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Academic literature on the topic 'Early water system'

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Published: 18 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Early water system"

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Cowen, R. "Water Flowed Early in the Solar System." Science News 149, no. 8 (February 24, 1996): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3979799.

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Pesacreta, George. "Early Warning System: Minimizes Water Quality Problems." Opflow 35, no. 1 (January 2009): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8701.2009.tb02965.x.

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Sjekavica Klepo, Mariela, and Mladen Radujković. "EARLY WARNING SYSTEM IN MANAGING WATER INFRASTRUCTRE PROJECTS." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 25, no. 6 (June 10, 2019): 531–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2019.10404.

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There is a continuous need to improve existing project management decision-making support models, particularly those for monitoring and control are needed to increase chances for success. In this paper, potential of early warning in project management was focused, along with its connection to project success via project success factors. First, a systematic literature review was conducted, along with the focus group method, in order to identify project success factors. The selected success factors were also collected on 93 water infrastructure projects through a survey. By the means of linear regression analysis, critical success factors were finally determined. The results were integrated in the early warning system algorithm, composed by three modules – detection, validation and response module. The response module is composed by three dimensions: 1) risk, constraint and change management, 2) incorporation of project management competences and 3) application of project management methods, tools and techniques. The proposed early warning system was tested on three infrastructure projects. The results confirmed that improved early warning system can contribute in increase of project management success. As original database is composed by projects from only one country (Croatia), in the final stage of the research proposed approach was checked in five countries from the Central or South East Europe (Czech Republic, Slovenia, Serbia, North Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina). The results from the final stage confirmed potential of the proposed approach as declared originally, so it is reasonable to expect success in early warning system’s implementation due to similarities of critical success factors on projects as well as project management problems in general, that countries in regions share. This research presents new and creative way in linking early warning and project success, as well as interpretation of early response through different dimensions in project management. Also, based on the results of this research, it is possible to create a useful practical tool for managing other types of projects.
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Wan Hassan, Wan Haszerila, Aiman Zakwan Jidin, Siti Asma Che Aziz, and Norain Rahim. "Flood disaster indicator of water level monitoring system." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, no. 3 (June 1, 2019): 1694. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i3.pp1694-1699.

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The early warning systems for flood management have been developed rapidly with the growth of technologies. These system help to alert people early with the used of Short Message Service (SMS) via Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). This paper presents a simple, portable and low cost of early warning system using Arduino board, which is used to control the whole system and GSM shields to send the data. System has been designed and implemented based on two components which is hardware and software. The model determines the water level using float switch sensors, then it analyzes the collected data and determine the type of danger present. The detected level is translated into an alert message and sent to the user. The GSM network is used to connect the overall system units via SMS.
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Abdimavlyanovich Usarov, Umidjon. "Irrigation System Of Turkestan In The Second Half Of 19th Century And Early 20th Century." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 03, no. 06 (June 17, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume03issue06-01.

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This article describes the state of irrigated agriculture in Turkestan, water sources, classification of major rivers and their tributaries, geographical location, irrigation system, sources of water supply, types of traditional irrigation methods used by the local population in the second half of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century. Moreover, an attempt is made to reveal the participation of local people in the construction, repair, cleaning of irrigation facilities, the implementation of centuries-old rules of irrigation, the rights of local people to use water through a number of sources, statistical collections, scientific literature and research works in the article.
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Agudelo-Vera, C. M., E. J. M. Blokker, and E. J. Pieterse-Quirijns. "Early warning system to forecast maximum temperature in drinking water distribution systems." Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 64, no. 5 (November 24, 2014): 496–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2014.040.

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Zhang, Xiu-ju, Ning Qiu, Wen-Rong Zhao, Huan An, and Julius Lissa Tommy. "Water environment early warning index system in Tongzhou District." Natural Hazards 75, no. 3 (October 2, 2014): 2699–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-014-1456-1.

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Lakshmi, A. Vijaya. "IOT Early Flood Detection & Alerting System using Arduino." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 10, 2021): 344–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.34835.

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The technical and scientific advancements in the current industrial age have revolutionized our lives and provided us with plenty of comforts and conveniences. However, this industrial progress has come at a hefty cost of global warming and environmental disasters. The increasing carbon footprints and greenhouse gas emissions have severely disturbed the natural cycle of rains and floods. Hence, now we are facing the dangers of unwarned floods more than ever before. Flooding is typically brought on by an increased quantity of water during a water system, sort of a lake, river overflowing. On occasion a dam fractures, abruptly releasing a huge quantity of water. The outcome is that a number of the water travels into soil, and ‘flooding’ the region. In order to detect and reduce damages caused by floods in a timely manner, technology plays a crucial role. With the help of technology, we can reduce natural disasters caused by floods. In this system we make use of a Arduino Uno interfaced with 4 different sensors, named as Ultrasonic sensor for measuring water levels, float sensor detect full water, Flow sensor for knowing speed of water and humidity sensor. These combinations of sensor are used to predict flood and alert respective authorities with help of IOT and sound instant alarm in nearby villages to instantly transmit information about possible floods. These sensors provide information over the IOT using Wi-Fi module. On detection of conditions of flooding the system predicts the quantity of your time it migh take to arrive a specific area and alerts the villages/areas that would be affected by it.
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Hartanto, Dita Dwi, and Peby Wahyu Purnawan. "Designing an early flood detection system prototype in riverbank settlements." Matrix : Jurnal Manajemen Teknologi dan Informatika 11, no. 3 (November 28, 2021): 185–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31940/matrix.v11i3.185-197.

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There is still a lot of use of the floodgates in the main hole to drain the residential water into the river is still operated manually by someone in charge of opening and closing the floodgates. It is less efficient and often happens to the operator, so the water overflows and can lead to flooding. In this final task, a prototype of an early flood detection system and the automation of sewerage in a settlement located on the riverbanks. The control of floodgates on the main hole works automatically according to the signal from a sensor that reads the state of the water level. Main hole floodgates will work when the river water enters it at a specific limit that sensors will read and provide information on the level of river water in it to someone via WhatsApp to prevent river water from entering the settlement. When the main hole door is closed automatically, the residential water flow will be directed to a temporary reservoir. When the temporary reservoir is full, the sensor will signal to activate the discharge pump that will be discharged into the river to dispose of the water in the reservoir. The design and testing of flood early detection prototype tools and residential water disposal automation can work well by the design principle.
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Lv, Nan, Yue Ming Wang, and Hong Yu Liu. "Research about Control Factors and Early Warning System of Early Warning System in Song Fangtun Oilfield." Applied Mechanics and Materials 580-583 (July 2014): 919–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.580-583.919.

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The development effect of Song Fangtun Oilfield is mainly restricted by two factors which are geology and exploitation. In view of the main control factors in oilfield development, we selected two indexes,monthly average decline range and water content escalating rate to establish early warning system of blocks development effect. The system which has great practical application value, is sensitive to reflecting the monthly variation process of block development effect, and plays a certain guiding role in the development effect during the whole year.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Early water system"

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Baker, Lee. "Evolution of water reservoirs in the early solar system through their oxygen isotopic composition." Thesis, n.p, 2001. http://oro.open.ac.uk/19051/.

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McAdam, Margaret M. "Water in the Early Solar System| Infrared Studies of Aqueously Altered and Minimally Processed Asteroids." Thesis, University of Maryland, College Park, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10623671.

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This thesis investigates connections between low albedo asteroids and carbonaceous chondrite meteorites using spectroscopy. Meteorites and asteroids preserve information about the early solar system including accretion processes and parent body processes active on asteroids at these early times. One process of interest is aqueous alteration. This is the chemical reaction between coaccreted water and silicates producing hydrated minerals. Some carbonaceous chondrites have experienced extensive interactions with water through this process. Since these meteorites and their parent bodies formed close to the beginning of the Solar System, these asteroids and meteorites may provide clues to the distribution, abundance and timing of water in the Solar nebula at these times. Chapter 2 of this thesis investigates the relationships between extensively aqueously altered meteorites and their visible, near and mid-infrared spectral features in a coordinated spectral-mineralogical study. Aqueous alteration is a parent body process where initially accreted anhydrous minerals are converted into hydrated minerals in the presence of coaccreted water. Using samples of meteorites with known bulk properties, it is possible to directly connect changes in mineralogy caused by aqueous alteration with spectral features. Spectral features in the mid-infrared are found to change continuously with increasing amount of hydrated minerals or degree of alteration. Building on this result, the degrees of alteration of asteroids are estimated in a survey of new asteroid data obtained from SOFIA and IRTF as well as archived the Spitzer Space Telescope data. 75 observations of 73 asteroids are analyzed and presented in Chapter 4. Asteroids with hydrated minerals are found throughout the main belt indicating that significant ice must have been present in the disk at the time of carbonaceous asteroid accretion. Finally, some carbonaceous chondrite meteorites preserve amorphous iron-bearing materials that formed through disequilibrium condensation in the disk. These materials are readily destroyed in parent body processes so their presence indicates the meteorite/asteroid has undergone minimal parent body processes since the time of accretion. Presented in Chapter 3 is the spectral signature of meteorites that preserve significant amorphous iron-bearing materials and the identification of an asteroid, (93) Minerva, that also appears to preserve these materials.

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Price, Amina, and n/a. "Utilisation of Still-Water Patches by Fish and Shrimp in a Lowland River, With Particular Emphasis on Early-Life Stages." University of Canberra. Applied Science, 2007. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20081202.090600.

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In lowland river systems, in-channel, slow-flowing or still-water areas (still-water patches, SWPs) are considered to be important habitats for many organisms, particularly the early-life stages of fish and shrimp. However, the distribution of the early life-stages of fish and shrimp among these habitats appears to be very patchy and studies suggest that the quality and diversity of microhabitat conditions within SWPs and the accessibility of SWPs to spawning adults and dispersing young may be important determinants of their suitability as nursery habitat. The aims of this thesis were to examine the utilisation of still-water patches by fish and shrimp in a lowland river in relation to habitat suitability and accessibility, with particular emphasis on early-life stages. To determine the factors influencing habitat selection among SWPs, the environmental variability in SWP habitat, and both the distribution and the movement patterns of fish and shrimp, were examined in the Broken River, a lowland river in south-eastern Australia. SWP habitat was found to be highly spatially and temporally variable in the Broken River. SWPs differed in relation to permanence, accessibility and microhabitat variables, and all life-stages of fish and shrimp were found to be significantly spatially aggregated among SWPs. This suggests that individual SWPs may differ in their suitability as habitat, and/or in their accessibility to dispersing organisms and indicates either differential rates of retention, movement into SWPs, spawning effort or survival among SWPs for these organisms. Significant associations were found for all species and life-stages in relation to the microhabitat characteristics of SWPs. The two introduced species, carp and gambusia, were found to have fewer associations, which suggests that these species are habitat generalists. Cover and SWP morphology variables were shown to be important for all native species. Significant, positive associations were found for most species and life-stages with large, deep, SWPs containing instream cover, however, the extent of cover preferred was variable. It was hypothesised that large, deep SWPs that contain instream cover are more environmentally stable and provide better foraging efficiency and reduced competition for space, whilst also providing refuge from predators and, that they may be easier to locate than smaller patches. Specific associations with microhabitat variables differed among all species and life-stages, and this was attributed to differences in diet and predation rates. Consequently, generalised microhabitat relationships for particular life-stages or species could not be identified and the results from this thesis suggest that a diversity of microhabitat conditions are required to meet the differing requirements of various life-stages and species. Significant associations were also found for most groups in relation to the accessibility characteristics of SWPs, indicating that the ability of individuals to access SWPs is an important factor in determining their distribution among SWPs. This further suggests that movement is an important factor in the distribution pattern of fish and shrimp among SWPs. Significant associations were found for most groups in relation to patch isolation, adjacent hydraulic habitat and entrance conditions, indicating that landscape composition and configuration as well as boundary conditions may be important determinants of organisms being able to locate suitable patches. Associations with accessibility variables differed among species and life-stages, and may be attributable to differences in movement capabilities. Field manipulations of instream cover and entrance depth were conducted to further examine the habitat associations found. The results confirmed a positive relationship between instream cover and fish and shrimp abundances. No species, however, responded consistently to the manipulation of entrance depths, and this was attributed to water level rises throughout the experiment and/or the correlation of entrance depth with SWP depth. However, the results from the field manipulations suggested that deeper habitats are able to be exploited by small-bodied adults and larvae when significant levels of instream cover are also available as refuge from predation. In order to confirm the importance of movement in the selection of SWP habitat by fish and shrimp, the movement patterns of fish and shrimp into and out of SWPs were investigated. Whilst the results from this aspect of the study were inconclusive for fish, the results for shrimp confirmed that adults and larvae moved routinely into and out of SWPs. However, for all shrimp species, movement appeared to be limited to a certain period of larval development, indicating that SWP quality and stability may be more important at particular stages of development than others. The results of this thesis have demonstrated the importance of SWP quality and stability for fish and shrimp in the Broken River and have shown that habitat preferences vary among individual species and life-stages. Consequently, in order to manage for multiple species and life-stages, consideration must be given not only to the availability of SWPs, but also to their stability over time and to the availability of a diverse range of microhabitats. In addition, consideration must also be given to the accessibility of SWPs and this will require a greater knowledge of the specific spawning and dispersal requirements of the organisms which utilise these patches, in combination with a greater understanding of the impacts of flow modification on riverine landscape composition and configuration.
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Tang, Gula. "Research on distributed warning system of water quality in Mudan river based on EFDC and GIS." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAD023/document.

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Le système de simulation et d'avis précoce d'alerte est un outil puissant pour la surveillance de la qualité de l'eau de la rivière Mudan, une rivière importante dans les régions froides du nord-est de la Chine et qui se jette finalement dans la rivière de l'Amour en Russie. Ainsi la qualité de l'eau dans la rivière Mudan est une préoccupation importante non seulement au niveau local et régional,mais aussi au niveau international. L'objectif de cette étude est de créer un système de simulation et d'avis précoce d'alerte pour que la distribution spatio-temporelle de la qualité de l'eau durant les périodes de couverture glaciaire et d'eaux libres soit simulée et visualisée précisément et afin que l'on puisse appréhender la variation spatiale de polluants sur le cours de rivière. La thèse est structurée en 7 chapitres. Dans le premier chapitre nous décrivons le contexte de l'étude et faisons un état de lieu des recherches actuelles. Dans le chapitre Il, la comparaison des modèles principaux disponibles pour l'évaluation de la qualité de l'eau est réaliser ainsi que le choix du meilleur modèle comme base pour créer le système de modélisation. Dans le chapitre Ill, la construction du modèle,les conditions limites requises et les paramètres pour le modèle ont été vérifiés et étalonnés. Une procédure de simulation distribuée est conçue dans le chapitre IV pour améliorer l'efficacité de la simulation. Le chapitre V concerne la programmation et la réalisation la de simulation distribuée et le chapitre VI les techniques fondamentales pour mettre en œuvre le système. Le chapitre VII est la conclusion. Il y a trois points innovants dans ce travail: un modèle bidimensionnel de dynamique de fluides de l'environnement pour la rivière Mudan, une méthode efficace du calcul distribué et un prototype de système de simulation et d'avis précoce d'alerte qui peuvent largement améliorer la capacité de surveillance et de gestion de la qualité de l'eau de la rivière Mudan ou d'autres rivières similaires
Simulation and Early Warning System (SEWS) is a powerful tool for river water quality monitoring. Mudan River, an important river in northeastern cold regions of China, can run out of China into Russia. Thus, the water quality of Mudan River is highly concerned not only locally andregionally but also internationally. Objective of this study is to establish an excellent SEWS of water quality so that the spatio-temporal distribution of water quality in both open-water and ice-covered periods can be accurately simulated and visualized to understand the spatial variation of pollutants along the river course. The dissertation is structured into 7 chapters, chapter 1 outlines the background of the study and reviews the current progress. Chapter Il compares the main available models for evaluating river water quality so that a better model can be selected as the basis to establish a modeling system for Mudan River. Chapter Ill establishes the model, the required boundary conditions and parameters for the model were verified and calibrated. Chapter IV, a distributed simulation procedure was designed to increase the simulation efficiency. Chapter V discusses more about the programing and operational issues of the distributed simulation. Chapter VI is about the core techniques to implement the system. Chapter VII is the conclusion of the study to summarize the key points and innovations of the study. The study has the following three points as innovation : a two-dimensional environmental fluid dynamics model for Mudan River, an efficient distributed model computational method and a prototype of SEWS, which can greatly improve the capability of monitoring and management of water quality in Mudan River and other similar rivers
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TINELLI, SILVIA. "Monitoring, early detection and warning systems for contamination events in water distribution networks." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Pavia, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11571/1214885.

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In the chain of water distribution, the network is the most complex element to be analyzed and managed to deliver safe water to the users due to the vast dispersion of the potential contamination spots. For this reason, some countries, especially those most sensible to the terrorist attacks (USA, Israel, Europe) have already started research programs aimed at the development of an Online Water Quality Monitoring (OWQM) and of an Early Warning Systems (EWSs). Both of them are based on sensors installed in selected nodes of the network and are capable of quickly detecting contamination events. The implementation of EWSs paves the way to new interesting research topics, with particular reference to the technological aspects, to the employment of expert systems for the interpretation of the detected data, and to the definition of modeling tools for the design and management of the monitoring and alarm systems. The Thesis focuses on some of these aspects, with the aim of contributing to a partial systematization of the knowledge required for the design and management of the aforementioned systems. This Thesis can be divided into two parts. The former part of the Thesis (Chapters 1, 2 and 3) describes the general issues and the approach normally adopted in choosing the water parameters to be monitored. The latter part of the Thesis (Chapters 4, 5 and 6) deals with some modeling aspects regarding the design and management of EWS, introducing innovative proposals and developments. In particular, the attention is given to the issue of determining the number and the optimal location of the sensors within the network. Ultimately, the last chapter shows the technical feasibility of a smart prototype system for the early detection of biological contaminations within the network. This system will efficiently enable water utility managers to ensure a real-time adoption of water quality control procedures.
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Bode, Felix [Verfasser], and Wolfgang [Akademischer Betreuer] Nowak. "Early-warning monitoring systems for improved drinking water resource protection / Felix Bode ; Betreuer: Wolfgang Nowak." Stuttgart : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Stuttgart, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1179787218/34.

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Brettle, Matthew John. "Sedimentology and high-resolution sequence stratigraphy of shallow water delta systems in the early Marsdenian (Namurian) Pennine Basin, Northern England." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367677.

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Duncan, Andrew Paul. "The analysis and application of artificial neural networks for early warning systems in hydrology and the environment." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/17569.

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Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) have been comprehensively researched, both from a computer scientific perspective and with regard to their use for predictive modelling in a wide variety of applications including hydrology and the environment. Yet their adoption for live, real-time systems remains on the whole sporadic and experimental. A plausible hypothesis is that this may be at least in part due to their treatment heretofore as “black boxes” that implicitly contain something that is unknown, or even unknowable. It is understandable that many of those responsible for delivering Early Warning Systems (EWS) might not wish to take the risk of implementing solutions perceived as containing unknown elements, despite the computational advantages that ANNs offer. This thesis therefore builds on existing efforts to open the box and develop tools and techniques that visualise, analyse and use ANN weights and biases especially from the viewpoint of neural pathways from inputs to outputs of feedforward networks. In so doing, it aims to demonstrate novel approaches to self-improving predictive model construction for both regression and classification problems. This includes Neural Pathway Strength Feature Selection (NPSFS), which uses ensembles of ANNs trained on differing subsets of data and analysis of the learnt weights to infer degrees of relevance of the input features and so build simplified models with reduced input feature sets. Case studies are carried out for prediction of flooding at multiple nodes in urban drainage networks located in three urban catchments in the UK, which demonstrate rapid, accurate prediction of flooding both for regression and classification. Predictive skill is shown to reduce beyond the time of concentration of each sewer node, when actual rainfall is used as input to the models. Further case studies model and predict statutory bacteria count exceedances for bathing water quality compliance at 5 beaches in Southwest England. An illustrative case study using a forest fires dataset from the UCI machine learning repository is also included. Results from these model ensembles generally exhibit improved performance, when compared with single ANN models. Also ensembles with reduced input feature sets, using NPSFS, demonstrate as good or improved performance when compared with the full feature set models. Conclusions are drawn about a new set of tools and techniques, including NPSFS and visualisation techniques for inspection of ANN weights, the adoption of which it is hoped may lead to improved confidence in the use of ANN for live real-time EWS applications.
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Aland, Jenny, and n/a. "Art and design education in South Australian Schools, from the early 1880s to the 1920s: the influence of South Kensington and Harry Pelling Gill." University of Canberra. Education, 1992. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20050601.145749.

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This thesis focuses specifically on what was taught in schools in South Australia in the context of art and design education. The period covered by the study extends from the 1880s, when a Central Educational Authority was established in South Australia, to the late 1920s, when significant changes to art and design philosophies and course designs became identifiable. The nature and content of the art and design courses designed and used in South Australia is examined against an historical background of influences such as the South Kensington System of drawing and that devised by Walter Smith for the Massachusetts educational system in the United States of America. The significant contribution of Harry Pelling Gill to the teaching of art and design in schools is closely examined. It is posited that his single influence affected the teaching of art and design in South Australian schools until well into the twentieth century. The process of the study looks in detail at the overall philosophies behind the teaching of art and design, the methodologies employed and the classroom practice which pupils and teachers undertook in the pursuit of courses outlined. Issues such as methods of teacher training, correspondence courses, examinations and exhibitions are considered as these relate to the central theme of the study. The study concludes in the late 1920s, with the advent of a revised course of instruction for public elementary schools, which heralded significant changes in both the content and methodology of art and design teaching in South Australian schools.
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Witt, Tanja Ivonne [Verfasser], Thomas R. [Akademischer Betreuer] Walter, Bernd [Akademischer Betreuer] Zimanowski, Magnus Tumi [Gutachter] Gudmundsson, and Helge [Gutachter] Gonnermann. "Camera Monitoring at volcanoes : Identification and characterization of lava fountain activity and near-vent processes and their relevance for early warning systems / Tanja Ivonne Witt ; Gutachter: Magnus Tumi Gudmundsson, Helge Gonnermann ; Thomas R. Walter, Bernd Zimanowski." Potsdam : Universität Potsdam, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1218404205/34.

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Books on the topic "Early water system"

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Zhang, Yanrong. Study on Microstructure and Rheological Properties of Cement-Chemical Admixtures-Water Dispersion System at Early Stage. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4570-7.

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Grayman, W. M. Design of early warning and predictive source-water monitoring systems. Denver, CO: AWWA Research Foundation and American Water Works Association, 2001.

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Oshima, Kevin H. Ultrafiltration-based extraction for biological agents in early warning systems. Denver, Colo: Awwa Research Foundation, 2006.

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H, Glantz Michael, ed. Heads up!: Early warning systems for climate, water and weather-related hazards. New York: United Nations University Press, 2009.

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Wilkinson, Angela, and Betty Sue Flowers, eds. Realistic Hope. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462987241.

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We are running out of water, robots will take our jobs, we are eating ourselves to an early death, old age pension and health systems are bankrupting governments, and an immigration crisis is unravelling the European integration project. A growing number of nightmares, perfect storms, and global catastrophes create fear of the future. One response is technocratic optimism — we’ll invent our way out of these impending crises. Or we’ll simply ignore them as politically too hot to handle, too uncomfortable for experts — denied until crisis hits. History is littered with late lessons from early warnings. Cynicism is an excuse for inaction. Populism flourishes in the depths of despair. Despite the gloom, there is another way to look at the future. We don’t have to be pessimistic or optimistic — we can find realistic hope. This book is written by an international and influential collection of future shapers. It is aimed at anyone who is interested in learning to refresh the present, forge new common ground, and redesign the future.
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France. Atomic energy, cooperation in operation of atomic weapons systems for mutual defense purposes: Agreement between the United States of America and France, modifying the agreement of July 27, 1961, signed at Paris July 22, 1985. Washington, D.C: Dept. of State, 1992.

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France. Atomic energy, cooperation in operation of atomic weapons systems for mutual defense purposes: Agreement between the United States of America and France, modifying the agreement of July 27, 1961, signed at Paris July 22, 1985. Washington, D.C: Dept. of State, 1992.

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Zhang, Yanrong. Study on Microstructure and Rheological Properties of Cement-Chemical Admixtures-Water Dispersion System at Early Stage. Springer, 2017.

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Zhang, Yanrong. Study on Microstructure and Rheological Properties of Cement-Chemical Admixtures-Water Dispersion System at Early Stage. Springer, 2019.

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Heads up!: Early warning systems for climate, water and weather. Beijing, China: Tsinghua University Press, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "Early water system"

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Pinter, George. "Early Warning System on the Danube River." In Security of Public Water Supplies, 101–6. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4241-0_8.

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Zhang, Xiuju, Jiahuan Li, Wenrong Zhao, and Kaisen Ding. "Water Environment Early Warning System in Tongzhou District." In Geo-Informatics in Resource Management and Sustainable Ecosystem, 846–54. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49155-3_87.

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Jing, Tian, Zheng Shuyin, Zhang Guangxin, Hou Dibo, Huang Pingjie, and Zhang Jian. "New Design for Water Quality Early Warning System." In Advances in Intelligent and Soft Computing, 681–85. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27708-5_94.

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Grayman, Walter M., Alan H. Vicory, and Richard M. Males. "Early Warning System for Chemical Spills on the Ohio River." In Security of Public Water Supplies, 91–100. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4241-0_7.

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Kurniawan, Adhy, Galih Setyawan, Pratama Tirza Surya Sembada, and Tegar Abieza. "Smart Water Tanks as a Drought Early Warning System." In Proceedings of the Business Innovation and Engineering Conference (BIEC 2022), 16–25. Dordrecht: Atlantis Press International BV, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-144-9_3.

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Silverberg, Norman, and Bjørn Sundby. "Sediment-Water Interaction and Early Diagenesis in the Laurentian Trough." In Oceanography of a Large-Scale Estuarine System, 202–38. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7534-4_10.

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Gamage, H. G. C. P., T. Wada, K. P. G. W. Senadeera, M. S. M. Aroos, and D. M. L. Bandara. "Rainfall Triggered Landslide Early Warning System Based on Soil Water Index." In Multi-Hazard Early Warning and Disaster Risks, 529–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73003-1_36.

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Müller, Tim M., Andreas Schmitt, Philipp Leise, Tobias Meck, Lena C. Altherr, Peter F. Pelz, and Marc E. Pfetsch. "Validation of an Optimized Resilient Water Supply System." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 70–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77256-7_7.

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AbstractComponent failures within water supply systems can lead to significant performance losses. One way to address these losses is the explicit anticipation of failures within the design process. We consider a water supply system for high-rise buildings, where pump failures are the most likely failure scenarios. We explicitly consider these failures within an early design stage which leads to a more resilient system, i.e., a system which is able to operate under a predefined number of arbitrary pump failures. We use a mathematical optimization approach to compute such a resilient design. This is based on a multi-stage model for topology optimization, which can be described by a system of nonlinear inequalities and integrality constraints. Such a model has to be both computationally tractable and to represent the real-world system accurately. We therefore validate the algorithmic solutions using experiments on a scaled test rig for high-rise buildings. The test rig allows for an arbitrary connection of pumps to reproduce scaled versions of booster station designs for high-rise buildings. We experimentally verify the applicability of the presented optimization model and that the proposed resilience properties are also fulfilled in real systems.
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McNutt, Chad, Doug Kluck, Dennis Todey, Brian A. Fuchs, Mark D. Svoboda, and Courtney Black. "Floods Punctuated by Drought: Developing an Early Warning System for the Missouri River Basin in the Midst of Alternating Extremes." In Drought and Water Crises, 347–58. Second edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2018. | 1st edition published in 2005.: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b22009-19.

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Barrameda, Kristine Bernadette, Sang Hoon Lee, and Su-Yeon Kim. "Simulation of Flood Water Level Early Warning System Using Combination Forecasting Model." In Software Engineering Research, Management and Applications, 207–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98881-8_14.

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Conference papers on the topic "Early water system"

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Dvorak, Rudolf, Siegfried Eggl, Áron Süli, Zsolt Sándor, Mattia Galiazzo, and Elke Pilat-Lohinger. "Water delivery in the early Solar System." In LET'S FACE CHAOS THROUGH NONLINEAR DYNAMICS: 8th International Summer School/Conference. AIP, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4745576.

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Suroso, Arif, Hamzah Hamzah, and Hendro Sasongko. "An Early Warning System in The Drinking Water System." In 1st International Conference on Sustainable Management and Innovation, ICoSMI 2020, 14-16 September 2020, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. EAI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.14-9-2020.2304505.

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Ostfeld, Avi, and Elad Salomons. "An Early Warning Detection System (EWDS) for Drinking Water Distribution Systems Security." In World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2003. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40685(2003)34.

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Zhang, Jianli, Feizhou Zhang, Xianghong Yin, and June Fu. "Forecast and Early Warning System of Water Pollution Accident." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2010. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41114(371)157.

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Guercio, R., and E. Di Ruzza. "An early warning monitoring system for quality control in a water distribution network." In WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IV. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/wrm070151.

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Ostfeld, Avi, and Elad Salomons. "A Stochastic Early Warning Detection System Model for Drinking Water Distribution Systems Security." In World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2004. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40737(2004)454.

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Willies, Lynn. "The Wills Founder water-pressure engine from Winster, Derbyshire." In 2nd International Early Engines Conference. International Early Engines Conference & ISSES, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54267/ieec2-2-12.

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The recovery of the Wills Founder water-pressure engine and its pumps, and their subsequent re-erection in the Peak District Mining Museum provided a unique opportunity to handle and study a complete example of this mid-19th century mine pumping technology. A substantial amount of photography was undertaken at the time, some in near impossible conditions in the 1970s. The historical background of the Winster area, and the occurrence of other hydraulic engines at nearby Alport is briefly noted. The components of the system and their purpose are described in some detail, although several vital parts are missing. It is possible that it was never used in practice due to technical difficulties, and the work abandoned as costs rose at a time of falling lead prices in the 1850s. Passage of time allows for a re-appraisal of the installation and the engineer’s original intentions.
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Matos, R., F. Ferreira, J. Saldanha Matos, A. Oliveira, L. David, M. Rodrigues, G. Jesus, et al. "Implementation of an early warning system in urban drainage infrastructures for direct discharges and flood risk management." In URBAN WATER 2014. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/uw140281.

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Pickering, Karen D., Kristina R. Wines, Gina M. Pariani, Lea A. Franks, Jannivine Yeh, Melissa L. Campbell, Barry W. Finger, et al. "Early Results of an Integrated Water Recovery System Test." In 31st International Conference On Environmental Systems. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-2210.

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Sankary, Nathan, and Avi Ostfeld. "Early Warning System Design for Contamination Event Detection Incorporating Surrogate Water Quality Indicators in Water Distribution Systems." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2017. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784480625.044.

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Reports on the topic "Early water system"

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Perera, Duminda, Ousmane Seidou, Jetal Agnihotri, Mohamed Rasmy, Vladimir Smakhtin, Paulin Coulibaly, and Hamid Mehmood. Flood Early Warning Systems: A Review Of Benefits, Challenges And Prospects. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, August 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/mjfq3791.

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Floods are major water-related disasters that affect millions of people resulting in thousands of mortalities and billiondollar losses globally every year. Flood Early Warning Systems (FEWS) - one of the floods risk management measures - are currently operational in many countries. The UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction recognises their importance and strongly advocates for an increase in their availability under the targets of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, despite widespread recognition of the importance of FEWS for disaster risk reduction (DRR), there’s a lack of information on their availability and status around the world, their benefits and costs, challenges and trends associated with their development. This report contributes to bridging these gaps by analyzing the responses to a comprehensive online survey with over 80 questions on various components of FEWS (risk knowledge, monitoring and forecasting, warning dissemination and communication, and response capabilities), investments into FEWS, their operational effectiveness, benefits, and challenges. FEWS were classified as technologically “basic”, “intermediate” and “advanced” depending on the existence and sophistication of FEWS` components such as hydrological data = collection systems, data transfer systems, flood forecasting methods, and early warning communication methods. The survey questionnaire was distributed to flood forecasting and warning centers around the globe; the primary focus was developing and least-developed countries (LDCs). The questionnaire is available here: https://inweh.unu.edu/questionnaireevaluation-of-flood-early-warning-systems/ and can be useful in its own right for similar studies at national or regional scales, in its current form or with case-specific modifications. Survey responses were received from 47 developing (including LDCs) and six developed countries. Additional information for some countries was extracted from available literature. Analysis of these data suggests the existence of an equal number of “intermediate” and “advanced” FEWS in surveyed river basins. While developing countries overall appear to progress well in FEWS implementation, LDCs are still lagging behind since most of them have “basic” FEWS. The difference between types of operational systems in developing and developed countries appear to be insignificant; presence of basic, intermediate or advanced FEWS depends on available investments for system developments and continuous financing for their operations, and there is evidence of more financial support — on the order of USD 100 million — to FEWS in developing countries thanks to international aid. However, training the staff and maintaining the FEWS for long-term operations are challenging. About 75% of responses indicate that river basins have inadequate hydrological network coverage and back-up equipment. Almost half of the responders indicated that their models are not advanced and accurate enough to produce reliable forecasts. Lack of technical expertise and limited skilled manpower to perform forecasts was cited by 50% of respondents. The primary reason for establishing FEWS, based on the survey, is to avoid property damage; minimizing causalities and agricultural losses appear to be secondary reasons. The range of the community benefited by FEWS varies, but 55% of FEWS operate in the range between 100,000 to 1 million of population. The number of flood disasters and their causalities has declined since the year 2000, while 50% of currently operating FEWS were established over the same period. This decline may be attributed to the combined DRR efforts, of which FEWS are an integral part. In lower-middle-income and low-income countries, economic losses due to flood disasters may be smaller in absolute terms, but they represent a higher percentage of such countries’ GDP. In high-income countries, higher flood-related losses accounted for a small percentage of their GDP. To improve global knowledge on FEWS status and implementation in the context of Sendai Framework and SDGs, the report’s recommendations include: i) coordinate global investments in FEWS development and standardise investment reporting; ii) establish an international hub to monitor the status of FEWS in collaboration with the national responsible agencies. This will support the sharing of FEWS-related information for accelerated global progress in DRR; iii) develop a comprehensive, index-based ranking system for FEWS according to their effectiveness in flood disaster mitigation. This will provide clear standards and a roadmap for improving FEWS’ effectiveness, and iv) improve coordination between institutions responsible for flood forecasting and those responsible for communicating warnings and community preparedness and awareness.
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Wagner, Anna, Arthur Gelvin, Jon Maakestad, Thomas Coleman, Dan Forsland, Sam Johansson, Johan Sundin, and Chandler Engel. Initial data collection from a fiber-optic-based dam seepage monitoring and detection system. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), October 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/47819.

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Visual inspection is the most used method to detect seepage at dams. Early detection can be difficult with this method, and use of appropriate real time monitoring could significantly increase the chances of recognizing possible failure. Seepages can be identified by analyzing changes in water and soil temperature. Optical fiber placed at the embankment’s downstream toe has been proven to be an efficient means of detecting real time changes at short intervals over several kilometers. This study aims to demonstrate how temperatures measured using fiber optic distributed sensing can be used to monitor seepage at Moose Creek Dam, North Pole, Alaska. The fiber optic cable portion of the monitoring system is installed along a section of the embankment where sand boils have occurred. Though no flood event occurred during this monitoring period, routine pumping tests of nearby relief wells resulted in an increase of soil and water temperature (up to 13°C) along a 100 m section where sand boils were detected during the 2014 flood events. Measurements during a flood event are expected to provide a quantitative assessment of seepage and its rate.
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Li, Honghai, Lihwa Lin, Cody Johnson, Yan Ding, Mitchell Brown, Tanya Beck, Alejandro Sánchez, and Weiming Wu. A revisit and update on the verification and validation of the Coastal Modeling System (CMS) : report 1--hydrodynamics and waves. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45444.

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This is the first part of a two-part report that revisits and updates the verification and validation (V&V) of the Coastal Modeling System (CMS). The V&V study in this part of the report focuses on hydrodynamic and wave modeling. With the updated CMS code (Version 5) and its latest graphical user interface, the Surface-water Modeling System (Version 13), the goal of this study is to revisit some early CMS V&V cases and assess some new cases on model performance in coastal applications. The V&V process includes the comparison and evaluation of the CMS output against analytical solutions, laboratory experiments in prototype cases, and field cases in and around coastal inlets and navigation projects. The V&V results prove that the basic physics incorporated are represented well, the computational algorithms implemented are accurate, and the coastal processes are reproduced well. This report provides the detailed descriptions of those test simulations, which include the model configuration, the selection of model parameters, the determination of model forcing, and the quantitative assessment of the model and data comparisons. It is to be hoped that, through the V&V process, the CMS users will better understand the model’s capability and limitation as a tool to solve real-world problems.
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Engel, Chandler, Jeremy Giovando, and Grant Halvorson. Analysis of Paxton Siphon frazil ice blockage event during January 2022. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), May 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/47078.

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In early January 2022, the Paxton Siphon, owned and operated by the Nebraska Public Power District, filled with frazil ice creating a blockage that resulted in a rapid upstream stage rise for the Sutherland Canal. An event of this type has never happened in the over 80 years of operating the Paxton Siphon. An analysis of the available weather and canal data suggests a rapid air temperature change resulted in the water becoming supercooled, which combined with the moderately low flows in the canal resulted in an anomalous frazil ice formation event. To address this issue for future cold-weather events, a water-temperature model was developed using the Hydrologic Engineering Center’s River Analysis System and can be used to determine the spatial extents of the supercooling event using forecasted weather information. In addition, we developed a heat-exchange forecast tool that can be used operationally to screen for potential frazil ice formation periods with a 1-week outlook period.
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Kleman, Isabella. Onion storage diseases and their headspace volatiles. Faculty of Landscape Architecture, Horticulture and Crop Production Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.602791tdo5.

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Onion, Allium cepa, is one of the world’s most commonly produced and consumed vegetables. In order to be available year round in temperate climates onions must be stored for several months. During this time parts of the harvested weight of bulbs are lost to storage diseases, sprouting and respiration leading to loss of carbohydrates and water. Diseases developing in storage may be difficult to spot at early stages as bulbs are typically stored in large bins. However, storage diseases can change the volatile metabolite profile of the infected onions. Electronic sensors that detect the concentration of specific volatile compounds in the air could be deployed in storage facilities to detect these changes. This would provide an early warning system that could detect diseases developing in storage bins before it becomes obvious to a human observer. In this way, some of the losses that occur during storage of onions could be prevented. This introductory paper discusses some of the available literature on the facets of onion production that are connected to storage disease development and the detection of said storage diseases using headspace sampling and analysis. The focus of the paper is mainly on onion production and storage of long day cultivars in relatively cold, temperate climates, as the use of short day cultivars and warm storage in warmer climates comes with different challenges and diseases.
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VAN DER Schalie, Willian H., David E. Trader, Mark W. Widder, Tommy R. Shedd, and Linda M. Brennan. A Residual Chlorine Removal Method to Allow Drinking Water Monitoring by Biological Early Warning Systems. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada432455.

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Abdullah, Hannah, Karim Elgendy, and Hanne Knaepen. Climate Resilience in Cities of the EU’s Southern Neighbourhood: Opportunities for the EU Green Deal. The Royal Institute of International Affairs, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/casc016.

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Cities in the Middle East and North Africa are already suffering the effects of climate change. Weak urban regulation, ineffective climate policies, limited decentralization and insufficient empowerment of local authorities and civil society further decrease urban resilience. Future climate scenarios and projected urban growth threaten the stability of the region; with potential negative knock-on effects on Europe. This CASCADES Spotlight Study examines climate vulnerabilities in urban areas in countries to the south of the EU and the wider Middle East and North Africa region and advocates for systemic approaches to addressing urban climate resilience by strengthening the water-energy-food nexus, as well as other enabling factors such as decentralization. It concludes with recommendations on how the European Green Deal can help cities in the region adapt to climate impacts, based on a water-energy-food nexus approach. Over the past two decades, the European Commission has stepped up its support for urban climate action and resilience. An increasing number of programmes financed under the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) South have addressed urban climate resilience in response to the region’s rapid urbanization and the high climate vulnerability of cities. The number of urban dwellers in the wider Middle East and North Africa region is estimated to reach 527 million in 2050, an increase of 72% compared to 2020. At the same time, climate impacts – including both slow onset changes and sudden disasters – are putting additional stress on urban infrastructure. This stress is aggravated by weak urban regulations that have created unsustainable development trends which undermine the potential benefits of urbanization and adversely affect urban climate resilience. The prevalence of highly centralized administrative systems and incomplete decentralization reforms hamper local capacity building and decision-making, which are prerequisites for effective adaptation and resilience. At the same time, climate impacts – including both slow onset changes and sudden disasters – are putting additional stress on urban infrastructure. This stress is aggravated by weak urban regulations that have created unsustainable development trends which undermine the potential benefits of urbanization and adversely affect urban climate resilience. The prevalence of highly centralized administrative systems and incomplete decentralization reforms hamper local capacity building and decision-making, which are prerequisites for effective adaptation and resilience. The convergence of the region’s harsh climatic conditions with rapid, unsustainable urbanization and the associated socio-economic burdens can exacerbate existing political instability, conflict-induced migration and poverty. These developments could cascade into the EU, altering security, trade and diplomatic relations with the Southern Neighbourhood. The EU’s evolving approach to working with local authorities on urban infrastructure and climate governance is a first step towards addressing the region’s intertwined urban and climate crises. However, this approach is still in the early stages and there is a need to reflect on lessons learned and how urban spaces, climates and governance are evolving in the region. This study suggests that the EU’s overwhelming focus on supporting cities in the region with energy efficiency and the transition to sustainable energy systems is not enough to strengthen urban climate resilience. In cities of the Southern Neighbourhood, which typically struggle with resource management and scarcity, climate resilience will increasingly depend on local capacities to formulate and implement nexus approaches, especially in the water, energy and food sectors. Based on case studies of three small and intermediary urban areas, the study advocates for a systemic approach to addressing urban climate resilience in Southern Neighbourhood cities. Considering the established effectiveness of applying a water-energy-food nexus approach to improving climate resilience, the paper stresses the need for local governments to explore nexus opportunities between the water, energy and food sectors in order to achieve resilient and sustainable urbanism, while also highlighting other enabling factors such as decentralization. It concludes by exploring how future external action around the European Green Deal and its ambitions for systemic transformation could benefit from stepping up cooperation with cities in the Southern Neighbourhood around the water-energy-food nexus.
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Seginer, Ido, Louis D. Albright, and Robert W. Langhans. On-line Fault Detection and Diagnosis for Greenhouse Environmental Control. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7575271.bard.

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Background Early detection and identification of faulty greenhouse operation is essential, if losses are to be minimized by taking immediate corrective actions. Automatic detection and identification would also free the greenhouse manager to tend to his other business. Original objectives The general objective was to develop a method, or methods, for the detection, identification and accommodation of faults in the greenhouse. More specific objectives were as follows: 1. Develop accurate systems models, which will enable the detection of small deviations from normal behavior (of sensors, control, structure and crop). 2. Using these models, develop algorithms for an early detection of deviations from the normal. 3. Develop identifying procedures for the most important faults. 4. Develop accommodation procedures while awaiting a repair. The Technion team focused on the shoot environment and the Cornell University team focused on the root environment. Achievements Models: Accurate models were developed for both shoot and root environment in the greenhouse, utilizing neural networks, sometimes combined with robust physical models (hybrid models). Suitable adaptation methods were also successfully developed. The accuracy was sufficient to allow detection of frequently occurring sensor and equipment faults from common measurements. A large data base, covering a wide range of weather conditions, is required for best results. This data base can be created from in-situ routine measurements. Detection and isolation: A robust detection and isolation (formerly referred to as 'identification') method has been developed, which is capable of separating the effect of faults from model inaccuracies and disturbance effects. Sensor and equipment faults: Good detection capabilities have been demonstrated for sensor and equipment failures in both the shoot and root environment. Water stress detection: An excitation method of the shoot environment has been developed, which successfully detected water stress, as soon as the transpiration rate dropped from its normal level. Due to unavailability of suitable monitoring equipment for the root environment, crop faults could not be detected from measurements in the root zone. Dust: The effect of screen clogging by dust has been quantified. Implications Sensor and equipment fault detection and isolation is at a stage where it could be introduced into well equipped and maintained commercial greenhouses on a trial basis. Detection of crop problems requires further work. Dr. Peleg was primarily responsible for developing and implementing the innovative data analysis tools. The cooperation was particularly enhanced by Dr. Peleg's three summer sabbaticals at the ARS, Northem Plains Agricultural Research Laboratory, in Sidney, Montana. Switching from multi-band to hyperspectral remote sensing technology during the last 2 years of the project was advantageous by expanding the scope of detected plant growth attributes e.g. Yield, Leaf Nitrate, Biomass and Sugar Content of sugar beets. However, it disrupted the continuity of the project which was originally planned on a 2 year crop rotation cycle of sugar beets and multiple crops (com and wheat), as commonly planted in eastern Montana. Consequently, at the end of the second year we submitted a continuation BARD proposal which was turned down for funding. This severely hampered our ability to validate our findings as originally planned in a 4-year crop rotation cycle. Thankfully, BARD consented to our request for a one year extension of the project without additional funding. This enabled us to develop most of the methodology for implementing and running the hyperspectral remote sensing system and develop the new analytical tools for solving the non-repeatability problem and analyzing the huge hyperspectral image cube datasets. However, without validation of these tools over a ful14-year crop rotation cycle this project shall remain essentially unfinished. Should the findings of this report prompt the BARD management to encourage us to resubmit our continuation research proposal, we shall be happy to do so.
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Kirchhoff, Helmut, and Ziv Reich. Protection of the photosynthetic apparatus during desiccation in resurrection plants. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7699861.bard.

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In this project, we studied the photosynthetic apparatus during dehydration and rehydration of the homoiochlorophyllous resurrection plant Craterostigmapumilum (retains most of the photosynthetic components during desiccation). Resurrection plants have the remarkable capability to withstand desiccation, being able to revive after prolonged severe water deficit in a few days upon rehydration. Homoiochlorophyllous resurrection plants are very efficient in protecting the photosynthetic machinery against damage by reactive oxygen production under drought. The main purpose of this BARD project was to unravel these largely unknown protection strategies for C. pumilum. In detail, the specific objectives were: (1) To determine the distribution and local organization of photosynthetic protein complexes and formation of inverted hexagonal phases within the thylakoid membranes at different dehydration/rehydration states. (2) To determine the 3D structure and characterize the geometry, topology, and mechanics of the thylakoid network at the different states. (3) Generation of molecular models for thylakoids at the different states and study the implications for diffusion within the thylakoid lumen. (4) Characterization of inter-system electron transport, quantum efficiencies, photosystem antenna sizes and distribution, NPQ, and photoinhibition at different hydration states. (5) Measuring the partition of photosynthetic reducing equivalents between the Calvin cycle, photorespiration, and the water-water cycle. At the beginning of the project, we decided to use C. pumilum instead of C. wilmsii because the former species was available from our collaborator Dr. Farrant. In addition to the original two dehydration states (40 relative water content=RWC and 5% RWC), we characterized a third state (15-20%) because some interesting changes occurs at this RWC. Furthermore, it was not possible to detect D1 protein levels by Western blot analysis because antibodies against other higher plants failed to detect D1 in C. pumilum. We developed growth conditions that allow reproducible generation of different dehydration and rehydration states for C. pumilum. Furthermore, advanced spectroscopy and microscopy for C. pumilum were established to obtain a detailed picture of structural and functional changes of the photosynthetic apparatus in different hydrated states. Main findings of our study are: 1. Anthocyan accumulation during desiccation alleviates the light pressure within the leaves (Fig. 1). 2. During desiccation, stomatal closure leads to drastic reductions in CO2 fixation and photorespiration. We could not identify alternative electron sinks as a solution to reduce ROS production. 3. On the supramolecular level, semicrystalline protein arrays were identified in thylakoid membranes in the desiccated state (see Fig. 3). On the electron transport level, a specific series of shut downs occur (summarized in Fig. 2). The main events include: Early shutdown of the ATPase activity, cessation of electron transport between cyt. bf complex and PSI (can reduce ROS formation at PSI); at higher dehydration levels uncoupling of LHCII from PSII and cessation of electron flow from PSII accompanied by crystal formation. The later could severe as a swift PSII reservoir during rehydration. The specific order of events in the course of dehydration and rehydration discovered in this project is indicative for regulated structural transitions specifically realized in resurrection plants. This detailed knowledge can serve as an interesting starting point for rationale genetic engineering of drought-tolerant crops.
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LaBonte, Don, Etan Pressman, Nurit Firon, and Arthur Villordon. Molecular and Anatomical Characterization of Sweetpotato Storage Root Formation. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592648.bard.

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Original objectives: Anatomical study of storage root initiation and formation. Induction of storage root formation. Isolation and characterization of genes involved in storage root formation. During the normal course of storage root development. Following stress-induced storage root formation. Background:Sweetpotato is a high value vegetable crop in Israel and the U.S. and acreage is expanding in both countries and the research herein represents an important backstop to improving quality, consistency, and yield. This research has two broad objectives, both relating to sweetpotato storage root formation. The first objective is to understand storage root inductive conditions and describe the anatomical and physiological stages of storage root development. Sweetpotato is propagated through vine cuttings. These vine cuttings form adventitious roots, from pre-formed primordiae, at each node underground and it is these small adventitious roots which serve as initials for storage and fibrous (non-storage) “feeder” roots. What perplexes producers is the tremendous variability in storage roots produced from plant to plant. The marketable root number may vary from none to five per plant. What has intrigued us is the dearth of research on sweetpotato during the early growth period which we hypothesize has a tremendous impact on ultimate consistency and yield. The second objective is to identify genes that change the root physiology towards either a fleshy storage root or a fibrous “feeder” root. Understanding which genes affect the ultimate outcome is central to our research. Major conclusions: For objective one, we have determined that the majority of adventitious roots that are initiated within 5-7 days after transplanting possess the anatomical features associated with storage root initiation and account for 86 % of storage root count at 65 days after transplanting. These data underscore the importance of optimizing the growing environment during the critical storage root initiation period. Water deprivation during this phenological stage led to substantial reduction in storage root number and yield as determined through growth chamber, greenhouse, and field experiments. Morphological characterization of adventitious roots showed adjustments in root system architecture, expressed as lateral root count and density, in response to water deprivation. For objective two, we generated a transcriptome of storage and lignified (non-storage) adventitious roots. This transcriptome database consists of 55,296 contigs and contains data as regards to differential expression between initiating and lignified adventitious roots. The molecular data provide evidence that a key regulatory mechanism in storage root initiation involves the switch between lignin biosynthesis and cell division and starch accumulation. We extended this research to identify genes upregulated in adventitious roots under drought stress. A subset of these genes was expressed in salt stressed plants.
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