Journal articles: 'Earth-based material'

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Kharton, V. V. "SOFC Cathode Material Based on Rare Earth Cobaltites." ECS Proceedings Volumes 1995-1, no. 1 (January 1995): 512–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/199501.0512pv.

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Galimov, E. M., and Yu A. Kostitsyn. "Planned earth-based studies of the phobos material." Solar System Research 46, no. 7 (December 2012): 476–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0038094612070118.

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Hemmer, Eva. "(Invited) Rare-Earth-Based Nanoparticles As Multimodal Bioprobes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 53 (July 7, 2022): 2212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01532212mtgabs.

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The remarkable optomagnetic properties of the rare-earths (RE) make RE-based materials ideal for biomedical applications, including diagnostic (e.g., imaging, nanothermometry) and therapeutic (e.g., drug delivery, photodynamic therapy) approaches. This is due the unique electronic properties of the f-elements allowing for upconversion and near-infrared emission under near-infrared excitation as well as high magnetic moments. Yet, challenges remain; low emission intensity and efficiency of small nanoparticles (NPs), and reliable, fast synthesis routes. As material chemists, we tackle these challenges with new designs of RE-NPs by chemically controlled synthesis, application-oriented surface chemistry, and understanding of structure-property-relationships. Sodium rare-earth fluorides (NaREF4) are our favorite materials, and we developed a fast and reliable microwave-assisted synthesis approach allowing crystalline phase and size control in the sub 15nm realm. Such control is crucial for the understanding of fundamental structure-property relationships and to optimize their optical and magnetic properties, when aiming for the design of next-generation optical probes or contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging. For instance, NaGdF4 NPs are gaining interest as alternative MRI contrast agent, while co-doping with RE3+ ions renders them excellent candidates for photoluminescent optical probes. The hexagonal crystalline phase of NaGdF4 is known as the more efficient host material for upconversion emission, yet interestingly, it was found that its cubic counterpart shows superior performance as MRI contrast agent. Having a fast and reliable synthesis route towards NaREF4 NPs on hand, we now explore various nanoparticle architectures and compositions with the goal to optimize their optomagnetic properties, ultimately resulting in the design of biocompatible multimodal bioprobes. This presentation will shed light on recent results and remaining challenges in the field of RE-based nanostructures with respect to their microwave-assisted synthesis as well as structural and optomagnetic properties, seeking biomedical application, while also touching on hyperspectral imaging as an emerging analytical tool offering spatio-spectral information about RE-based materials.

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Bodian, Seckou, Mactar Faye, Ibrahima Diaw, Pape M. Toure, Younouss Dieye, and Vincent Sambou. "HYGROSCOPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF EARTH BRICKS MADE FROM LATERITE AND CLAY OF SENEGAL." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 12 (December 31, 2022): 48–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/15807.

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Earth is the main raw material most used in building construction in Africa and particularly in Senegal. It is a particularly malleable material, easy to handle, from which hard bricks (unfired or fired) can be made. Thus for a good prediction of the mechanical and thermal behavior of a material, it is important to determine its hygroscopic properties. This is why our study focuses on the hygroscopic characterization of earth materials based on laterite and clay. We are mainly interested in the study of adsorption and desorption isotherms by water vapor. The adsorption and desorption isotherm curves of the samples were determined by a volumetric method using the Belsorp Aqua3 apparatus. The measurement results showed that the earth materials are hygroscopic materials. Furthermore, unfired earth materials adsorb more moisture than fired earth materials.

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Suzuki, Takuya, Andre Sackmann, Alexandru Oprea, Udo Weimar, and Nicolae Barsan. "Rare-Earth Based Chemoresistive CO2 Sensors and Their Operando Investigations." Proceedings 14, no. 1 (June 19, 2019): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019014017.

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Rare-earth oxycarbonates have been proposed as promising chemoresistive materials for CO2 sensors. In this contribution we present the results of a broad investigation focused on selecting the best candidates in the rare-earth compounds and, in the case of the best performing material, preliminary results dealing with the understanding of sensing by the operando methods.

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Yu, Lin-Ping, Xu Zhang, Dai-Xu Wei, Qiong Wu, Xiao-Ran Jiang, and Guo-Qiang Chen. "Highly Efficient Fluorescent Material Based on Rare-Earth-Modified Polyhydroxyalkanoates." Biomacromolecules 20, no. 9 (January 9, 2019): 3233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01722.

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Zhang, Kun, Bairu Lu, Yihong Wang, Zhijun Lei, and Zhanshen Yang. "Experimental Strength of Earth-Based Construction Materials in Different Regions of China." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (March 3, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8130743.

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According to the latest UN statistics, more than 2 billion people in the world still live in various forms of earthen buildings, including some in China. The variety of earth-based constructional materials is significant among different regions, with each region influencing the selection of local earth construction materials. In this study, earth materials from four regions of China were collected and sorted, with 10 samples from each source, and cube compressive strength tests were performed to analyze the composition and mechanical properties of the four materials, including northeast black earth, southeast red earth, northwest loess, and Xinjiang yellow sand earth. The results showed that significant differences existed in the composition of earth-based constructional materials from different regions, which have influence on the materials’ compressive strength. The order from large to small of compressive strengths was loess, black earth, yellow sandy earth, and red earth. Material load-displacement curves were influenced significantly by the plasticity index, but the overall failure processes of the various samples were basically the same.

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Akinkunmi, Joel Olukunle. "Dwelling Affordability from Theory to Practice: The Use of Earth as Indigenous Building Material for Sustainable Development Amidst Post Covid-19 Situation in Nigeria." International Journal of Civil Engineering, Construction and Estate Management 10, no. 1 (January 15, 2022): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37745/ijcecem.14/vo10.n1pp1320.

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Driven by urbanization and demographic growth in Nigeria, the estimated cost for low cost dwelling unit is very expensive, because of high cost of conventional building material. Indigenous building materials abound in our various locations and communities in our nation, in the olden days dwelling place were never an issue as man could make or create a dwelling place for himself and his family with available indigenous resources. He uses local materials such as earth, timber, bamboo, stone, thatch, bush rope, etc with one or two assistant and able to put together a dwelling to accommodate his activities. The paper examined earth as indigenous building materials and assessing local building cultures with earth for resilience and sustainable development for dwelling affordability in Nigeria. Also, it generates a practical guide for community-based assessment of earth material fortification without compromising the durability. The sustainability solution of earth as building material were discussed which include local employment opportunity for socio economic development among others. The paper then concludes on some sustainability strategies known with the earth over the year as productive and effective building material.

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Niroumand, Hamed, M. F. M. Zain, and Maslina Jamil. "The Important Role of Chogha Zanbil in Earth Architecture Based on Material, Structural and Architectural Aspects." Advanced Materials Research 457-458 (January 2012): 395–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.457-458.395.

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Earthen buildings come in a vast variety of shapes and sizes, made from materials like fired clay, compressed dirt and a mixture of clay, sand, straw and water. People have been using various forms of earth to build structures for centuries. The aim of this paper is to find better knowledge about Chogha Zanbil as an earth architecture based on material, structural and architectural conditions. Earth architecture includes vernacular and historical architecture drawn from many cultures and periods in different countries. Chogha Zanbil’s materials are included mud bricks and walls that are earth building’s elements. The result has shown mud bricks as good materials can be develop in new buildings and applications.

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Vyncke, Johan, Laura Kupers, and Nicolas Denies. "Earth as Building Material – an overview of RILEM activities and recent Innovations in Geotechnics." MATEC Web of Conferences 149 (2018): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814902001.

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This paper presents an overview of the different earth building techniques, the latest innovations and the normative aspects. The oldest man made earth constructions known to exist date back to 10 000 BC. Since then, earth has remained a popular building material throughout history. With time, different techniques evolved, starting from sundried adobe blocks to cob constructions, rammed earth walls and compressed earth bricks. Today these techniques are still being optimized and alternative binders, specifically adapted admixtures and surface treatments are being developed. Even though nearly one third of the world’s population lives in an earth construction, few specific building standards and testing methods exist. Many of the tests used today are based on tests for concrete and thus do not take into account the complex nature of earth constructions, such as their sensitivity to water. RILEM, the union of Laboratories and Experts in Construction Materials, Systems and Structures, set up a new Technical Committee in 2016: TC TCE (Testing and Characterisation of Earth-based building materials and elements). This committee, consisting of an international group of experts on the topic, aim to define testing procedures for earth as a building construction material. To end with, this paper also gives a short introduction to “Deep soil mixing”, an “earth” building technique dedicated to geotechnical engineering.

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Changhao, Yan, Dai Hongli, Guo Chunfang, Lu Ping, Wang Wenxuan, Zhang Ming, and Qiu Guanming. "Synthesis and Characterization of Rare Earth Luminescent Material Based on PEN." Journal of Rare Earths 25 (June 2007): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1002-0721(07)60515-8.

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Konstantatou, Marina, Salvador C. Navarro Perez, Daniel Piker, Miriam Dall’Igna, and Irene Gallou. "Off-Earth infrastructure assembly: A conceptual method for scaffoldless and mortarless component-based structures in static equilibrium." International Journal of Space Structures 37, no. 3 (September 2022): 196–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09560599221120032.

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Extra-terrestrial infrastructure design and architecture are experiencing a resurgence due to the prospect of permanent human presence on celestial bodies such as our moon and Mars. There, the conditions and constraints within which structural design and assembly should be developed are extreme – for example, scarcity of processed structural material, labour, machinery and imports from Earth. Consequently, the guiding design principles for building off-Earth should include efficient In-Situ Resource Utilisation (ISRU) and reusability. Significantly, these aspects have striking similarities to some characteristics of our vernacular construction history on Earth, such as inherent material efficiency and use of local materials. The majority of contemporary proposals for off-Earth design concern 3D-printed monolithic structures which are not reusable nor reconfigurable. As a result, there is scope for developing component-based, recyclable infrastructure which is based on efficient ISRU. In this research paper, we propose a two-fold assembly and structural design methodology which synthesises three-dimensional geometries in static equilibrium and vernacular construction techniques for deriving scaffoldless, component-based structures. This framework is underpinned by the development of a bespoke mechanically interlocking system which enables mortarless construction. This minimises the need for importing material binders and maximises the reconfigurability and reusability of off-Earth infrastructure.

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He, Yuping, Fan Sui, Susan M. Kauzlarich, and Giulia Galli. "Si-based Earth abundant clathrates for solar energy conversion." Energy Environ. Sci. 7, no. 8 (2014): 2598–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ee00256c.

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We synthesized a Si-based clathrate, composed entirely of Earth abundant elements, and using ab initio calculations and spectroscopic and Hall mobility measurement showed that it is a promising material for solar energy conversion.

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Suzuki, T., A. Sackmann, F. Lauxmann, C. Berthold, U. Weimar, and N. Bârsan. "CO2 sensing with gas sensors based on rare-earth compounds: Material exploration." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 317 (August 2020): 128128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2020.128128.

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Liao, Fu-Hui, and Jun-Ran Li. "Molecule-based electrorheological material, rare earth complex of β-cyclodextrin inclusion compound." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 394 (January 2012): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2011.11.020.

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El Hajjar, Ahmad, Joanna Eid, Tariq Ouahbi, and Said Taibi. "Risk of damage and desiccation cracking of construction materials based on raw earth." MATEC Web of Conferences 281 (2019): 01018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928101018.

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Nowadays, structures are mainly constructed using natural aggregates as sand and gravels. In the future, we would increasingly have to consider replacing them by more abundant and ecological natural materials such as raw earth. However, despite its many qualities (low gray energy, thermal and hygrometric isolation), this eco-material has some defects: cracking by desiccation. The later prevent its widespread diffusion. This study aims to understand the mechanisms of appearance and propagation of cracks in order to try to either prevent or repair it. To carry out this study, digital image correlation technique is used. It consists in performing free desiccation tests to follow the initiation and propagation of cracks, from the beginning of homogeneous strain until the appearance of discontinuity, in order to determine the strains tensor in the massif. In order to understand the origin of cracking, desiccation is studied for different boundary conditions and according to different intrinsic characteristics of the material.

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Tourtelot, Julia, Ann Bourgès, and Emmanuel Keita. "Influence of Biopolymers on the Mechanical Behavior of Earth-Based Building Materials." Recent Progress in Materials 03, no. 03 (March 9, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/rpm.2103031.

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Currently, the largest among the earth excavation sites in Europe are located in the Paris region. The soils excavated from these sites are often considered waste and are not valorized. With an increasing focus on sustainable development, the demand for low-carbon building materials is rising. Although construction using raw earth is a vernacular technique, the diversity in the behavior of the raw earth building materials warrants better control of their mechanical properties. The construction techniques differ depending on the location of the site, the composition of the earth, and the stabilizers used. Plant-based fibers and compounds extracted from plants are commonly used for reinforcing raw earth. Since such byproduct solutions have been developed worldwide, they differ significantly, and it becomes difficult to set a benchmark. The majority of the reported studies have directly used organic waste, rendering it difficult to characterize the material and extend the obtained results to other contexts. In order to reduce these variabilities, it becomes important to study the reinforcement of earth-based building materials with biopolymers that constitute the active molecules of the bio-based solutions. In the present study, different biopolymers derived from various vernacular techniques were utilized to increase the compressive strength of the construction soil collected from the Paris region. It was revealed that cellulose fibers and wheat starch increased the compressive strength of the earth from 3.5 MPa to 5.5 MPa and 4.5 MPa, respectively. In addition, the interactions of these biopolymers with clay were analyzed. The biopolymers identified as suitable for use in construction materials in the present study are widely available as wastes from paper, agricultural, or agro-food industries. These identified biopolymers would contribute to the development and standardization of construction using earth-based building materials.

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Nicholson, Philip D. "Earth-based observations of impact phenomena." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 156 (May 1996): 81–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100115465.

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Earth-based observations at near- and mid-infrared wavelengths were obtained for at least 15 of the SL9 impacts, ranging from the spectacular G, K and L events to the barely-detected N and V impacts. Although there were a few exceptions, most of the IR lightcurves fit a common pattern of one or two relatively faint precursor flashes, followed several minutes later by the main infrared event as the explosively-ejected plume crashed down onto the jovian atmosphere. Correlations with the impact times recorded by the Galileo spacecraft and plumes imaged by the Hubble Space Telescope lead to an interpretation of the twin precursors in terms of (i) the entry of the bolide into the upper atmosphere, and (ii) the re-appearance of the rising fireball above Jupiter's limb. Positive correlations are observed between the peak IR flux observed during the splashback phase and both pre-impact size estimates for the individual SL9 fragments and the scale of the resulting ejecta deposits. None of the fragments observed to have moved off the main train of the comet by May 1994 produced a significant impact signature. Earth-based fireball temperature estimates are on the order of 750 K, 30-60 sec after impact. For the larger impacts, the unexpectedly protracted fireball emission at 2.3 μm remains unexplained. A wide range of temperatures has been inferred for the splashback phase, where shocks are expected to have heated the re-entering plume material at least briefly to several thousand K, and further modelling is required to reconcile these data.

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Hasan, M. Mehedi, and M. Iqbal Bahar Chowdhury. "Modelling and Analysis of CdS/CZTSSe Based Thin Film Solar Cell." Journal of Modeling and Optimization 10, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.32732/jmo.2018.10.2.88.

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Solar cells with a High efficiency and desire characteristics are modelled by considering the characteristics of the materials. An earth-abundant material Cu2ZnSn2(S, Se)4 (CZTSSe) could be a wise choice for the solar cell material with a band gap of 1.24ev. In this paper, we made a model and try to represent an analysis of effect on J-V characteristics and quantum efficiency of CdS/CZTSSe based solar cell during varying material and optical properties includes emitter width, carrier life time and resistances. From this model we can easily understand the effect of material and optical properties and graphical analysis of proposed solar cell.

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Djamal, M., L.Yuliantini, R. Hidayat, K. Boonin, P. Yasaka, and J. Kaewkhao. "Development of Optical Material Based on Glass Doped Rare Earth for Photonic Devices." Materials Today: Proceedings 43 (2021): 2531–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.613.

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ZHANG, Xiao-lin, Si-yang MA, and Chun-lan LU. "Development of Single Molecular White Light Material Based on Rare Earth Europium Complexes." Chinese Journal of Luminescence 42, no. 11 (2021): 1781–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.37188/cjl.20210246.

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Cardoso, Rui, Jorge Pinto, Anabela Paiva, and João Carlos Lanzinha. "Earth-based construction material field tests characterization in the Alto Douro Wine Region." Open Engineering 7, no. 1 (December 29, 2017): 435–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2017-0048.

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AbstractThe Alto Douro Wine Region, located in the northeast of Portugal, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, presents an abundant vernacular building heritage. This building technology is based on a timber framed structure filled with a composite earth-based material. A lack of scientific studies related to this technology is evident, furthermore, principally in rural areas, this traditional building stock is highly deteriorated and damaged because of the rareness of conservation and strengthening works, which is partly related to the non-engineered character of this technology and to the knowledge loosed on that technique. Those aspects motivated the writing of this paper, whose main purpose is the physical and chemical characterization of the earth-based material applied in the tabique buildings of that region through field tests. Consequently, experimental work was conducted and the results obtained allowed, among others, the proposal of a series of adequate field tests. At our knowledge, this is the first time field tests are undertaken for tabique technology. This information will provide the means to assess the suitability of a given earth-based material with regards to this technology. The knowledge from this study could also be very useful for the development of future normative documents and as a reference for architects and engineers that work with this technology to guide and regulate future conservation, rehabilitation or construction processes helping to preserve this important legacy.

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Zheng, Kaikui, Chenghui Gao, Fushan He, and Wei Jiang. "Development of a high-quality rare earth oxide modified resin-based brake material." Tribology - Materials, Surfaces & Interfaces 13, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17515831.2019.1576449.

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Zhizun, Li, Han Fengqi, Lei Yongquan, and Yue Ying. "Influence of temperature on electrochemical performances of rare earth based hydrogen storage material." Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed. 21, no. 1 (March 2006): 19–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02861461.

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Jia, Yun-Ling, Li Huo, Yun Ma, Jun-Ran Li, Shao-Hua Zhang, and Ming-Xiu Li. "Molecule-based electrorheological material, a β-cyclodextrin derivative and its rare earth complexes." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 478, no. 1-2 (June 2009): 538–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2008.11.087.

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Nandi, Santosh S., Vinayak Adimule, Santosh A. Kadapure, and S. S. Kerur. "Rare Earth Based Nanocomposite Materials for Prominent Performance Supercapacitor: A Review." Applied Mechanics and Materials 908 (August 2, 2022): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-rff302.

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Rare-earth-based nanocomposites are currently attracting extensive research interest in biology, medicine, physics, chemistry and material science owing to their optical, electrical and electronic properties, their stability and novel applications. Rare-earth based nanomaterials, especially rare earth oxides (Yttrium oxide, Gadolinium oxide, lanthanum oxide, cerium dioxide, etc.) have fascinated people's devotion owing to their good environmentally friendly and redox properties characteristics. Rare-earth based nanomaterials with exceptional electrochemical properties can be attained by simple, low-cost, environmentally friendly approaches such as hydrothermal/solvothermal method, electrodeposition method, atomic layer deposition method, etc. The electrochemical and microstructures properties of the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling, potentiostatic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry, in this review, we present a wide-ranging explanation of synthesis methods, morphology and electrochemical performance of numerous rare-earth based nanomaterials used in supercapacitors. We present in this review a brief overview of the recent and general progresses in their functionalization and synthesis.

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Tarasova, Nataliia, Anzhelika Bedarkova, Irina Animitsa, Ksenia Belova, Ekaterina Abakumova, Polina Cheremisina, and Dmitry Medvedev. "Oxygen Ion and Proton Transport in Alkali-Earth Doped Layered Perovskites Based on BaLa2In2O7." Inorganics 10, no. 10 (October 1, 2022): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics10100161.

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Inorganic materials with layered perovskite structures have a wide range of physical and chemical properties. Layered perovskites based on BaLanInnO3n+1 (n = 1, 2) were recently investigated as protonic conductors. This work focused on the oxygen ion and proton transport (ionic conductivity and mobility) in alkali-earth (Sr2+, Ba2+)-doped layered perovskites based on BaLa2In2O7. It is shown that in the dry air conditions, the nature of conductivity is mixed oxygen–hole, despite the dopant nature. Doping leads to the increase in the conductivity values by up to ~1.5 orders of magnitude. The most proton-conductive BaLa1.7Ba0.3In2O6.85 and BaLa1.7Sr0.15In2O6.925 samples are characterized by the conductivity values 1.2·10−4 S/cm and 0.7·10−4 S/cm at 500 °C under wet air, respectively. The layered perovskites with Ruddlesden-Popper structure, containing two layers of perovskite blocks, are the prospective proton-conducting materials and further material science searches among this class of materials is relevant.

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Du, Chao, Cuirong Liu, Xu Yin, and Haocheng Zhao. "Effect of rare earth oxide CeO2 on the anodic bonding performance of PEG-based MEMS encapsulation materials." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 13, no. 3 (March 2021): 168781402110077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16878140211007712.

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Herein, we synthesized a new polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based solid polymer electrolyte containing a rare earth oxide, CeO2, using mechanical metallurgy to prepare an encapsulation bonding material for MEMS. The effects of CeO2 content (0–15 wt.%) on the anodic bonding properties of the composites were investigated. Samples were analyzed and characterized by alternating current impedance spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, tensile strength tests, and anodic bonding experiments. CeO2 reduced the crystallinity of the material, promoted ion migration, increased the conductivity, increased the peak current of the bonding process, and increased the tensile strength. The maximum bonding efficiency and optimal bonding layer were obtained at 8 wt% CeO2. This study expands the applications of solid polymer electrolytes as encapsulation bonding materials.

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Alexandrov, P. A., A. L. Vasiliev, V. I. Kalechits, Yu V. Kapustin, V. V. Klyuev, P. Yu Makaveev, T. D. Patsaev, and M. N. Shakhov. "Development of a lunar soil simulator for Earth-based experiments." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2192, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2192/1/012029.

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Abstract A simulator of lunar soil and lunar dust has been developed, designed for modeling various engineering processes in terrestrial conditions. The elemental and granulometric compositions of the simulator were studied using X-ray fluorescence analysis, scanning electron microscopy and laser light scattering. The resulting material will be used in the future to simulate thermophysical processes when creating lunar power generating plants. The finely dispersed component of the simulator based on basalt wool will be used to study the filtration of lunar dust.

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Tripathy, Debashis, and S. Sampath. "(Digital Presentation) Earth-Abundant Copper-Based Electrode Materials for Li-Ion Storage." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 2 (July 7, 2022): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-012286mtgabs.

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Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) find their use in almost all applications starting from electronic gadgets to grid energy storage and hybrid electric vehicles. In this direction, the development of high-capacity anodes is crucial to fulfil the increasing energy demand. To evaluate the Li+ ion storage performance, we have synthesized an earth-abundant copper-based electrode material, Cu3PS4, using the chemical vapor transport (CVT) method from the constituent elements Cu, P, and S in a 3:1:4 ratio. It has an enargite-type structure and has a layered-type morphology (Figure 1a). A high capacity of 970 mAh g-1 is obtained at 0.1 A g-1 current density. The electrode is amenable for high discharge rates up to 5 A g-1, and at a discharge rate of 1 A g-1, the cell can be cycled 5000 times with 90% capacity retention. The high electrochemical performance of the material is related to the conversion reaction as probed by in situ Raman spectroscopy (Figure 1b) and surface-controlled capacitive contribution due to the formation of a polymeric film over the electrode surface. A full cell with LiCoO2 cathode results in a large number of cycles with stable performance. Further improvement is achieved by forming a composite with an organic polymer, polybenzimidazole. The composite electrode delivers almost double the capacity of the pristine electrode. Other studies on the use of the electrode material to multivalent ion storage based on Mg2+, Zn2+, and Al3+ are in progress. Reference D. Tripathy and S. Sampath, J. Power Sources 2020, 478, 229066. Figure 1. (a) Unit cell structure and SEM image of Cu3PS4 and (b) in situ Raman spectra of the electrode after discharge. Figure 1

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Nagal, Raphael Kevin. "Glocalized Experiential Learning Infused Resource Package in Earth and Life Science." JPAIR Multidisciplinary Research 40, no. 1 (March 10, 2020): 153–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7719/jpair.v40i1.777.

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The study aimed towards the development and evaluation of glocalized experiential learning-infused resource package in Earth and Life Science. The study used the educational design research method and involved the generation of a learning resource package. Participants of the study include the Grade 11 students of LNFVHS, S.Y. 2019-2020, as well as learning experts. Both qualitative and quantitative data were gathered for the study. Qualitative data came from focus group discussions, while quantitative data came from the results of the Bioenergetics test and Learning Material Evaluation Form. The least mastered competencies generated were The Cell, Photosynthetic Reactions, and Acquisition and Utilization of Energy. From this result, a glocalized experiential learning infused resource package was developed consisting of three learning materials based on the least mastered concepts--two (2) print materials (Learner’s Material and Teacher’s Guide) and one (1) non-print (Video-Based Module). The resource package was rated as very acceptable (3.70 for Learner’s Material, 3.65 for Teacher’s Guide, and 3.62 for the Video-Based Module). The study revealed that when learning materials were glocalized, contextualized, and infused with experiential learning activities, learners were more likely to be engaged in learning the concepts. The learning package developed helped in encouraging independent learning and a good source of supplemental learning material for Grade 11 and other grade levels.

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Rempel, Alan W., and Alexandra R. Rempel. "Frost Resilience of Stabilized Earth Building Materials." Geosciences 9, no. 8 (July 26, 2019): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9080328.

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Earth-based building materials are increasingly valued in green design for their low embodied energy, humidity-buffering ability, and thermal stability. These materials perform well in warm dry climates, but greater understanding of long-term durability is needed for successful adoption in colder and/or wetter climates. The presence of stabilizers dramatically improves resistance to surface erosion from wind and rain, compared to unstabilized adobe and cob counterparts, and the influences of soil composition, fiber type, and diverse binders, on rain and wind surface erosion have been investigated in detail. Frost and freeze-thaw resistance, however, have been less well-studied, despite strong interest in stabilized earth materials in northern North America, Europe, and Asia. In particular, recent studies have relied on a widespread misunderstanding of the mechanism by which frost damage occurs in porous materials that will impede efforts to create valid models for material design and improvement. In addition, the influence of radiative thermal stresses on wall surfaces has been overlooked in favor of focus on ambient air temperatures. Here, we apply contemporary understanding of cracking by segregated ice growth to develop a macroscopic damage index that enables comparison between performance of different materials subject to different weather patterns. An examination of predicted damage patterns for two stabilized earth building materials and two conventional materials in twelve cities over two time periods reveals the dominant factors that govern frost vulnerability. We find that the frost resilience of earth building materials is comparable to that of the conventional materials we examined, and that assessments that neglect expected variations in water content by assuming full saturation are likely to yield misleading results. Over recent years, increased winter temperatures in several cities we examined predict reduced material vulnerability to frost damage, but we also find that accompanying increases in humidity levels have made some cities much more vulnerable.

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Irzon, Ronaldo, Agus Didit Haryanto, and Kurnia Miharja. "A Rare Earth Oxides-Containing Internal Reference Material of Purified Monazite from Bangka Island." Majalah Ilmiah Pengkajian Industri 16, no. 2 (August 30, 2022): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/mipi.v16i2.4879.

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Monazite mineral contains a sufficient composition of rare earth elements which are currently required widely in modern industries. Reference materials are needed to validate the measurement results, including the rare earth elements analysis. This study presents the processing of purified monazite from the PT Timah Metallurgical Unit in Muntok to become low-cost and rare earth oxides-containing internal reference material. Eight X-ray fluorescence measurements of four splits of the monazite were done for precision test and to establish its information values. The high CeO2 and LaO2 composition (>10%) implies the economic worth of the studied sample. Based on the acceptance criteria of RSDexperimental <10%, RSDexperimental ?66%xCVHorwitz, and Horrat <2, the concentration of fourteen analytes is acceptable to be set as information values. The studied monazite content resembles the other purified one of Myanmar. Its much lower phosphate composition signifies that the sample is more precious than refined monazites from Iran and Australia. Keyword: Monazite, Internal reference material, XRF, REE.

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Yang, Yong-Sen, Liu-Chao Qiu, Lei Tian, Jing-Jun Li, and Yu Han. "Numerical simulation of overtopping in the earth-filled dam based on material point method." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 531 (September 26, 2019): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/531/1/012020.

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Veriansyah, Ivan. "Hubungan Penerapan Strategi Pembelajaran Berbasis Masalah Oleh Guru Geografi pada Materi Bumi dan Jagad Raya dengan Hasil Belajar Siswa Kelas X SMA Negeri 10 Singkawang Tahun Ajaran 2012/2013." Jurnal PIPSI (Jurnal Pendidikan IPS Indonesia) 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26737/jpipsi.v1i1.109.

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This research aims to know the objective information about (1) the application of problem-based learning strategy about earth and solar system material of tenth grade students of SMA 10 Singkawang (2) students’ achievement about earth and solar system material of tenth grade students of SMA 10 Singkawang (3) the correlation between problem based learning strategy about earth and solar system material with the students’ achievement of tenth grade students of SMA 10 Singkawang.This research is quantitative research and uses correlation study method. The populations in this research are all the social tenth grade students which consist of 133 students and the samples are 53 students by using random sampling proportional technique. The technique of collecting the data is indirect observations and indirect communication. The tools of data collection are questionnaire and interview sheet. The data analysis technique in this research is using product moment correlation formula.The result of the research shows that (1) the application of problem based learning strategy about earth and solar system material of tenth grade students of SMA 10 Singkawang is “very good” with percentage 90,07%; (2) the average score of students’ achievement about earth and solar system material of tenth grade students of SMA 10 Singkawang is 78,58 and categorize as “good”; (3) there is a significant and positive correlation between problem based learning strategy about earth and solar system material with the students’ achievement of tenth grade students of SMA 10 Singkawang and the r is 0,7549 and categorize as “strong”.

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Dobrosielska, Marta, Renata Dobrucka, Michał Gloc, Dariusz Brząkalski, Marcin Szymański, Krzysztof J. Kurzydłowski, and Robert E. Przekop. "A New Method of Diatomaceous Earth Fractionation—A Bio-Raw Material Source for Epoxy-Based Composites." Materials 14, no. 7 (March 28, 2021): 1663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14071663.

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The authors of this paper use an original method of diatomaceous earth fractionation, which allows for obtaining a filler with a specific particle size distribution. The method makes it possible to separate small, disintegrated and broken diatom frustules from those which maintained their original form in diatomaceous earth. The study covers a range of tests conducted to prove that such a separated diatomic fraction (3–30 µm) shows features different from the base diatomite (from 1 to above 40 µm) used as an epoxy resin filler. We have examined the mechanical properties of a series of diatomite/resin composites, considering the weight fraction of diatoms and the parameters of the composite production process. The studied composites of Epidian 601 epoxy resin cross-linked with amine-based curing agent Z-1 contained 0 to 70% vol. of diatoms or diatomaceous earth. Samples were produced by being casted into silicone molds in vacuum degassing conditions and, alternatively, without degassing. The results have shown that the size and morphology of the filler based on diatomaceous earth affects mechanical and rheological properties of systems based on epoxy resin. Elongation at rupture and flexural stress at rupture were both raised by up to 35%, and impact strength by up to 25%.

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Bian, Shihai, Bo Wu, and Yongzheng Ma. "Modeling Static Behavior of Rockfill Materials Based on Generalized Plasticity Model." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (September 8, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2371709.

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Rockfill materials are commonly used for dam construction. Establishing an effective model that can reasonably describe the mechanical properties of rockfill material is very important for the calculation of earth-rock dam engineering. Based on the generalized plasticity model of sand, a modified generalized plasticity model suitable for rockfill material is established by modifying the plastic modulus. Focusing on three types of stress paths (e.g., CT test, CP test, and CR test), the stress path adaptability of the modified generalized plasticity is studied. Simulation results show that the proposed model can well predict the strength characteristics while it underestimates the shrinkage characteristics of rockfill materials for constant P test. It is difficult for the generalized plasticity model to predict larger radial shrinkage strain for constant stress ratio tests. This shortcoming can be improved by employing a modified dilatancy equation. Finally, by introducing critical state theory and considering the effect of initial void ratio on plastic modulus, a state-dependent generalized plasticity model is proposed and verified by experiment of granite rockfill materials and TRM with different void ratios. These works covers the most common stress paths related to the construction of earth-rock dams and can capture static behavior of rockfill materials.

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Kupka, Tomasz "Tomi." "Nature-inspired Material – A Step Ahead in Dental Materials." International Annals of Science 12, no. 1 (November 29, 2022): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/ias.12.1.31-46.

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Glass-ionomer is first choice widely used biomaterial in caries disease. The evolution of dental material science includes insertion of new components into conventional material. A literature-based review outline of biomaterials for dental restorations development was presented in nature-inspired context. This article is a tribute to the entire research community, for all listed and unlisted, involved throughout the ages in the science of dental materials with the key inventions and milestones for humanity well-being on Earth. Results. Since the Neolithic, the human mind has been seeking for a matter to replace missing tooth tissue imitating/mimicking natural organ in appearance and function, what we call biomimetic/biomimicry approach. However, this restoring philosophy does not refer to the natural composition of hard tooth tissues. Possibly, there is another one concept of drawing inspiration from nature for the design of future dental materials. Nature-inspired synthesis goes beyond aesthetic/and anatomical similarities, and delves into the mechanistic, physico-chemical features or structure-phase of natural systems. In this context, pure glass-ionomer might be taken into consideration as a starting material. However, the search for synthetic nature-inspired mesomaterial with a structural-phase composition analogous to enamel/dentine/cementum, transforming into the original host hard tissues, should focus on elongated hydroxyapatite dipole control for creating and organizing into enamel prisms, and the interwoven alignment of perpendicular clusters/bunches in a picket-fence resembling three-dimensional order. The results of previous studies confirming the possibility of the formation of apatite-enamel-like tissue in glass-ionomer are promising. The concept of inclusion of calcium phosphate nanocrystals/substitution of glass filler seems to be forward-looking. The future role of polyelectrolyte organic matrix based on synthetic tooth polypeptides crosslinked with modified analogues of natural adhesives is still undiscovered.

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Yusnimar, Yusnimar, J. N. Rahman, and P. Ningendah. "UTILIZATION SPENT BLEACHING EARTH AS A FILLER OF MATERIAL CONSTRUCTION." INFO-TEKNIK 22, no. 1 (August 14, 2021): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/infotek.v22i1.11209.

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Spent bleaching earth (SBE) is a waste from cooking oil industry. It is categorized as one of the hazardous and toxic materials, because oil residues in it. Generally, SBE is overcome by landfill and it’s sometimes become problems. Basically SBE contains SiO2 and the size of the grain is very fine, almost the same as the fine aggregate of sand used for making brick. In this study, the making of brick used SBE with several variations (2.75% - 27.52%) of the total raw materials used. Brick making methods are based on SNI 03-0348-1989 for raw material ratio, SNI 03-0348-1989 for molding and presshing, SNI 03-6825-2002 for drying and curing. The brick quality was determined based on fineness modulus parameters, dry weight, brick absorption to water and compressive strength. Brick contain SBE 2.75% was produced with molding size of 15cm x 30cm x 9cm, it has an average dry weight of 7.80 kg, compressive strength of 8.95 MPa and absorbing power of 1.26%.

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Li, Xiang Qian, Zheng Yan Liu, Xian Qiang Mao, Tao Hu, Yu Ping Wu, and Yi Qian. "Rare Earth-Containing Waste Generated in Production and its Environmental Impact Analysis — Based on the Findings of Baotou Region, Inner Mongolia." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 3436–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.3436.

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The article is based on the survey of rare earth enterprises in Baotou region, Inner Mongolia, analyzes the sorts of rare earth-containing waste produced in rare earth production and their environmental impact. The main sorts of rare earth-containing waste include: low-grade ore generated in the mining sector, tailings from mineral concentrating; water-soaked residue generated in smelting and separating sectors, and solid waste from functional material producing sectors. The low-grade ore has a certain degree of radioactivity, if the economic and technological conditions allowed it also can be used to produce rare-earth. Tailings from mineral concentrating, in addition to radioactivity, it also produces environment pollution to atmosphere, soil and water. However, these tailings are not waste, but the second rare earth mine. Water-soaked residue is radioactive hazardous waste, now stored in line with disposal regulations. Solid wastes from functional materials producing have been recycled and have less impact on the environment.

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Gupta, Manoj, and Wai Leong Eugene Wong. "High Performance Magnesium Based Composites Containing Nano-Length Scale/Amorphous/Hollow Reinforcements." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 642–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.642.

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Magnesium is the lightest weight metallic material that can be used in multiple engineering applications and biomedical sector as a structural material. It is abundantly available in earth’s crust and sea water and non-toxic in nature. Inherent to magnesium is its superior specific mechanical properties, high damping, electromagnetic shielding capability and ability to reduce carbon signature of the transportation sector.Magnesium is one of the widely available metal in earth crust and sea water. It is non-toxic and hence does not pose a health risk during recycling or waste dumping in natural water bodies. As a result, magnesium technology is sustainable and beneficial to planet earth and living organisms.Magnesium based materials are gradually being used in many applications and their performance and applications can further be stretched using the composite technology. Accordingly, the main scope of this paper is to highlight the enhancement of a number of properties of magnesium through the use of nanolength scale, amorphous and hollow reinforcements.

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Righter, Kevin, Christopher D. K. Herd, and Asmaa Boujibar. "Redox Processes in Early Earth Accretion and in Terrestrial Bodies." Elements 16, no. 3 (June 1, 2020): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/gselements.16.3.161.

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The Earth is a unique rocky planet with liquid water at the surface and an oxygen-rich atmosphere, consequences of its particular accretion history. The earliest accreting bodies were small and could be either differentiated and undifferentiated; later larger bodies had formed cores and mantles with distinct properties. In addition, there may have been an overall trend of early reduced and later oxidized material accreting to form the Earth. This paper provides an overview—based on natural materials in our Earthbound sample collections, experimental studies on those samples, and calculations and numerical simulations of differentiation processes—of planetary accretion, core–mantle equilibration, mantle redox processes, and redox variations in Earth, Mars, and other terrestrial bodies.

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Belarbi, Yassine Elias, Mohamed Sawadogo, Philippe Poullain, Nabil Issaadi, Ameur El Amine Hamami, Stéphanie Bonnet, and Rafik Belarbi. "Experimental Characterization of Raw Earth Properties for Modeling Their Hygrothermal Behavior." Buildings 12, no. 5 (May 12, 2022): 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12050648.

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Raw earth is one of the oldest building materials of mankind. Almost a third of the world’s population is living in an earth-based house. However, their use remains low compared to conventional materials such as concrete, steel, and wood. Although these geosourced materials are abundant, recyclable, and have a low environmental footprint, their use is very limited in the construction sector. This can be explained by the lack of data regarding their hygrothermal behavior. In this context, the present work aims to highlight the properties of cob construction material with straw addition. An experimental characterization of hygrothermal and microstructural properties has been carried out. Thermal conductivity, specific heat, sorption isotherms, moisture storage capacity, moisture buffer value (MBV), and water vapor permeability are obtained experimentally. Then, the collected data are used as input parameters of a numerical prediction model to numerically assess the thermal and hygric behavior. Cob is then compared to other more commonly used materials to highlight the benefits of its use within the context of the energetic and environmental transition. Our results will allow better understanding of the behavior of the new geosourced material thanks to experimental and numerical investigation.

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Dayu, Refni, Jamal Mirdad, and Nidya Fitri. "Pengembangan Multimedia Google Earth Berbasis Virtual Mata Pelajaran Ski di Madrasah Tsanawiyah (MTs)." Ideas: Jurnal Pendidikan, Sosial, dan Budaya 8, no. 3 (September 13, 2022): 1179. http://dx.doi.org/10.32884/ideas.v8i3.902.

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Multimedia Development of Virtual-Based Google Earth Learning in SKI Subjects in MTs, The development of virtual-based google earth learning multimedia is an effort to visualize places / locations in three dimensions because lectures are insufficient in expressing material orally and using media have not varied used by teachers so that students are unable to understand the material about SKI subjects. This has an impact on one of the factors that make SKI subjects difficult to understand. The research aims to develop multimedia learning SKI (History of Islamic Culture) in Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri 1 Solok by using an interactive multimedia format in showing the places where the dawah trip of Prophet Muhaamad saw. in Makkah and to find out the validity of virtual-based google earth learning multimedia. The research methods used are research and development (development research) the ADDIE model developed by Dick and Carry (1) needs analysis; (2) design of the developed product; (3) expert validation and revision; (4) field trials. Instruments for collecting data in this study are interviews, observations, validation sheets. The multimedia that has been developed is then tested for validity by experts using Aikens V. Research results show that the results of virtual-based google earth multimedia validation are categorized as very valid (0.915). Based on the validation results, this virtual-based google earth multimedia is valid for use in ski learning the dawah material of the Prophet Muhammad saw in Makkah.

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Sharma, Shashank, Sanjay Kumar Dubey, and A. K. Diwakar. "An Emerging and Valuable Trendson Rare Earth Silicate Based Different Colours Light Emitting Phosphors - A Review." International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology 6, no. 6 (June 30, 2020): 121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.46501/ijmtst060626.

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In this present review paper, which deals on these emerging research areas indicated that deep studied the concept of rare earth doped silicate material with different colour Light emitting phosphors. We find that reliability analysis on photo luminescence properties of different colour LED’s Emission and excitation spectra with different wavelength. An application in various branches that can be better futuristic Scopes improvement. With this vision we are used new nano materials also built a suitable learning environmental and low-cost LED’s for all the aspects regarding use of new advanced technology in conformity with demand of present society

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Zhang, Kun, Bai-Ru Lu, Yi-Hong Wang, Zhan Qu, and Le Qu. "Study on the Modification Formula of Earth Material Compound with Cement and Gravel by Single Lattice Theory." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (December 19, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8136570.

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Gravel and cement can effectively improve the low strength of traditional Earth materials. There have been few studies on test methods for raw soil-based composite admixtures. By introducing the theory of single lattice formula testing, the compressive strength of 10 formulas and 60 modified raw soil cubic specimens were tested. The failure process, failure mode, and compressive strength of specimens were studied. The effects of different formulations of raw soil on strength, peak displacement, and dispersion were analyzed. The results showed that cement content had a significant effect on the compressive strength and dispersion of earth material specimens. The optimal modification formula of cement, gravel, and raw soil was determined to be 0.1/0.08/0.82 (mass ratio). At the same time, the applicability of the test method was verified, which can be used as a reference for the experimental study on modification formulations of earth materials.

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Zhao, Angela. "An Empirical Study of CAPM’s Applicability to Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Material Stocks." Proceedings of Business and Economic Studies 5, no. 2 (April 28, 2022): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/pbes.v5i2.3819.

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China has the world’s largest reserves of rare earth elements. Rare earth permanent magnet material has always been one of the popular industries in the investment market. CAPM is the basic asset-pricing model in financial economics. There are a number of studies conducted to examine the applicability of CAPM to stock markets in different industries and to investigate the modification method to improve the model’s prediction accuracy. In this study, seven leading enterprises in China’s rare earth permanent magnet material industry listed on the A-share market were selected as the research subjects. Based on CAPM, regression analysis was conducted on the monthly data from March 2016 to February 2022. The results demonstrated that using the ? coefficient to explain the risk of China’s rare earth permanent magnet industry is ineffective. The ultimate benefit was less affected by market indexes but mainly by non-systematic risks. CAPM has low applicability to China’s rare earth permanent magnet material industry and requires further improvement. Nevertheless, CAPM still has some guiding significance in making enterprise comparisons and investment decisions.

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Ghoshir, U. G., S. R. Kande, G. G. Muley, and A. B. Gambhire. "Synthesis and Characterization of Co-Doped Fly Ash Catalyst for Chalcone Synthesis." Asian Journal of Chemistry 31, no. 10 (August 30, 2019): 2165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2019.22053.

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A series of solid base fly ash hybrid materials were synthesized by doping alkali, alkaline earth metals with nitrogen, separately using co-precipitation process, combined with surfactant incorporating method. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Results revealed that the co-doped hybrid materials are highly stable with particle size in the range of 40-60 nm. The surface basicity of fly ash was upraised by increased hydroxyl content by doping with alkali, alkaline earth metals with nitrogen. The basicity of hybrid material was measured by liquid phase, solvent free, single step condensation of 4-chlorobenzaldehyde and acetophenone giving higher conversion rate and selectivity of desired product chalcone. This conversion showed that the fly ash based hybrid material has sufficient basic site, responsible for the catalytic activity

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Schroeder, Horst, and Manfred Lemke. "Sustainability of earth building materials - Environmental product declarations as an instrument of competition in building material industry." VITRUVIO - International Journal of Architectural Technology and Sustainability, no. 1 (December 29, 2015): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/vitruvio-ijats.2015.4474.

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The evaluation of the building process in terms of their environmental impact in all life cycle phases of a building leads to the key principle of sustainable building: the analysis of the life cycle of the materials used in a building. The goal of this analysis is to reduce waste and keep the environmental impact as low as possible by “closing” the cycle. During an inventory, the entire life cycle is assessed. This includes the sourcing and extracting of the raw material, the use of the raw material to produce building products, elements and structures, the use in finished buildings including emission of pollutants, decay and maintenance, and, finally, the demolition of the building and the recycling of the demolition materials. Transportation between the individual phases as well as production-related material and energy flows are also included in this evaluation.Several European and national norms and regulations define core rules and a special instrument for the evaluation of the sustainable quality of a building product based on a quantitative analysis of the life cycle of the materials used in a building: the Environmental Product Declaration EPD. These documents are voluntary standards, commitments or guarantees for building products. They are provided by producers, organizations and quality assurance associations in order to establish the “environmental performance” of buildings in the form of a certificate. Such declarations must fully include all phases of the life cycle of a product by describing the environmental impact during production and use as well as possible health hazards for the users.Until now, EPDs for earth building products do not exist. This paper will give current information about a project for developing EPDs for earth mortars and earth blocks started by the German Dachverband Lehm e.V. (DVL).

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Fabbri, Antonin, Jean Claude Morel, Jean-Emmanuel Aubert, Quoc-Bao Bui, Domenico Gallipoli, Anne Ventura, Venkatarama B. V. Reddy, Erwan Hamard, Antoine Pelé-Peltier, and Holur Narayanaswamy Abhilash. "An overview of the remaining challenges of the RILEM TC 274-TCE, testing and characterisation of earth-based building materials and elements." RILEM Technical Letters 6 (January 6, 2022): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.2021.149.

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Based on the RILEM Technical Committee 274-TCE work, this paper is a discussion of the remaining engineering challenges faced by earthen architecture. The assessment of earth material performances requires the development of appropriate procedures and standards. This is discussed in particular for the characterisation, hygrothermal behaviour, mechanical behaviour, and durability of earth materials. One other important challenge, since one of the main advantages classically put forward, is its ecological performance, is a proper assessment of life cycle assessment of earth materials, elements and buildings. Moreover, the paper develops why the approach to earthen construction must be different compared to the dominant construction materials, to preserve its ability to contribute to the ecological transition in the construction sector. In particular, the needs of using local soils, with an architectural approach coping with the limits of the materials, and developing an architectural optimisation to preserve the earthen materials multifunctionality rather than selecting a sole property to be maximised. Lastly, the findings of the paper can be used to develop a holistic approach to earthen construction to foster the development of new earthen architecture projects.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Earth-based material'

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