Academic literature on the topic 'Early warning sirens'

Background and Objectives: The Tambaklorok fishing village area, located on the northern coast of Semarang City, Indonesia, is susceptible to sea level fluctuations, which often lead to tidal flooding and seawater encroaching into residential areas. Consequently, a seawater flood detector (rob) is needed for effective disaster mitigation for affected communities. This study aims to implement a disaster mitigation system by installing an IoT-based Seawater Flood (Rob) Early Warning System to reduce disaster risks and their impacts on the community. Methods: The IoT-based Early Warning System is designed to detect floods by monitoring sea level height parameters. Results: IoT-based devices measure sea level using ultrasonic sensors, with the readings processed by a microprocessor. The data is then periodically analyzed and transmitted to an application in real-time. This technology allows for real-time information dissemination through web applications and alerts in the form of sirens. These warnings enable residents to evacuate and move to safer areas. The siren alerts are categorized into two levels: Alert 1 indicates that seawater is approaching the land boundary, while Alert 2 signals that water has begun to enter residential areas. Additionally, designated evacuation zones will guide affected communities to safer areas. Conclusion: The installation of an IoT-based Early Warning System delivers real-time information to help mitigate the impact of rising sea levels (rob) in the Tambak Lorok fishing village community.

Smart Water Level Indicator The Water Level Indicator is beneficial to the public, especially to residents living in rivers. This technology can provide early warnings to residents when the water level is occupying a dangerous level and facilitates workers who control the dam of the river. This technology can alert early through sirens and notifications / messages via smartphones as well as to the river dashboard controllers capable of controlling water gates through their smartphones. The worker who controls the dam of this river no longer needs to go back to the dam's door control house to open the water dam door. Workers who are in charge of controlling dam need to stand in one place only to open their smartphones and control the dam's doorway using the fingertips. To the people living in the river, they do not have to worry about the floods that will happen in their area. They will get an early warning about the flood at any time even when they are sleeping. They will get the warning via notification on their smartphone and siren is places in a certain area to produce a loud noise so that residents can be prepared to face the disaster. It is expect that the Water Level Indicator is able to take a step further and can be use as best as possible and can help the local community

The acoustic properties of fire alarm systems are considered. The analysis and correction of the existing system of classification of fire alarm systems has been carried out. Shortcomings have been identified in the requirements for fire safety monitoring for voice alerts and for the certification testing procedure for fire-fighting voice alarms. The completeness of linguistic information, which is the basic standard for the required completeness of information for evacuees in case of fire, is analyzed. The structure of the sound field in the room is considered, taking into account interference during the operation of fire alarm systems. For real fire alarms, the necessity of using passport data is justified in order to obtain acoustic characteristics for such alarms as a source of not only direct, but also reflected sound. These characteristics can be used to calculate the sound field of the premises, as well as to obtain information about voice information for warning and evacuation control systems. The main factors influencing the fire early warning system have been identified, as well as their assessment and systematization. To form standard requirements for the results of new methods of acoustic design of warning and evacuation management systems to be developed, the disadvantages of existing methods for calculating fire alarm systems are displayed

The increased seismic activity observed in the Himalayas, coupled with the expanding urbanization of the surrounding areas in northern India, poses significant risks to both human lives and property. Developing an earthquake early warning system in the region could help in alleviating these risks, especially benefiting cities and towns in mountainous and foothill regions close to potential earthquake epicenters. To address this concern, the government and the science and engineering community collaborated to establish the Uttarakhand State Earthquake Early Warning System (UEEWS). The government of Uttarakhand successfully launched this full-fledged operational system to the public on 4 August 2021. The UEEWS includes an array of 170 accelerometers installed in the seismogenic areas of the Uttarakhand. Ground motion data from these sensors are transmitted to the central server through the dedicated private telecommunication network 24 hours a day, seven days a week. This system is designed to issue warnings for moderate to high-magnitude earthquakes via a mobile app freely available for smartphone users and by blowing sirens units installed in the buildings earmarked by the government. The UEEWS has successfully issued alerts for light earthquakes that have occurred in the instrumented region and warnings for moderate earthquakes that have triggered in the vicinity of the instrumented area. This paper provides an overview of the design of the UEEWS, details of instrumentation, adaptation of attributes and their relation to earthquake parameters, operational flow of the system, and information about dissemination of warnings to the public.

Mount Karangetang, located on Siau Island, SITARO Archipelago Regency, is one of Indonesia’s 127 active volcanoes, making it the nation most susceptible to volcanic eruptions. In 2015, an eruption resulted in the displacement of as many as 465 residents, the destruction of four homes, and the loss of gardens, animals, and property. In February of 2023, Mount Karangetang’s volcanic activity increased once more. This project seeks to aid the local Regional Disaster Management Agency in implementing preventative measures or evacuating residents; an early warning system for Mount Karangetang’s eruption will be created. Temperature and seismicity information will be collected through sensors deployed throughout the facility. In the meantime, the distance data is measured based on the real size of the residential location, and the height of the heated clouds is received from the observation post. The current study focuses on the development of a fuzzy logic model with four input variables and a single output variable with three levels: alert, alert, and alert. Depending on the status of the alert, the system can also emit repeated sirens for a specified length. In this study, 81 rules are utilized to determine the status of a warning.

Abstract In September 2017, in only 17 days, two enormous earthquakes triggered Mexico’s earthquake early warning system (EEWS) in a unique sequence of events that tested its capabilities. Through a series of unforeseen circumstances, including a test and an accident, during those two and a half weeks, the EEWS was also activated three additional times. The EEWS presents several remarkable strengths. Mexico’s entire emergency management system is relatively well resourced and has helped produce a more resilient culture that appreciates the alert system. Public agencies in all levels of government work in close coordination. However, the system has not been able to overcome continual political expediency and general public distrust of some of its components. The consequence is an alert system that is relatively strong in Mexico City but leaves much of the rest of the country unprotected. But even in Mexico City, the system suffers from extensive concealed vulnerabilities that put the population and the city’s infrastructure at risk. In this paper, I analyze two specific weaknesses. The first is a result of weak regulations and inappropriate business models, which impacts the country as a whole. The second is essentially a local complication resulting from the increased risk generated by the excessive trust of the population in the sirens that are so characteristic of the system. The data were collected during a reconnaissance trip organized by the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI) in October 2017.

There is a growing need to introduce warning dissemination systems in disaster-prone regions to improve the coverage of information distribution. In this study, a warning dissemination system was designed in which disaster information transmitted by a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) is received by terrestrial infrastructure, such as sirens and public transportation, converted into audio messages, and delivered automatically. The originality of the designed system lies in its appropriate integration of existing satellite systems and terrestrial infrastructure, making the system potentially applicable in many regions. First, we evaluated the effectiveness of the designed system in distributing audio messages using public buses in Brisbane, Australia, where large floods occur frequently. Real-time location information for public buses was acquired in the format of General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS), which is currently used in many countries. Time-series changes in the coverage rate relative to both the flood inundation zone and population were calculated using a geographic information system (GIS). The simulation results showed that the system could reach 60% of the flood inundation zone and 70% of the population on a holiday, indicating that the designed system could be effectively adapted to the target area. The coverage rate was found to peak during 15:00–16:00, with minimum rates observed late at night and early in the morning. These results will allow the development of an effective disaster management plan. In the future, this system will be evaluated in other regions using the same calculation process.

According to official data from EM-DAT (the International Disaster Database for Disaster Epidemiology) in 2021, the number of catastrophic events related to natural disasters worldwide was 432, exceeding the average annual number of 347 from 2001 – 2020. In this context, a study involving 240 citizens from 31 different countries who were temporarily residing in the city of Pleven was conducted. This study aimed to gauge their willingness to take adequate action and provide medical assistance in various disasters. All foreign citizens temporarily residing in Pleven had experienced a disaster situation, with over half having experienced more than one. However, the awareness among these two analyzed groups about potential disaster threats was found to be very low. Our study revealed low awareness and a lack of willingness to act during disasters. Only 20% were familiar with early warning sirens; more than half did not have home or property insurance; 88% did not possess an evacuation backpack; and only 15% were knowledgeable about collective remedies. The study's results highlight the need for systematic, in-depth work from responsible institutions to prepare foreigners for potential disasters and accidents.

Forest fires in a number of areas in Indonesia have become more frequent in recent years. This incident raises many problems in various areas of life. The Indonesian government has and continues to make preventive and curative efforts to minimize the occurrence of forest fires and the losses that occur. In line with the government's efforts, this paper proposes the design of a forest fire early warning system based on a sensor network and Short Message Service (SMS). This system consists of a subsystem on the forest side and a subsystem on the observation office side. The subsystem in the forest uses a sensor network of fire detector modules, smoke of MQ2, temperature and humidity of DHT11 to read the state of the forest, and utilizes the microcontroller of ATmega16 to acquire and process forest state data. Data processing that produces indications of forest fires will trigger the sound of sirens to convey these indications quickly to the people living around the forest. The data is sent to the observation office subsystem via SMS packets of GSM network. The monitoring application receives data of forest conditions and stores them in a database for further data processing.

Le nombre de personnes vivant dans les villes ne cesse d'augmenter et l'on estime que d'ici 2050, près de 66 % des 9,5 milliards d'habitants de la planète seront des citadins. Avec l'urbanisation rapide, de nouveaux défis environnementaux en matière de développement durable et de santé publique sont devenus essentiels. De nombreux travaux de recherche ont mis en lumière les effets négatifs d'une exposition prolongée au bruit sur la santé humaine : augmentation du risque de maladies cardiovasculaires, santé mentale et troubles du sommeil. Selon le rapport de l'Agence européenne pour l'environnement de 2017, au moins 18 millions de personnes sont fortement gênées et 5 millions sont fortement perturbées dans leur sommeil en raison d'une exposition prolongée au bruit dans l'Union européenne. Des actions politiques telles que la Directive Européenne de 2002 ont été mises en place pour évaluer l'impact du bruit par les États et les acteurs territoriaux. À cette fin, des cartes de bruit sont proposées pour évaluer l'exposition au bruit sur un territoire, mais elles se limitent à de simples indicateurs de l'environnement acoustique : le niveau sonore moyen lorsqu'il dépasse un certain seuil, calculé uniquement pour quelques sources considérées comme gênantes ou nuisibles (trafic routier, ferroviaire, aérien et industriel). Ces approches négligent souvent la dynamique et la complexité intrinsèque des environnements sonores urbains, négligeant ainsi leur dynamique temporelle et la multiplicité des sources qui intègrent la composition urbaine.En effet, les environnements sonores urbains abritent une grande diversité de sources sonores, chacune contribuant à sa manière à l'expérience sonore d'un lieu. Ils se caractérisent par leur complexité, leur variabilité et leur nature dynamique, façonnés par des facteurs tels que l'aménagement urbain, les modes d'occupation des sols, les infrastructures et le comportement humain. Alors que les méthodes traditionnelles se concentraient exclusivement sur les sources de bruit, une nouvelle approche pluridisciplinaire a vu le jour : le paysage sonore. Introduit par R. M. Schafer dans les années 1970, le concept de paysage sonore s'écarte de la vision négative et réactive des réglementations en matière de contrôle du bruit et offre une perspective de l'identité acoustique d'un lieu, naturellement liée à la perception humaine. À l'origine, le concept de paysage sonore était présenté comme une « expérience de reconnexion avec l'environnement sonore autour » avant d'évoluer vers une approche multidisciplinaire centrée sur l'humain et impliquant des architectes, des concepteurs urbains et des autorités locales et nationales. S'appuyant souvent sur des évaluations perceptives, des données acoustiques et des modèles statistiques, l'approche du paysage sonore est utilisée pour estimer la dimensionnalité des attributs du paysage sonore et la perception qui y est liée, fournissant ainsi de riches informations sur la qualité sonore des espaces urbains et sur la manière dont les êtres humains s'y rapportent. Néanmoins, en raison de la nature complexe de ces environnements, la prise en compte physique de la multiplicité des sources et de leur dynamique constitue actuellement un verrou scientifique dans la modélisation de ces environnements. Ainsi, toute représentation pertinente de ces systèmes complexes devrait englober tous les sons audibles, tels que les voix humaines, les chants d'oiseaux, l’eau ou la musique et sa dynamique, en plus des sources « négatives » traditionnelles (par exemple, le trafic routier). Dans ce contexte, la modélisation multi-sources apparaît comme un cadre prometteur pour caractériser les environnements sonores urbains. Cette approche permet l'intégration simultanée de diverses sources sonores et leur représentation à l'aide de techniques cartographiques.(...)
The number of people living in cities is constantly increasing, and it is estimated that by 2050, almost 66% of the world's 9.5 billion inhabitants will be urban dwellers. With rapid urbanization, new environmental challenges of sustainable development and public health have become central. Evidence from numerous research endeavors have shed light on the negative impacts of prolongated exposure to noise on human health: increase in the risk of cardiovascular diseases, mental health, and sleep disturbance. According to the European Environment Agency report in 2017, at least 18 million people are highly annoyed and 5 million are highly sleep disturbed because of long-term exposition to noise in the European Union. Political actions such as the 2002 European Directive have been introduced to assess the impact of noise by states and territorial players. To this end, noise maps have been enforced in the evaluation of the exposure to noise in a territory, however, they are limited to simple indicators of the acoustic environment: the average sound level when it exceeds a certain threshold, calculated only for a few sources considered as annoying or harmful (road, rail, air traffic, and industrial). These approaches often oversee the intrinsic dynamics and complexity of urban sound environments, thus neglecting their temporal dynamics and the multiplicity of sources that integrate the urban composition. Indeed, urban sound environments host a great diversity of sound sources, each contributing in its own way to the sonic experience of a place. They are characterized by their complexity, variability, and dynamic nature, shaped by factors such as urban design, land use patterns, infrastructure, and human behavior. As traditional assessment methods focused exclusively on noise sources, a new, multi-disciplinary approach emerged: the soundscape. Coined by R. M. Schafer in the 1970s, the soundscape concept diverges from the negative and reactive vision of noise control regulations and offers a perspective of the acoustical identity of a place, naturally intertwined with human perception. At its origins, the soundscape concept was coined as a “reconnecting experience with the sonic environment around” prior to evolving into a multidisciplinary approach centered around the human and that involves architects, urban designers, and local to national authorities. Often relying on perceptual assessments, acoustical data, and statistical models, the soundscape approach is used for estimating the dimensionality of soundscape attributes and the perception related to them, thus providing rich insights about the sonic quality of urban spaces and how humans relate to it. Nevertheless, due to the complex nature of these environments, a current scientific bottleneck in the modeling of such environments is the physical consideration of the multiplicity of sources and their dynamics. Thus, any pertinent representation of such complex systems should encompass all audible sounds, such as human voices, birdsong, water, or music and its dynamics; in addition to traditional “negative” sources (e.g. road traffic). In this context, multi-source modelling emerges as a promising framework to characterize urban sound environments. This approach allows for the simultaneous integration of diverse sound sources and their representation through the use of cartographic techniques. The ultimate goal of the work presented in this thesis is to develop and explore a numerical modelling framework for urban sound environments based on a multi-source principle that accurately conveys the dynamics of urban compositions.(...)

Sepsis is defined as life- threatening organ dysfunction caused by a detrimental host response to infection. Septic shock is a subset of sepsis in which underlying circulatory and cellular abnormalities are profound enough to substantially increase mortality. Septic shock is characterized by: ● The need for vasopressors to maintain mean arterial pressure (MAP) > 65mmHg despite adequate volume resuscitation. ● A serum lactate > 2mmol/L In lay terms, it is hypoperfusion with evidence of metabolic derangement. The mortality for both criteria is ~40%, compared to 20–30% for a single item. Please also refer to: https:// www.nice.org.uk/ guidance/indevelopment/gid-cgwave0686 The old definitions of sepsis described a heterogeneous group of patients and did not discriminate between infectious and non- infectious causes such as pancreatitis and trauma. The new definitions also allow easier recognition, based on a combination of symptoms and signs. Key parameters include: decreased level of consciousness, rigors, severe myalgia, high or low temperature, pulse > 130/min, systolic blood pressure < 90mmHg, respiratory rate (RR) > 25/ min, creatinine > 170μmol/ L, platelets < 100 x 109/l and bilirubin > 33μmol/ L. The Clinical Quality Commission recommend that NHS trusts use the national early warning score (NEWS), and a score > 5 is an indication to consider moving a patient to critical care. SIRS is defined as any of the two following criteria: acutely altered mental state, temperature < 36°C or > 38°C, pulse > 90/ min, RR > 20/ min, WCC > 12 or < 4 x 109/L and hyperglycaemia in the absence of diabetes mellitus. In the former definitions (1991 and 2001), sepsis was defined as infection plus SIRS. SIRS, however, was not good at separating infected patients who died from those who recovered from infection. SIRS was often an appropriate reaction to infection and many hospitalized patients meet the SIRS criteria. Also, as many as one in eight patients admitted to critical care units with infection and new organ failure did not have two SIRS criteria required to fulfil the sepsis definition. SIRS is no longer part of the new definitions.