des activités remarquables (TOF ≈ 50 h−1) en conditions douces, ainsi qu’une régiosélectivité de 100% vers la formation du produit d'addition anti-Markovnikov. En collaboration avec le Pr. M. Etienne et le Dr C. Dinoi du Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (Toulouse), un précatalyseur hétéroleptique de calcium supporté par un ligand tris(indazolyl)borate fluoré a été utilisé pour l’hydroamination intramoléculaire du 2,2-diméthylpent-4-en-1-amine, et a fait preuve d’une activité catalytique parmi les plus élevées à ce jourThe catalysed additions of amines or phosphines across unsaturated substrates (alkenes, alkynes or allenes) constitute atom-efficient routes for the production of valuable fine chemicals such as amines and phosphines. For these reactions, heteroleptic alkaline-earth complexes have emerged as promising precatalysts. This PhD thesis describes the synthesis and characterisation of a series of alkaline-earth complexes of type [{RO}AeN(SiMe2H)2] supported by fluorinated aminoalkoxides ({RO} = fluorinated aminoalkoxide; Ae = Ca, Sr ). X-ray diffraction studies show that these complexes heavily involve Ae···F–C and β-Si–H···Ae secondary interactions to achieve kinetic stabilisation. Remarkably, these so-called secondary, non-covalent interactions can be more beneficial towards the stabilisation of the metallic species than the coordination of ethers onto the metal centre. Furthermore, fluorinated aminoalkoxo ligands were used to prepare rare examples of Ae heteroleptic complexes featuring intramolecular coordination from π donors (i.e. alkenes and alkynes). For the first time, Ae complexes stabilised by a combination of Ae···Cπ, Ae···F–C and β-Si–H···Ae interactions were described. The structural and electronic features of these unique complexes were probed by crystallographic, spectroscopic and computational (DFT) methods. The utilisation of aryl-containing ligands resulted in the formation of trinuclear complexes featuring a unique pattern of strong β-Si–H···Ca agostic interactions. Some of these calcium heteroleptic complexes were tested in the hydrophosphination of styrene and HPPh2. They displayed high activities (TOF ≈ 50 h–1) under mild conditions with 100% regioselectivity towards the anti-Markovnikov addition product. In a collaboration with Prof. M. Etienne and Dr. C. Dinoi from the Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (Toulouse), a heteroleptic calcium complex supported by a fluorinated tris(indazolyl)borate was used in the intramolecular hydroamination of 2,2-dimethylpent-4-en-1-amine, and it displayed excellent performances
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Ebisuzaki, Wesley Nobuo. "Interactions between long and synoptic-scale waves in a simple model." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/53524.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 1987.Microfiche copy available in Archives and Science.
Bibliography: leaves 197-204.
by Wesley Nobuo Ebisuzaki.
Ph.D.
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Wade, David Christopher. "Investigating palaeoatmospheric composition-climate interactions." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/282998.
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The composition of the atmosphere has changed substantially over Earth's history, with important implications for past climate. A number of case studies will be presented which employ coupled climate model simulations to assess the strength of these chemical feedbacks on the climate. The eruption of Mount Samalas in 1257 led to the largest stratospheric volcanic injection of aerosol precursor gases in the Common Era, however climate model simulations of the last millennium typically overestimate the resulting climatic cooling when compared with tree-ring proxy records. A novel configuration of the Met Office UM-UKCA climate model is presented which couples an atmosphere-ocean general circulation model to a rigorous treatment of the relevant atmospheric chemistry and microphysical aerosol processes. This permits the climate response to a particular stratospheric injection of reactive volatile gases to be quantified and for the first time to date applied to a historical volcanic eruption. This model configuration compares favourably to observational data for simulations of the 1991Mount Pinatubo eruption. Results from an ensemble of model simulations are presented, with different assumptions about the sulfur dioxide and halogen loadings based on a recent geochemical reconstruction. These show a muted climate response, in reasonable agreement with tree ring records. Emissions of halogenated compounds lead to an increase in the sulfur dioxide lifetime, widespread ozone depletion and a prolonged climatic cooling. Strong increases in incident ultraviolet radiation at Earth's surface also occur. Oxygen levels may have varied fromas little as 10% to as high as 35% in the Phanerozoic (541Ma - Present). An increase in atmospheric oxygen increases atmospheric mass which leads to a reduction in incident shortwave radiation at Earth's surface due to Rayleigh scattering. However, this is offset by an increase in the pressure broadening of greenhouse gas absorption lines. Dynamical feedbacks also lead to increased meridional heat transport, warming polar regions and cooling tropical regions. An increase in oxygen content using the HadCM3-BL and HadGEM3-AO climate models leads to a global mean surface air temperature increase for a pre-industrial Holocene base case, in agreement with idealised 1D and 2D modeling studies. Case studies from past climates are investigated using HadCM3-BL which show that in the warmest climates, increasing oxygen may lead to a temperature decrease, as the equilibrium climate sensitivity is lower. For the Maastrichtian (72.1 - 66.0Ma), increasing oxygen content leads to a better agreement with proxy reconstructions of surface temperature at that time irrespective of the carbon dioxide content. There is considerable uncertainty in the timing of the rise in atmospheric oxygen content from values around 1% in the Neoproterozoic (1000 Ma - 541 Ma) to the 10- 35% values inferred in the Phanerozoic with respect to two global glaciation episodes (717-635Ma). Results of simulations with HadCM3-BL which investigate the impact of oxygen content on the Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth glaciations are presented. These demonstrate that a smaller reduction in carbon dioxide content is required to initiate a Snowball Earth at low oxygen content. Geological evidence suggests the presence of a basaltic large igneous province before the Sturtian Snowball Earth episode. This could have caused episodes of paced explosive volcanism, injecting sulfate aerosol precursors into the stratosphere. Results of simulations to investigate the impact of different volcanic aerosol emission scenarios are presented. 500 Tg SO2 is investigated with a range of aerosol sizes. For aerosol size distributions consistent with the aerosol evolution in the aftermath of the Mount Pinatubo eruption, the Earth enters a Snowball Earth in between 30 and 80 years. Using a larger size of aerosols, consistent with a larger eruption, does not lead to a Snowball Earth. These simulations show that changes to the chemical composition of the atmosphere, whether reactive gases or bulk chemical composition may have played an important role in the past climate of Earth.
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Duong. "Correlation between magnetic interactions and magnetic structures in some antiferromagnetic rare earth intermetallic compounds." Amsterdam : Amsterdam : [s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2002. http://dare.uva.nl/document/62035.
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Chang, Patrick Shau Chi. "Numerical simulation of plasma interactions with high voltage solar arrays in low earth orbit." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/40133.
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Longdell, Jevon Joseph, and jevon longdell@anu edu au. "Quantum Information Processing in Rare Earth Ion Doped Insulators." The Australian National University. Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, 2004. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20061010.105020.
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A great deal of theoretical activity has resulted from blending the fields of computer science and quantum mechanics. Out of this work has come the concept of a quantum computer, which promises to solve problems currently intractable for classical computers. This promise has, in turn, generated a large amount of effort directed toward investigating quantum computing experimentally.
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Quantum computing is difficult because fragile quantum superposition states of the computers register must be protected from the environment. This is made more difficult by the need to manipulate and measure these states.
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This thesis describes work that was carried out both to investigate and to demonstrate the utility of rare earth ion dopants for quantum computation. Dopants in solids are seen by many as a potential means of achieving scalable quantum computing. Rare earth ion dopants are an obvious choice for investigating such quantum computation. Long coherence times for both optical and nuclear spin transitions have been observed as well as optical manipulation of the spin states. The advantage that the scheme developed here has over nearly all of its competitors is that no complex nanofabrication is required. The advantages of avoiding nano-fabrication are two fold. Firstly, coherence times are likely to be adversely effected by the damage to the crystal structure that this manufacture represents. Secondly, the nano-fabrication presents a very serious difficulty in itself.
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Because of these advantages it was possible to perform two-qubit operations between independent qubits. This is the first time that such operations have been performed and presents a milestone in quantum computation using dopants in solids. It is only the second time two-qubit operations have been demonstrated in a solid.
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The experiments performed in this thesis were in two main areas: The first was the characterisation of hyperfine interactions in rare earth ion dopants; the second, simple demonstrations directly related to quantum computation.
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The first experiments that were carried out were to characterise the hyperfine interactions in Pr[superscript 3]+:Y[subscript 2]SiO[subscript 5]. The characterisation was the first carried out for the dopants in a site of such low symmetry. The resulting information about oscillator strengths and transition frequencies should prove indispensable when using such a system for quantum computation. It has already enabled an increase in the coherence times of nuclear spin transitions by two orders of magnitudes.
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The experiments directly related to the demonstration of quantum computation were all carried out using ensembles. The presence of a significant distribution of resonant frequencies, or inhomogeneous broadening, meant that many different sub-ensembles could be addressed, based on their resonant frequencies. Furthermore, the properties of the sub-ensembles could be engineered by optically pumping unwanted members to different hyperfine states away from resonance with the laser.
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A previously demonstrated technique for realising ensembles that could be used as single qubits was investigated and improved. Also, experiments were carried out to demonstrate the resulting ensembles utility as qubits. Further to this, ions from one of the ensembles were selected out, based on their interaction with the ions of another. Elementary two qubit operations were then demonstrated using these ensembles.
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Chen, Chen. "Earthworm interactions with denitrifying bacteria in riparian buffers: significance for nitrogen dynamics from the physiological to ecological scales." Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=121489.
Full textAbstract:
Denitrification is responsible for gaseous nitrogen (N) loss from in riparian buffers. Earthworms affect denitrification in controlled laboratory and field studies; however, the small-scale effects of earthworm on denitrification need to be extrapolated to the field scale. The general objective of this thesis was to determine how earthworm-denitrifying bacteria interactions could affect N dynamics at a physiological level (within the earthworm body), the individual level (earthworm drilosphere), then finally determine whether these small-scale effects could be detected at the field scale (in riparian buffers). In a microcosm study (physiological level), earthworms were fed with organic substrates with different C:N ratio, but earthworm maintained a constant C:N ratio of 3.37 to 5.25 in their muscular tissue, regardless of the food N content. Adult Lumbricus terrestris had a significantly greater denitrification rate with the N-rich soybean mixture than with peat moss. These results suggest that adult L. terrestris consuming N-rich organic substrates may contribute to N2O and N2 fluxes from soil. In a mesocosm study (drilosphere level), earthworm presence increased the cumulative N2O emissions by 50% in the dry soil treatment, but earthworms reduced the cumulative N2O emissions by 34% in the wet soil treatment and reduced N2O emissions significantly by 82% in soil with rewetting-drying cycles (WD). Denitrification enzyme activity (DEA) increased significantly when earthworms were present and the abundance of 16S rRNA, nirS, and nosZ genes was affected significantly by the earthworm × soil moisture interaction. These results suggested that the decrease in cumulative N2O emissions from wet soil and the WD treatment by earthworms was due to a general alteration of the denitrifying bacterial community composition. Moreover, the results implied that earthworms would decrease the N2O emissions from saturated soils. At the field scale, earthworm demographics were investigated in temporary flooded riparian region (TR) and non-flooded riparian region (NR) in Quebec, Canada, from spring to autumn, 2012. The TR had more earthworm diversity (9 species) and larger population and biomass than NR. Earthworm population and biomass were largest in spring and autumn but declined in summer. Path analysis indicated that soil moisture, NH4+ and soil C:N ratio, but not earthworm biomass, directly affected the DEA. This observation suggests that earthworm-denitrifier interactions in riparian buffers were the result of soil moisture content and available substrate concentrations. In conclusion, my results indicate that physiological scale effects cannot be extrapolated directly from the lab to the field. Studies at the mesocosm and field scales suggest that the N2O output from riparian soils is the result of the moisture-earthworm-microbial interaction: soil moisture act as a crucial controller on the final product of denitrification (N2O or N2), while earthworms influence the gaseous N losses from natural riparian buffers through both direct effects on denitrifiers and indirect effects on substrates required for the denitrification reaction.Dans les zones ripariennes (ZR), la dénitrification est la majeure source d'azote (N) perdu sous forme de gaz. Il a été démontré que la présence de vers de terre (VDT) affecte la dénitrification dans le sol à différentes échelles temporelles et spatiales (en conditions contrôlées et au champs). Cependant, il est nécessaire d'étudier l'impact à petite échelle des VDT sur la dénitrification afin de pouvoir l'extrapoler à l'échelle du champs. Cette thèse a pour objectif de déterminer comment les interactions entre les VDT et les bactéries dénitrifiantes affectent les dynamiques de l'N au niveau physiologique et au niveau de la drilosphère pour déterminer ensuite si ces interactions sont détectables sur le terrain. Dans une étude au laboratoire (échelle physiologique), des VDT ont été nourris avec des substrats organiques de rapports C/N variés tout en maintenant un rapport C/N constant de leurs tissus musculaires (3,37 à 5,35). Le taux de dénitrification des L. terrestris adultes était plus élevé avec un mélange à base de soja riche en N plutôt qu'avec la mousse de tourbe (P < 0.05). En revanche, les taux de dénitrification de A. tuberculata étaient plus variables. Ces résultats suggèrent que les VDT produisent des formes gazeuses d'N: les écosystèmes avec une population abondante de L. terrestris sont plus à risque de produire des flux élevés de N2O et de N2 en présence de substrats organiques riches en N. Une autre étude au laboratoire (drilosphère) de 69 jours a démontré que la présence de VDT augmentait de 50% le cumul de N2O émis dans le sol sec mais le diminuaient de 34% dans le sol humide et le réduisaient de 82% en présence de cycles d'assèchement-réhumidification. La dénitrification potentielle (DEA) augmentait en présence de VDT (P < 0.05). L'interaction des traitements VDT × humidité du sol a affecté l'abondance des gènes 16S rRNA, nirS et nosZ (P < 0.05). À la vue de ces résultats, les diminutions des cumuls de N2O émis causées par les VDT, en conditions humides ou lors cycles d'assèchement-réhumidification, sont dues à une stimulation des bactéries consommatrices de N2O et à une modification de la composition des microorganismes dénitrifiants du sol. De plus, la présence de VDT pourrait diminuer les émissions de N2O des sols saturés en eau. À l'échelle du terrain, les données démographiques sur les VDT ont été récoltées du printemps à l'automne 2012, dans des ZR temporairement inondées (TR) et non inondées (NR) du Québec, au Canada. Les zones TR présentaient une plus grande diversité (9 espèces) ainsi qu'une biomasse plus importante de VDT que les zones NR (6 espèces). La population et la biomasse des VDT étaient plus élevées au printemps et à l'automne 2012 mais déclinaient en été 2012. En présence de VDT, la DEA était 1,5 fois plus petite dans les zones TR et 1,2 fois plus petite dans les zones NR. L'analyse causale des données suggère qu'au contraire des VDT, l'humidité, l'ammonium et le rapport C:N du sol influence directement la DEA. Les interactions entre les VDT et les microorganismes dénitrifiants dans les ZR seraient alors la résultante de l'humidité du sol et des concentrations en substrats disponibles. En conclusion, mes résultats indiquent que les effets mesurés au laboratoire, à l'échelle physiologique, ne peuvent pas être extrapolés à l'échelle du champ. Cependant, les travaux de laboratoire à l'échelle de la drilosphère sont plus pertinents pour déterminer l'influence des VDT sur les émissions réelles de N2O. Finalement, la production de N2O des ZR résulte d'interactions multiples entre l'humidité du sol, les populations de VDT et les microorganismes : l'humidité du sol contrôle le produit final de la dénitrification tandis que les VDT diminuent l'activité des microorganismes dénitrifiants en conditions hydriques saturées. Les VDT influencent les pertes gaseuses azotées des ZR en agissant sur les microorganismes dénitrifiants et sur la disponibilités des substrats nécessaires à la dénitrification.
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Lindgren, Erik Anders. "Influence of eddy-eddy interactions and tropical wind variability on sudden stratospheric warming formation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/119987.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2018.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 139-143).
This thesis investigates the effects of eddy-eddy interactions (EEI) and tropical wind variability on sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) formation in an idealized atmospheric GCM. Chapter 2 introduces a method to produce split and displacement SSWs in comparable amounts using either wavenumber 1 or 2 tropospheric heating perturbations. The results are compared to those obtained with wavenumber 2 topographic forcing. It is shown that the fraction of SSWs forced by anomalously strong tropospheric wave flux in the model is similar to that of SSWs in the observed atmosphere, but that the fractions for splits and displacements are different. Furthermore, a large fraction of SSWs occur without significant anomalous tropospheric wave flux, indicating that stratospheric transmission of climatological tropospheric wave flux plays an important role in SSW formation. Chapter 3 investigates the effects of EEI on SSW formation in the model by reproducing the model runs from Chapter 2 with EEI turned off in parts of the atmosphere. It is found that SSW frequencies can be strongly dependent on EEI throughout the atmosphere, but that EEI are required locally for splits and displacements to occur. Significant changes in SSW frequencies are obtained by turning off EEI locally, without changing the lower stratospheric wave forcing. Chapter 3 shows that while SSW formation can be considered a wave-mean flow interaction to first order, higher order processes are required to accurately reproduce both SSW frequencies and dynamics. The wavenumber 2 heating run used in Chapters 2 and 3 produce spontaneous tropical wind oscillations in the stratosphere. Chapter 4 identifies the source of these oscillations, and investigates the effects of the oscillations on the stratospheric polar vortex. Model runs with suppressed tropical wind variability are compared to the control run of Chapter 2. A slight increase in SSW frequency can be found in the model runs with suppressed tropical variability. It is found that upper stratospheric equatorial wind anomalies are strongly correlated with polar vortex strength, and hypothesized that westerly equatorial wind anomalies in the upper stratosphere can reinforce the conditions that lead to an anomalously strong polar vortex. A mechanism explaining this influence is presented.
by Erik Anders Lindgren.
Ph. D.
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Rothenberg, Daniel (Daniel Alexander). "Fundamental aerosol-cloud interactions and their influence on the aerosol indirect effect on climate." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/108963.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis: Ph. D. in Atmospheric Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2017.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 173-189).
The influence of anthropogenic aerosol emissions on the optical properties of clouds and the radiative forcing arising from these interactions, known as the aerosol indirect effect on climate, constitutes a fundamental uncertainty in our understanding of 2 0 th century climate change. In this dissertation, we investigate the role of a keystone physical process, droplet activation, in contributing to this uncertainty. The first half of the ensuing work focuses on the parameterization of this process in global model, assessing both existing schemes and developing a novel one. The second half then quantifies the influence of activation by using a suite of aerosol-climate models which include a complete description of the physics which give rise to the indirect effect. Parameterizations of droplet activation perform well for idealized single-mode aerosol populations, but show systematic biases in high-pollution, weak-updraft regimes. These are exacerbated when the aerosol in question is a complex mixture. We show that estimates of droplet nucleation are highly sensitive to changes in the accumulation mode size and number concentration; this mode is itself sensitive to anthropogenic aerosol emissions, which potentially further biases modeled cloud droplet number. Using a model emulation technique, we develop a framework for building efficient metamodels of activation, which greatly reduce the mean error in droplet number predicted across regimes. The biases in these parameterizations raise questions the influence of activation on the indirect effect. Using different schemes, we calculate a spread of 1 W m- 2 in the indirect effect, which we show is equal to the spread computed from an independent suite of global models with different aerosol and physics modules. The estimated indirect effect scales more strongly with the baseline cloud droplet number concentration simulated by each model than by its change from pre-industrial to present day, indicating a strong saturation effect. While present-day estimates of aerosol-cloud interactions derived from satellite-based instruments are inadequate at constraining the pre-industrial cloud droplet burden, we show that process-based measurements could overcome this problem.
by Daniel Alexander Rothenberg.
Ph. D. in Atmospheric Science
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Taylor, Jonathan W. "An experimental investigation of the lattice-magnetism interactions in rare earth and transition metal compounds." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1999. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/13758.
Full textAbstract:
The interaction between magnetism and the nuclear lattice is investigated experimentally, using thermal expansion, magnetostriction, specific heat, magnetisation and neutron scattering measurements. Both localised moment systems, as represented by the rare earth compounds Tb2Agln, Pd2Gdln and Cu2Gdln, as well as transition metal compounds, Ni2MnGa and V20 3 have been characterised at low temperatures. Measurements of the lattice properties are important due to the intrinsic coupling of magnetic degrees of freedom to them. The response of the lattice to magnetic order, and also to applied magnetic fields have been probed by the use of the aforementioned techniques. Such techniques allow the direct determination of the coefficient of linear thermal expansion, over a wide temperature range and the forced magnetostriclion in applied fields of 0 to 7T. Indirect determination of the spontaneous magnetostriction and the total magnetic entropy contribution via measurements of isostructural compounds further enhance the range of experimental data available. The dynamic properties are characterised by spin polarised neutron scattering measurements. The experimental results are presented and discussed. Various methods of coupling lattice and electronic degrees of freedom have been investigated. It is argued that in order to fully understand and appreciate the low temperature properties of the materials investigated such a coupling must be taken into account.
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Neilley, Peter Paul. "Interactions between synoptic-scale eddies and the large-scale flow during the life cycles of persistent flow anomalies." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/54966.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 1990.Includes bibliographical references (p. 259-267).
by Peter Paul Neilley.
Ph.D.
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Aull, Brian Francis. "The impact of ion-host interactions on the 5d-to-4f spectra of lanthanide rare earth ions." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/40343.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1985.MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING.
Includes bibliographical references.
by Brian Francis Aull.
Ph.D.
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Graham, Michael William. "Evaluating the interactions of crop management, carbon cycling, and climate using Earth system modeling and remote sensing." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/102386.
Full textAbstract:
Crop management practices, such as soil tillage and crop residue management, are land management activities with potentially large impacts on carbon (C) cycling and climate at the global scale. Improvements in crop management practices, such as conservation tillage or 'no-till' (NT), have been proposed as climate change mitigation measures because such practices may alter C cycles through increased sequestration of soil C in agricultural soils. Despite their potential importance, regional to global scale data are lacking for many crop management practices, and few studies have evaluated the potential impact of the full range of crop management practices on C cycling and climate at the global scale. However, monitoring of crop management practices is crucial for assessing spatial variations in management intensity and informing policy decisions. Inclusion of crop management practices in Earth system models used for assessing global climate is a key requirement for evaluating the overall effects of different crop management practices on C cycling and their potential to mitigate climate change. Studies in this dissertation seek to address these issues by: (1) evaluating the efficacy of remote sensing methods for monitoring differences in soil tillage and crop residue management practices in Iowa; (2) incorporating soil tillage practices into an Earth system model and assessing the potential for soil C sequestration and climate change mitigation through adoption of NT practices; (3) assessing the historical impact of including the full range of crop management practices (residue harvest, grain harvest, soil tillage, irrigation, and fertilization) on changes in C cycling associated with land use and land cover change (LULCC) to crops in an Earth system model. The remote sensing study found that performance of the minimum Normalized Difference Tillage Index (minNDTI) method for assessing differences in tillage and residue management was below average compared to previous studies, even when using imagery from both Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2A sensors. Accurate assessment of these practices using minNDTI was hindered by issues with image quality and inability to obtain sufficient cloud-free, time series imagery during the critical planting window. Remote sensing research aimed at obtaining regional to global scale data on tillage and residue management practices is likely to continue to face these issues in the future, but further research should incorporate additional sensors and assess the efficacy of the minNDTI method for multiple locations and years. Adoption of NT practices in the Community Land Model, which is the land component of the Community Earth System Model, resulted in a cumulative soil C sequestration of 6.6 – 14.4 Pg C from 2015 – 2100 under a future climate change scenario (Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5), and cumulative soil C sequestration was equal to approximately one year of present-day fossil fuel emissions. Adjusting for areas where NT is already practiced had minor impacts on cumulative soil C storage, reducing gains in soil C from NT adoption by 0.4 – 0.9 Pg C globally. These results indicate that soil C sequestration and potential for climate change mitigation through NT may be more limited than has been anticipated elsewhere. Soil C sequestration via NT adoption was highest in temperate regions of developed countries with high initial soil C contents, indicating these areas should be targeted for NT adoption. Simulating the full range of crop management practices in the Community Land Model resulted in an increase in C emissions due to LULCC of 29 – 38 Pg C compared to scenarios with generic crops and model defaults. Individual crop management practices with the largest impact on LULCC emissions were crop residue harvest (18 Pg C), followed by grain harvest (9 Pg C) and soil tillage (5 Pg C). Although implementation of crop residue harvest and soil tillage was extreme in this study, these results imply that Earth system models may underestimate emissions from LULCC by excluding the full range of crop management practices. Studies in this dissertation corroborate the importance of crop management practices for C cycling and climate, but further research on these management practices is needed in terms of data collection, improving process-level understanding, and inclusion of these practices in Earth system models.Doctor of Philosophy
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Waterman, Stephanie N. "Eddy-mean flow interactions in western boundary current jets." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/55330.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Joint Program in Physical Oceanography (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2009.Includes bibliographical references (p. 257-264).
This thesis examines the nature of eddy-mean flow interactions in western boundary current jets and recirculation gyre dynamics from both theoretical and observational perspectives. It includes theoretical studies of eddy-mean flow interactions in idealized configurations relevant to western boundary current jet systems, namely (i) a study of the mechanism by which eddies generated from a localized forcing drive mean recirculation gyres through the process of nonlinear rectification; and (ii) a study of the role of eddies in the downstream evolution of a baroclinic jet subject to mixed instabilities. It also includes an observational analysis to characterize eddy-mean flow interactions in the Kuroshio Extension using data from the downstream location of maximum eddy kinetic energy in the jet. New insights are presented into a rectification mechanism by which eddies drive the recirculation gyres observed in western boundary current systems. Via this mechanism, eddies drive the recirculations by an up-gradient eddy potential vorticity flux inside a localized region of eddy activity. The effectiveness of the process depends on the properties of the energy radiation from the region, which in turn depends on the population of waves excited. In the zonally-evolving western boundary current jet, eddies also act to stabilize the unstable jet through down-gradient potential vorticity fluxes. In this configuration, the role of eddies depends critically on their downstream location relative to where the unstable time-mean jet first becomes stabilized by the eddy activity. The zonal advection of eddy activity from upstream of this location is fundamental to the mechanism permitting the eddies to drive the mean flows.
(cont.) Observational results are presented that provide the first clear evidence of a northern recirculation gyre in the Kuroshio Extension, as well as support for the hypothesis that the recirculations are, at least partially, eddy-driven. Support for the idealized studies' relevance to the oceanic regime is provided both by indications that various model simplifications are appropriate to the observed system, as well as by demonstrated consistencies between model predictions and observational results in the downstream development of time-mean and eddy properties.
by Stephanie N. Waterman.
Ph.D.
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Mukherjee, Rick [Verfasser], Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Pohl, Jan-Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Rost, and Walter [Akademischer Betreuer] Strunz. "Strong interactions in alkaline-earth Rydberg ensembles / Rick Mukherjee. Gutachter: Jan-Michael Rost ; Walter Strunz. Betreuer: Thomas Pohl." Dresden : Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2014. http://d-nb.info/106909188X/34.
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Adelman, Jessica. "Mineral interactions in a gold mining environment: change in oxidation rate of stibnite as affected by the addition of varying amounts of pyrite in an oxygenated flow through system." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=92390.
Full textAbstract:
It is thought that a significant mechanism of stibnite (Sb2S3) oxidation in mine wastes is through contact with a mineral of greater rest potential (whereby the outer valence shell electrons operate at a higher energy level), such as pyrite (FeS2). The goal of this research is to determine if the oxidation of stibnite in an oxygenated flow through system was increased through contact with minerals of greater rest potential such as pyrite and arsenopyrite (FeAsS) and whether this electro-chemical reaction was affected by various ratios of stibnite to pyrite (or arsenopyrite) and slightly acidic (pH 5) to alkaline (7.5) pH conditions. Four column leaching experiments were carried out using various ratios of stibnite and pyrite (or arsenopyrite). When the two minerals were mixed in columns and leached with water, the treatment with the greatest amount of pyrite and least amount of stibnite (95% pyrite) had the highest cumulative amount of dissolved Sb (Exp #2- 16 730 mg Sb/kg stibnite). X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) analysis of the solid phase revealed that the 95% pyrite treatment had the highest proportion of total Sb as Sb(V)-O species compared to all other mixed treatments and 100% stibnite. These results indicate that galvanic interactions had occurred between stibnite and pyrite. Using a solution buffered to pH 7.5, it was possible to determine the effect of a high pH environment on these galvanic interactions between stibnite and pyrite. Under slightly alkaline pH conditions, the 95% pyrite treatment had the highest cumulative amount of dissolved Sb (Exp #3- 18 090 mg Sb/kg stibnite) and this amount was similar to the 95% pyrite treatment in experiment #2. XANES analysis revealed a smaller proportion of total Sb as oxide species in this experiment compared to experiment #2, possibly due to the formation of a soluble Sb complex with HCO3-. In Experiment #4, the leaching with deionized water of a mixed system containing stibnite and arsenopyriteOn croit qu'un des mécanismes importants de dissolution de la stibnite (Sb₂S₃) dans les résidus miniers est par contact avec un minéral ayant un plus fort potentiel électrique, tel que la pyrite (FeS₂). L'objectif de la recherche était de déterminer l'impact du ratio stibnite vs. pyrite et l'effet du pH sur le taux de dissolution de la stibnite. Quatre essais de lessivage en colonnes ont été réalisés. Les deux premiers essais de lessivage avec de l'eau déionisée ont montré que le traitement contenant la plus forte proportion de pyrite (95% pyrite) a résulté en la plus grand quantité cumulative de Sb dissous (Exp #2-16730 mg Sb/kg stibnite). L'analyse spectroscopique par absorption des rayons-X (XANES) de la phase solide a révélé que la proportion de Sb total sous forme Sb(V)-O était plus importante dans le traitement 95% pyrite comparé à tous les autres traitements mixtes et au traitement contrôle de 100% stibnite. Ces observations indiquent que des interactions galvaniques ont eu lieu entre la stibnite et la pyrite. En utilisant une solution tamponnée à pH 7.5, il fut possible de déterminer l'effet d'un pH légèrement alcalin sur ces interactions entre la stibnite et la pyrite. Dans ces conditions, la quantité maximale de Sb dissous a été atteinte dans le traitement 95% pyrite (Exp #3-18090 mg Sb/kg stibnite), ce qui est comparable au traitement 95% pyrite dans l'expérience #2 de lessivage à l'eau. Cependant, l'analyse XANES a révélé une proportion moindre du Sb total sous forme d'oxide dans l'essai de lessivage à pH 7.5, possiblement en raison de la formation d'un complexe soluble entre Sb et HCO₃-. L'expérience #4 a testé l'impact de l'arsenopyrite sur la dissolution de la stibnite lors d'un lessivage à l'eau. Dans ce cas, le traitement 95% arsenopyrite (Exp #4-10311 mg Sb/kg stibnite) a libéré moins de Sb en solution comparé au traitement 95% pyrite de l'expérience #2, et ce résultat s'explique par la plus p
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GALLAND, Olivier. "Interactions mécaniques entre la tectonique compressive et le magmatisme : expériences analogiques et exemple naturel." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008498.
Full textAbstract:
Le magmatisme a lieu principalement aux limites des plaques lithosphériques, où la déformation tectonique peut être importante. Afin d'étudier les interactions mécaniques entre la tectonique compressive et le magmatisme, nous avons développé une nouvelle technique expérimentale, dans laquelle un fluide (simulant les magmas) est injecté dans de la poudre de silice (simulant la croûte) en raccourcissement. Une première série d'expériences, dans laquelle la poudre de silice est homogène, montre que la présence de magmas induit la formation de chevauchements arqués et d'un plateau non déformé. Inversement, la déformation favorise la mise en place horizontale des magmas, et contrôle leur mise en place relativement passive dans un espace accommodé par la surrection tectonique du plateau. Dans une seconde série d'expériences, nous avons introduit des hétérogénéités dans la poudre de silice, afin de simuler une stratification. Nous montrons que les hétérogénéités peuvent contrôler la mise en place des magmas à l'interface entre les niveaux de comportements différents. Afin de valider nos résultats expérimentaux, les expériences sont comparées à un exemple naturel, le volcan Tromen en Argentine. Au cours de trois missions sur le terrain, nous avons effectué une étude cartographique, structurale et géochronologique du Tromen. Nous montrons que le contexte tectonique du Tromen pendant sa période d'activité volcanique était compressif. De plus, les résultats obtenus montrent des similitudes entre les structures observées sur le Tromen et celles obtenues dans nos expériences (chevauchements arqués, plateau peu déformé) validant ainsi nos résultats expérimentaux. Enfin, les structures obtenues dans nos expériences montrent également des similitudes avec les structures observées dans les Andes Centrales à l'échelle crustale. Cette comparaison nous permet de proposer un nouveau modèle de formation des hauts plateaux, tels l'Altiplano et le Tibet, qui demeurent de grandes énigmes géologiques.
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Dong, Ruobing, Shengtai Li, Eugene Chiang, and Hui Li. "Multiple Disk Gaps and Rings Generated by a Single Super-Earth." IOP PUBLISHING LTD, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625169.
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We investigate the observational signatures of super-Earths (i.e., planets with. Earth-to-Neptune. mass), which are the most common type of exoplanet discovered to date, in their natal disks of gas and dust. Combining two-fluid global hydrodynamics simulations with a radiative transfer code, we calculate the distributions of gas and of submillimeter-sized dust in a disk perturbed by a super-Earth, synthesizing images in near-infrared scattered light and the millimeter-wave thermal continuum for direct comparison with observations. In low-viscosity gas (alpha (sic) 10(-4)), a super-Earth opens two annular gaps to either side of its orbit by the action of Lindblad torques. This double gap and its associated gas pressure gradients cause dust particles to be dragged by gas into three rings: one ring sandwiched between the two gaps, and two rings located at the gap edges farthest from the planet. Depending on the. system parameters, additional rings may manifest for a single planet. A double gap located at tens of au. from a host star in Taurus can be detected in the dust continuum by the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) at an angular resolution of similar to 0".03 after two hours of integration. Ring and gap features persist in a variety of background disk profiles, last for thousands of orbits, and change their relative positions and dimensions depending on the speed and direction of planet migration. Candidate double gaps have been observed by ALMA in systems such as. HL Tau (D5 and D6) and TW Hya (at 37 and 43 au); we submit that each double gap is carved by one super-Earth in nearly inviscid gas.
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Prost, Lorène. "Modéliser en agronomie et concevoir des outils en interaction avec de futurs utilisateurs : le cas de la modélisation des interactions génotype-environnement et de l'outil DIAGVAR." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00381092.
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Les agronomes conçoivent de nombreux modèles dont l'utilisation hors de la recherche est discutée. Cette thèse, entre agronomie et ergonomie de conception, propose une démarche de conception d'un outil DIAGVAR d'aide à l'évaluation variétale, pensée en lien avec l'usage de cet outil par trois groupes d'acteurs (obtenteurs, agents en charge de l'inscription variétale et agents des instituts techniques). Cette démarche a pour objectif le développement conjoint du modèle inscrit dans l'outil et des activités des différents participants à la conception, chercheurs et utilisateurs. Notre démarche de conception articule une analyse de l'activité d'évaluation variétale et une phase de simulation dans laquelle les utilisateurs potentiels manipulent un prototype de DIAGVAR. Cette démarche nous a permis d'identifier plusieurs questions agronomiques sur le modèle. Deux ont été traitées, sur le renouvellement des indicateurs du statut azoté d'une culture pour rendre possible l'intégration de cette mesure dans les essais variétaux et sur la stabilité des méthodes statistiques utilisées dans le modèle sur les configurations de réseau d'essais très variables des acteurs de l'évaluation variétale. Le traitement de ces questions aboutit à de fortes modifications du modèle agronomique. D'un point de vue ergonomique, notre démarche vise à permettre aux concepteurs et aux utilisateurs de s'engager dans des genèses instrumentales. Nous analysons ces genèses et la façon dont notre démarche modifie l'activité des utilisateurs. Nous proposons enfin un cadre pour identifier comment notre projet ingénierique de conception d'outil contribue à produire des connaissances scientifiques génériques.
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Schmitt, Bernard. "La Surface de la glace structure, dynamique et interactions, implications astrophysiques /." Phd thesis, Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37601091r.
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Voigt, Martin. "Nouveaux traceurs chimiques pour quantifier les interactions eau-roche dans les systèmes marins." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30150/document.
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Les interactions fluide-roche intervenant dans les systèmes hydrothermaux océaniques ont été étudiées expérimentalement en surveillant les isotopes du Mg et Sr. Les résultats suggèrent que les réactions rapides à températures moyennes pourraient expliquer en partie les divergences identifiées précédemment dans le bilan marin du Sr. De plus, la ré-dissolution de l'anhydrite dans les stades avancés peut expliquer les faibles quantités d'anhydrite trouvée dans les échantillons de basalte océanique altérés. L'évolution du δ26/24Mg dans les fluides indique que le Mg isotopiquement lourd a été incorporé préférentiellement dans les minéraux des argiles.Le fractionnement entre les terres rares et le Ca pendant la précipitation de calcite a été étudié expérimentalement. Ces données suggèrent que l'incorporation du REE3+ dans la structure de la calcite est probablement équilibrée par l'incorporation de Na+ et que les coefficients de partage déduits pour les conditions marines peuvent varier considérablement selon la composition du fluide. Enfin, l'étude de la solubilité de l'hydroxylbastnasite (REE(CO3)(OH)), conduite au cours de ce travail, indique que cette phase est moins soluble que les autres carbonates des terres rares connusThe fluid-rock interactions occurring in hydrothermal systems at or near mid-oceanic ridges (MOR) were studied experimentally while monitoring the Mg and Sr isotopic evolution. The results suggest that fast intermediate-temperature reactions could partly explain previously identified discrepancies in the marine 87Sr/86Sr budget. Furthermore, late-stage anhydrite re-dissolution caused by fluid reduction and temperature decreases in our experiments represent a potential explanation for the low amounts of anhydrite found in altered oceanic basalt samples. The fluid δ26/24Mg indicate that isotopically heavy Mg was preferentially incorporated into the clays. Towards the interpretation of rare earth element (REE) patterns in marine calcite, the fractionation between the REEs and Ca during the precipitation of calcite was studied experimentally. These data suggest that the incorporation of REE3+ ions into the calcite structure was likely charge balanced by incorporation of Na+, and that inferred partition coefficients for marine conditions can vary substantially depending on the fluid composition. Furthermore, the solubility of hydroxylbastnasite (REE(CO3)(OH)) was determined, indicating that this phase is less soluble than other known REE carbonates
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Oates, Richard Hunter. "Phosphate-mineral interactions and potential consequences for nutrient cycling." Thesis, Online version of original thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1912/2395.
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Duffait-Champel, Bénédicte. "Interactions entre tectonique et érosion à différentes échelles spatio-temporelles en Himalaya : Apport de la modélisation numérique." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00010315.
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Cette thèse s'est intéressée à l'étude des interactions entre tectonique et érosion à différentes échelles spatio-temporelles dans le contexte himalayen, à l'aide de la modélisation numérique. Nous avons pu montrer que : A l'échelle du pli, le détournement des rivières antécédentes lors de la croissance d'une structure dépend des puissances relatives de l'érosion et de la tectonique, mais aussi et principalement du pendage du décollement ; A l'échelle du système chevauchant, la dynamique d'évolution d'un prisme est fortement influencée par les processus de surface et en particulier par l'incision des rivières. Dans certains cas pour lesquels l'érosion est très importante, la propagation frontale du prisme est même impossible ; A l'échelle crustale, les déformations et les flux de matière, et donc les caractéristiques des roches exhumées dans le système Himalayen, dépendent fortement de la localisation et de l'intensité des précipitations, ainsi que de la présence ou non de sédimentation à l'avant de la chaîne.
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BARRIER, Laurie. "Interactions déformation - sédimentation dans les systèmes compressifs supra-crustaux. Exemples naturels et modélisation analogique." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003713.
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Dans les systèmes compressifs, l'idée que les processus de déformation ne peuvent plus être considérés séparément des processus de surface émerge depuis une dizaine d'années. Toutefois, peu d'études ont été réalisées concernant l'effet de la sédimentation sur les structures compressives kilométriques à pluri-kilométriques. Nous avons donc tenté de comprendre comment la sédimentation agit sur la déformation à cette échelle, et comment l'enregistrement sédimentaire est influencé en retour. Des structures chevauchantes bordières de plusieurs bassins sédimentaires tertiaires de la péninsule ibérique ont tout d'abord été étudiées sur le terrain. Lorsque la sédimentation à leur mur est forte, elles présentent systématiquement plusieurs segments imbriqués en séquence arrière avec un pendage croissant. En retour, la paléogéographie et le drainage du bassin sont localement réorganisés. L'effet de la sédimentation a ensuite été testé sur des modèles analogues fragile-ductile soumis à une compression. Dans les expériences, le nombre et le pendage des failles chevauchantes augmentent avec la vitesse des dépôts syn-cinématiques à leur front. A taux de sédimentation faible ou nul, les chevauchements sont permanents et relativement plats (moins de 40°). A taux de sédimentation plus élevé, des séries de rampes chevauchantes de plus en plus redressées (jusqu'à 65°) se développent en séquence arrière. La géométrie et l'évolution des expériences dépendent donc des variations spatiales et temporelles du taux de sédimentation syn-cinématique. Elles dépendent également de la rhéologie initiale des modèles et de celle des dépôts syn-cinématiques. Pour finir, nous avons comparé des données sismiques (des Apennins et du Delta du Niger) aux données de terrain et aux résultats expérimentaux. Cette confrontation a permis de valider les lois de comportements proposées pour les structures de croissance compressives à partir des différentes approches.
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Baillié, Kévin. "Interactions Disque-Satellites dans les Anneaux de Saturne." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00649872.
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La mission Cassini fourmille d'outils de haute précision pour l'exploration de Saturne, de ses satellites et de son système d'anneaux. L'instrument UVIS permet d'analyser la structure des anneaux par l'observation d'occultations stellaires. Il dispose pour cela de la meilleure résolution spatiale disponible (de l'ordre de la dizaine de mètres, variable avec la géométrie de l'occultation et la navigation de la sonde), ce qui permet de mieux comprendre la physique inhérente aux anneaux. En particulier, nous avons été à même d'observer, disséquer, modéliser et valider les interactions entre les anneaux et les satellites. Nous nous sommes intéressés dans un premier temps à des structures larges de quelques kilomètres, créées par des résonances avec des satellites extérieurs aux anneaux principaux. L'observation de telles structures dans l'anneau C, ainsi que l'association de certaines avec des résonances nous a permis de contraindre les paramètres physiques des anneaux. Cependant, la plupart des structures observées ne peuvent être expliquées par de simples résonances avec des satellites extérieurs, même si nous ne connaissons pas les autres mécanismes pouvant générer de telles signatures. Nous avons identifié 4 ondes de densité associées aux résonances de Linblad interne 4:1 avec Mimas, 2:1 avec Atlas, 6:2 avec Mimas ou 4:2 avec Pandore, ainsi qu'une onde verticale nodale, la Titan -1:0. En modélisant la relation de dispersion de ces ondes, nous avons pu déterminer la densité de masse surfacique (entre $0.22 ~(\pm 0.03)~$ to $1.42 ~(\pm 0.21)~\mathrm{g~cm^{-2}}$) et les coefficients d'extinction massique (entre $0.13~(\pm 0.03)$ et $0.28~(\pm 0.06)~\mathrm{cm^{2}~g^{-1}}$). Ces valeurs, plus grandes que dans l'anneau A et la Division de Cassini où Colwell et al., 2009 avait déterminé des coefficients d'extinction massiques de 0.01 -- 0.02 $\mathrm{cm^{2}~g^{-1}}$ dans l'anneau C et 0.07 -- 0.12 $\mathrm{cm^{2}~g^{-1}}$ dans la Division de Cassini, indiqueraient des particules plus petites dans l'anneau C. On peut alors emettre l'hypothèse que soit les particules des différents anneaux ont différentes origines, soit les présentes distributions ne sont pas primordiales et ont subi des évolutions différentes. La masse de l'anneau C est estimée équivalente à celle d'un satellite d'une trentaine de kilomètres de rayon, avec une densité proche de celle de Pan ou Atlas tandis que son épaisseur serait comprise entre 2 et 6 mètres. En appliquant une analyse similaire aux autres anneaux principaux, nous avons pu également déterminer leurs masses, en accord avec les précédentes études. L'étude des sillages de satellites tels que Pan ou Daphnis nous a permis d'invalider la presence de lune suffisament grosse dans la division de Huygens pour créer des sillages dans l'annelet Huygens. Cependant, nous avons observé une population de trous nets dans l'anneau C et la Division de Cassini. Nous interprétons ces "ghosts" comme les zones de vide créées autour de petites lunes au sein des anneaux (ces signatures, en forme de "S", sont appelées "propellers"). Plus petits que les propellers observés dans l'anneau A, ceux-là seraient larges de quelques dizaines de centimètres à quelques dizaines de mètres. Au moyen de simulations numériques et d'algorithmes de Monte-Carlo, nous avons montré que ces propellers définissent une seconde population de particules, ne pouvant être interprétée comme une prolongation des distributions de particules proposées par Zebker et al., 1985: nous estimons des indices de lois de puissance pour ces distributions cumulatives de taille de particules autour de 0.8 pour la Division de Cassini et 0.6 pour l'anneau C (au lieu de respectivmeent 1.75 et 2.1). La question de l'âge et de la durée de vie de ces propellers rejoint celle de leur formation: ont-ils été formés par accrétion ou ont-ils migré dans les anneaux après fragmentation d'un corps plus massif? Espérons que la prolongation de la mission Cassini pourra apporter des élements pour trancher sur l'origine des ces lunes.
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Rehak, Katrin. "Pliocene-Pleistocene landscape evolution in south-central Chile : interactions between tectonic, geomorphic, and climatic processes." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2008. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1979/.
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Landscapes evolve in a complex interplay between climate and tectonics. Thus, the geomorphic characteristics of a landscape can only be understood if both, climatic and tectonic signals of past and ongoing processes can be identified. In order to evaluate the impact of both forcing factors it is crucial to quantify the evolution of geomorphic markers in natural environments.
The Cenozoic Andes are an ideal setting to evaluate tectonic and climatic aspects of landscape evolution at different time and length scales in different natural compartments. The Andean Cordillera constitutes the type subduction orogen and is associated with the subduction of the oceanic Nazca Plate beneath the South American continent since at least 200 million years. In Chile and the adjacent regions this convergent margin is characterized by active tectonics, volcanism, and mountain building. Importantly, along the coast of Chile megathrust earthquakes occur frequently and influence landscape evolution. In fact, the largest earthquake ever recorded occurred in south-central Chile in 1960 and comprised a rupture zone of ~ 1000 km length. However, on longer time scales beyond historic documentation of seismicity it is not well known, how such seismotectonic segments have behaved and how they influence the geomorphic evolution of the coastal realms. With several semi-independent morphotectonic segments, recurrent megathrust earthquakes, and a plethora of geomorphic features indicating sustained tectonism, the margin of Chile is thus a key area to study relationships between surface processes and tectonics.
In this study, I combined geomorphology, geochronology, sedimentology, and morphometry to quantify the Pliocene-Pleistocene landscape evolution of the tectonically active south-central Chile forearc. Thereby, I provide (1) new results about the influence of seismotectonic forearc segmentation on the geomorphic evolution and (2) new insights in the interaction between climate and tectonics with respect to the morphology of the Chilean forearc region.
In particular, I show that the forearc is characterized by three long-term segments that are not correlated with short-lived earthquake-rupture zones that may. These segments are the Nahuelbuta, Toltén, and Bueno segments, each recording a distinct geomorphic and tectonic evolution. The Nahuelbuta and Bueno segments are undergoing active tectonic uplift. The long-term behavior of these two segments is manifested in form of two doubly plunging, growing antiforms that constitute an integral part of the Coastal Cordillera and record the uplift of marine and river terraces. In addition, these uplifting areas have caused major changes in flow directions or rivers. In contrast, the Toltén segment, situated between the two other segments, appears to be quasi-stable.
In order to further quantify uplift and incision in the actively deforming Nahuelbuta segment, I dated an erosion surface and fluvial terraces in the Coastal Cordillera with cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al and optically stimulated luminescence, respectively. According to my results, late Pleistocene uplift rates corresponding to 0.88 mm a-1 are faster than surface-uplift rates averaging over the last 5 Ma, which are in the range of 0.21 mm a-1. This discrepancy suggests that surface uplift is highly variable in time and space and might preferably concentrate along reverse faults as indicated by a late Pleistocene flow reversal.
In addition, the results of exposure dating with cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al indicate that the morphotectonic segmentation of this region of the forearc has been established in Pliocene time, coeval with the initiation of uplift of the Coastal Cordillera about 5 Ma ago, inferred to be related to a shift in subduction mode from erosion to accretion.
Finally, I dated volcanic clasts obtained from alluvial surfaces in the Central Depression, a low-relief sector separating the Coastal from the Main Cordillera, with stable cosmogenic 3He and 21Ne, in order to reveal the controls of sediment accumulation in the forearc. My results document that these gently sloping surfaces have been deposited 150 to 300 ka ago. This deposition may be related to changes in the erosional regime during glacial episodes.
Taken together, the data indicates that the overall geomorphic expression of the forearc is of post-Miocene age and may be intimately related to a climatic overprint of the tectonic system. This climatic forcing is also reflected in the topography and local relief of the Central and Southern Andes that vary considerably along the margin, determined by the dominant surface process that in turn is eventually controlled by climate. However, relief also partly reflects surface processes that have taken place under past climatic conditions. This emphasizes that due care has to be exercised when interpreting landscapes as mirrors of modern climates.Landschaften entwickeln sich im komplexen Zusammenspiel von Klima und Tektonik. Demzufolge können sie nur verstanden werden, wenn sowohl klimatische als auch tektonische Signale vergangener und rezenter Prozesse identifiziert werden. Um den Einfluss beider Faktoren zu bewerten, ist es deshalb wichtig, die Evolution geomorphologischer Marker in der Natur zu quantifizieren. Die känozoischen Anden sind eine ideale Region, um tektonische und klimatische Aspekte der Landschaftsentwicklung auf verschiedenen Zeit- und Längenskalen zu erforschen. Sie sind das Modell-Subduktionsorogen, assoziiert mit der Subduktion der ozeanischen Nazca-Platte unter den südamerikanischen Kontinent seit ca. 200 Mio Jahren. In Chile ist dieser konvergente Plattenrand geprägt von aktiver Tektonik, Vulkanismus und Gebirgsbildung. Bedeutenderweise ereignen sich entlang der Küste häufig Megaerdbeben, die die Landschaftsentwicklung stark beeinflussen. Tatsächlich ereignete sich das größte jemals aufgezeichnete Erdbeben mit einer Bruchzone von ca. 1000 km Länge 1960 im südlichen Zentralchile. Nichtsdestotrotz ist auf längeren Zeitskalen über historische Dokumentationen hinaus nicht bekannt, wie sich solche seismotektonischen Segmente verhalten und wie sie die geomorphologische Entwicklung der Küstengebiete beeinflussen. Mit semi-unabhängigen morphotektonischen Segmenten, wiederkehrenden Megaerdbeben und einer Fülle geomorphologischer Marker, die aktive Tektonik anzeigen, ist somit der Plattenrand von Chile ein Schlüsselgebiet für das Studium von Zusammenhängen zwischen Oberflächenprozessen und Tektonik. In dieser Arbeit kombiniere ich Geomorphologie, Geochronologie, Sedimentologie und Morphometrie, um die plio-pleistozäne Landschaftsentwicklung des tektonisch aktiven süd-zentralchilenischen Forearcs zu quantifizieren. Mit dieser Analyse liefere ich (1) neue Ergebnisse über den Einfluss seismotektonischer Forearc-Segmentierung auf die geomorphologischen Entwicklung und (2) neue Erkenntnisse über die Interaktion zwischen Klima und Tektonik bezüglich der Gestaltung des chilenischen Forearcs. Ich zeige, dass der Forearc in drei langlebige morphotektonische Segmente gegliedert ist, die nicht mit kurzlebigen Erdbebenbruchzonen korrelieren. Die Segmente heißen Nahuelbuta, Toltén und Bueno Segment, wovon jedes eine andere geomorphologische und tektonische Entwicklung durchläuft. Die Nahuelbuta und Bueno Segmente unterliegen aktiver tektonischer Hebung. Das langfristige Verhalten dieser beiden Segmente manifestiert sich in zwei beidseitig abtauchenden, wachsenden Antiklinalen, die integraler Bestandteil des Küstengebirges sind und die Hebung von marinen und fluvialen Terrassen aufzeichnen. Die Hebung verursachte weitreichende Veränderungen in den Fließrichtungen des Gewässernetzes. Im Gegensatz dazu ist das Toltén Segment, das sich zwischen den beiden anderen Segmenten befindet, quasi-stabil. Um die Hebung und Einschneidung in dem tektonisch aktiven Nahuelbuta Segment zu quantifizieren, habe ich eine Erosionsfläche und fluviale Terrassen in dem Küstengebirge mit kosmogenem 10Be und 26Al bzw. optisch stimulierter Lumineszenz datiert. Meinen Ergebnissen zufolge sind die spätpleistozänen Hebungsraten, die ca. 0,88 mm a-1 betragen, höher als die Oberflächenhebungsraten, die über die letzten 5 Mio Jahre mitteln und ca. 0,21 mm a-1 betragen. Diese Diskrepanz deutet an, dass die Hebung der Oberfläche räumlich und zeitlich sehr stark variiert und sich präferiert an Aufschiebungen konzentriert. Zusätzlich zeigen die Ergebnisse der Expositionsdatierung mit kosmogenem 10Be und 26Al, dass die morphotektonische Segmentierung im Pliozän etabliert wurde, zeitgleich mit dem Beginn der Hebung des Küstengebirges vor ca. 5 Mio Jahren infolge eines Wechsels des Subduktionsmodus von Erosion zu Akkretion. Schließlich habe ich vulkanische Klasten, die aus alluvialen Flächen im Längstal stammen, mit den stabilen kosmogenen Nukliden 3He und 21Ne datiert, um Aufschluss über die Faktoren zu erhalten, die die Sedimentablagerung im Forearc bestimmen. Meine Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass diese flach einfallenden Oberflächen, die vor 150.000 bis 300.000 Jahren abgelagert wurden, in Zusammenhang mit Änderungen des Erosionsregimes in glazialen Episoden entstanden sind. Zusammenfassend zeigen die Daten, dass der heutige geomorphologische Ausdruck des Forearcs post-Miozän und eng mit einer klimatischen Überprägung des tektonischen Systems verknüpft ist. Der klimatische Einfluss spiegelt sich ebenfalls in der Topographie und dem lokalen Relief der Zentral- und Südanden wider. Beide Parameter variieren stark entlang des Plattenrandes, bestimmt durch den jeweils dominierenden Oberflächenprozess, der wiederum letztendlich vom vorherrschenden Klima abhängt. Allerdings reflektiert das Relief teilweise Oberflächenprozesse, die unter vergangenen Klimaten aktiv waren. Das betont die äußerst große Vorsicht, die nötig ist, wenn Landschaften als Spiegel des aktuellen Klimas interpretiert werden.
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Girardin, Fabien. "Aspects of implicit and explicit human interactions with ubiquitous geographic information." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7561.
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El uso creciente de dispositivos móviles, infraestructuras inalámbricas e Internet está cambiando nuestra vida diaria, no solo la manera en que nos comunicamos o compartimos información, sino también cómo nos relacionamos con el entorno. A través de nuestras interacciones con estas tecnologías, accedemos y generamos una membrana de información que se cierne sobre los espacios donde vivimos y que visitamos. Sin embargo, esta capa de información solo modela de manera imperfecta la realidad debido a una digitalización tosca y a limitaciones tecnológicas, que hacen peligrar la interacción humana. Por otro lado, la presencia de esta información geográfica ubicua generada por los usuarios abre nuevas perspectivas para la comprensión de las actividades humanas en el espacio y el tiempo. Esta tesis acepta el reto de investigar estos aspectos de las interacciones humanas con la información geográfica ubicua. Con un enfoque cualitativo y cuantitativo, discernimos las implicaciones de la integración de información geográfica ubicua y las resultantes estrategias de los usuarios para hacer frente a la incertidumbre espacial. Entonces, explotamos esta contribución para analizar enfoques novedosos con el objetivo de inferir actividades espacio-temporales de individuos y grupos respetando su privacidad. Demostramos la aplicabilidad de nuestras soluciones en los ámbitos de la investigación de mercados y el urbanismo.The increasing use of mobile devices, wireless infrastructures, and the Internet is changing our daily lives, not only in the way we communicate with each other or share information but also how we relate to the environment. Through our interactions with these technologies we access and generate an informational membrane, hovering over the spaces we live in and visit. However, this information layer only imperfectly models the reality due to coarse digitization and technological limitations, challenging the human interaction. On the other hand, the presence of this user-generated ubiquitous geographic information opens novel perspectives in understanding human activities over space and time. This thesis takes on the challenge of exploring these aspects of human interactions with ubiquitous geographic information. Through qualitative lenses, we discern the implications of the integration of ubiquitous geographic information and the resulting users strategies to cope with spatial uncertainty. Then, we exploit this contribution to explore novel approaches to infer individuals and groups time-space activities with respect to their privacy. We demonstrate the applicability of our solutions in the domains of market research and urbanism.
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Yahia, Ghassen. "Etude des interactions d'échange dans les oxydes multiferroïques RMn₂O₅." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS423/document.
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Les systèmes multiferroïques magnéto-électriques sont des matériaux multifonctionnels très importants du point de vue des applications dans le domaine de l’électronique ou de la spintronique puisqu’ils présentent simultanément des ordres électriques et magnétiques généralement couplés. Ils peuvent donc répondre à la fois à l’application d’un champ magnétique et d’un champ électrique. L’une des familles de multiferroïques magnéto-électriques les plus étudiées est la série RMn₂O₅ où R est une terre rare. Ma thèse porte sur le rôle de la terre rare sur le caractère multiferroïque et sur les propriétés magnétiques de ces composés. De nombreux travaux ont déjà été publiés mais très peu concernent les composés SmMn₂O₅ et GdMn₂O₅, difficiles à étudier aux neutrons. Pourtant ce sont des composés clés, à la frontière entre des composés à terres rares légères qui ne sont pas multiferroïques et ceux à terres rares lourdes qui le sont. Je me suis donc intéressé à ces composés. Grâce à une étude théorique basée sur une analyse de symétrie et des calculs numériques ab initio tenant compte du fort couplage spin-orbite, nous avons pu prévoir un modèle pour l’ordre magnétique stabilisé dans Sm et Gd. Nous avons en parallèle étudié expérimentalement les structures magnétiques pour ces deux composés par le biais d’une analyse des donnés de diffraction de neutrons sur poudre utilisant des matériaux isotopes de Sm et Gd. Ma thèse a permis d’une part de valider le mécanisme d’échange striction comme origine du couplage magnéto-électrique dans cette série importante de multiferroïques. Elle a permis d’autre part de mettre en évidence l’existence d’une interaction d’échange supplémentaire dans GdMn₂O₅, à l’origine de la forte polarisation électrique dans ce membre de la série. Ces résultats amènent plus de clarté à la compréhension de la multiferroïcité dans ces systèmesThe magneto-electric multiferroic systems are multifunctional materials very important for applications in the field of electronics or spintronics since they present simultaneously electrical and magnetic orders, which are generally coupled. They can thus respond to both the application of a magnetic field and an electric field. One of the most studied magneto-electric multiferroic families is the RMn₂O₅ series where R is a rare earth. My thesis deals with the role of rare earth on the multiferroic and the magnetic properties of these compounds. Numerous works have already been published, but very few concern the compounds SmMn₂O₅ and GdMn₂O₅, difficult to study with neutrons. Yet these are key compounds, on the border between light rare earth compounds that are not multiferroic and heavy rare earths that are. This explains my interest for these compounds. Using a theoretical study based on a symmetry analysis and numerical calculations ab initio taking into account the strong spin-orbit coupling, we were able to predict a model for the stabilized magnetic order in Sm and Gd. We have experimentally studied the magnetic structures for these two compounds by means of an analysis of the powder neutron diffraction data using Sm and Gd isotopes. On one hand, my thesis allowed to validate the mechanism of exchange striction as origin of the magnetoelectric coupling in this important series of multiferroics. On the other hand, it has made it possible to demonstrate the existence of an additional exchange interaction in GdMn₂O₅, at the origin of the strong electrical polarization in this member of the series. These results provide greater clarity to the understanding of multiferroicity in these systems
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Rochholz, Fiona [Verfasser], Heiko [Akademischer Betreuer] Pälike, Heiko [Gutachter] Pälike, and Fanny [Gutachter] Monteiro. "Astronomically-modulated climate-carbon cycle interactions in the cGENIE Earth System Model / Fiona Rochholz ; Gutachter: Heiko Pälike, Fanny Monteiro ; Betreuer: Heiko Pälike." Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1202917429/34.
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NEDELEC, Yves. "Interactions en crue entre drainage souterrain et assainissement agricole." Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009180.
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En période de crue, le rejet d'eaux de drainage dans les émissaires à surface libre apparaît comme une cause possible de formation d'inondations, car il introduit dans le réseau hydrographique des eaux qui auraient pu circuler de manière diffuse en l'absence de drainage (infiltration ou ruissellement). Il apparaît aussi comme une source de pollution du milieu naturel, en déversant des nutriments ou certains traitements phytosanitaires lessivés. Les modifications liées à la présence du drainage sont cependant difficiles à évaluer.En revanche, le rôle du réseau d'émissaires peut être mieux évalué et maîtrisé, dans la mesure où les écoulements empruntent des cheminements connus. La profondeur du débouché des collecteurs enterrés est un facteur aggravant pour la formation de certaines crues car la capacité de transfert des fossés est augmentée par leur approfondissement. Une manière possible de compenser ce facteur est de favoriser le ralentissement des crues dans le réseau en surcapacité.Le débouché des collecteurs joue ainsi un double rôle : il apporte par le rejet des eaux de drainage une contribution aux crues et aux pollutions, mais peut aussi être le point où le fonctionnement du drainage perd de son efficacité si l'on intervient pour ralentir les écoulements dans le fossé.Le présent travail vise à préciser ce double rôle. Il s'appuie sur des expérimentations de terrain, menées sur un réseau de drainage et d'assainissement agricoles en Seine-et-Marne. Les débit de rejet de collecteurs de drainage enterrés sont suivis en continu pendant les crues, conjointement aux débits et hauteurs de l'eau dans le fossé d'assainissement. Les données d'une expérimentation sur modèle réduit hydraulique viennent compléter les observations de terrain. Ce modèle réduit est constitué de la jonction d'une conduite circulaire et d'un canal rectangulaire, alimentés par des débits contrôlés indépendamment.La compréhension des processus hydrauliques de cette jonction particulière, et leur modélisation par une loi de comportement, sont effectuées dans un objectif plus global de connaissance du fonctionnement de certains petits bassins versants agricoles fortement drainés.Ces recherches débouchent sur des conséquences en termes d'ingénierie, pour l'évaluation d'impacts d'activités anthropiques sur le milieu naturel, ou la maîtrise des écoulements afin de réduire les risques d'inondation. Elles améliorent également la connaissance de processus hydrauliques et hydrologiques clés dans le domaine des rejets.
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Bourgeois, Olivier. "Processus d'extension lithosphérique en Islande : interactions avec les calottes glaciaires quaternaires." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00619344.
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L'Islande constitue la partie émergée d'un plateau basaltique qui s'est formé par interférence entre la dorsale médio-Atlantique et un point chaud dans l'Atlantique Nord. Une calotte glaciaire s'est installée à plusieurs reprises durant le Quaternaire sur ce plateau. L'étude de la structure et de la morphologie de l'Islande permet donc de préciser les interactions entre trois processus géodynamiques : extension lithosphérique liée à l'accrétion océanique, anomalie thermique liée au point chaud et dynamique glaciaire. Une analyse structurale montre que l'Islande est formée de plusieurs systèmes de type roll-over successifs et décalés dans l'espace. Des expériences analogiques indiquent que cette structure, très différente de celle d'une dorsale ordinaire, reflète l'influence sur le processus d'extension de l'apport magmatique excédentaire dû au point chaud. Une analyse géomorphologique de terrain et sur images SPOT permet de préciser les interactions entre l'activité tectono-volcanique et la dynamique glaciaire. La dernière calotte glaciaire était drainée par des courants de glace, dont la localisation était contrôlée par les anomalies géothermiques de la Zone Volcanique Active (ZVA). Dans les régions occupées par les courants de glace, une grande partie des produits volcaniques syn-glaciaires ont été évacués par l'écoulement rapide de la glace. Entre les courants de glace, des édifices volcaniques synglaciaires ont été préservés. Certains sont situés à l'extérieur de la ZVA actuelle. Cette anomalie peut refléter une modification de la largeur de la ZVA sous l'effet de la surcharge glaciaire. Des expériences analogiques suggèrent qu'elle est plus probablement liée au processus d'extension particulier de l'Islande, induit par le point chaud, et caractérisé par une mobilité latérale de la ZVA.
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Kida, Shinichiro. "Overflows and upper ocean interactions : a mechanism for the Azores current." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/37855.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2006.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 155-162).
The oceanic response to overflows is explored using a two-layer isopycnal model. Overflows are a major source of the dense water of the global deep ocean, originating from only a few marginal seas. They enter the open ocean as dense gravity currents down a continental slope and play a crucial role in the deep ocean circulation. To understand the dynamics of these overflows, previous studies simplified their dynamics by treating the overlying ocean as inactive. This simplification may be a first approximation for the overflow but not for the overlying ocean. The Mediterranean overflow, for example, entrains about 2 Sv of overlying Atlantic water when it enters the Atlantic through Gibraltar Strait. The upper ocean must balance the mass loss and vortex stretching associated with entrainment. Thus for the upper ocean, overflows represent a localized region of intense mass and PV forcing. The simulations in this study show that in the upper layer, entrainment forces a cyclonic circulation along bathymetric contours. This is a topographic [beta]-plume and its transport depends on the entrainment region size and the topographic slope.
(cont.) Baroclinic instability also develops and creates eddy thickness flux to the in-shore direction, forcing a double gyre topographic [beta]-plume near the strait due to eddy PV flux convergence on the in-shore side of the continental slope and divergence on the offshore side. When the upper oceanic response to overflows is examined specifically for the Mediterranean overflow, the upper ocean is found to establish two trans-Atlantic zonal jets, analogous to the Azores current and the Azores Counter current. These two zonal jets are an extension of the topographic [beta]-plume driven by the overflow. Because the eddies in the steep slope region near Cape St. Vincent drive a mean flow across the slope, the topographic [beta]-plume connects to the Atlantic Ocean to become a basin scale flow. This thesis shows that overflows can induce a significant circulation in the upper ocean, and for the Mediterranean overflow, this circulation is a basin scale flow.
by Shinichiro Kida.
Ph.D.
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Nikolaeva, Elena. "Landslide kinematics and interactions studied in central Georgia by using synthetic aperture radar interferometry, optical imagery and inverse modeling." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2014. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2014/7040/.
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Landslides are one of the biggest natural hazards in Georgia, a mountainous country in the Caucasus. So far, no systematic monitoring and analysis of the dynamics of landslides in Georgia has been made. Especially as landslides are triggered by extrinsic processes, the analysis of landslides together with precipitation and earthquakes is challenging.
In this thesis I describe the advantages and limits of remote sensing to detect and better understand the nature of landslide in Georgia. The thesis is written in a cumulative form, composing a general introduction, three manuscripts and a summary and outlook chapter.
In the present work, I measure the surface displacement due to active landslides with different interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) methods. The slow landslides (several cm per year) are well detectable with two-pass interferometry. In same time, the extremely slow landslides (several mm per year) could be detected only with time series InSAR techniques. I exemplify the success of InSAR techniques by showing hitherto unknown landslides, located in the central part of Georgia. Both, the landslide extent and displacement rate is quantified.
Further, to determine a possible depth and position of potential sliding planes, inverse models were developed. Inverse modeling searches for parameters of source which can create observed displacement distribution. I also empirically estimate the volume of the investigated landslide using displacement distributions as derived from InSAR combined with morphology from an aerial photography. I adapted a volume formula for our case, and also combined available seismicity and precipitation data to analyze potential triggering factors. A governing question was: What causes landslide acceleration as observed in the InSAR data?
The investigated area (central Georgia) is seismically highly active. As an additional product of the InSAR data analysis, a deformation area associated with the 7th September Mw=6.0 earthquake was found. Evidences of surface ruptures directly associated with the earthquake could not be found in the field, however, during and after the earthquake new landslides were observed. The thesis highlights that deformation from InSAR may help to map area prone landslides triggering by earthquake, potentially providing a technique that is of relevance for country wide landslide monitoring, especially as new satellite sensors will emerge in the coming years.Erdrutsche zählen zu den größten Naturgefahren in Georgien, ein gebirgiges Land im Kaukasus. Eine systematische Überwachung und Analyse der Dynamik von Erdrutschen in Georgien ist bisher nicht vorhanden. Da Erdrutsche durch extrinsische Prozesse ausgelöst werden, wird ihre Analyse zusammen mit Niederschlag und Erdbeben zu einer besonderen Herausforderung. In dieser Dissertation beschreibe ich die Potenziale und Limitierungen der Fernerkundung für die Detektion und das Verständnis von Erdrutschen in Georgien. Die Arbeit ist in einer kumulativen Form geschrieben, und besteht aus einer allgemeinen Einführung, drei Manuskripten sowie einer Zusammenfassung und einem Ausblick. In der vorliegenden Arbeit, Gestimme ich die Oberflächenverschiebung von aktiven Erdrutschen mit Methoden der Radarinterferometrie (InSAR). Die langsamen Erdrutsche (cm pro Jahr) konnten im einfachen Vergleich zeitlich unterschiedlicher Radaraufnahmen (two-pass InSAR), gut nachgewiesen werden. Die extrem langsamen Erdrutsche (mm pro Jahr) konnten hingegen nur mit InSAR Zeitreihentechniken nachgewiesen werden. Der Erfolg der angewandten InSAR Techniken wird durch die erfolgreiche Identifikation von bisher unbekannten Erdrutschen in Zentral Georgien veranschaulicht. Sowohl das Ausmaß als auch die Verschiebungsrate der Erdrutsche wurden quantifiziert. Ferner, um die mögliche Tiefe und Lage von potentiellen Gleitflächen zu bestimmen, wurden inverse Modelle entwickelt. Inverse Modellierung sucht nach Parametern der Quelle, welche die beobachtete Verschiebungsverteilung reproduzieren können. Ferner habe ich anhand der ermittelten Verschiebungsverteilung aus InSAR in Verbindung mit der Morphologie aus Luftaufnahmen das Volumen der untersuchten Erdrutsche empirisch abgeleitet. Ich habe eine Volumenformel für unseren Fall angepasst, und die verfügbaren Datensätze bezüglich Seismizität und Niederschlag kombiniert, um potenzielle auslösende Faktoren zu analysieren. Eine leitende Frage hierbei war: Was sind die Ursachen für die Beschleunigung von Erdrutschen, wie sie in den InSAR Daten beobachtet werden konnte? Das Untersuchungsgebiet in Zentral Georgien ist seismisch sehr aktiv. Als zusätzlichen Produkt der InSAR Datenanalyse wurde ein Deformationsgebiet gefunden, welches im Zusammenhang mit dem Mw=6.0 Erdbeben vom 7. September 2009 zusammenhängt. Beweise für Oberflächenbrüche, die direkt mit dem Erdbeben zusammenhängen, konnten in dem Gebiet nicht gefunden werden, jedoch konnten während und nach dem Erdbeben neue Erdrutsche beobachtet werden. Die Dissertation unterstreicht, dass Verformungsinformationen aus InSAR Analysen helfen können ein Gebiet, welches von Erdbebeninduzierten Erdrutschen gefährdet ist, zu kartieren. Potenziell stellt InSAR eine Technik dar, die von Bedeutung für die landesweite Überwachung von Erdrutschen sein kann, insbesondere im Hinblick auf die neuen Satellitensensoren, die in den kommenden Jahren verfügbar sein werden.
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Alvarez, Helder Ivan. "Chemistry of brine in an unconventional shale dominated source bed understanding water- organic material-mineral interactions during hydrocarbon generation." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/19079.
Full textAbstract:
Master of ScienceDepartment of Geology
Sambhudas Chaudhuri
The exploration and development of unconventional shale plays provide an opportunity to study the hydrocarbon generation process. These unconventional plays allow one to investigate the interactions between the fluid, mineral, and organic material that occur in a hydrocarbon-generating source bed, before any changes in composition that may occur during secondary migration or post migration processes. Previous studies have determined the chemical constituents of formation waters collected from conventional reservoirs after secondary migration has occurred. This investigation targets formation waters collected from the Woodford shale that acts as both source and reservoir, therefore samples have yet to experience any changes in composition that occur during secondary migration. This investigation focuses on the major element and trace element chemistry of the formation water (Cl, Br, Na, K, Rb, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Rare Earth Elements), which has been compared to chemical constituents of the associated crude oil and kerogens. Analytical data for this investigation were determined by the following methods; Ion Chromatography, Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), and Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The information is used to assess the presence of different sources of water that constitute the formation water, and also to investigate interaction between different minerals and formation waters within the source beds. The formation water data also yields new insights into compartmentalization of oil-gas rich zones within the source beds.
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Doan, Mai Linh. "Etude in-situ des interactions hydromécanique entre fluides et failles actives - Application au Laboratoire du Rift du Corinthe." Phd thesis, Institut de physique du globe de paris - IPGP, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00162586.
Full textAbstract:
Afin d'appréhender in-situ le couplage entre les pressions de fluides et la mécanique des failles, un laboratoire géodynamique a été installé dans le Rift de Corinthe. L'élément majeur de ce projet européen est un forage recoupant la faille d'Aigion, qui a rejoué lors d'un séisme de magnitude 6.2 en 1995, et son instrumentation permanente qui permet le suivi en continu de la pression de fluide autour de la faille. Nous avons d'abord caractérisé l'environnement hydrogéologique par la conjonction de méthodes relevant de la thermique et de l'hydrogéologie. Il devient alors possible d'interpréter les multiples anomalies hydrauliques perçues par nos capteurs de haute précision. Leur abondance témoigne de l'activité de la faille.