Relevant bibliographies by topics / Early phase studies

Academic literature on the topic 'Early phase studies'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Contents

Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Early phase studies.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Journal articles on the topic "Early phase studies"

1

Catapano, Alberico L. "Pitavastatin – pharmacological profile from early phase studies." Atherosclerosis Supplements 11, no. 3 (December 2010): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1567-5688(10)71063-1.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Ramkumar, Anupama. "Early phase studies in India: Are we too early to explore?" Indian Journal of Pharmacology 40, no. 5 (2008): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.44149.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Sivasubramanian, Parijatham S., and Katherine D. Crew. "Biomarker Endpoints for Early-Phase Cancer-Prevention Studies." Current Breast Cancer Reports 5, no. 3 (June 15, 2013): 194–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12609-013-0116-x.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Gullapalli, Rampurna P., Carolyn L. Mazzitelli, Christina M. Charriez, David J. Carpenter, Rebecca D. Crean, Bobbie Carter, and Phil Perera. "Extemporaneous preparation strategy for early phase clinical studies." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 549, no. 1-2 (October 2018): 150–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.07.059.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Hughes, George S. "Challenges in the Design of Phase I and Early Phase II Studies." Drug Information Journal 23, no. 4 (October 1989): 693–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009286158902300425.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Zaks, T. Z., A. Akkari, L. Briley, M. Mosteler, A. G. Stead, K. M. Koch, C. Sampson, M. Ehm, E. Harris, and A. Roses. "Role of pharmacogenetic studies in early clinical development: Phase I studies with lapatinib." Journal of Clinical Oncology 24, no. 18_suppl (June 20, 2006): 3029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.3029.

Full text
Abstract:
3029 Background: Rash and diarrhea are a class effect of ERBB1 inhibitors. These events are relatively mild with Lapatinib (a dual ERBB1/ERBB2 kinase inhibitor). Finding a genetic basis for patients who may be predisposed to these adverse events, from the outset of clinical development, may improve the understanding of the mechanisms of these side effects and may have implications for use and dosing. Methods: DNA was isolated from peripheral blood of 107 Caucasian subjects from eight monotherapy phase I studies including 73 healthy volunteers and 34 cancer patients, 100 of whom had associated pharmacokinetic data. 284 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from five candidate genes of transporters (ABCB1, ABCG2) and enzymes (CYP 3A4 and 3A5, and 2C19) for which lapatinib is a substrate were genotyped and examined for associations with pharmacokinetic variables (dose-normalized AUC, Cmax, and Tmax) as well as rash (15 cases) and diarrhea (18 cases). Results: Skin rash and diarrhea in this phase I cohort were only mild, (i.e. grade I or II). Statistically significant associations were observed between 34 SNPs in CYP2C19, rash (22 SNPs) and diarrhea (6 SNPs), and between 15 SNPs in ABCB1 and Tmax. Notably, 3/3 subjects (2 healthy volunteers, one patient) homozygous for the CYP2C19*2 allele experienced both mild rash and diarrhea. Extensive linkage disequilibrium was observed among these associated SNPs. Conclusions: Our results suggest that it is possible to determine pharmacogenetic associations with side effect phenotypes during the earliest phase of clinical drug development. These results are currently being validated on a larger cohort of patients from phase II lapatinib clinical trials. [Table: see text]
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Morrissey, Malcolm. "RTSM (Randomization and Trial Supply Management) for Early Phase Studies." Open Clinical Trials Journal 3, no. 1 (November 18, 2011): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1876821001103010026.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Burström, Thommie, Jussi Harri, and Timothy L. Wilson. "Nascent Entrepreneurs Managing in Networks: Equivocality, Multiplexity and Tie Formation." Journal of Enterprising Culture 26, no. 01 (March 2018): 51–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218495818500036.

Full text
Abstract:
This paper studies the dynamics of network development in early phases of venture development. Seven ventures were studied through interviews and visualization techniques. An equivocal three-phase process was studied — conceptualization, early foundation and early establishment. This paper defines network equivocality, draw on multiplexity theory and contributes by fine-tuning the concept of tie formation. The paper presents a conceptual model where the dynamics behind network development in early phases of venture development is explained. It is proposed that each phase of development is divided by knowledge boundaries. As ventures mature, they pass knowledge boundaries, and this passage triggers network transformation. Thus, the roles of both nascent firms and of multiplex network contacts change, and consequently tie formation also change. Three distinct tie formations are identified; esoteric, enlarged and exoteric.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Arato, Teruyo, Takashi Daimon, Yuji Heike, Ken Ishii, Kyogo Itho, Shinichi Kageyama, Yutaka Kawakami, et al. "2015 Guidance on cancer immunotherapy development in early‐phase clinical studies." Cancer Science 106, no. 12 (December 2015): 1761–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cas.12819.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Kacprowska, Agata, and Jacek Jassem. "Hypofractionated radiotherapy for early breast cancer: Review of phase III studies." Reports of Practical Oncology & Radiotherapy 17, no. 2 (March 2012): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rpor.2011.10.003.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Early phase studies"

1

Dahiya, Hema. "Shakespeare studies in Colonial Bengal : the early phase." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2011. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/19526/.

Full text
Abstract:
Shakespeare was formally introduced in Colonial Bengal when Hindu College was established in 1817. This thesis highlights how in the midst of running controversy between Orientalists and Anglicists, amidst intense rivalry between Christian missionaries and orthodox Hindus, Hindu College pioneered Shakespeare studies, keeping it free from religious orthodoxy, and imparting secular ideas of Renaissance humanism. Describing the historical role the leading founders of the college - Raja Rammohan Roy and David Hare - played in creating environment of secularism, this thesis is focussed on the work of three early teachers of English at Hindu College -Henry Derozio, D.L. Richardson, and H.M. Percival - who laid the foundation of Shakespeare studies in colonial Bengal. Derozio's inspiring teaching made his students not only crusaders against orthodoxy but also fighters for freedom thereby igniting the flame of the Bengal Renaissance. A poet like Derozio, Richardson, besides teaching Shakespeare's plays and promoting their performance, emerged as the first major literary critic of Shakespeare and other English poets. Percival, continuing the secular tradition of teaching, also became the first major editor of Shakespeare for Indian students, who edited with long introductions the texts of six plays. This thesis highlights the pioneering role of these three eminent teachers of English at Hindu College who established Shakespeare studies as a secular learning of humanist ideas. This thesis also challenges the sweeping generalisation of postcolonial criticism that English education in colonial India, including Shakespeare teaching, was used to promote the political agenda of the British rulers. It points out that Shakespeare teaching as a component of English education at Hindu College defies that generalisation. Besides, if English education promoted colonial interests, it also inducted ideas of the European Enlightenment that contributed towards the general awakening in colonial Bengal. In the era of postcolonial theory's dominance in English studies, this thesis offers an original contribution to knowledge by putting forth evidence in support of secular Shakespeare studies in colonial Bengal spearheaded by eminent teachers like Derozio, Richardson, and Percival.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Freeman, Georgina. "Publication bias and quality of reporting of Pharmacodynamic Studies utilizing invasive research procedures within early phase cancer trials." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=110657.

Full text
Abstract:
Invasive research procedures, such as biopsy for pharmacodynamic study, often have no value for patient-volunteers in terms of diagnosis or clinical management. Accordingly, their burdens are generally justifiable only by appeal to knowledge value (that is, the benefit to future patients) rather than direct benefit. This thesis is an exploration of knowledge value production as a justification for invasive research biopsy in cancer research. The premise of this thesis is that human investigations can only enable knowledge value insofar as they are reported in ways that enable a broader scientific community to use their findings for planning new investigations. We studied the interruption of knowledge value accrual through two empirically evaluable proxies of knowledge value: publication and reporting quality.The focus of this thesis is on the publication and reporting quality of pharmacodynamic (PD) sub-studies embedded within early phase cancer clinical trials. Early phase cancer trials are designed to measure the safety and toxic effects of an investigational agent and tumor response (i.e. tumor shrinkage). PD sub-studies within them investigate the effects of a drug on its 'targets' (i.e. the inhibition of an enzyme or enzymatic pathway). We found that 37% of early phase cancer trials utilizing biopsy for PD study result in the complete publication of all PD data. A survey of study authors revealed that the most commonly cited barriers to publication were "strategic considerations in publication," which included studies where results were dismissed as uninteresting, uninformative, contradictory or difficult to interpret, and where "scientific disagreement" prevented the publication of pharmacodynamic results (59% of respondents). Quality of reporting varied widely within and across studies, with some important quality assurance practices being sporadically reported, including results of all planned tests (78% trials reporting), use of blinded outcome assessment (43% trials reporting), biopsy dimensions (38% trials reporting), and description of patient flow through the PD portion of the trial (62% trials reporting). PD analysis as a primary endpoint and the use of mandatory biopsy were significantly and positively associated with better quality reporting. A preponderance of positive results (61% of the studies described positive PD results) suggests the possibility of publication bias.Based on our research findings, we recommend that study investigators and IRB members critically evaluate targets for patient recruitment, tissue collection, and PD assay validation. Further, IRBs and investigators should ensure that any laboratories proposing the collection and assay of biopsied tissues have the requisite resources (financial, human, and physical) to complete a validated PD study. The major recommendation of this thesis is that a formalized reporting guideline, similar to CONSORT and REMARK, should be developed for PD investigations. We further recommend that study authors and journal editors consider separate PD publication or the inclusion of supplementary materials in order to provide space for richer methodologic description of PD research.
Les procédés de recherche effractifs, tels que la biopsie dans le cadre d'études pharmacodynamiques, n'ont souvent aucun avantage pour le patient-bénévole en ce qui concerne le diagnostic ou la prise en charge clinique. Le recours à ces procédés n'est souvent fondé que sur l'idée de la valeur des connaissances (ce en quoi ils aideront d'éventuels patients futurs) plutôt que sur l'avantage direct pour le patient.Cette thèse propose d'étudier la justification du recours à des procédés de biopsie effractive dans la recherche sur le cancer par la production de connaissances. Nous proposons comme prémisse que la recherche sur les êtres humains ne peut produire de connaissances de valeur que dans la mesure où les résultats de la recherche sont présentés de manière à permettre à la communauté scientifique élargie de les utiliser à des fins de recherches ultérieures. Nous avons étudié l'interruption de l'accumulation de connaissances de valeur selon deux critères empiriques : la publication et la qualité des renseignements. Cette thèse se concentre particulièrement sur la publication et la qualité des renseignements dans les sous-études pharmacodynamiques contenues dans les essais cliniques de premières phases dans le domaine du cancer. Ces essais visent à mesurer l'innocuité et les effets toxiques potentiels d'un nouveau médicament de recherche, ainsi que la réaction de la tumeur. Les sous-études pharmacodynamiques évaluent les effets du médicament sur ses « cibles » (un enzyme ou une voie enzymatique). Nos résultats indiquent que pour 37% des essais cliniques de premières phases qui comprennent des sous-études pharmacodynamiques utilisant la biopsie, toutes les données pharmacodynamiques ont été publiées. À la suite d'une enquête auprès d'auteurs d'études, les obstacles les plus communs sont les « considérations d'ordre stratégique quant à la publication », dans le cas d'études où on juge que les résultats n'apportent rien de nouveau ou sont sans intérêt, contradictoires ou difficiles d'interprétation, et lorsque des « différends d'ordre scientifique » empêchent la publication de résultats pharmacodynamiques (59% des répondants). La qualité des renseignements varie grandement à travers les études et on remarque que certaines données importantes pour le contrôle de la qualité ne sont qu'irrégulièrement signalées, dont les résultats de tous les tests planifiés (78% des essais), l'évaluation des résultats à l'insu (43% des essais), les dimensions des tissus prélevés (38% des essais) et la description du cheminement du patient durant la section pharmacodynamique de l'étude (62% des essais). Lorsque l'analyse pharmacodynamique est le but premier de l'essai ou que celui-ci comprend un recours obligatoire à la biopsie, l'étude tend considérablement à être de meilleure qualité. La prépondérance de résultats positifs (61% des études) suggère peut-être un biais de publication. Compte tenu des résultats de notre recherche, nous proposons que les investigateurs d'études et les membres de comités d'éthique indépendants évaluent de manière critique les objectifs en matière de recrutement des patients, de prélèvement des tissus et de validation des essais pharmacodynamiques. De plus, les comités d'éthique indépendants et les investigateurs doivent s'assurer que tout laboratoire visant le prélèvement et l'analyse de tissus par la biopsie possèdent les ressources financières, humaines et matérielles nécéssaires pour compléter une étude pharmacodynamique validée. La recommandation principale de cette thèse consiste en l'élaboration d'une ligne directrice formalisée, comparable à CONSORT ou REMARK, pour la publication d'études pharmacodynamiques. Nous recommandons également que les auteurs d'études et les éditeurs de revues envisagent de publier indépendamment les résultats pharmacodynamiques ou d'inclure des matériaux supplémentaires afin de permettre une description méthodologique plus riche de la recherche pharmacodynamique.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Smirat, Daniel. "Financial aspects facing start-ups during the go-to-market phase : Case studies of Swedish start-ups." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-69514.

Full text
Abstract:
Abstract Swedish start-ups seem to efficiently develop new products and services but less successful when it comes to taking them to the market and launching them globally. This research aims to address this gap through investigating Swedish start-ups. In light of this problem, the author argues that there is a need for increasing knowledge regarding the financial success factors and challenges facing Swedish start-ups in the go-to-market phase. The research question is thus: What are the significant challenges and success factors affecting the financing of Swedish start-ups during the go-to-market phase? Four major challenges facing start-ups during the go-to-market phase are identified. These are lack ofsufficient capital,lack of support from the banking sector, lack of support from the regional public leveland, finally, regulations and legal issues. On the other hand, four success factors have been identified, which are support from private investors, shared financial private/public risk, efficient internal operationsand non-traditional financing methods. In order to facilitate the go-to-market financing, it is recommended that start-ups be established in a business incubator environment in order to have access to investor networks and other financial support. Besides, having investors with financial experience in the start-up boards increases the chances of success in the go-to-market phase. The banking sector in Sweden should also play a bigger role in the strategic issues in order to accelerate the start-up’s growth. For further studies, more knowledge regarding the underlying motivations of private capitalists, public funders and loan lenders is desirable. Furthermore, the business incubator’s role in facilitating the financing of start-ups and understanding how start-ups in different sectors should act to increase the rate of success are two important areas for future studies.  Keywords: start-ups, go-to-market, financing, growth, early growth, success factors
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Wainwright, Elizabeth N. "The interpretation and delivery of the Welsh Foundation Phase and its contribution to physical literacy." Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/576443.

Full text
Abstract:
The introduction of the Foundation Phase gave a unique opportunity to study the interpretation and delivery of a play-based early childhood curriculum. This new curriculum saw the disappearance of Physical Education for pupils under the age of seven in Wales. Physical Education is acknowledged as more than the development of physical competence, being part of a process concerned with lifelong physical, intellectual, social and emotional learning accrued through a range of physical activities, in a variety of contexts (Doherty and Brennan, 2008). As such a goal of Physical Education is physical literacy, (Hardman, 2011; Talbot, 2007). In light of this, this research set out to explore the contribution of the Foundation Phase to the development of children’s physical literacy. In order to achieve this, a three-phase complementarity mixed-methods design (Greene et al., 1989) was used to generate data over two years in selected schools in Wales. The schools were found to be enacting the Foundation Phase with fidelity to the original aims of the policy makers by demonstrating the key features of play-based active learning, focused adult-led sessions, child-initiated learning, and use of the outdoors for learning. In so doing they were deemed to be successful in achieving the aim of the Foundation Phase of developing independent, motivated active learners. The Foundation Phase was also found to be supporting the development of children’s cognitive development with good levels of achievement in literacy and numeracy assessments. The playful pedagogy observed in the schools enabled the pupils to have autonomy in their learning. Pupils were motivated, active and engaged in embodied learning both indoors and outdoors. The findings indicated that the Foundation Phase was making a positive contribution to the development of children’s physical literacy.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Nhacolo, Arsénio Quingue [Verfasser], Werner [Akademischer Betreuer] Brannath, Werner [Gutachter] Brannath, and Martin [Gutachter] Posch. "Bias and precision in early phase adaptive oncology studies and its consequences for confirmatory trials / Arsénio Quingue Nhacolo ; Gutachter: Werner Brannath, Martin Posch ; Betreuer: Werner Brannath." Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1170321046/34.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Sohail, Aaqib [Verfasser], Frank [Akademischer Betreuer] Pessler, and Armin [Akademischer Betreuer] Braun. "Use of the human lung tissue explant model for functional biomarker studies in the early phase of infections / Aaqib Sohail ; Akademische Betreuer: Frank Pessler, Armin Braun ; Twincore, Zentrum für Experimentelle und Klinische Infektionsforschung." Hannover : Bibliothek der Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1217856404/34.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Mayta, Raul E. "Socializing Housing Phased Early Response to Impromptu Migrant Encampments In Lima, Peru." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002710.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Ananthakrishnan, Revathi Nayantara. "On the designs of early phase oncology studies." Thesis, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/27175.

Full text
Abstract:
This thesis focuses on the design, statistical operating characteristics and interpretation of early phase oncology clinical trials. Anti-cancer drugs are generally highly toxic and it is imperative to deliver a dose to the patient that is low enough to be safe but high enough to produce a clinically meaningful response. Thus, a study of dose limiting toxicities (DLTs) and a determination of the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of a drug that can be used in later phase trials is the focus of most Phase I oncology trials. We first comprehensively compare the statistical operating characteristics of various early phase oncology designs, finding that all the designs examined select the MTD more accurately when there is a clear separation between the true DLT rate at the MTD and the rates at the dose levels immediately above and below. Among the rule-based designs studied, we found that the 3+3 design under-doses a large percentage of patients and is not accurate in selecting the MTD for all the cases considered. The 5+5 a design picks the MTD as accurately as the model based designs for the true DLT rates generated using the chosen log-logistic and linear dose-toxicity curves, but requires enrolling a larger number of patients. The model based designs examined, mTPI, TEQR, BOIN, CRM and EWOC designs, perform well on the whole, assign the maximum percentage of patients to the MTD, and pick the MTD fairly accurately. However, the limited sample size of these Phase I oncology trials makes it difficult to accurately predict the MTD. Hence, we next study the effect of sample size and cohort size on the accuracy of dose selection in early phase oncology designs, finding that an adequate sample size is crucial. We then propose some integrated Phase 1/2 oncology designs, namely the 20+20 accelerated titration design and extensions of the mTPI and TEQR designs, that consider both toxicity and efficacy in dose selection, utilizing a larger sample size. We demonstrate that these designs provide an improvement over the existing early phase designs.
2019-12-01T00:00:00Z
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Nagpal, Anjali. "Exploring Determinants of Execution in Early Phase Clinical Studies with Cell Therapies in Stroke." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/119953.

Full text
Abstract:
Background Stroke is associated with a significant disease burden across the world (1). Ischaemic stroke accounts for over 80% of the total number of strokes and specifically refers to central nervous system infarction accompanied by overt symptoms (2). Cell therapies (CTs) represent a composite of different cell types being investigated in different phases of stroke, with use of different dose and delivery regimens (2). Preliminary evidence for meaningful clinical translation is now available with CTs in stroke, as early studies have demonstrated safety and a trend towards functional improvement over a longer time window of application (2). Research Aims This research aimed to analyse study design, regulatory policy, ethical and economic considerations, as well as to describe their impact on the quality of execution of early-phase clinical CTs studies in stroke Methods The thesis is a compendium of subprojects that evaluated these considerations for efficient implementation of early phase CTs studies, using a mixed methodology approach. Results Study design considerations: a systematic review of early phase clinical studies with CTs in ischaemic stroke indicated a trend towards improvement across varied domains of functional impairment and reasonable safety and feasibility, in patients with stroke receiving CTs (2). A high level of heterogeneity was observed, in terms of differences in cell types used and route, dose and time of administration, use of randomised control design and selection of trial endpoints. Most studies reported temporal changes in global endpoints such as those measured by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), Barthel Index (BI) or Modified Rankin scale (mRS). Regulatory considerations: a narrative review examined different national regulatory provisions and described standardization of research terminology and access to expertise in manufacturing as the key determinants critical to the execution of early phase studies with CTs in stroke. Ethical considerations: a qualitative study was undertaken to understand the perspective of stroke survivors on the research design of a proposed early phase clinical study with adult human dental pulp stem cells in chronic ischaemic stroke. The study found that patients considered outcomes such as recovery in social participation and decreased dependence on carers as most meaningful to them. Whilst improved motor function was important, the impact on cognition, memory, mood, pain and fatigue were bigger determinants of their perception of benefit. The perception of risk versus benefit was influenced by the time elapsed since stroke. Health economic considerations: a systematic review reported that there is limited evidence for economic evaluation at early stage of research in CTs. Only three studies have been published to date. All studies undertook a cost utility analysis of CTs versus current standard of care using decision analytical modelling and reported that CTs could provide meaningful cost savings in terms of direct costs of disease management accrued to the government (healthcare bodies and social services). Discussion Successful clinical translation of CTs in stroke requires efficient development strategies potentially comprising the use of adaptive trial designs and the use of domain specific endpoints for efficacy evaluation (8, 9). Addressing regulatory requirements and patients’ preferences in research design can significantly improve the eventual clinical relevance of data generated within these trials (11, 12). Collection of data on cost-effectiveness of their use from the early phase of research is critical, as these therapies are likely to be expensive (13). Conclusions Development of a practical framework comprising key elements of study design and regulatory policy, as well as ethical and health economic considerations that is available to different research groups can potentially accelerate clinical translation of CTs in stroke.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Adelaide Medical School, 2019
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Hsieh, Tien-Hao, and 謝天晧. "The early phase of protostars and proto-brown dwarfs: Studies of Very Low Luminosity Objects (VeLLOs)." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/yngn28.

Full text
Abstract:
博士
國立清華大學
天文研究所
104
My thesis project aims at understanding the natures of low mass protostars and proto-brown dwarfs at early evolutionary stage. A new category of Young Stellar Objects (YSOs), Very Low Luminosity Objects (VeLLOs), are newly discovered and defined by their low internal luminosity (Lint<0.1Lsun). The low luminosity infers that VeLLOs host a substellar mass central object at the present time and thus can be interpreted as a very young protostar or low mass protostar. This low luminosity also provides a constraint on their accretion luminosity as well as the accretion rate, suggesting VeLLOs are at a quiescent accretion phase. This thesis consists of four papers: (i) For the first paper, we develop a new identification method of YSOs to identify faint protostars in order to find more VeLLOs. Applying this method to the Spitzer archival data in five nearby molecular clouds, we identify 322 (28%) new YSO toward the lower end of the luminosity function compared with previous works. Based on this method, we further find seven VeLLOs in these molecular clouds. (ii) We study the chemical and dynamical properties of 15 selected Low Luminosity Objects (Lint<0.2Lsun) through molecular line emissions at millimeter/submillimeter wavelengths. We found that LLOs could have wide variety in their parent cores and tend to be at an very early evolutionary stage. (iii) We present a detailed investigation on the protostellar outflow driven by a unique VeLLO, IRAS 16253--2429. Our results suggest that IRAS 16253--2429 is very likely a proto-brown dwarf binary system. (iv) Using CFHT, we make an infrared outflow survey toward 20 LLOs. The outflows are detected in 12 LLOs (including 4 from Spitzer) and the outflow opening angles are widening as the core evolves as expected.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Books on the topic "Early phase studies"

1

Zelinger, Einat. Immunolocalisation and ultra-structural studies of the early interactions between Stagonospora nodorum and wheat. [Oxford]: Oxford Brookes University, 2002.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Swamidass, Paul M. The early phases of technological innovation for engineering and business students: With 16 case studies. Auburn, AL: TIR/Technological Innovation Resources, 2012.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Flüeler, Remo Peter. Experimentelle Untersuchungen über Keimung und Etablierung von alpinen Leguminosen =: Experimental studies on the germinating behaviour and early developmental phases of alpine Leguminosae. Zürich: Geobotanischen Institutes ETH, Stiftung Rübel, 1992.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Nairn, J. A. Greek through reading. Bristol: Bristol Classical Press, 1993.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

The rhetoric of gender terms: 'man', 'woman', and the portrayal of character in Latin prose. Leiden: Brill, 1992.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Bernards, Monique. Changing traditions: Al-Mubarrad's refutation of Sībawayh and the subsequent reception of the Kitāb. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1996.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

(Editor), Patricia P. Olmsted, and Jeanne Montie (Editor), eds. Early Childhood Settings in 15 Countries: What Are Their Structural Characteristics? (The Iea Preprimary Project, Phase 2). High/Scope Pr, 2001.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Translational Research Methods for Diabetes, Obesity and Cardiometabolic Drug Development: A Focus on Early Phase Clinical Studies. Springer, 2014.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Krentz, Andrew J., Lutz Heinemann, and Marcus Hompesch. Translational Research Methods for Diabetes, Obesity and Cardiometabolic Drug Development: A Focus on Early Phase Clinical Studies. Springer London, Limited, 2014.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Krentz, Andrew J., Steven Smith, Lutz Heinemann, and Marcus Hompesch. Translational Research Methods for Diabetes, Obesity and Cardiometabolic Drug Development: A Focus on Early Phase Clinical Studies. Springer, 2016.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Book chapters on the topic "Early phase studies"

1

Colin, Laurence, and Brian Smith. "Safety in Early Phase Studies." In Statistical Methods in Biomarker and Early Clinical Development, 247–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31503-0_12.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Halloran, M. Elizabeth, Ira M. Longini, and Claudio J. Struchiner. "Immunology and Early Phase Trials." In Design and Analysis of Vaccine Studies, 47–62. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-68636-3_3.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

McEwen, J., and Ian H. Stevenson. "Radiolabelled Metabolism Studies in Man." In Early Phase Drug Evaluation in Man, 243–50. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10705-6_20.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Broom, Colin. "Design of First-administration Studies in Healthy Man." In Early Phase Drug Evaluation in Man, 206–13. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10705-6_16.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Camidge, D. Ross, Robert C. Doebele, and Antonio Jimeno. "Pharmacodynamic Studies in Early Phase Drug Development." In Principles of Anticancer Drug Development, 215–56. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7358-0_9.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Sathyanarayanan, Vishwanath, and Swaminathan P. Iyer. "The Paradigm of Early Phase Studies in Hematological Malignancies." In Phase I Oncology Drug Development, 297–311. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47682-3_17.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Lindenberg, Svend, and Poul Hyttel. "In vitro studies of the peri-implantation phase of human embryos." In Ultrastructure of Human Gametogenesis and Early Embryogenesis, 201–11. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1749-4_7.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Zheng, Yanbing, James Reynolds, Man Tang, Mark Johnson, and Hesham Fahmy. "A Bayesian Application in Process Monitoring – Establishing Limits for Dosage Units in Early Phase Process Control." In Case Studies in Bayesian Methods for Biopharmaceutical CMC, 299–320. Boca Raton: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003255093-15.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Pithawalla, Y. B., and M. Samy El-Shall. "Gas Phase and Cluster Studies of the Early Stages of Cationic Polymerization and the Reactions with Metal Cations." In Solvent-Free Polymerizations and Processes, 232–45. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1998-0713.ch015.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Shortino, Denise, Ann Walker, and Andrew Miskell. "Use of Graphics for Studies with Small Sample Sizes: A Simulated Case Study of an Early-Phase Asset for Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus." In A Picture is Worth a Thousand Tables, 87–97. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5329-1_5.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Conference papers on the topic "Early phase studies"

1

Rusli, Andre, and Osamu Shigo. "An integrated tool to support early-phase requirements analysis." In 2017 4th International Conference on New Media Studies (CONMEDIA). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/conmedia.2017.8266026.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Roffel, AF, PJ Vrijlandt, and AA Van Vliet. "Patient Recruitment in Early Phase Investigational Drug Studies in Asthma and COPD." In American Thoracic Society 2009 International Conference, May 15-20, 2009 • San Diego, California. American Thoracic Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2009.179.1_meetingabstracts.a1437.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Van Bossuyt, Douglas, Chris Hoyle, Irem Y. Tumer, Richard Malak, Toni Doolen, and Andy Dong. "Toward an Early-Phase Conceptual System Design Risk-Informed Decision Making Framework." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-89639.

Full text
Abstract:
Current methods of risk analysis conducted during the early phases of complex system design do not give a clear voice to the customer or design engineer when considering engineering risk attitude in the dynamic shaping of early-phase conceptual design trade study outcomes. The existing methods either collect risk information following the completion of a conceptual design thus treating risk as an afterthought during trade studies, make risk-informed decisions prior to the conduction of trade studies thus artificially constraining the design space, or do not consider risk at all. This paper proposes a risk-informed decision making framework that offers a new, meaningful way of accounting for risk during trade studies, informs design decisions during trade studies with pertinent risk information, and takes into account risk attitude of the design engineer or customer when risk-informed decisions are made. Risk is elevated to the same level of importance as other system level variables in trade studies and risk-based decisions are made by individual subsystem engineers through the lens of risk appetite. Several previously developed methods of risk trading, assessing engineering risk attitude, and making risk-informed decisions based upon engineering risk attitude using utility theory are synthesized into the risk-informed decision-making framework. Implementation methods for trade studies being performed by groups of people and automatically by computers are presented. Sensitivity of the framework to input variable variation is examined. A spacecraft example is employed to demonstrate the usefulness of the framework. This paper provides a novel framework for risk-informed design decisions made within trade studies that are based upon engineering risk attitudes in early phase conceptual design.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Coombs, Deshawn M., Nathan D. Peters, and Ben Akih-Kumgeh. "Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Early Phase of Laser Ignition Under Stoichiometric and Lean Conditions." In ASME Turbo Expo 2018: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2018-77238.

Full text
Abstract:
Forced ignition, the initiation of combustion processes by rapid and localized introduction of energy, is central to the successful operation of many combustion systems. It is therefore of interest to investigate this process, starting from the introduction of energy to the emergence of self-sustained flame or the quenching of an otherwise initialized flame kernel. Since the process is highly non-equilibrium and involves various complex kinetic phenomena, it is important to understand the key aspects that control failed or successful ignition. Detailed studies of the early phases of the ignition process can lead to knowledge of more general characteristics of the problem so that reduced models of the ignition process can be developed. These reduced versions can be used in less costly computational studies to assess various ignition events. This paper reports an experimental and numerical investigations of the early phase of laser ignition. The gas mixtures, air, methane/N2 and methane/air are considered to bring out the effect of heat release on the early flow field. The mixtures are studied at three different energy levels and the Jones blast wave theory is used to deduce the energy responsible for the development of the attendant shock waves. This energy is also used to specify initial conditions for the simulations of air and methane/air processes. Additionally, interferometry is used to resolve the density field within the plasma kernel. For the methane/air simulation two chemical models are used, a global reaction model supplemented by an ignition model and a two-step mechanism. The sensitivity of the simulations to the initial geometry of the laser spark is also investigated. The blast wave and interferometry results show that in the reacting methane/air mixture the resulting shock wave is strengthened by early heat release. It is also shown that the shock wave trajectory is not strongly affected by the initial spark geometry, but it has an impact on the velocity field and on the distribution of thermodynamic properties.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Aletaha, D., A. Kivitz, G. Valenzuela, J. Tesser, S. Hays, H. Li, CA Connell, E. Bananis, A. Soonasra, and JS Smolen. "THU0186 Magnitude and duration of early response with tofacitinib: post-hoc analysis of two phase 3, placebo-controlled studies." In Annual European Congress of Rheumatology, 14–17 June, 2017. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and European League Against Rheumatism, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-eular.1556.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Foss, Ryan J., Mengtang Li, Eric J. Barth, Kim A. Stelson, and James D. Van de Ven. "Experimental Studies of a Novel Alternating Flow (AF) Hydraulic Pump." In ASME/BATH 2017 Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fpmc2017-4315.

Full text
Abstract:
The ideal variable displacement pump for a displacement control circuit is efficient across a wide operating range and readily mounted on a common shaft with multiple pumps. This paper presents a novel variable displacement pump architecture for displacement control circuits that uses the concept of alternating flow (AF) between piston pairs that share a common cylinder. The displacement is adjusted by varying the phase angle between the piston pairs. When the pistons are in phase, the pump displacement is at a maximum and when the pairs of pistons are out of phase, fluid is shuttled between the pistons and the pump produces no net flow. A prototype of the AF pump was constructed from two inline triplex pumps that were modified so that three piston pairs were created. The crankshafts of the two pumps were connected via a sprocket-and-chain transmission. The sprockets allow for accurate measurement of the phase angle, which is adjusted, in this early phase prototype, by disassembling the chain and shifting the sprockets. The prototype AF pump was then mounted to the test stand and experiments were conducted to map the AF pump efficiency and cylinder pressure dynamics across a range of operating pressure, speed, and displacement. The AF pump’s efficiency was measured for 8 diferent phase angles with an efficiency of near 90% at full flow and 65% at 36% displacement. The experimental results were compared to simulation results, presented in a companion paper at this conference.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Mayer, Ingrid, Azeez Farooki, Hope S. Rugo, Hiroji Iwata, Eva Ciruelos, Mario Campone, Sibylle Loibl, et al. "Abstract PS10-35: Early intervention for and management of alpelisib (ALP)-induced hyperglycemia: Case studies from the phase III SOLAR-1 trial." In Abstracts: 2020 San Antonio Breast Cancer Virtual Symposium; December 8-11, 2020; San Antonio, Texas. American Association for Cancer Research, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs20-ps10-35.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Hånde, Bjørn M. "Performance Prediction of Centrifugal Compressors During the Conceptual Engineering Phase." In ASME 1994 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/94-gt-192.

Full text
Abstract:
This paper presents a method for performance prediction of a potential centrifugal compressor, based on the process data at the design point. The procedure is based on a study of the design practice for a number of vendors for the North Sea hydrocarbon processing industry. The study shows that todays compressor vendors tend to follow the classic design rules developed in the early sixties. These design rules can be applied on the process data from a plant simulation to create an imaginary compressor. A mean line prediction method is used to predict the off-design performance over the total operating range of the compressor. A successful prediction depends on the finally chosen compressor being well designed for the given operating point. The procedure, in the form of PC-based programs, has been applied in conceptual studies and modification studies of off-shore compression plants.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Yu, Leyuan, and Dong Liu. "Flow Boiling Heat Transfer and Two-Phase Flow Instability of Nanofluids in a Minichannel." In ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2013-17154.

Full text
Abstract:
Recent studies of single-phase convective heat transfer of nanofluids reveal that, unlike the promising hypohesis in the early works, there is no significant improvement in the overall thermal performance of nanofluids over that of the base fluids when both heat transfer and hydrodynamic characteristics are considered. Meanwhile, very few studies have been devoted to investigating two-phase heat transfer of nanofluids, and it remains inconclusive whether the same pessimistic outlook should be expected. In this work, an experimental study of forced convective flow boiling and two-phase flow was conducted for Al2O3-water nanofluids through a minichannel. General flow boiling heat transfer characteristics were measured, and the effects of nanofluids on the onset of nucleate boiling (ONB) were studied. Two-phase flow instabilities were also explored with an emphasis on the transition boundaries of onset of flow instabilities (OFI). It was found that the presence of nanoparticles delays ONB and suppresses OFI, and the extent is correlated to the nanoparticle volume concentration. These effects were attributed to the change of surface wettability and the thinning of thermal boundary layer in the nanofluid flow. Additionally, it was observed that the pressure-drop type flow instability prevails in nanofluid two-phase flow, however, the oscillation amplitudes of the pressure, temperature and mass flux measurements are reduced.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Yener, Yaman, and Salih Saran. "Recent Developments in Single-Phase Transient Forced Convection in Channels: A State-of-Art-Review." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-42665.

Full text
Abstract:
Many analytical and experimental studies, involving both liquids and gases, have been carried out to gain a better understanding of transient fluid flow and forced convection heat transfer phenomena in macro and micro channels over the last half century. Starting with the early contribution and including Professor S. Kakac¸’s seminal studies, a state-of-the-art review of the recent developments in the study of transient thermal response of channel flows is given. The parallel-plate channel and the circular tube, which are the two commonly encountered geometries in practice, are considered with both laminar and turbulent flows.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Reports on the topic "Early phase studies"

1

Scott, B. R., F. F. Hahn, G. J. Newton, M. B. Snipes, E. G. Damon, J. L. Mauderly, B. B. Boecker, and D. H. Gray. Experimental studies of the early effects of inhaled beta-emitting radionuclides for nuclear accident risk assessment: Phase 2 report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5555806.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Marking, Gregory Allen. Studies of high temperature ternary phases in mixed-metal-rich early transition metal sulfide and phosphide systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10119308.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Thurston, Alexander. In Brief: Foreword for the Lake Chad Basin Research Initiative Compendium. RESOLVE Network, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/lcb2021.1.

Full text
Abstract:
In fall 2017, the RESOLVE Network launched a major project to analyze religiosity on university campuses in the Lake Chad Basin. The project was related but not limited to the context of the Boko Haram insurgency. The project generated four major studies, including one research report based on a desk literature review and three country case studies (Nigeria, Cameroon, and Chad) based on original fieldwork. The project was driven by policymakers’ and researchers’ desire to more fully understand political and religious change in this conflict-affected region. This RESOLVE research project sought not merely to investigate questions of radicalization but also to challenge stereotypes, particularly the idea that campuses are inevitably hotbeds of religious extremism. It has been credibly asserted that some of Boko Haram’s recruits, particularly in its early phases in the 2000s, were university students. Yet universities in the region have also been sites where key peacemaking initiatives are both studied and implemented.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Levy, Avraham A., and Virginia Walbot. Regulation of Transposable Element Activities during Plant Development. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1992.7568091.bard.

Full text
Abstract:
We have studied the regulation of the maize Ac and MuDR transposable elements activities during plant development. Ac was studied in an heterologous system (transgenic tobacco plants and cell suspensions) while MuDR was studied in the native maize background. The focus of this study was on the transcriptional regulation of Ac and MuDR. For Ac, the major achievements were to show that 1-It is autoregulated in a way that the Ac-encoded transposase can repress the activity of its own promoter; 2-It is expressed at low basal level in all the plant organs that were studied, and its activity is stronger in dividing tissues -- a behaviour reminiscent of housekeeping genes; 3- the activity of Ac promoter is cell cycle regulated -- induced at early S-phase and increasing until mitosis; 4- host factor binding sites were identified at both extremities of Ac and may be important for transposition. For MuDR, It was shown that it encodes two genes, mudrA and mudrB, convergently transcribed from near-identical promoters in the terminal inverted repeats. Distinct 5' start sites, alternative splicing, production of antisense RNA and tissue specificity were all shown to be involved in the regulation of MuDR.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Hall, Mark, and Neil Price. Medieval Scotland: A Future for its Past. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.165.

Full text
Abstract:
The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings. Underpinning all five areas is the recognition that human narratives remain crucial for ensuring the widest access to our shared past. There is no wish to see political and economic narratives abandoned but the need is recognised for there to be an expansion to more social narratives to fully explore the potential of the diverse evidence base. The questions that can be asked are here framed in a national context but they need to be supported and improved a) by the development of regional research frameworks, and b) by an enhanced study of Scotland’s international context through time. 1. From North Britain to the Idea of Scotland: Understanding why, where and how ‘Scotland’ emerges provides a focal point of research. Investigating state formation requires work from Medieval Scotland: a future for its past ii a variety of sources, exploring the relationships between centres of consumption - royal, ecclesiastical and urban - and their hinterlands. Working from site-specific work to regional analysis, researchers can explore how what would become ‘Scotland’ came to be, and whence sprang its inspiration. 2. Lifestyles and Living Spaces: Holistic approaches to exploring medieval settlement should be promoted, combining landscape studies with artefactual, environmental, and documentary work. Understanding the role of individual sites within wider local, regional and national settlement systems should be promoted, and chronological frameworks developed to chart the changing nature of Medieval settlement. 3. Mentalities: The holistic understanding of medieval belief (particularly, but not exclusively, in its early medieval or early historic phase) needs to broaden its contextual understanding with reference to prehistoric or inherited belief systems and frames of reference. Collaborative approaches should draw on international parallels and analogues in pursuit of defining and contrasting local or regional belief systems through integrated studies of portable material culture, monumentality and landscape. 4. Empowerment: Revisiting museum collections and renewing the study of newly retrieved artefacts is vital to a broader understanding of the dynamics of writing within society. Text needs to be seen less as a metaphor and more as a technological and social innovation in material culture which will help the understanding of it as an experienced, imaginatively rich reality of life. In archaeological terms, the study of the relatively neglected cultural areas of sensory perception, memory, learning and play needs to be promoted to enrich the understanding of past social behaviours. 5. Parameters: Multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross-sector approaches should be encouraged in order to release the research potential of all sectors of archaeology. Creative solutions should be sought to the challenges of transmitting the importance of archaeological work and conserving the resource for current and future research.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Rankin, Nicole, Deborah McGregor, Candice Donnelly, Bethany Van Dort, Richard De Abreu Lourenco, Anne Cust, and Emily Stone. Lung cancer screening using low-dose computed tomography for high risk populations: Investigating effectiveness and screening program implementation considerations: An Evidence Check rapid review brokered by the Sax Institute (www.saxinstitute.org.au) for the Cancer Institute NSW. The Sax Institute, October 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/clzt5093.

Full text
Abstract:
Background Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer death worldwide.(1) It is the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer in Australia (12,741 cases diagnosed in 2018) and the leading cause of cancer death.(2) The number of years of potential life lost to lung cancer in Australia is estimated to be 58,450, similar to that of colorectal and breast cancer combined.(3) While tobacco control strategies are most effective for disease prevention in the general population, early detection via low dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening in high-risk populations is a viable option for detecting asymptomatic disease in current (13%) and former (24%) Australian smokers.(4) The purpose of this Evidence Check review is to identify and analyse existing and emerging evidence for LDCT lung cancer screening in high-risk individuals to guide future program and policy planning. Evidence Check questions This review aimed to address the following questions: 1. What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 2. What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 3. What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? 4. What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Summary of methods The authors searched the peer-reviewed literature across three databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Embase) for existing systematic reviews and original studies published between 1 January 2009 and 8 August 2019. Fifteen systematic reviews (of which 8 were contemporary) and 64 original publications met the inclusion criteria set across the four questions. Key findings Question 1: What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? There is sufficient evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of combined (pooled) data from screening trials (of high-risk individuals) to indicate that LDCT examination is clinically effective in reducing lung cancer mortality. In 2011, the landmark National Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST, a large-scale randomised controlled trial [RCT] conducted in the US) reported a 20% (95% CI 6.8% – 26.7%; P=0.004) relative reduction in mortality among long-term heavy smokers over three rounds of annual screening. High-risk eligibility criteria was defined as people aged 55–74 years with a smoking history of ≥30 pack-years (years in which a smoker has consumed 20-plus cigarettes each day) and, for former smokers, ≥30 pack-years and have quit within the past 15 years.(5) All-cause mortality was reduced by 6.7% (95% CI, 1.2% – 13.6%; P=0.02). Initial data from the second landmark RCT, the NEderlands-Leuvens Longkanker Screenings ONderzoek (known as the NELSON trial), have found an even greater reduction of 26% (95% CI, 9% – 41%) in lung cancer mortality, with full trial results yet to be published.(6, 7) Pooled analyses, including several smaller-scale European LDCT screening trials insufficiently powered in their own right, collectively demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in lung cancer mortality (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.73–0.91).(8) Despite the reduction in all-cause mortality found in the NLST, pooled analyses of seven trials found no statistically significant difference in all-cause mortality (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90–1.00).(8) However, cancer-specific mortality is currently the most relevant outcome in cancer screening trials. These seven trials demonstrated a significantly greater proportion of early stage cancers in LDCT groups compared with controls (RR 2.08, 95% CI 1.43–3.03). Thus, when considering results across mortality outcomes and early stage cancers diagnosed, LDCT screening is considered to be clinically effective. Question 2: What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? The harms of LDCT lung cancer screening include false positive tests and the consequences of unnecessary invasive follow-up procedures for conditions that are eventually diagnosed as benign. While LDCT screening leads to an increased frequency of invasive procedures, it does not result in greater mortality soon after an invasive procedure (in trial settings when compared with the control arm).(8) Overdiagnosis, exposure to radiation, psychological distress and an impact on quality of life are other known harms. Systematic review evidence indicates the benefits of LDCT screening are likely to outweigh the harms. The potential harms are likely to be reduced as refinements are made to LDCT screening protocols through: i) the application of risk predication models (e.g. the PLCOm2012), which enable a more accurate selection of the high-risk population through the use of specific criteria (beyond age and smoking history); ii) the use of nodule management algorithms (e.g. Lung-RADS, PanCan), which assist in the diagnostic evaluation of screen-detected nodules and cancers (e.g. more precise volumetric assessment of nodules); and, iii) more judicious selection of patients for invasive procedures. Recent evidence suggests a positive LDCT result may transiently increase psychological distress but does not have long-term adverse effects on psychological distress or health-related quality of life (HRQoL). With regards to smoking cessation, there is no evidence to suggest screening participation invokes a false sense of assurance in smokers, nor a reduction in motivation to quit. The NELSON and Danish trials found no difference in smoking cessation rates between LDCT screening and control groups. Higher net cessation rates, compared with general population, suggest those who participate in screening trials may already be motivated to quit. Question 3: What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? There are no systematic reviews that capture the main components of recent major lung cancer screening trials and programs. We extracted evidence from original studies and clinical guidance documents and organised this into key groups to form a concise set of components for potential implementation of a national lung cancer screening program in Australia: 1. Identifying the high-risk population: recruitment, eligibility, selection and referral 2. Educating the public, people at high risk and healthcare providers; this includes creating awareness of lung cancer, the benefits and harms of LDCT screening, and shared decision-making 3. Components necessary for health services to deliver a screening program: a. Planning phase: e.g. human resources to coordinate the program, electronic data systems that integrate medical records information and link to an established national registry b. Implementation phase: e.g. human and technological resources required to conduct LDCT examinations, interpretation of reports and communication of results to participants c. Monitoring and evaluation phase: e.g. monitoring outcomes across patients, radiological reporting, compliance with established standards and a quality assurance program 4. Data reporting and research, e.g. audit and feedback to multidisciplinary teams, reporting outcomes to enhance international research into LDCT screening 5. Incorporation of smoking cessation interventions, e.g. specific programs designed for LDCT screening or referral to existing community or hospital-based services that deliver cessation interventions. Most original studies are single-institution evaluations that contain descriptive data about the processes required to establish and implement a high-risk population-based screening program. Across all studies there is a consistent message as to the challenges and complexities of establishing LDCT screening programs to attract people at high risk who will receive the greatest benefits from participation. With regards to smoking cessation, evidence from one systematic review indicates the optimal strategy for incorporating smoking cessation interventions into a LDCT screening program is unclear. There is widespread agreement that LDCT screening attendance presents a ‘teachable moment’ for cessation advice, especially among those people who receive a positive scan result. Smoking cessation is an area of significant research investment; for instance, eight US-based clinical trials are now underway that aim to address how best to design and deliver cessation programs within large-scale LDCT screening programs.(9) Question 4: What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Assessing the value or cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening involves a complex interplay of factors including data on effectiveness and costs, and institutional context. A key input is data about the effectiveness of potential and current screening programs with respect to case detection, and the likely outcomes of treating those cases sooner (in the presence of LDCT screening) as opposed to later (in the absence of LDCT screening). Evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening programs has been summarised in two systematic reviews. We identified a further 13 studies—five modelling studies, one discrete choice experiment and seven articles—that used a variety of methods to assess cost-effectiveness. Three modelling studies indicated LDCT screening was cost-effective in the settings of the US and Europe. Two studies—one from Australia and one from New Zealand—reported LDCT screening would not be cost-effective using NLST-like protocols. We anticipate that, following the full publication of the NELSON trial, cost-effectiveness studies will likely be updated with new data that reduce uncertainty about factors that influence modelling outcomes, including the findings of indeterminate nodules. Gaps in the evidence There is a large and accessible body of evidence as to the effectiveness (Q1) and harms (Q2) of LDCT screening for lung cancer. Nevertheless, there are significant gaps in the evidence about the program components that are required to implement an effective LDCT screening program (Q3). Questions about LDCT screening acceptability and feasibility were not explicitly included in the scope. However, as the evidence is based primarily on US programs and UK pilot studies, the relevance to the local setting requires careful consideration. The Queensland Lung Cancer Screening Study provides feasibility data about clinical aspects of LDCT screening but little about program design. The International Lung Screening Trial is still in the recruitment phase and findings are not yet available for inclusion in this Evidence Check. The Australian Population Based Screening Framework was developed to “inform decision-makers on the key issues to be considered when assessing potential screening programs in Australia”.(10) As the Framework is specific to population-based, rather than high-risk, screening programs, there is a lack of clarity about transferability of criteria. However, the Framework criteria do stipulate that a screening program must be acceptable to “important subgroups such as target participants who are from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, people from disadvantaged groups and people with a disability”.(10) An extensive search of the literature highlighted that there is very little information about the acceptability of LDCT screening to these population groups in Australia. Yet they are part of the high-risk population.(10) There are also considerable gaps in the evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening in different settings, including Australia. The evidence base in this area is rapidly evolving and is likely to include new data from the NELSON trial and incorporate data about the costs of targeted- and immuno-therapies as these treatments become more widely available in Australia.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Soloviev, Vladimir, Oleksandr Serdiuk, Serhiy Semerikov, and Arnold Kiv. Recurrence plot-based analysis of financial-economic crashes. [б. в.], October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4121.

Full text
Abstract:
The article considers the possibility of analyzing the dynamics of changes in the characteristics of time series obtained on the basis of recurrence plots. The possibility of using the studied indicators to determine the presence of critical phenomena in economic systems is considered. Based on the analysis of economic time series of different nature, the suitability of the studied characteristics for the identification of critical phenomena is assessed. The description of recurrence diagrams and characteristics of time series that can be obtained on their basis is given. An analysis of seven characteristics of time series, including the coefficient of self-similarity, the coefficient of predictability, entropy, laminarity, is carried out. For the entropy characteristic, several options for its calculation are considered, each of which allows the one to get its own information about the state of the economic system. The possibility of using the studied characteristics as precursors of critical phenomena in economic systems is analyzed. We have demonstrated that the entropy analysis of financial time series in phase space reveals the characteristic recurrent properties of complex systems. The recurrence entropy methodology has several advantages compared to the traditional recurrence entropy defined in the literature, namely, the correct evaluation of the chaoticity level of the signal, the weak dependence on parameters. The characteristics were studied on the basis of daily values of the Dow Jones index for the period from 1990 to 2019 and daily values of oil prices for the period from 1987 to 2019. The behavior of recurrence entropy during critical phenomena in the stock markets of the USA, Germany and France was studied separately. As a result of the study, it was determined that delay time measure, determinism and laminarity can be used as indicators of critical phenomena. It turned out that recurrence entropy, unlike other entropy indicators of complexity, is an indicator and an early precursor of crisis phenomena. The ways of further research are outlined.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Hochman, Ayala, Thomas Nash III, and Pamela Padgett. Physiological and Biochemical Characterization of the Effects of Oxidant Air Pollutants, Ozone and Gas-phase Nitric Acid, on Plants and Lichens for their Use as Early Warning Biomonitors of these Air Pollutants. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697115.bard.

Full text
Abstract:
Introduction. Ozone and related oxidants are regarded as the most important phytotoxic air pollutant in many parts of the western world. A previously unrecognized component of smog, nitric acid, may have even greater deleterious effects on plants either by itself or by augmenting ozone injury. The effects of ozone on plants are well characterized with respect to structural and physiological changes, but very little is known about the biochemical changes in plants and lichens exposed to ozone and/or HNO3. Objectives.To compare and contrast the responses of crop plants and lichens to dry deposition of HNO3 and O3., separately, and combined in order to assess our working hypothesis that lichens respond to air pollution faster than plants. Lichens are most suitable for use as biomonitors because they offer a live-organism-based system that does not require maintenance and can be attached to any site, without the need for man-made technical support systems. Original Immediate aims To expose the tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cultivar Bel-W3 that is ozone supersensitive and the ozone sensitive red kidney bean (Phaseolusvulgaris) and the lichen Ramalinamenziesii to controlled HNO3 and O3 fumigations and combined and to follow the resulting structural, physiological and biochemical changes, with special reference to reactive oxygen species related parameters. Revised. Due to technical problems and time limitations we studied the lichen Ramalinamenziesii and two cultivar of tobacco: Bel-W3 that is ozone supersensitive and a resistant cultivar, which were exposed to HNO3 and O3 alone (not combined). Methodology. Plants and lichens were exposed in fumigation experiments to HNO3 and O3, in constantly stirred tank reactors and the resulting structural, physiological and biochemical changes were analyzed. Results. Lichens. Exposure of Ramalinamenziesiito HNO3 resulted in cell membrane damage that was evident by 14 days and continues to worsen by 28 days. Chlorophyll, photosynthesis and respiration all declined significantly in HNO3 treatments, with the toxic effects increasing with dosage. In contrast, O3 fumigations of R. menziesii showed no significant negative effects with no differences in the above response variables between high, moderate and low levels of fumigations. There was a gradual decrease in catalase activity with increased levels of HNO3. The activity of glutathione reductase dropped to 20% in thalli exposed to low HNO3 but increased with its increase. Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity increase by 20% with low levels of the pollutants but decreased with its increase. Tobacco. After 3 weeks of exposure of the sensitive tobacco cultivar to ozone there were visible symptoms of toxicity, but no danmage was evident in the tolerant cultivar. Neither cultivar showed any visible symptoms after exposure to HNO3.In tobacco fumigated with O3, there was a significant decrease in maximum photosynthetic CO2 assimilation and stomatal conductance at high levels of the pollutant, while changes in mesophyll conductance were not significant. However, under HNO3 fumigation there was a significant increase in mesophyll conductance at low and high HNO3 levels while changes in maximum photosynthetic CO2 assimilation and stomatal conductance were not significant. We could not detect any activity of the antioxidant enzymes in the fumigated tobacco leaves. This is in spite of the fact that we were able to assay the enzymes in tobacco leaves grown in Israel. Conclusions. This project generated novel data, and potentially applicable to agriculture, on the differential response of lichens and tobacco to HNO3 and O3 pollutants. However, due to experimental problems and time limitation discussed in the body of the report, our data do not justify yet application for a full, 4-year grant. We hope that in the future we shall conduct more experiments related to our objectives, which will serve as a basis for a larger scale project to explore the possibility of using lichens and/or plants for biomonitoring of ozone and nitric acid air pollution.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Fields, Michael J., Mordechai Shemesh, and Anna-Riitta Fuchs. Significance of Oxytocin and Oxytocin Receptors in Bovine Pregnancy. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568790.bard.

Full text
Abstract:
Oxytocin has multiple actions in bovine reproductive tract and it was our purpose to determine the nature of these actions and their significance for the physiology of bovine reproduction. The bovine oxytocin receptors (OTR) gene was cloned and its expression studied during the cycle and pregnancy. OTR mRNA changed in parallel with OTR with control occurring mainly at the transcriptional level. However, the endocrine regulation of OTR were found in endometrium and cervical mucosa at estrus and at parturition. In both tissues OTR were suppressed in the luteal phase and early pregnancy. Whereas cervical OTR remained suppressed throughout pregnancy, endometrial OTR began to increase soon after implantation and reached higher concentrations in midpregnancy than at estrus. OTR in caruncles did not increase until third trimester, and OTR in cervical mucosa, cotyledons and fetal membranes increased only at term. Myometrial OTR showed less variation and OTR were present throughout the cycle and pregnancy but increased significantly during mid- and late pregnancy. OTR were localized in endometrial epithelial cells and lumina epithelial cells of cervical mucosa as determined by immunohistochemistry. Endometrial OTR were functional throughout pregnancy and mediated PGF release from day 50 onwards in a receptor density related manner. OTR in cervical mucosa mediated PGE release both in vivo and in vitro, as shown in cyclic cows. The ontogeny of uterine OTR was studied from third trimester fetal stage until puberty. OTR were present in endometrium and cervical mucosa in high concentrations throughout this period; myometrial OTR began to increase somewhat later but also reached adult values by 6-mo of age. In the prepuberal heifers OT injections failed to initiate PGF2a, release. The influence of steroids on the effect of OT was examined. Ovariectomy and E2 were without effect, but P4 with or without E2 induced a massive PGF2a release in response to OT in spite of reduced OTR. Bovine cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2) were cloned and their expression studied in the endometrium of prepuberal heifers and pregnant cows. Untreated and E2 treated prepuberal heifers did not express COX-2 but P4 treated heifers did express the mRNA for COX-2, albeit weakly. During the second half of pregnancy COX-2 mRNA was strongly expressed in cotyledons and somewhat less in caruncles, whereas endometrium, myometrium and cervical mucosa showed only weak, if any, COX-2 mRNA under basal conditions. However, 2 h after OT injection significant increases in COX-2 mRNA were found in endometrial RNA. Thus OT is capable of inducing the expression of the inducible COX-2 gene, and hence the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostanoids. The results indicate that the functions of OT are numerous and probably essential for successful pregnancy and parturition.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Kingston, A. W., O. H. Ardakani, and R A Stern. Tracing the subsurface sulfur cycle using isotopic and elemental fingerprinting: from the micro to the macro scale. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329789.

Full text
Abstract:
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a toxic and corrosive gas that commonly occurs in deeply buried sedimentary systems. Understanding its distribution is paramount to creating safe and effective models of H2S occurrence aiding in the identification of high-risk areas. Characterizing subsurface sulfur sources and H2S formation pathways would enhance these models leading to more accurate predictions of potential high H2S regions. However, gaps remain in our understanding of the dominant formation processes and migration pathways of key ingredients for H2S production in the Lower Triassic Montney Formation of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB). Essential to this is assessing the reactants necessary for H2S production, potential pathways for fluid migration, diagenetic history, and changes in redox conditions through time. The Montney Formation has undergone several phases of diagenesis related to post-depositional alteration and multiple cycles of tectonic burial and uplift. Early chemical alteration includes dolomitization and, in some cases, microbial reduction of porewater sulfate to sulfide that occurred prior to significant burial (Davies et al., 1997; Vaisblat et al., 2021; Liseroudi et al., 2020, 2021). The most recent tectonic-related burial during the Laramide Orogeny resulted in burial depths in excess of 3-5 km (Ness, 2001; Ducros et al., 2017) leading to significant thermal and barometric alteration. Associated with this orogenic activity was the reactivation of underlying faults (O'Connell et al., 1990) and development of fractures especially near the deformation front. These fractures provide conduits for fluid migration into the Montney that combined with heat and pressure resulting in hydrocarbon generation, migration, and development of overpressure, notably in the western margin of the basin. In addition, high temperatures resulted in thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) leading to the formation of H2S and subsequently pyrite. We present an interpretation of the Montney subsurface sulfur cycle through the use of petrography, micro- and macro-scale geochemical analysis (isotopic and elemental) to illustrate the complexity of this system. This work relies heavily on previous studies within and outside our research group and incorporates new analytical techniques to expand the toolbox. We aim to guide future research directions and activities by addressing issues related to sampling and data quality issues, analytical approaches, and highlight knowledge gaps.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
You might also be interested in the extended bibliographies on the topic 'Early phase studies' for particular source types:
Journal articles Dissertations / Theses Books
We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!

To the bibliography