Relevant bibliographies by topics / Early Years (5 - 10 years)

Academic literature on the topic 'Early Years (5 - 10 years)'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 19 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Early Years (5 - 10 years)"

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Morgan, D. A. L., H. Fiona Robinson, Leela Marsh, and P. J. Bradley. "Vocal quality 10 years after radiotherapy for early glottic cancer." Clinical Radiology 39, no. 3 (January 1988): 295–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-9260(88)80541-5.

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Loeb, S., Z. Feng, A. Ross, B. J. Trock, E. B. Humphreys, and P. C. Walsh. "Can PSA testing stop 10 years after radical prostatectomy?" Journal of Clinical Oncology 29, no. 7_suppl (March 1, 2011): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2011.29.7_suppl.179.

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179 Background: Biochemical recurrence (BCR) most frequently occurs within the first five years following radical prostatectomy. Prior studies have suggested an association between lower-risk disease features and BCR at 5 years postoperatively. The objective of our study was to determine predictors of BCR ≥10 years after radical prostatectomy, and to examine the relationship between timing of BCR with the subsequent risk of metastases and cancer-specific mortality. Methods: Among 10,609 men from our institutional radical prostatectomy database, we identified 1684 men with BCR (PSA >0.2 ng/ml) without prior hormonal or radiation therapy. These men were classified into by the time of BCR: early (<5 years), intermediate (5-10 years), and late (>10 years). Univariable and multivariable models were used to examine the association of clinico-pathologic variables with the timing of BCR. We also examined metastasis-free and cancer-specific survival based upon the timing of BCR. Results: Of BCR, 77.0%, 16.6%, 4.9%, and 1.5% occurred at <5, 5-10, 10-15, and >15 years postoperatively. Late recurrences were associated with more favorable pathologic features, and were unlikely to develop metastases or prostate cancer-specific mortality. Conclusions: The majority of BCR occurs within 10 years of surgery. Although 6.4% of BCR occurred at ≥10 years, these patients were unlikely to subsequently develop metastases or die from prostate cancer. Patients who remain free from progression at 10 years postoperatively should be counseled that their risk of subsequent cancer-related morbidity and mortality is low. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Gómez-Palomares, JL, B. Acevedo-Martín, L. Andrés, E. Ricciarelli, and ER Hernández. "LH improves early follicular recruitment in women over 38 years old." Reproductive BioMedicine Online 12, no. 1 (January 2006): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60993-5.

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Gómez-Palomares, JL, B. Acevedo-Martín, L. Andrés, E. Ricciarelli, and ER Hernández. "LH improves early follicular recruitment in women over 38 years old." Reproductive BioMedicine Online 11, no. 4 (January 2005): 409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1472-6483(10)61131-5.

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Gray, Richard G., Daniel Rea, Kelly Handley, Sarah Jane Bowden, Philip Perry, Helena Margaret Earl, Christopher John Poole, et al. "aTTom: Long-term effects of continuing adjuvant tamoxifen to 10 years versus stopping at 5 years in 6,953 women with early breast cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 18_suppl (June 20, 2013): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.18_suppl.5.

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5 Background: In estrogen-receptor-positive (ER+) early breast cancer, 5 years of tamoxifen reduces breast cancer death rates by about a third throughout years 0-14. It has been uncertain how 10 years of tamoxifen compares with this. Methods: During 1991-2005, 6,953 women with ER+ (n=2755), or ER untested (4198, estimated 80% ER+ if status known) invasive breast cancer from 176 UK centres were, after 5 years of tamoxifen, randomized to stop tamoxifen or continue to year 10. Annual follow-up recorded compliance, recurrence, mortality, and hospital admissions. Results: Allocation to continue tamoxifen reduced breast cancer recurrence (580/3468 vs 672/3485, p=0.003). This reduction was time dependent: rate ratio 0.99 during years 5-6 [95%CI 0.86-1.15], 0.84 [0.73-0.95] during years 7-9, and 0.75 [0.66-0.86] later. Longer treatment also reduced breast cancer mortality (392 vs 443 deaths after recurrence, p=0.05), rate ratio 1.03 [0.84-1.27] during years 5-9 and 0.77 [0.64-0.92] later; and overall mortality (849 vs 910 deaths, p=0.1), rate ratio 1.05 [0.90-1.22] during years 5-9 and 0.86 [0.75-0.97] later. Non-breast-cancer mortality was little affected (457 vs 467 deaths, rate ratio 0.94 [0.82-1.07]). There were 102 vs 45 endometrial cancers RR=2.20 (1.31-2.34, p<0.0001) with 37 (1.1%) vs 20 (0.6%) deaths (absolute hazard 0.5%, p=0.02). Combining the similar results of aTTom and its international counterpart ATLAS (Lancet 2013) enhances statistical significance of recurrence (p<0.0001), breast cancer mortality (p=0.002) and overall survival (p=0.005) benefits. Conclusions: aTTom confirms that, in ER+ disease, continuing tamoxifen to year 10 rather than just to year 5 produces further reductions in recurrence, from year 7 onward, and breast cancer mortality after year 10. Taken together with the reduction in breast cancer deaths seen in trials of 5 years of tamoxifen vs none, these results indicate that 10 years of adjuvant tamoxifen, compared to no tamoxifen, reduces breast cancer mortality by about one third in the first 10 years following diagnosis and by a half subsequently. Clinical trial information: ISRCTN17222211.
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Sheridan, Margaret, Maria Kharitonova, Rebecca E. Martin, Aparna Chatterjee, and John D. E. Gabrieli. "Neural Substrates of the Development of Cognitive Control in Children Ages 5–10 Years." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 26, no. 8 (August 2014): 1840–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00597.

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Cognitive conflict detection and resolution develops with age across childhood and likely supports age-related increases in other aspects of cognitive and emotional development. Little is known about the neural correlates of conflict detection and resolution in early childhood. In the current study, we investigated age-related change in neural recruitment during a blocked spatial-incompatibility task (Simon task) in children ages 5–10 years using fMRI. Cortical thickness was measured using structural MRI. Across all children, there was greater activation in right prefrontal and bilateral parietal cortices for incompatible than compatible conditions. In older children, compared with younger children, there was decreased activation and decreased gray matter thickness in the medial PFC. Thickness and activation changes across age were associated within participants, such that thinner cortex was associated with less activation in the rostral ACC. These findings suggest that developmental change in medial PFC activation supports performance on cognitive control tasks in early childhood.
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Awdish, Rana L. A., and Hector R. Cajigas. "Early Initiation of Prostacyclin in Portopulmonary Hypertension: 10 Years of a Transplant Center’s Experience." Lung 191, no. 6 (August 25, 2013): 593–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00408-013-9501-5.

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Gray, Richard G., Daniel Rea, Kelly Handley, Sarah Jane Bowden, Philip Perry, Helena Margaret Earl, Christopher John Poole, et al. "aTTom: Long-term effects of continuing adjuvant tamoxifen to 10 years versus stopping at 5 years in 6,953 women with early breast cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2013): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.5.

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5 The full, final text of this abstract will be available at abstract.asco.org at 7:30 AM (EDT) on Sunday, June, 2, 2013, and in the Annual Meeting Proceedings online supplement to the June 20, 2013, issue of Journal of Clinical Oncology. Onsite at the Meeting, this abstract will be printed in the Sunday edition of ASCO Daily News.
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Theander, Lisa, Minna Willim, Jan Åke Nilsson, Magnus Karlsson, Kristina E. Åkesson, Lennart T. H. Jacobsson, and Carl Turesson. "Changes in bone mineral density over 10 years in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis." RMD Open 6, no. 1 (February 2020): e001142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/rmdopen-2019-001142.

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ObjectivesTo investigate changes in bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) over a 10-year period.MethodsConsecutive patients with early RA (symptom duration <12 months) were followed according to a structured programme and examined with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at inclusion and after 2, 5 and 10 years. Mean Z-scores over the study period were estimated using mixed linear effect models. Changes in Z-scores between follow-up visits were analysed using paired T-tests.ResultsAt inclusion, 220 patients were examined with DXA. At the femoral neck, the mean Z-score over 10 years was −0.33 (95 % CI −0.57 to −0.08) in men and −0.07 (−0.22 to 0.08) in women. Men had significantly lower BMD at the femoral neck than expected by age at inclusion (intercept Z-score value −0.35; 95 % CI −0.61 to −0.09), whereas there was no such difference in women. At the lumbar spine, the mean Z-score over the study period for men was −0.05 (−0.29 to 0.19) and for women 0.06 (−0.10 to 0.21). In paired comparisons of BMD at different follow-up visits, femoral neck Z-scores for men decreased significantly from inclusion to the 5-year follow-up. After 5 years, no further reduction was seen.ConclusionsIn this observational study of a limited sample, men with early RA had reduced femoral neck BMD at diagnosis, with a further significant but marginal decline during the first 5 years. Lumbar spine BMD Z-scores were not reduced in men or women with early RA. Data on 10-year follow-up were limited.
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Hackshaw, Allan, Michael Roughton, Sharon Forsyth, Kathryn Monson, Krystyna Reczko, Richard Sainsbury, and Michael Baum. "Long-Term Benefits of 5 Years of Tamoxifen: 10-Year Follow-Up of a Large Randomized Trial in Women at Least 50 Years of Age With Early Breast Cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 29, no. 13 (May 1, 2011): 1657–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2010.32.2933.

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Purpose The Cancer Research UK “Over 50s” trial compared 5 and 2 years of tamoxifen in women with early breast cancer. Results are reported after median follow-up of 10 years. Patients and Methods Between 1987 and 1997, 3,449 patients age 50 to 81 years with operable breast cancer who had been taking 20 mg of tamoxifen for 2 years were randomly assigned to either stop or continue for an additional 3 years, if they were alive and recurrence free. Data on recurrences, new tumors, deaths, and cardiovascular events were obtained (April 2010). Results There were 1,103 recurrences, 755 deaths as a result of breast cancer, 621 cardiovascular (CV) events, and 236 deaths as a result of CV events. Fifteen years after starting treatment, for every 100 women who received tamoxifen for 5 years, 5.8 fewer experienced recurrence, compared with those who received tamoxifen for 2 years. The risk of contralateral breast cancer was significantly reduced (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.48 to 1.00). Among women age 50 to 59 years, there was a 35% reduction in CV events (P = .005) and 59% reduction in death as a result of a CV event (P = .02); in older women, the effect was much smaller and not statistically significant. Conclusion Taking tamoxifen for the recommended 5 years reduces the risk of recurrence or contralateral breast cancer 15 years after starting treatment. It also lowers the risk of CV disease and death as a result of a CV event, particularly among those age 50 to 59 years. Women should therefore be encouraged to complete the full course. Although aromatase inhibitors improve disease-free survival, tamoxifen remains a cheap and highly effective alternative, particularly in developing countries.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Early Years (5 - 10 years)"

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Crowe, Susan, and scrowe@ceo balrt catholic edu au. "Dance, Drama and Music - a Foundation for Education: A Study on Implementing the Performing Arts in the Early Years of Education." RMIT University. Education, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080207.135338.

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ABSTRACT In the early years of education, the Performing Arts assume a particular significance as learning is both in and through the Arts. When appropriately managed, they are enjoyed in their own right, but also permeate other areas of the curriculum enabling greater relevance and meaning. The Performing Arts are an excellent means through which children, in their early years of schooling explore and express their feelings. Dance, drama and music are Arts disciplines through which children investigate ideas and exhibit opinions about their known and unknown world. The Performing Arts make an effective contribution to the personal and social development of children. The Performing Arts provide an interesting way for teaching young children the values which many adults believe are vital in today's society. Through the Arts children are able to develop social competencies. Participation in the Arts motivates and enhances young children's desire to learn. The Arts have an important role in inspiring and improving the w hole school environment. This research investigated the teaching of the Performing Arts in primary schools in Catholic Education in the Northern Zone of the Diocese of Ballarat. Literature on curriculum development, education in early schooling, and delivery of the arts and education is examined, as well as the impact of the implementation of the Performing Arts stream of the Victorian Essential Learning Standards. Education of pre-service teachers and the continued professional development of experienced teachers is discussed as is the role of education systems in providing this teacher education. Generalist (non-specialist) teachers from primary schools in the Northern Zone were surveyed and interviewed to establish the current situation regarding the Performing Arts in schools. Based on the literature and the data collected and analysed from the survey and interviews, a number of teaching for learning models were proposed. These models placed the child at the centre of the educational experience, linking the school to the community. The models were informed by current Government and Catholic Education policy. The various components included the current curriculum the Victorian Essential Learning Standards, the important roles played by the school, the teacher and parents. The importance of teacher education and further professional development to ensure the teacher has the knowledge, skills and attitudes needed to implement a quality program was also an important aspect of the models. Findings from the research established that many teachers had basic skills in teaching the different areas of Performing Arts, but lacked confidence in their ability to do so. Therefore, in a number of schools, programs in Performing Arts were either based around the annual school concert or were non-existent. Many teachers used simple Performing Arts activities as a means to teaching knowledge and skills in other curriculum areas. As a result of the research findings and the model development, a resource to enable and assist in the teaching of the Performing Arts was developed for the teachers to implement an appropriate Performing Arts program in the early years of education.
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Douglas, Tonia Anne. "Early life predictors of persistent atopic asthma in young children : The relationships between atopy and bronchial sensitisation to allergen at age 5 years and current atopic asthma at age 10." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.499926.

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Lygina, Natalya. "Educational Scientific toys for children of 5-10 years." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Arquitetura, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/13584.

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Rhoads, Jacqueline, and Jo-Ann Marrs. "Disorders Usually Presenting in Infancy or Early Childhood 0-5 Years Age." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2010. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7098.

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Book Summary: This quick reference serves as an authoritative clinical guide to diagnostic treatment and monitoring recommendations for patients with mental disorders in the primary care setting. It offers fast and efficient access to evidence-based diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for managing psychiatric and mental health conditions. The book guides family and adult advanced practice nurses in making clinical decisions that are supported by the best available evidence, reflecting current research and expert consensus. Additionally, researchers may use this book to identify important clinical questions where more research could be conducted to improve treatment decision making. This comprehensive text is organized by major diagnostic categories, such as anxiety disorders, with specific diagnoses organized alphabetically within each category. It supports informed practice, which increases confidence in differential diagnosis, safe and effective treatment decision making, reliable treatment monitoring and, ultimately, improved patient outcomes. Additionally, DSM-IV-TR diagnostic standard summaries and ICD-9 codes are incorporated for use in the clinical setting. It is an essential resource in everyday practice for all health care providers.
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McGregor, Jennifer. "Feedfoward postural adjustments associated with unilateral rapid arm motion in children aged 4- and 5-years and 10- and 11-years." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0020/MQ57143.pdf.

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Bradfield, Anthony J. "Differential Returns to Ability and College Major 5, 10, and 15 Years after Graduation." University of Toledo Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=uthonors1345568869.

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Tansel, Rifat Baran. "Effects Of 5 Week Nordic Hamstring Strength Training On 10-12 Years Old Male Basketball Players." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12607913/index.pdf.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Nordic hamstring strength training (NHST) program on (1) leg power, (2) vertical jump, (3) and knee proprioception measurements of 10-12 years old male basketball players. Nordic Hamstring Strength Training (NHST) group (N=16), participated in basketball training plus in Nordic hamstring strength training, while the control group (N=11) participated in basketball training only. Subjects were tested before and after 5-week training program for, vertical jump, isokinetic leg strength and knee proprioception. Each subject who agreed to participate in this investigation signed a consent form along their parent. Pre and post test differences between experimental and control group was investigated by MANOVA and paired sample t-test was used to evaluate the differences between pre and post tests of both groups. There was no significant difference in pre and post test results of NHST and control group. There were statistically significant increase in concentric quadriceps and hamstring strength, eccentric quadriceps strength, conventional H:Q strength ratio, and vertical jumping measurements in experimental group between the pre and post tests. It can be concluded that NHST program combine with basketball training has beneficial effects on the leg strength and H:Q strength ratio. These findings also suggest that hamstring exercise may be beneficial or helpful for preventing the hamstring injury occurrence and improving the physical performances such as jumping ability.
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Rajih, Salam. "NON-TRADITIONAL EXPOSURES AND CHILDHOOD DENTAL CARIES AMONG CHILDREN 1-5 YEARS OLD." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2017. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/465418.

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Clinical Research and Translational Medicine
M.S.
Background: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is one of the most common chronic illnesses among young children, affecting around 23% of children 2-5 years old, leading to pain, discomfort, and poor quality of life. It is a multi-factorial disease that develops through the combined effects of bacteria, tooth morphology, fermentable carbohydrates, time, and various social factors. Several studies have investigated the associations between dental caries and non-traditional factors acquired during the first years of life including; mode of delivery, breastfeeding, and Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS). However, the literature on these associations has been inconsistent. Objective: To investigate the unadjusted and adjusted associations between the presence of Early Childhood Caries (ECC) and Severe-ECC (S-ECC), and three non-traditional factors: breastfeeding, mode of delivery, and ETS, among children 1-5 years old. Methods: A cross-sectional design was employed, and a sample of 112 caregiver/ child dyads was recruited from the ongoing flow of patients at Temple University Maurice H. Kornberg School of Dentistry (TUKSoD). After consent, subjects completed a questionnaire and received a standard intra-oral examination and the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD) Caries-risk Assessment Tool (CAT) by a student doctor. The study was approved by the Temple University Institutional Review Board (Protocol # 23885). Chi-square tests, two-sample t-tests and bivariate logistic regressions were used to assess the unadjusted associations. Two multivariable logistic models were developed for ECC and S-ECC and included demographics, overall CRA, and the three non-traditional risk factors. Results: The prevalence of ECC and S-ECC were 61% and 30%, respectively. The following variables were significant in the unadjusted analysis for both ECC and S-ECC: child’s age, maternal educational attainment, overall AAPD CAT classification, sugary snacks per day, presence of plaque on child’s teeth and ETS. Exposure to ETS was associated with an increased adjusted odds ratio for ECC (aOR=5.39 [95% CI: 1.14-25.33], P=0.033), but not for S-ECC. Furthermore, C-section birth was associated with a decreased adjusted odds ratio for both ECC and S-ECC, respectively (ECC: aOR=0.132 [95% CI: 0.02-0.72], P=0.02; S-ECC: aOR=0.141 [95% CI: 0.026-0.748], P=0.021). With inclusion of the AAPD CAT, demographics, and the three non-traditional factors, the overall model accuracy at predicting ECC was 82.2%. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: In this study of urban, predominantly African American, and low income children, ECC was found associated with two non-traditional factors, ETS and mode of delivery, suggesting that including them in CRA may improve prediction of future dental caries, and aid in the prevention and treatment of disease. Results from this study support the notion that ECC is a multi-factorial disease, and highlights the importance of adopting oral health education among caregivers.
Temple University--Theses
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Boddum, Megan R. "Plugged in| A focused look at parents' use of smartphones among children 2-5 years of age." Thesis, Mills College, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1538383.

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Personal handheld media use, in particular the smartphone has increased in the last few years. Research has highlighted the increase of smartphone use among elementary age children but there is little information about how younger children use this tool and how parents feel about using technology with preschoolers. The purpose of this study was to investigate how preschool age children use the smartphone and to further explore parents' perceptions of this popular form of technology. The current study surveyed 141 parents about their practices and beliefs regarding their preschooler's smartphone use. Results revealed that preschoolers' smartphone use is prevalent, that the smartphone is being used for various purposes, and that parents have positive as well as negative feelings about their children's use. These results support the need for future research on the role of technology in very young children's learning.

Keywords: Smartphone, digital media, mobile technology, preschool children

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Nwosu, Emmanual Chukwubuikem. "Brain morphometry of HIV-infected children on early antiretroviral therapy (ART) from age 5 to 9 years." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32309.

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As of 2017, 1.8 – 2.1 million children vertically infected with HIV were living in sub-Saharan Africa, of whom an estimated 320, 000 were in South Africa. Since implementation of the prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) strategy, the infection rate has reduced substantially. More recently, the World Health Organisation's (WHO) recommendation of early antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation for children with perinatal HIV infection has considerably decreased the immediate effects of perinatal HIV infection, including mortality and morbidity. Despite this, not much is known about the long-term outcome of continued ART on early-treated, perinatally HIV-infected children. Early HIV invasion of the developing brain is associated with neurodevelopmental delays and neurocognitive deficits including encephalopathy, slower processing speed, language impairment, lack of concentration and attentiveness, and psychomotor slowing. Alterations in the neurodevelopmental trajectories of brain morphology, including cortical thickness and folding (gyrification) and sub-cortical volumes may be related to the observed neurocognitive deficits during a critical period of brain development spanning from mid-childhood into early adolescence (age 5 -13 years). The effects may be studied using structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and automated segmentation software. FreeSurfer (https://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/) is a valuable tool for investigating brain morphology but was not originally designed for segmenting pediatric brains. In this study we therefore first validate the latest FreeSurfer version 6.0.0 against manual segmentation for the study of pediatric HIV. We then assessed the long-term effects of perinatal HIV infection, early ART initiation as well as clinically designed ART interruption, HIV-related encephalopathy, disease severity at ART initiation and immune health measures on the developmental trajectories of cortical thickness and folding (gyrification) over the period from 5-9 years. Study participants were 141 children (75 HIV+, 66 uninfected controls; 72 male) from the Cape Town arm of the children with HIV early antiretroviral therapy (CHER) clinical trial. HIV+ children were randomized at age 6 -12 weeks to receive either immediate limited ART for 40 or 96 weeks, to be restarted when clinical and/or immunological criteria were met, or to start ART only when they developed HIV symptoms or CD4 percentage dropped below 20% (25% in the first year) as per guidelines at the time. Uninfected controls comprised children born to HIV+ mothers (HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU)) or uninfected mothers (HIV-unexposed (HU)) and were recruited from an interlinking vaccine trial. MRI scans were performed at time points around their 5th, 7th and 9th birthdays, in accordance with protocols approved by the human research ethics committees of the Universities of Stellenbosch and Cape Town and voluntary informed consent was received from either participants or their guardians. Both automated and manual methods were used to segment brain regions from high-resolution structural MRI scans. In addition, FreeSurfer was used to examine cross-sectional differences in cortical thickness and gyrification over the cortical surface at age 5. Linear mixed-effects models were used in conjunction with FreeSurfer's longitudinal processing stream to calculate and compare the annual rate of change in cortical thickness and gyrification between ages 5 and 9 in HIV+ children and controls. Results showed that automated FreeSurfer segmentation tended to overestimate volumes of all structures relative to manual segmentation, except the left caudate nucleus. Consistency and agreement between methods were highest for the putamen (Consistency: right ICC=0.89, left ICC=0.90; agreement: right ICC=0.84, left ICC=0.83) and lowest for the corpus callosum (consistency ICC=0.64, agreement ICC=0.26). There were no subcortical volume differences between HIV+ children and controls, except the globus pallidus which was smaller in HIV+ children using both manual and automated segmentation. Subsequent cross-sectional FreeSurfer analyses showed widespread regional increases in cortical thickness and decreases in gyrification at age 5 years, related to the effects of perinatal HIV-infection and early ART initiation. Clinically designed interruption led to thicker cortex in the left rostral middle frontal and right insula regions and, lower left precuneus and right superior frontal, as well as higher lateral occipital gyrification compared to HIV- controls. There were significant regional differences due to HIV severity based on CDC classification and viral burden at enrolment both in cortical thickness and gyrification compared to controls. Cortical thickness was not associated with immune health parameters, while gyrification was negatively associated with immune health measures. However, the linear rate of change of cortical thickness and gyrification from age 5 to 9 in the HIV+ children was not different from that of uninfected controls, nor was it different between controls and children on interrupted or continuous ART. Children with HIV-related encephalopathy showed a decrease in gyrification with age during this period, in contrast to controls who showed stable gyrification except in frontal regions where gyrification increased with age. Children with perinatal HIV infection display alterations in cortical development due to ART interruption and disease severity at age 5 years, despite starting ART early in life. Our results suggest that cortical gyrification is more sensitive than cortical thickness to effects of perinatal HIV infection. ART interruption and disease severity at ART initiation affect cortical morphometry development at age 5 years in a perinatally infected, early-treated pediatric cohort. However, on continued ART the cortical developmental trajectory is no different from that of uninfected controls. Any structural defects resulting from ART interruption appear to normalise by age 9, except in children with HIV-related encephalopathy, who show an altered trajectory of gyrification development.
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Books on the topic "Early Years (5 - 10 years)"

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National strategic planning framework (NSPF): Next 5-10 years. Nuku'alofa, Tonga: Ministry of Finance and National Planning, 2010.

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Andreoni, Wanda, ed. The Chemical Physics of Fullerenes 10 (and 5) Years Later. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8682-5.

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Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Education and Employment Committee. Education Sub-Committee. Early years: Minutes of evidence Wednesday 5 April 2000. London: Stationery Office, 2000.

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McLachlan, Claire J., and Alison W. Arrow, eds. Literacy in the Early Years. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2075-9.

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Carlsen, Martin, Ingvald Erfjord, and Per Sigurd Hundeland, eds. Mathematics Education in the Early Years. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34776-5.

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Clark, Gloria Frolek. Occupational therapy practice guidelines for early childhood: Birth through 5 years. Bethesda, MD: AOTA Press/American Occupational Therapy Association, 2013.

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Gregory, Jill. A 3-5 unit: Evaluating an alternative for the early years. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1994.

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How to absolutely, positively look 5 to 10 years younger / by Sharon Boyd. Malibu, Calif: Valley of the Sun Pub., 1995.

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Clarke, Margaret. Lovell Park Early Years Centre, Leeds: Date of inspection 10/12/97. [London]: Ofsted, 1997.

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United States. Office of Educational Research and Improvement, Geological Survey (U.S.), and National Geographic Society (U.S.), eds. Helping your child learn geography: With activities for children from 5 to 10 years of age. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement in cooperation with U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey & National Geographic Society, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Early Years (5 - 10 years)"

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Inoué, Shinya. "Early Years." In Pathways of a Cell Biologist, 1–39. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0947-1_1.

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Brock, Avril. "Playing in the early years." In Perspectives on Play, 157–89. Third Edition. | New York: Routledge, 2019. | "Second edition: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351258128-5.

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Schumann, Fred R. "Early Years of the Sarariiman." In Changing Trends in Japan's Employment and Leisure Activities, 11–17. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3608-8_2.

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Holland, Wendy. "Loris Malaguzzi (1920–94)." In Early Years Pioneers in Context, 155–67. New York, NY : Routledge, 2016.: Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315747026-10.

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Moran, Moira. "Conclusions." In Communication for the Early Years, 128–31. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351166447-10.

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Swiniarski, Louise. "Susan Blow (1843–1916)." In Early Years Pioneers in Context, 65–78. New York, NY : Routledge, 2016.: Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315747026-5.

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Kent, Julie, and Sarah McDonald. "Collaborative practice in communication for the early years." In Communication for the Early Years, 57–70. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351166447-5.

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Costa, Cristina, and Asunción Esteve. "The healthy home at early years." In People, Care and Work in the Home, 40–57. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020. | Series: Routledge advances in sociology: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367823351-5.

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Vasilyeva, Marina, and Aleksander Veraksa. "Executive functions development in early years." In Vygotsky’s Theory in Early Childhood Education and Research, 54–67. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315098203-5.

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McLachlan, Claire J., and Alison W. Arrow. "Conceptualising Literacy in the Early Childhood Setting." In Literacy in the Early Years, 1–19. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2075-9_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Early Years (5 - 10 years)"

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Singh, Nisha. "Cohort study of vulvar cancer cases over a period of 10 years." In 16th Annual International Conference RGCON. Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Private Ltd., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1685356.

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Objective: To study the risk factors, management protocols and outcome of vulvar cancer cases over a period of 10 years in a tertiary care hospital. Methods: It is a retrospective cohort study of vulvar cancer from January 2004 to January 2014 at King George Medical University, Lucknow. Hospital records of 41 patients with histologically proven diagnosis of vulvar cancer were studied from Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Department of Radiotherapy. The presence of risk factors, stage of disease, treatment modalities used and disease outcome in terms survival were studied. The data collected was analyzed and compared with the published literature. Results: The mean age for diagnosis of vulvar cancer was 52 years and peak incidence was seen in age group of 50-70 years. Incidence was significantly more in multiparous (p = 0.001) and postmenopausal women (p = 0.007). An average of 4.1 cases were seen per year. 97.56% cases were squamous cell carcinomas including one case of verrucous carcinoma. Only one non-squamous case of Bowen’s disease was seen. 20 cases belonged to early stage (1 and 2) while 21cases had advanced disease (3 and 4). 48.78% cases were primarily treated with surgery, 26.83% with radiotherapy, 7.3% with chemotherapy and 17.07% with combined chemoradiation. 78% of surgically treated cases had mean survival of 5 years. Mean survival of 1 year was recorded in advanced disease cases. Limitation of the study was poor follow up after treatment. Conclusion: Incidence of vulvar cancer is significantly high in multiparous and postmenopausal women. Surgical treatment is the best option in early stage of disease (stage I and II) and gives high survival rates while advanced disease treated with chemoradiation has poor survival.
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Lohrisch, C., C. Speers, S. Chia, H. Kennecke, S. Ellard, and S. Tyldesley. "Abstract P1-13-01: Risk of recurrence following 5 years of adjuvant hormone therapy for hormone receptor positive early breast cancer." In Abstracts: Thirty-Sixth Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium - Dec 10-14, 2013; San Antonio, TX. American Association for Cancer Research, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs13-p1-13-01.

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Rea, D., A. Hasenburg, C. Seynaeve, S. Jones, J. Vannetzel, R. Paridaens, C. Markopoulos, et al. "Five Years of Exemestane as Initial Therapy Compared to 5 Years of Tamoxifen Followed by Exemestane: The TEAM Trial, a Prospective, Randomized, Phase III Trial in Postmenopausal Women with Hormone-Sensitive Early Breast Cancer." In Abstracts: Thirty-Second Annual CTRC‐AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium‐‐ Dec 10‐13, 2009; San Antonio, TX. American Association for Cancer Research, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs-09-11.

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Kiryachek, S. A., T. R. Toloraya, and M. V. Marchenko. "Yields of maize of different maturity groups depending on the planting dates and plant density in the northern zone of the Krasnodar Territory." In CURRENT STATE, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN SCIENCE. Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-2020-5-9-10-26.

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Research tasks include identifying the optimal planting dates, plant density, establishing morphological characteristics and yield of maize hybrids of different maturity groups. Studies were conducted in the northern zone of the Krasnodar Territory. On average for two years, the yields of early ripening and mid-early hybrids were 6.15 and 7.58 t/ha, respectively (early planting dates, plant density - 80 thousand per hectare). However, the maximum grain productivity (6.48 t/ha) showed late-ripening maize hybrid when planting lately at density of 50 thousand per hectare.
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Pan, Hongchao, Jeremy Braybrooke, Richard Gray, Richard Peto, Rosie Bradley, Robert Hills, Jonas Bergh, et al. "Abstract GS2-04: Improvements in long-term outcome for women with estrogen receptor positive (ER+) early stage breast cancer treated with 5 years of endocrine therapy: Analyses of 82,598 women in the Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group (EBCTCG) database." In Abstracts: 2019 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; December 10-14, 2019; San Antonio, Texas. American Association for Cancer Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs19-gs2-04.

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Goss, P., E. Mamounas, R. Jakesz, C. Markopoulos, M. Dowsett, R. Peto, J. Godwin, and C. Davies. "Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs) Versus Not (Placebo/Observation) as Late Extended Adjuvant Therapy for Postmenopausal Women with Early Stage Breast Cancer (BC): Overviews of Randomized Trials of AIs after ∼ 5 Years of Tamoxifen." In Abstracts: Thirty-Second Annual CTRC‐AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium‐‐ Dec 10‐13, 2009; San Antonio, TX. American Association for Cancer Research, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs-09-4081.

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Frenel, Jean-Sebastien, Loïc Campion, Marie Robert, Classe Jean-Marc, Campone Mario, and Camille Moreau-Bachelard. "Abstract P3-08-17: Clinical factors of late recurrence of HR+ early breast cancer after completion of 5 years of aromatase inhibitor and development of a prognostic tool. A study of 1496 women of the ICO database." In Abstracts: 2019 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; December 10-14, 2019; San Antonio, Texas. American Association for Cancer Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs19-p3-08-17.

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Fontaine, C., S. Hanssens, Den Berge D. Van, L. Decoster, D. Schallier, D. Declippeleir, M. Vanhoeij, J. Lamote, R. Sacre, and Grève J. De. "P2-17-08: rospective Study of Aromatase Inhibitor Induced Bone Loss and Lipid Levels in Early Postmenopausal (PM) Hormone Receptor Positive (HR+) Breast Cancer (BC) Patients Treated with Adjuvant Letrozole Extended beyond 5 Years (yrs)." In Abstracts: Thirty-Fourth Annual CTRC‐AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium‐‐ Dec 6‐10, 2011; San Antonio, TX. American Association for Cancer Research, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs11-p2-17-08.

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Hill, Rodney. "Educating Children in Manufacturing and Mechanical Concepts." In ASME 2008 9th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2008-59312.

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A multilevel, multifaceted learning environment has been designed at the NSF Engineering Research Center for Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems (ERC/RMS) to help young children (ages 5 to 10 years) understand the basic concepts of manufacturing industry and to appreciate why manufacturing is important to their lives. The design of this environment is grounded on observed interactions of children and technology, research literature on pupil’s understanding of mechanics and on the concepts of a rich learning environment. The components of this environment include stories, cartoon characters, puzzles, games, and solitary and group activities. The activities require easily available household objects and common toys. These materials are targeted for families with early-elementary and home-schooled children.
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Pizzichini, Graziella. "Early detections of properties of Gamma-Ray Bursts." In Swift: 10 Years of Discovery. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.233.0098.

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Reports on the topic "Early Years (5 - 10 years)"

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Baker, Richard W. Indonesia's Political Evolution Over the Next 5-10 years. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada539334.

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Guzzo, Karen. Twenty Years of Change in Unintended Births. National Center for Family and Marriage Research, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25035/ncfmr/fp-21-01.

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Although unintended childbearing has declined in recent years (Finer and Zolna, 2016; Jones and Jerman, 2017), reducing unintended childbearing remains a public health goal in the U.S. due to its links to poorer outcomes for mothers, children, and families (Healthy People 2030). In this profile, we investigate trends in birth intendedness among women 15-44 between 1997 and 2018 using the 2002, 2006-10, 2011-15, and 2015-19 cycles of the National Survey of Family Growth1. Birth intendedness is based on a series of questions in which women were asked to characterize each birth as on time, mistimed (wanted but occurring earlier than desired), or unwanted (the respondent did not want any births at all or no additional births). When births were reported as mistimed, women were asked how much earlier than desired the birth occurred, and we categorize mistimed births into two groups: slightly mistimed (less than two years earlier than desired) or seriously mistimed (two or more years too early). This profile is an update of FP-17-08 and is the first in a three-part series on unintended fertility in the U.S.
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Eckman, Stephanie, Joe Eyerman, and Dorota Temple. Unmanned Aircraft Systems Can Improve Survey Data Collection. RTI Press, June 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2018.rb.0018.1806.

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Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), or drones, will disrupt many industries in the next 5 to 10 years. In this research brief, we speculate about how UAS could be used in survey data collection to make survey data more accurate and/or less costly. We put forth three ideas for how UAS can be used to improve surveys in the future to (1) supplement survey data with UAS photo and sensor data; (2) deliver survey hardware to selected respondents, and (3) detect and enumerate housing units for sample selection.
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Wei, Fulu, Ce Wang, Xiangxi Tian, Shuo Li, and Jie Shan. Investigation of Durability and Performance of High Friction Surface Treatment. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317281.

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The Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) completed a total of 25 high friction surface treatment (HFST) projects across the state in 2018. This research study attempted to investigate the durability and performance of HFST in terms of its HFST-pavement system integrity and surface friction performance. Laboratory tests were conducted to determine the physical and mechanical properties of epoxy-bauxite mortar. Field inspections were carried out to identify site conditions and common early HFST distresses. Cyclic loading test and finite element method (FEM) analysis were performed to evaluate the bonding strength between HFST and existing pavement, in particular chip seal with different pretreatments such as vacuum sweeping, shotblasting, and scarification milling. Both surface friction and texture tests were undertaken periodically (generally once every 6 months) to evaluate the surface friction performance of HFST. Crash records over a 5-year period, i.e., 3 years before installation and 2 years after installation, were examined to determine the safety performance of HFST, crash modification factor (CMF) in particular. It was found that HFST epoxy-bauxite mortar has a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) significantly higher than those of hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures and Portland cement concrete (PCC), and good cracking resistance. The most common early HFST distresses in Indiana are reflective cracking, surface wrinkling, aggregate loss, and delamination. Vacuum sweeping is the optimal method for pretreating existing pavements, chip seal in particular. Chip seal in good condition is structurally capable of providing a sound base for HFST. On two-lane highway curves, HFST is capable of reducing the total vehicle crash by 30%, injury crash by 50%, and wet weather crash by 44%, and providing a CMF of 0.584 in Indiana. Great variability may arise in the results of friction tests on horizontal curves by the use of locked wheel skid tester (LWST) due both to the nature of vehicle dynamics and to the operation of test vehicle. Texture testing, however, is capable of providing continuous texture measurements that can be used to calculate a texture height parameter, i.e., mean profile depth (MPD), not only for evaluating friction performance but also implementing quality control (QC) and quality assurance (QA) plans for HFST.
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Thomas, Douglas, and Mellon Michael. Sublimation of terrestrial permafrost and the implications for ice-loss processes on Mars. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41244.

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Sublimation of ice is rate-controlled by vapor transport away from its outer surface and may have generated landforms on Mars. In ice-cemented ground (permafrost), the lag of soil particles remaining after ice loss decreases subsequent sublimation. Varying soil-ice ratios lead to differential lag development. Here we report 52 years of sublimation measurements from a permafrost tunnel near Fairbanks, Alaska, and constrain models of sublimation, diffusion through porous soil, and lag formation. We derive the first long-term in situ effective diffusion coefficient of ice-free loess, a Mars analog soil, of 9.05 × 10⁻⁶ m² s⁻¹, ~5× larger than past theoretical studies. Exposed ice-wedge sublimation proceeds ~4× faster than predicted from analogy to heat loss by buoyant convection, a theory frequently employed in Mars studies. Our results can be used to map near-surface ice-content differences, identify surface processes controlling landform formation and morphology, and identify target landing sites for human exploration of Mars.
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Putriastuti, Massita Ayu Cindy, Vivi Fitriyanti, and Muhammad Razin Abdullah. Leveraging the Potential of Crowdfunding for Financing Renewable Energy. Purnomo Yusgiantoro Center, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33116/br.002.

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• Renewable energy (RE) projects in Indonesia usually have IRR between 10% and 15% and PP around 6 to 30 years • Attractive return usually could be found in large scale RE projects, although there are numerous other factors involved including technology developments, capacity scale, power purchasing price agreements, project locations, as well as interest rates and applied incentives. • Crowdfunding (CF) has big potential to contribute to the financing of RE projects especially financing small scale RE projects. • P2P lending usually targeted short-term loans with high interest rates. Therefore, it cannot be employed as an alternative financing for RE projects in Indonesia. • Three types of CF that can be employed as an alternative for RE project funding in Indonesia. Namely, securities, reward, and donation-based CF. In addition, hybrid models such as securities-reward and reward-donation could also be explored according to the project profitability. • Several benefits offer by securities crowdfunding (SCF) compared to conventional banking and P2P lending, as follows: (1) issuer do not need to pledge assets as collateral; (2) do not require to pay instalment each month; (3) issuer share risks with investors with no obligation to cover the investor’s loss; (4) applicable for micro, small, medium, enterprises (MSMEs) with no complex requirements; and (5) there is possibility to attract investors with bring specific value. • Several challenges that need to be tackled such as the uncertainty of RE regulations; (1) issuer’s inability in managing the system and business; (2) the absence of third parties in bridging between CF platform and potential issuer from RE project owner; (3) the lack of financial literacy of the potential funders; and (4) lastly the inadequacy of study regarding potential funders in escalating the RE utilisation in Indonesia.
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Al-Qadi, Imad, Egemen Okte, Aravind Ramakrishnan, Qingwen Zhou, and Watheq Sayeh. Truck Platooning on Flexible Pavements in Illinois. Illinois Center for Transportation, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-010.

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Truck platoons have many benefits over traditional truck mobility. Truck platoons have the potential to improve safety and reduce fuel consumption between 5% and 15%, based on platoon configuration. In Illinois, trucks carry more than 50% of freight tonnage and constitute 25% of the traffic on interstates. Therefore, expected fuel savings would be significant for trucks. Deployment of truck platoons within interstate highways may have a direct effect on flexible pavement performance, as the time between consecutive axle loads (i.e., resting time) is expected to decrease significantly. Moreover, platoons could potentially accelerate pavement damage accumulation due to trucks’ channelized position, decreasing pavement service life and increasing maintenance and rehabilitation costs. The main objective of this project was to quantify the effects of truck platoons on pavements and to provide guidelines to control corresponding potential pavement damage. Finite-element models were utilized to quantify the impact of rest period on pavement damage. Recovered and accumulated strains were predicted by fitting exponential functions to the calculated strain profiles. The results suggested that strain accumulation was negligible at a truck spacing greater that 10 ft. A new methodology to control pavement damage due to truck platoons was introduced. The method optimizes trucks’ lateral positions on the pavements, and an increase in pavement service life could be achieved if all platoons follow this optimization method. Life cycle assessment and life cycle cost analysis were conducted for fully autonomous, human-driven, and mixed-traffic regimes. For example, for an analysis period of 45 years, channelized truck platoons could save life cycle costs and environmental impacts by 28% and 21% compared with human-driven trucks, respectively. Furthermore, optimum truck platoon configuration could reduce life cycle costs and environmental impacts by 48% and 36%, respectively, compared with human-driven trucks. In contrast, channelized traffic could increase pavement roughness, increasing fuel consumption by 15%, even though platooning vehicles still benefit from reduction in air drag forces. Given that truck platoons are expected to be connected only in the first phase, no actions are required by the agency. However, in the second phase when truck platoons are also expected to be autonomous, a protocol for driving trends should be established per the recommendation of this study.
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Agrawal, Asha Weinstein, and Hilary Nixon. What Do Americans Think About Federal Tax Options to Support Transportation? Results from Year Twelve of a National Survey. Mineta Transportation Institute, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2101.

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This report summarizes the results from the twelfth year of a national public opinion survey asking U.S. adults questions related to their views on federal transportation taxes. A nationally-representative sample of 2,516 respondents completed the online survey from February 5 to 23, 2021. The questions test public opinions about raising the federal gas tax rate, replacing the federal gas tax with a new mileage fee, and imposing a mileage fee just on commercial travel. In addition to asking directly about support for these tax options, the survey collected data on respondents’ views on the quality of their local transportation system, their priorities for federal transportation spending, their knowledge about gas taxes, their views on privacy and equity matters related to mileage fees, travel behavior, and standard sociodemographic variables. This large set of variables is used to identify personal characteristics and opinions correlated with support for the tax options. Key findings include that large majorities supported transportation improvements across modes and wanted to see the federal government work towards making the transportation system well maintained, safe, and equitable, as well as to reduce the system’s impact on climate change. Findings related to gas taxes include that only 2% of respondents knew that the federal gas tax rate had not been raised in more than 20 years, and 71% of respondents supported increasing the federal gas tax by 10 cents per gallon if the revenue would be dedicated to maintenance. With respect to mileage fees, roughly half of respondents supported some form of mileage fee, whether that was assessed on all travel or just on commercial travel, 62% believe that low-income drivers should pay a reduced mileage fee rate, and 52% think that electric vehicles should pay a lower rate than gas and diesel vehicles. The analysis of trends across the survey series, which has run from 2010 to 2011, shows that support for both higher gas taxes and a hypothetical new mileage fee has risen slowly but steadily, and Americans’ experience with COVID over the past year has not disrupted those trends. Finally, support for the tax and fee options varies mostly by most personal characteristics, but there are frequently large differences correlated with age, community type, and political affiliation.
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Chou, Roger, Rongwei Fu, Tracy Dana, Miranda Pappas, Erica Hart, and Kimberly M. Mauer. Interventional Treatments for Acute and Chronic Pain: Systematic Review. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer247.

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Objective. To evaluate the benefits and harms of selected interventional procedures for acute and chronic pain that are not currently covered by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) but are relevant for and have potential utility for use in the Medicare population, or that are covered by CMS but for which there is important uncertainty or controversy regarding use. Data sources. Electronic databases (Ovid® MEDLINE®, PsycINFO®, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) to April 12, 2021, reference lists, and submissions in response to a Federal Register notice. Review methods. Using predefined criteria and dual review, we selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for 10 interventional procedures and conditions that evaluated pain, function, health status, quality of life, medication use, and harms. Random effects meta-analysis was conducted for vertebral compression fracture; otherwise, outcomes were synthesized qualitatively. Effects were classified as small, moderate, or large using previously defined criteria. Results. Thirty-seven randomized trials (in 48 publications) were included. Vertebroplasty (13 trials) is probably more effective at reducing pain and improving function in older (>65 years of age) patients, but benefits are small (less than 1 point on a 10-point pain scale). Benefits appear smaller (but still present) in sham-controlled (5 trials) compared with usual care controlled trials (8 trials) and larger in trials of patients with more acute symptoms; however, testing for subgroup effects was limited by imprecision. Vertebroplasty is probably not associated with increased risk of incident vertebral fracture (10 trials). Kyphoplasty (2 trials) is probably more effective than usual care for pain and function in older patients with vertebral compression fracture at up to 1 month (moderate to large benefits) and may be more effective at >1 month to ≥1 year (small to moderate benefits) but has not been compared against sham therapy. Evidence on kyphoplasty and risk of incident fracture was conflicting. In younger (below age for Medicare eligibility) populations, cooled radiofrequency denervation for sacroiliac pain (2 trials) is probably more effective for pain and function versus sham at 1 and 3 months (moderate to large benefits). Cooled radiofrequency for presumed facet joint pain may be similarly effective versus conventional radiofrequency, and piriformis injection with corticosteroid for piriformis syndrome may be more effective than sham injection for pain. For the other interventional procedures and conditions addressed, evidence was too limited to determine benefits and harms. Conclusions. Vertebroplasty is probably effective at reducing pain and improving function in older patients with vertebral compression fractures; benefits are small but similar to other therapies recommended for pain. Evidence was too limited to separate effects of control type and symptom acuity on effectiveness of vertebroplasty. Kyphoplasty has not been compared against sham but is probably more effective than usual care for vertebral compression fractures in older patients. In younger populations, cooled radiofrequency denervation is probably more effective than sham for sacroiliac pain. Research is needed to determine the benefits and harms of the other interventional procedures and conditions addressed in this review.
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Over, Thomas, Riki Saito, Andrea Veilleux, Padraic O’Shea, Jennifer Sharpe, David Soong, and Audrey Ishii. Estimation of Peak Discharge Quantiles for Selected Annual Exceedance Probabilities in Northeastern Illinois. Illinois Center for Transportation, June 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/16-014.

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This report provides two sets of equations for estimating peak discharge quantiles at annual exceedance probabilities (AEPs) of 0.50, 0.20, 0.10, 0.04, 0.02, 0.01, 0.005, and 0.002 (recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 500 years, respectively) for watersheds in Illinois based on annual maximum peak discharge data from 117 watersheds in and near northeastern Illinois. One set of equations was developed through a temporal analysis with a two-step least squares-quantile regression technique that measures the average effect of changes in the urbanization of the watersheds used in the study. The resulting equations can be used to adjust rural peak discharge quantiles for the effect of urbanization, and in this study the equations also were used to adjust the annual maximum peak discharges from the study watersheds to 2010 urbanization conditions. The other set of equations was developed by a spatial analysis. This analysis used generalized least-squares regression to fit the peak discharge quantiles computed from the urbanization-adjusted annual maximum peak discharges from the study watersheds to drainage-basin characteristics. The peak discharge quantiles were computed by using the Expected Moments Algorithm following the removal of potentially influential low floods defined by a multiple Grubbs-Beck test. To improve the quantile estimates, regional skew coefficients were obtained from a newly developed regional skew model in which the skew increases with the urbanized land use fraction. The skew coefficient values for each streamgage were then computed as the variance-weighted average of at-site and regional skew coefficients. The drainage-basin characteristics used as explanatory variables in the spatial analysis include drainage area, the fraction of developed land, the fraction of land with poorly drained soils or likely water, and the basin slope estimated as the ratio of the basin relief to basin perimeter. This report also provides: (1) examples to illustrate the use of the spatial and urbanization-adjustment equations for estimating peak discharge quantiles at ungaged sites and to improve flood-quantile estimates at and near a gaged site; (2) the urbanization-adjusted annual maximum peak discharges and peak discharge quantile estimates at streamgages from 181 watersheds including the 117 study watersheds and 64 additional watersheds in the study region that were originally considered for use in the study but later deemed to be redundant. The urbanization-adjustment equations, spatial regression equations, and peak discharge quantile estimates developed in this study will be made available in the web-based application StreamStats, which provides automated regression-equation solutions for user-selected stream locations. Figures and tables comparing the observed and urbanization-adjusted peak discharge records by streamgage are provided at http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20165050 for download.
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