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Journal articles on the topic 'Earth Construction'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Lu, Xiang Ting, and Yuan Ping Liu. "Rammed Earth Construction: A Sustainable Architecture." Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (September 2013): 3131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.3131.

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Abstract. Present concerns for sustainable development have led to a revival of Rammed earth construction using natural or recycled resources. In human history, rammed earth constructions has a long history and wide application. The rammed earth construction is a symbol of the coexistence between mankind and nature, and especially with today’s energy depletion and environmental degradation, it became the focus of attention for its excellent function. The factors contributing to raw soil construction’s bleak prospect are that architect rarely focus on the rammed earth buildings and lack of people to participate in construction system. Since the sustainable development has been a theme of contemporary society, architect and engineer should pain more attention to the rammed earth construction.

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Thajeel, Marwah M., and György L. Balázs. "3D printing for earth construction - review." Concrete Structures 23 (2022): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.32970/cs.2022.1.10.

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Concrete is the second frequently used material in our planet. Being the most consumed construction material for infrastructures and buildings, the demand for concrete is very high at present and expected to have the same significance in the future. On the other hand, conventional concrete could not be considered as an environmentally friendly construction material. This comes from the perspectives of reducing natural resources, high energy consumption, and produce a huge amounts of construction waste. 3D printing construction with earth materials provide the potential solutions to reshape the construction world and answering the current demands of sustainability, energy efficiency and cost in construction. This paper presents a review of 3D printed constructions made from earth materials benefits, limitations and current applications.

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3

Barbosa, Normando Perazzo, and Khosrow Ghavami. "Earth Construction and Sustainability." Key Engineering Materials 634 (December 2014): 433–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.634.433.

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This paper presents some considerations on the impacts of industrialized construction materials to Planet Earth. It comments about sustainability and show that large part of the present generation has not met their basic needs, starting with the house. So, in this context, with the actual economic model, it becomes difficult to ensure that future generations are able to meet their own needs. Some considerations about possibilities of building with reduced environmental impact is presented. Comments about raw earth as building material are made. New possibilities to give stability to this material against water action is discussed. Finally, it shows some contemporary constructions made with earth in Brazil.

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Yu, Hong, and Hai Jun Sun. "On-Site Inspection and Analysis on Earth Architecture’s Enclosure Construction." Applied Mechanics and Materials 357-360 (August 2013): 492–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.357-360.492.

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In order to assess the human settlements situation of earth construction and analyse Environmental protection and energy saving effect of the earth construction's enclosure-construction, we choose Jinan's earth construction--adobe houses--to conduct the detection and analysis of energy saving and were based on the factual date to calculate enclosure-construction's heat transfer coefficient K and the actual energy consumption to analyses the influential factors of the energy consumption and determine the main part of the energy saving effect of energy consumption based on the Extensive research of the ecological environment and earth construction in Shandong province. The results show that the typical enclosure-structure with good heat saving capacity can maintain the indoor thermal stability. Through the calculation of heat retaining structure, we can know that the tested adobe house's energy consumption is larger than normal house. it suggested that the earth construction has the characteristics of better energy saving and environmental protection. seeing that the factual tested adobe house's lower intensity , bad decoration and imperfection ,we put forward the suitable earth buildings scheme of the construction of new countryside.

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Arduin, Deborah, Lucas Rosse Caldas, Rayane de Lima Moura Paiva, and Fernando Rocha. "Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in Earth Construction: A Systematic Literature Review Considering Five Construction Techniques." Sustainability 14, no. 20 (October 14, 2022): 13228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013228.

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In the past decade, there has been an increase in the environmental performance assessment in earth construction through the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. A Systematic Literature Review verified LCA methodology trends of five earth construction techniques from 2016 to April 2022, resulting in 27 studies. The results have been analyzed through qualitative thematic analysis, considering LCA methodology. Considering embodied carbon (GWP) and embodied energy, transportation and binder content were the main factors that influenced environmental performance. Hence, earth-based constructions exhibit better results in different impact categories than conventional materials. Environmental guidelines and technical features that were presented in the LCA studies are discussed for Adobe, Cob, Rammed Earth (RE), Compressed Earth Block (CEB), and Light Straw Clay (LSC). This study presents environmental benchmarks at the unit, wall, and building scales aiming to encourage LCA methodology applied to earth construction techniques and fostering the discussion of earth construction sustainability.

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Maiti, Surjya K., and Jnanendra N. Mandal. "Rammed Earth House Construction." Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 111, no. 11 (November 1985): 1323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9410(1985)111:11(1323).

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Jovanovic, Milena, Aleksandra Miric, Goran Jovanovic, and Momcilovic Petronijevic. "Earth as a material for construction of modern houses." Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering 16, no. 2 (2018): 175–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuace160823001j.

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Earth was used for construction of residential buildings in the past. Due to the more widespread tendency toward the use of sustainable local materials, earth is present as one of the dominant materials for building of modern houses. The implemented techniques for construction of earth houses differ depending on the characteristics of a region and architectural tradition. This paper presents the characteristics of earth as a building material, traditional techniques for construction of residential buildings using earth, regulations which permit the construction in many countries of the world, as well as traditional residential building constructing techniques which use earth. Likewise, through the emblematic realizations of contemporary architecture it was shown that earth houses have the potential to provide the modern standard of living and to satisfy the aesthetic requirements.

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Mousourakis, Αpostolos, Maria Arakadaki, Sofoklis Kotsopoulos, Iordanis Sinamidis, Tina Mikrou, Evangelia Frangedaki, and Nikos D. Lagaros. "Earthen Architecture in Greece: Traditional Techniques and Revaluation." Heritage 3, no. 4 (October 27, 2020): 1237–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage3040068.

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A big part of traditional architecture both in rural and urban areas in the Greek territory has been built with raw earth. The aim of this paper is to present earthen buildings’ constructions in Greece and show their important contribution to our heritage. The use of earth as a basic constructing material has given different earthen building cultures and techniques. Earthen construction encloses many varied uses and applications, as walls or as plasters. In different periods of time and historical contexts, from the indigenous inhabitants to the neighborhoods of the refugees of Asia Minor Catastrophe, the earth constructions had a primary role. The existence of earthen architecture was investigated in urban and rural sites in Greece. Building information, documentation, and records of buildings’ design, construction techniques, elements, and systems are presented. Today, there is still a rich architectural heritage throughout the country, which has lasted through the years and withstood seismic activities and poor conservation.

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9

Vyncke, Johan, Laura Kupers, and Nicolas Denies. "Earth as Building Material – an overview of RILEM activities and recent Innovations in Geotechnics." MATEC Web of Conferences 149 (2018): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814902001.

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This paper presents an overview of the different earth building techniques, the latest innovations and the normative aspects. The oldest man made earth constructions known to exist date back to 10 000 BC. Since then, earth has remained a popular building material throughout history. With time, different techniques evolved, starting from sundried adobe blocks to cob constructions, rammed earth walls and compressed earth bricks. Today these techniques are still being optimized and alternative binders, specifically adapted admixtures and surface treatments are being developed. Even though nearly one third of the world’s population lives in an earth construction, few specific building standards and testing methods exist. Many of the tests used today are based on tests for concrete and thus do not take into account the complex nature of earth constructions, such as their sensitivity to water. RILEM, the union of Laboratories and Experts in Construction Materials, Systems and Structures, set up a new Technical Committee in 2016: TC TCE (Testing and Characterisation of Earth-based building materials and elements). This committee, consisting of an international group of experts on the topic, aim to define testing procedures for earth as a building construction material. To end with, this paper also gives a short introduction to “Deep soil mixing”, an “earth” building technique dedicated to geotechnical engineering.

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Kim, Jinsung, Hyeonggil Choi, Keun-Byoung Yoon, and Dong-Eun Lee. "Performance Evaluation of Red Clay Binder with Epoxy Emulsion for Autonomous Rammed Earth Construction." Polymers 12, no. 9 (September 8, 2020): 2050. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12092050.

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Existing rammed earth construction methods have disadvantages such as increased initial costs for manufacturing the large formwork and increased labor costs owing to the labor-intensive construction techniques involved. To address the limitations of the existing rammed earth construction methods, an autonomous rammed earth construction method was introduced herein. When constructing an autonomous rammed-earth construction method, an alternative means of assuring the performance at the initial age of the binder in terms of materials is needed. In this study, in order to satisfy the performance of the red clay binder, epoxy emulsion was added to analyze the compressive strength, water loosening, shrinkage, rate of mass change, and microstructure in the range of the initial age. As a result of the analysis, the applicability of the epoxy emulsion was confirmed as a new additive for application to an autonomous rammed-earth construction method.

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Widder, Lynnette. "Earth eco-building: textile-reinforced earth block construction." Energy Procedia 122 (September 2017): 757–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.07.392.

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12

LIBRELOTTO, Lisiane, Paulo FERROLI, Helena BÁRTOLO, and Cláudia VASCONCELOS. "CONSTRUÇÃO COM TERRA: PASSADO E FUTURO." IMPACT projects 1, no. 2 (August 23, 2023): 27–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.59279/impact.v1i2.2077.

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This paper presents a research developed with the objectiveof analyzing the use of earth construction in cities of the European (Portugal, France and Germany) and African (Morocco) continents, identifying the documented historical construction techniques and the current technical standards. Inorder to fulfill this objective, it was carried out the photographic record of some constructions, gathering documentary information, construction techniques and current normative standards. The following steps were necessary: constitution of the theoretical referential, visit, photographic record and acquisition of documentation about buildings and earth construction techniques in Portugal, France, Germany and Morocco. It was possible to identify the evolution of the construction technique and perspectives from the point of view of sustainability. The main techniques identified were half-timber construction (mixed technique), adobes and rammed earth, as well as earth cladding and screeds, usually combined with wooden structures. Earthhas the potential to be one of the materials used in more sustainable construction, but weaknesses can be identified in the use of the techniques.

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13

Wang, He, and Li Ping Li. "Research on New Folk Houses with Regional Characteristics and Earth Material." Advanced Materials Research 424-425 (January 2012): 977–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.424-425.977.

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Based on the actual requirements of constructing characteristic towns in Yunnan Province, this paper describes the “framework design principles for architectures with regional characteristics” in an explorative way as the control measures and guidance for the construction of new residences in small sized towns. Taking Jiasa Town in Xinping County of Yunnan Province as an example, the paper gives five “framework design principles” which are extracted from the constructional essence of “Tu-Zhang-Fang”(Soil-Made House), a kind of traditional building of the local Huayao Dai ethnic group and the features of the mountain landform of the Dry&Hot Valley, and provides the innovative ideas on the construction of new folk houses with regional characteristics under the control of the aforesaid principles.

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14

Keable, Julian. "Earth construction: a comprehensive guide." Habitat International 19, no. 4 (January 1995): 643–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0197-3975(95)90002-0.

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15

Jeon, J., J.-H. Lee, S. Kershaw, Z.-Y. Chen, J.-Y. Ma, K. Liang, and Y.-D. Zhang. "The earliest known stromatoporoid and its contribution to reef construction." Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences 72, no. 1 (2023): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/earth.2023.05.

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16

Kaimaris, Dimitris, Petros Patias, and Olga Georgoula. "Google Earth Revisited." International Journal of Computational Methods in Heritage Science 1, no. 1 (January 2017): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcmhs.2017010105.

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The interpretation of photos and the processing of Google Earth imagery which allowed the “random” discovery, as a result of a non-systematical research, of a numerous marks of buried constructions in the wide area of the city of Larisa (Thessaly, Greece) is presented in this project. Additional data as aerial photographs over time, satellite images and the digital terrain model of the same area has been used. From the numerous marks, this project mainly focuses on three positions where the positive marks (soilmarks or/and cropmarks), circular or/and linear, reveal on a satisfying level covered construction of great dimensions. The ongoing research activity of the editorial team along with this research highlights the advantages of using Google Earth imagery in an attempt to “random” mark of unknown covered constructions, or, in the frame of a systematic survey of aerial and remote sensing archaeology, as additional and not exclusive source of information.

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Dulal, Prakash, and Rabindra Raj Giri. "Carbon Emissions Due to Construction of Building Using Cement-Stabilized Compressed Earth Bricks and Comparison with Conventional Fired Earth Bricks." Kathford Journal of Engineering and Management 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2023): 172–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kjem.v3i1.62890.

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Carbon emission from human activities including civil engineering constructions has been a major global environmental issue. The emissions due to the use of conventional fired earth bricks (CFEB) in the construction industry are significantly larger, and a large number of researches have been devoted to developing viable alternatives to the uses of CFEB in the construction industry to achieve a low-carbon society. This research investigated carbon emissions due to the use of cement-stabilized compressed earth blocks (CSCEB) in place of CFEB in the construction of a community building in Bidur Municipality, Nuwakot, using the standard tools and methods by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines. Also, the Bilan Carbone tool was used. Then the emission results of the two cases (CSCEB and CFEB) were compared from different perspectives. Among the considered major emission sectors, the construction materials sector contributed the highest carbon emissions in both bricks. Results indicate that CSCEB requires lower quantities of cement, sand, and aggregates compared to CFEB. Major construction materials contribute significantly to carbon emissions, with CSCEB showing a 1.7 times lower impact than CFEB. The total carbon emissions for CSCEB and CFEB were 160.97 and 206.42 Tons of CO2 equivalents in this study. That is, the total carbon emission from CFEB construction was about 1.3 times of the CSCEB. Furthermore, the direct emissions in both cases were almost the same, while the 1.4 times larger emission in the case of CFEB was the sole contribution of indirect emissions. The results of this study once again demonstrated that CSCEB can be an alternative to CFEB in the construction industry to achieve the objective of a low-carbon society.

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18

Komissarov, Alexander V., Maria M. Shlyahova, Maxim A. Altyntsev, and Ekaterina N. Kulik. "CRITERIA FOR PROTECTIVE CONSTRUCTION MONITORING OF MAIN PIPELINES." Vestnik SSUGT (Siberian State University of Geosystems and Technologies) 25, no. 4 (2020): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2411-1759-2020-25-4-96-103.

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The purpose of this article is to select and substantiate the criteria for protective construction monitoring of main pipelines. Main pipelines are constantly exposed to influences of external and internal factors. Special protective constructions are being raised to ensure the continuous operation of the pipelines. The main goal of creating protective constructions is to minimize economic losses and preserve the environmental characteristics of the facility. All existing protective constructions can be divided into two large groups: earth work and engineering constructions. Each of these groups includes different types of the constructions. All of them are designed to ensure safety of main pipelines from a certain natural phenomenon. It is also necessary to ensure constant monitoring of their geometric state regardless the protective construction type. Various data can be used for monitoring, among which the Earth remote sensing data perform a special role. One of the main issues in the construction monitoring is the explanation of the arising measurement errors. This requires knowledge of complex precision calculations theory. It is also necessary to take into account that a visual inspection of the construction defects is imperative in any calculations. A classification of protective constructions is given. The base of the accuracy calculation theory that is necessary to substantiate the errors in the protective construction monitoring is discussed. The main accuracy standards based on this theory are highlighted. The results of the performed analysis are the numerical values of the accuracy criteria for various protective construction types.

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dos Santos, Clarissa Armando, Lisiane Ilha Librelotto, and Claudio Jacintho. "Building with Earth - Brazil's Most Popular Raw Earth Building Techniques and the Opinion of Experienced Builders." Key Engineering Materials 600 (March 2014): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.600.123.

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Earth building construction techniques bring the promise of being environmentally friendly, thermally comfortable, easy to maintain and aesthetically interesting. Therefore, the ideae is beginning to spread in Brazil, being divulgated mainly by institutes and groups involved with Permaculture studies. The possibility of building sustainably and independently has contributed to the increasing number of people embracing the cause and starting constructing with earth and other raw materials. But what are their opinions after the end of the process? This work brings a review on some of the most popular earth building techniques in the Brazilian Federal District and state of Santa Catarina (superadobe, hyperadobe, rammed earth, cob, stucco, and double stucco filled with plastic bottles), as well as interviews with builders and users of the resulting houses. The research showed that the houses were built mostly by the owners themselves, with only a few having relied on professional help at some point. The drawbacks appointed were the lack of qualified professionals well-acquainted with these building techniques, the difficulties in managing large groups of voluntary builders and the high physical effort demanded by some of the techniques. Actually, many houses were composed by more than one technique. Some were built using a different technique to each wall. Superadobe was the preferred one at first, however most builders decided to change to other techniques for the practicability or just for the sake of experimenting. The experimenting of different techniques was more frequent in the cases when the house was the first construction of the builder (s). Unfortunately, the lack of experience had serious consequences, for it was noticed that some buildings showed construction pathologies, such as pending walls and peeling plasters. Nonetheless, most of the users declared to be satisfied and considered earth building a good investment. In fact, the houses had good thermal performance, used low impact materials and had a medium cost of approximately BRL 310.00 per square meter. A considerably lower price than the average BRL 670.00 per square meter, estimated by Brazilian authorities for the same locations and building patterns at the time of the constructions.

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Tudorel, Șeitan. "Using Earth as a Construction Material." Ovidius University Annals of Constanta - Series Civil Engineering 23, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ouacsce-2021-0015.

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Abstract Traditionally, the greatest weaknesses of earthen constructions are water infiltration and freeze-thaw cycles. The purpose of this article is to analyze the characteristics of the soil in order to use it as a building material and the ways to improve it using various additives in the mixture or the possible treatment of exposed surfaces.

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21

Williamson, M. "Folding space [construction in Earth orbit]." Engineering & Technology 11, no. 10 (November 1, 2016): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/et.2016.1005.

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Chang Recavarren, Gerardo, Christine M. Fiori, and Cliff Schexnayder. "Rammed Earth: Construction Lessons from Experience." Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction 18, no. 3 (August 2013): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)sc.1943-5576.0000152.

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23

Zhukovska, Victoria. "INTERPRETING DETACHED CONSTRUCTIONS WITH EXPLICIT SUBJECT THROUGH THE PRISM OF RELATED TERMS." Germanic Philology Journal of Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, no. 831-832 (2021): 48–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/gph2021.831-832.48-60.

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This article provides a comprehensive account of the English detached nonfinite and nonverbal constructions with the explicit subject within the framework of construction grammar. The study overviews the terms utilized in Western grammatical studies to nominate the investigated syntactic structures. Depending on the ontological and gnoseological assumptions of a particular linguistic approach, the analyzed terms highlight specific aspects of the syntactic structures under study (morphosyntactic features, syntactic functions, the subject’s case, coreference with the matrix clause, intonation and punctuation marking), and, therefore, cannot fully reveal the nature of the given syntactic phenomenon. The paper discusses the advantages of the term “detached nonfinite and nonverbal constructions with the explicit subject” for cognitive and quantitative operationalization and theoretical substantiation of the examined structures. The component construction is used in the interpretation of the cognitive construction grammar and defined as a noncompositional language sign, a complex pairing of form and meaning, where some aspects of the forms or the meanings cannot be derived from the form and the meaning of its components or from other existing constructions. In present-day English detached [aug/øaug[SubjNP] [PredNF/VL]] constructions constitute a taxonomic constructional network represented through a multiple hierarchy of adjunct clauses combined with the plane of detachment. The network of the analyzed constructions is developed around the constructional schema, represented by the construction of the highest degree of schematicity and abstraction (macro-construction). The features of the macro-construction are inherited by the constructions of a lower level – meso-constructions and individual micro-constructions and are reflected in the specific realized constructions – constructs.

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Millard, Frank. "Cosmic Construction." Aerospace Testing International 2019, no. 4 (December 2019): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/s1478-2774(22)50426-3.

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25

Burt, Richard A., Gernot Minke, and Clough Williams-Ellis. "Earth Construction Handbook: The Building Material Earth in Modern Architecture." APT Bulletin 32, no. 4 (2001): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1504775.

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Achenza, M., and L. Fenu. "On Earth Stabilization with Natural Polymers for Earth Masonry Construction." Materials and Structures 39, no. 1 (March 11, 2006): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/s11527-005-9000-0.

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27

Wei, Lian Yu, and Zhi Ming Zhang. "Current Situation and Development of Construction’s Control Method that Oversized Earth-Rock Mixtures Subgrade." Applied Mechanics and Materials 170-173 (May 2012): 3190–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.170-173.3190.

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Through large amount analysis of construction site investigation and data, we summed up several constructions control technologies and methods easier to achieve in projects for the aspect of the super-size filling embankment construction control technology.

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Dobjani, Etleva, and Dorina Papa. "The [dis]position of Albanian Adobe Constructions. The potential of earth as a traditional building material in the future." Science and the City. In the Era of Paradigm Shifts, no. 23 (October 1, 2021): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37199/f40002305.

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In traditional societies, building construction was related with local materials available in situ. In Albania, traditional architecture is especially built with adobe in the lowest areas, especially near the coast and with stone especially in the mountains. The scarce resources of stone near the coast and the facility to build with mud bricks, has made possible its implementation both in urban and rural dwellings. The greatest number of adobe constructions belongs to the Ottoman period and lasted until the first decades of nineties. This paper focuses in analyzing the design principles and the constructional elements of the traditional earthen architecture in Albania. Through the documentation and study of the local traditional adobe construction systems, it would be more interesting to understand its potential use today. This paper’s analyses are based on large-scale in-situ research made with students in the framework of the restorations course at Polis university, which includes field survey, archival research, detailed photographic recording of the remaining traditional buildings mainly in central Albania and literature review of the main causes of deterioration of adobe structures. Analysis of spatial distribution of housing typologies, basic structural elements, and different construction systems influenced by the geographical position highlight specific earth architecture techniques used in different traditional building typology. Based on the collected data and critical analyses, this paper will provide some useful suggestions concerning the typology, form, and the construction techniques of traditional earth buildings, and it will guide us in finding some techniques currently used for the restoration and preservation of traditional adobe buildings and the use of new earth buildings construction in particular locations.

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Yuan, Wei Guo, and Hai Ying Chen. "Study on Layered Basin Earth Excavation Construction Technology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 94-96 (September 2011): 1787–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.94-96.1787.

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Through comprehensively analyzing of the present earth excavation methods and combined with Kangwang road tunnel engineering earth excavation, proposing the layered basin earth excavation construction technology of excavation. We put the layered basin earth excavation construction technology of excavation in the practice of Kangwang road tunnel earth excavation, applying "MIDAS-GTS" software to simulate and cost accounting, from the technical and economic sides to validate this new layered basin earth excavation is advanced. And finally puts forward the conditions for the layered basin earth excavation, this new layered basin earth excavation construction technique can be popularized.

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Zhang, Kun, Bairu Lu, Yihong Wang, Zhijun Lei, and Zhanshen Yang. "Experimental Strength of Earth-Based Construction Materials in Different Regions of China." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (March 3, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8130743.

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According to the latest UN statistics, more than 2 billion people in the world still live in various forms of earthen buildings, including some in China. The variety of earth-based constructional materials is significant among different regions, with each region influencing the selection of local earth construction materials. In this study, earth materials from four regions of China were collected and sorted, with 10 samples from each source, and cube compressive strength tests were performed to analyze the composition and mechanical properties of the four materials, including northeast black earth, southeast red earth, northwest loess, and Xinjiang yellow sand earth. The results showed that significant differences existed in the composition of earth-based constructional materials from different regions, which have influence on the materials’ compressive strength. The order from large to small of compressive strengths was loess, black earth, yellow sandy earth, and red earth. Material load-displacement curves were influenced significantly by the plasticity index, but the overall failure processes of the various samples were basically the same.

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Cheikhi, Wical, Khadija Baba, Abderrahman Nounah, and Choukri Cherradi. "Effect of adding insulation on the energy performances of rammed earth buildings in hot and arid climates." E3S Web of Conferences 150 (2020): 01011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015001011.

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In a world context focused on energy efficiency and sustainable construction, returning to the use of raw earth in construction constitutes a good alternative to concrete construction, a system more energy consuming and yet more used nowadays. This return is justified by the excellent energy performance and the high level of thermal comfort provided by earth constructions in different climates. In cold climates, adding an insulation on earth walls has proven to be effective in improving their thermal performances. However, the influence of adding an insulation on the energy performance of rammed earth buildings in hot and arid climates remains to this day little explored. The present work comes in this order of ideas; it is based on a comparative study of the energetic performances of a mud building before and after the addition of the insulation. In order to compare between their performances, we have performed a simulation of the thermal behaviour of each by the dynamic thermal simulation software Design Builder.

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Zhao, De Jun, Yin Zhang, and Jun Long Lu. "Research on Construction of Rammed Earth Buildings." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 934–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.934.

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As for the form of a earth buildings ,rammed earth buildings have the advantages of green and environmental protection, easy and fast construction, low cost. This paper analyzes the raw material requirements ,structural types , construction technology and inspection of rammed earth buildings, focusing on the discussion of the quality inspection methods to provide a reference for the construction of rural residential adobe buildings.

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33

Pacheco-Torgal, F., and Said Jalali. "Earth construction: Lessons from the past for future eco-efficient construction." Construction and Building Materials 29 (April 2012): 512–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.10.054.

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Niroumand, Hamed, Juan Antonio Barcelo, Charles J. Kibert, and Maryam Saaly. "Evaluation of Earth Building Tools in Construction (EBTC) in earth architecture and earth buildings." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 70 (April 2017): 861–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.267.

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Marais, Paul, John Littlewood, and George Karani. "The Use of Polymer Stabilised Earth Foundations for Rammed Earth Construction." Energy Procedia 83 (December 2015): 464–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.12.166.

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Otcovská, Tereza, Barbora Mužíková, and Pavel Padevět. "DRYING CHARACTERISTIC OF RAMMED EARTH WITH ILLITIC-KAOLINITIC CLAY CONTENT." Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings 13 (November 13, 2017): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2017.13.0089.

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Clay is a traditional construction material which has got to background with introduction of modern materials to building practice. There is no proper material available for clay constructions design due to lack of proper examination of its mechanical properties. This paper focuses on drying rate of rammed earth. Drying is a primary way in which clay gets its strength. It is thus essential to know a duration needed to a construction to get dry. After pass of this time the maximum strength is attained and it is possible to load a construction. Properties of unburned clay are dependent on clay mix composition. In this contribution two sets of testing bodies with different composition are presented. As a bonding agent an illitic-kaolinite clay was used. It was presupposed that amount of used clay in clay mixture has major influence on the speed of drying and a final equilibrium moisture content. This presumption was disproved.

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Shi, Dafang, and Shouting Zhang. "Analysis of the Rare Earth Mineral Resources Reserve System and Model Construction Based on Regional Development." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (July 4, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9900219.

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China is a large rare earth country that has pushed for related rare earth research, development, and application in the global development and progress of rare earths. The rare earth resource reserve strategy must be implemented by China due to the situation of rare earth resources at home and abroad, national security, and the need to strengthen the right to speak in the international market. This article builds the rare earth mineral resources reserve system and model from the perspective of regional development and uses the improved SURF algorithm to solve the problems of inaccurate mine location, mine location deviation, dislocation, overlap, and other issues, resulting in more accurate mineral resources reserve management data. The results show that the maximum relative error between the parallel profile method and the traditional method is 2.6%, which meets the requirement for mineral reserve calculation accuracy and can be used to calculate reserves. China’s peak ionic rare earth output will be 46,797.06 tonnes in 2024, and then, it will decline at a 4% annual rate thereafter. This demonstrates how a graded reserve and orderly promotion can improve the workflow and efficiency of the rare earth mineral resources reserve.

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Sabbà, Maria Francesca, Mariateresa Tesoro, Cecilia Falcicchio, and Dora Foti. "Rammed Earth with Straw Fibers and Earth Mortar: Mix Design and Mechanical Characteristics Determination." Fibers 9, no. 5 (May 4, 2021): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib9050030.

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Raw earth is one of the oldest building materials, which is suitable for various uses: from the construction of load-bearing walls to use for plasters and finishes. The presence of straw fibers can give different behavior to this material. The present paper illustrates preliminary sensory and qualitative analyses, and subsequent laboratory tests that allow the characterization of the raw earth material with straw fibers for rammed earth constructions through mechanized compaction and the identification of a compatible earth mortar. The raw material considered in this study is mainly clayey; for this reason, a mix design usable with the pisé (or clay) technique has been developed. Cylindrical samples have been made through a press and subject to unconfined compression and indirect tensile tests. The results of the tests showed consistent tensile and compressive strength values in the context of earth materials. At the same time, a study for the realization of a mortar with the same base soil was carried out considering four mixtures, in order to investigate the best compromise between workability, shrinkage and compressive strengths. The purpose of the study was to investigate the mechanical characteristics of the local material through preliminary and laboratory tests, to classify it according to the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) and to verify its suitability for a possible use in the construction field.

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Keita, Emmanuel, and Arnaud Perrot. "Processing of earth-based materials: current situation and challenges ahead." RILEM Technical Letters 8 (February 1, 2024): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.2023.186.

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With the overall aim of supporting the development of new construction techniques and materials that are more economical and less carbon intensive, RILEM has decided to launch three new technical committees on earth construction in 2022. One of these committees will focus on the manufacturing processes used in earth construction (TC PEM). The aim of this committee is to bring together experts from several disciplines (materials science, earth construction, rheology, geotechnics, cement chemistry, etc.) to advance earth construction techniques by sharing and promoting good practice. The processing of earth is today based on solid empirical knowledge which fails to convince structural design engineers. As a result, earth construction is still limited to small buildings. To upscale the use of earthen material in construction, it is required to provide a solid scientific background that can be used for the writing of standards and recommendations to guarantee minimal performances in service. Areas of work include improving understanding of the mechanical behaviour of the material in the fresh state, developing characterization methods, monitoring the material during curing, and studying new construction techniques, particularly digital ones. The work of the technical committee PEM “Processing of earth-based materials” is expected to gather the scientific knowledge that can be further used for the writing of construction and design codes for earthen materials.

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Oladapo Makind, Olusola. "Ecological and Sustainability Issues In Earth Construction." IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology 1, no. 4 (2012): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/2402-0142028.

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Azil, Athmane, Malo Le Guern, Karim Touati, Nassim Sebaibi, Mohamed Boutouil, François Streiff, Steve Goodhew, and Moussa Gomina. "Earth construction: Field variabilities and laboratory reproducibility." Construction and Building Materials 314 (January 2022): 125591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125591.

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Makhrov, Alexei. "Earth Construction in Russia: A Scottish Connexion." Architectural History 40 (1997): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1568673.

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Guedes, João M., Tiago Ilharco, Alexandre A. Costa, Bruno Quelhas, Valter Lopes, Joana Vasconcelos, and Gabriela Vasconcelos. "Earth construction: traditional building techniques of Bhutan." Conservar Património 28 (2018): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14568/cp2017024.

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Treloar, Graham J., Ceridwen Owen, and Roger Fay. "Environmental assessment of rammed earth construction systems." Structural Survey 19, no. 2 (May 2001): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630800110393680.

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Sorvari, Jaana. "By-Products in Earth Construction: Environmental Assessments." Journal of Environmental Engineering 129, no. 10 (October 2003): 899–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2003)129:10(899).

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Gomes, Maria Idália, Mário Lopes, and Jorge de Brito. "Seismic resistance of earth construction in Portugal." Engineering Structures 33, no. 3 (March 2011): 932–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.12.014.

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Aubert, Jean-Emmanuel, Alain Marcom, Priscia Oliva, and Pauline Segui. "Chequered earth construction in south-western France." Journal of Cultural Heritage 16, no. 3 (May 2015): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2014.07.002.

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Sooklal, Valmiki K. "Development of a Modular Home Construction Kit using the Rammed Earth Building Technique." International Journal for Service Learning in Engineering, Humanitarian Engineering and Social Entrepreneurship 10, no. 1 (June 25, 2015): 24–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ijsle.v10i1.5706.

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In developing countries where resources are limited, the task of providing shelter for poverty stricken communities that are already in dire need of basic amenities can be a daunting one. This paper proposes a solution to this housing issue in the form of a modular home construction kit. These kits will provide such communities with a tool for sustainably constructing their own dwellings using local manpower combined with the natural resources available on site. The technique is based on the rammed earth principle in which the raw material for the construction process is primarily the natural soil present at the targeted location. This result in considerable savings in terms of sourcing and transporting costs of building materials typically used in traditional constructions methods. In addition, heavy or powered equipment is not needed for this construction technique making it a viable option for places where an electrical power supply or fuel source is not available.The project is part of a service-learning program, recently introduced at the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs to afford students an opportunity to work on a multidisciplinary team while using their engineering knowledge to provide solutions to real world problems. The student team working on the project has been involved in developing all the necessary procedures for assessment of the location’s soil type as well as the design and sourcing of the kit components. They will also be required to develop the necessary instructional and training material to allow for assembly of the kit components and the implementation of the technique to produce a finished structure (excluding the roof).

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Zhou, Tie Gang, Dao Qiang Peng, and Jing Hua Cheng. "Research and Application of Green Rammed Earth Wall Construction Technology." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 2780–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.2780.

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The traditional rammed earth building refers theses structures which uses tools such as pestle or hammer etc to fill undisturbed soil materials after a simple processing by the method of compacting layer by layer. construction technology of the modern rammed earth mainly makes improvements in terms of rammed earth materials、ramming tools and construction technology which can effectively improve the durability and safety performance of rammed earth building. This article is focusing on how to select scientifically which one is the best rammed earth material and introducing improvement situation about construction technology of rammed earth wall, which combined with researching and practicing of pilot project, under the guidance of the International centre for research and application of earth construction.

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Dobjani, Etleva, and Dorina Papa. "Adobe Constructions in Albania: Future Application of Earth as A Conventional Construction Material." Civil Engineering and Architecture 10, no. 7 (December 2022): 3015–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/cea.2022.100717.

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