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Journal articles on the topic 'Early nineteenth century England'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 21 February 2023

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1

James, John A. "Panics, payments disruptions and the Bank of England before 1826." Financial History Review 19, no. 3 (September 17, 2012): 289–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565012000182.

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The structures of the banking systems in early nineteenth-century England and later nineteenth-century America were quite similar. In each the multitude of independent country or interior bankers maintained correspondent accounts with bankers in the metropolis, London and New York respectively, to hold reserves and to clear and settle financial instruments used in intercity financial transactions. In spite of such similarities in structure, the performances of the two systems were, however, rather different. Although panics were frequent and their extent widespread in late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century England involving numerous bank failures, there was never a nationwide paralysis of the payments system such as had become a regular event in late nineteenth-century America. This was due to the Bank of England's functioning as a de facto lender of last resort even though such a role was not explicitly recognized or acknowledged until decades later.

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2

Jones, Peter. "Clothing the Poor in Early-Nineteenth-Century England." Textile History 37, no. 1 (May 2006): 17–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/004049606x94459.

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3

Billington, Louis. "Northern New England Sectarianism in the early nineteenth century." Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 70, no. 3 (September 1988): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/bjrl.70.3.10.

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4

Jenkins, Alice. "Mathematics and mental health in early nineteenth-century England." BSHM Bulletin: Journal of the British Society for the History of Mathematics 25, no. 2 (July 2010): 92–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17498431003696242.

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5

Johnson, Paul, and Andrew Miles. "Social Mobility in Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century England." American Historical Review 106, no. 1 (February 2001): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2652379.

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6

Wyland, Russell M. "Thomas More’s Reputation in Nineteenth-Century England." Moreana 33 (Number 127-, no. 3-4 (December 1996): 37–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/more.1996.33.3-4.4.

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Thomas More inspired over 230 works of scholarship and biography in the nineteenth century, and from a sampling emerges the development of More’s image. From the political debate over the “Catholic Question” early in the century came oversimplifications of More’s life and times. During the middle years of the century, however, a corrective occurred as historians rethought More in light of archival materials. As More’s beatification neared. treatments of his life and thought shifted to an emphasis on his attempts at social reform and tolerance. This paper traces More’s fortuna through the nineteenth century, revealing the birth of what would today be called “Thomas More Studies. ”

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7

Tabili, Laura. "Social Mobility in Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century England (review)." Victorian Studies 44, no. 3 (2002): 515–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/vic.2002.0075.

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8

Mehrabi, Kimia. "Authority and Instability: Investigating Jane Austen’s View of the Church and Clergy in Pride and Prejudice." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 5, no. 6 (June 13, 2022): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2022.5.6.10.

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The Church of England, the greatest Anglican establishment and the symbol of Great Britain's imperialism, has been the juncture of English history and literature throughout history. Although, after industrialization, the British society went toward a religious reformation in the Victorian era, some historians consider the early nineteenth century England as the 'Golden age' of England's ecclesiastical imperialism. Jane Austen, in her six published novels, has scrutinized the true essence of the Church of England from her specific glasses of sharpness. So, with reference to Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, this paper engages in questioning whether her works, as famous literary works of the nineteenth century which satirically depict the original social context of the time, influenced the social mind toward the Victorian reformation. In Pride and Prejudice, Miss Austen doubts the power and real position of the church and shows her disdain for religion through the foolish narrow-minded characterization of the story's clergyman: Mr. William Collins. The present study aims to illuminate the true essence of The Church of England during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century according to what Jane Austen has depicted in her novel Pride and Prejudice. Hence, this paper first probes into the religious climate of the pre-Victorian era, then it investigates Jane Austen's role, as one of the greatest writers of the age, in Victorian religious reformation, and lastly, the study aims to conclude how the British society led to the decline of religion and ecclesiasticism in the modern age.

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9

Clark, Gregory. "Productivity Growth without Technical Change in European Agriculture before 1850." Journal of Economic History 47, no. 2 (June 1987): 419–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700048166.

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Output per farm worker in the northern United States and Britain in the early nineteenth century was many times that inEastern Europe or in medieval England and wages were correspondingly higher. Technical progress explains little of the high American and British productivity in the early nineteenth century, nor, in the American case, does abundant land per worker. Instead, most of the difference derived from more intense labor in America and Britain.

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10

CRONE, ROSALIND. "MR AND MRS PUNCH IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND." Historical Journal 49, no. 4 (November 24, 2006): 1055–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x06005735.

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This article examines the changes and continuities in the depiction of the violent relationship between the popular glove-puppets, Punch and Judy, over the course of the nineteenth century. While the puppet show emerged as a low-brow street entertainment during the first decades of the nineteenth century, by 1850 it had been hijacked by the middle and upper classes, and began to appear with increasing frequency in fashionable drawing rooms. At the same time, the relationship between the two central characters, Punch and Judy, was substantially modified. On the streets, during the first half of the century, the Punches’ marriage had both reflected the continuing popularity of the early modern theme of the ‘struggle for the breeches’ and encapsulated familial tensions that resulted from the pressures of industrialization and urbanization. However, from 1850 the middle classes attempted to reshape the relationship into a moral tale in order to teach their children valuable lessons about marital behaviour. Yet, at the same time, the maintenance of violence in the portrayal of the Punches’ conjugal life exposed crucial patterns of continuity in attitudes towards marriage, masculinity, and femininity in Victorian England.

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11

Mandler, Peter, and George Rude. "Criminal and Victim: Crime and Society in Early Nineteenth-Century England." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 18, no. 2 (1987): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/204302.

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12

McCord,, James N. "Politics and Honor in Early-Nineteenth-Century England: The Dukes' Duel." Huntington Library Quarterly 62, no. 1/2 (January 1999): 89–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3817810.

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13

Porter, J. H., and George Rude. "Criminal and Victim: Crime and Society in Early Nineteenth-Century England." Economic History Review 39, no. 4 (November 1986): 654. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2596490.

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14

Bailey, Victor, and George Rude. "Criminal and Victim: Crime and Society in Early Nineteenth-Century England." American Historical Review 92, no. 1 (February 1987): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1862829.

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15

Morn, Frank, and George Rude. "Criminal and Victim: Crime and Society in Early Nineteenth-Century England." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973-) 78, no. 2 (1987): 456. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1143462.

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16

Hicks, Stephen C., and Clay Ramsay. "Law, Order and the Bankruptcy Commissions of Early Nineteenth Century England." Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis / Revue d'Histoire du Droit / The Legal History Review 55, no. 1-2 (1987): 123–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181987x00102.

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17

Probert, Rebecca, and Liam D’Arcy-Brown. "The Transportation of Bigamists in Early-Nineteenth-Century England and Wales." Journal of Legal History 40, no. 3 (September 2, 2019): 223–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01440365.2019.1666508.

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18

Donnelly, F. K. "Levellerism in Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth-Century Britain." Albion 20, no. 2 (1988): 261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4050045.

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This article explores the connections between the seventeenth-century Leveller movement and the democratic radicalism of the period 1790 to roughly 1840. At first glance the two appear to have much in common. Both were concerned with the extension of the franchise, the idea of a written constitution, and the equality of citizens before the law. Various commentators on the subject, including some historians, have suggested that such a continuity does indeed exist. Unfortunately this conclusion has been based for the most part on vague connections indicating a lack of solid research on this topic. An exception in this regard is the 1962 essay of Olivier Lutaud which traced many of the linkages of Leveller ideas and phrases in European literature.By contrast historians of seventeenth-century England have tended towards a too ready acceptance of a discontinuity between the Levellers and the democrats of the post-1788 era. They have been content to consign the Levellers to “relative oblivion” and “near-oblivion,” and to assert, quite erroneously, that Leveller pamphlets were not reprinted in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. At the same time we must be aware that the historian of early nineteenth-century radical movements is not confronted with a powerful body of evidence indicating strong Leveller-radical connections. The influence of Levellerism on subsequent radical-democratic movements was subtle and somewhat oblique in nature.

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19

deJong, John. "A Nineteenth-Century New England Exegete Abroad: Adoniram Judson and the Burmese Bible." Harvard Theological Review 112, no. 3 (July 2019): 319–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017816019000142.

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AbstractAdoniram Judson’s life and work have long been the subject of popular and scholarly interest, but the intellectual and exegetical background for his Burmese Bible translation has not been closely studied. This background was the biblical studies movement in New England, which began in the early nineteenth century and flourished before declining and eventually disappearing by about 1870. The opposing New England orthodox Calvinist and liberal Unitarian schools were equally involved in the movement. Judson was an early product of Andover Theological Seminary, the center for orthodox Calvinism in New England. From 1816 to 1840 Judson translated the Bible into Burmese and his references to the scholarly works he used, along with the text-critical and interpretive decisions in his Bible translation, identify him as an ongoing participant in the New England biblical studies movement. This scholarly background helps us understand interpretive decisions in the Judson Bible, which is still the main Burmese version used by Protestants in Myanmar.

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20

Barry, Jonathan. "Educating physicians in seventeenth-century England." Science in Context 32, no. 2 (June 2019): 137–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889719000188.

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ArgumentThe tension between theoretical and practical knowledge was particularly problematic for trainee physicians. Unlike civic apprenticeships in surgery and pharmacy, in early modern England there was no standard procedure for obtaining education in the practical aspects of the physician’s role, a very uncertain process of certification, and little regulation to ensure a suitable reward for their educational investment. For all the emphasis on academic learning and international travel, the majority of provincial physicians returned to practice in their home area, because establishing a practice owed more to networks of kinship, patronage and credit than to formal qualifications. Only when (and where) practitioners had to rely solely on their professional qualification to establish their status as young practitioners that the community could trust would proposals to reform medical education, such as those put forward to address a crisis of medicine in Restoration London, which are examined here, be converted into national regulation of medical education in the early nineteenth century, although these proposals prefigured many informal developments in medical training in the eighteenth century.

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21

Hacker, J. David. "Trends and Determinants of Adult Mortality in Early New England: Reconciling Old and New Evidence from the Long Eighteenth Century." Social Science History 21, no. 4 (1997): 481–519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014555320001782x.

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Despite decades of research, demographic historians are still uncertain about mortality trends and determinants in early New England. Although researchers agree that New England mortality was low relative to other regions of early America in the seventeenth century, they disagree about the direction of mortality trends over the course of the eighteenth century. Community-based reconstitution studies conducted in the 1960s and 1970s at first seemed to provide strong evidence of a decline in adult life expectancy (Greven 1970; Norton 1971; Vinovskis 1972; D. S. Smith 1973). More recent studies, however, contradict the assessment of deteriorating health conditions in eighteenth-century New England. Family-based genealogical studies document a substantial long-term increase in adult male life expectancy over the course of the century, although the increase was followed by a slight decline in the early part of the nineteenth century (Fogel 1986; Kasakoff and Adams 1995).

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22

Whale, John, and Kevin Gilmartin. "Print Politics: The Press and Radical Opposition in Early Nineteenth-Century England." Modern Language Review 94, no. 3 (July 1999): 797. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3737019.

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23

Smith, Elise L. "Garden Pests and the Inculcation of Virtue in Early Nineteenth-Century England." Nineteenth Century Studies 26, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 99–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/ninecentstud.26.2012.0099.

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24

Miller, Henry James. "Free Trade and Print Culture: Political Communication in Early Nineteenth-Century England." Cultural and Social History 14, no. 1 (January 2017): 35–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14780038.2017.1290968.

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25

Cocks, H. G. "Safeguarding Civility: Sodomy, Class and Moral Reform in Early Nineteenth-Century England*." Past & Present 190, no. 1 (February 1, 2006): 121–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtj004.

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26

Brown, Michael. "Medicine, Reform and the ‘End’ of Charity in Early Nineteenth-Century England*." English Historical Review CXXIV, no. 511 (November 13, 2009): 1353–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cep347.

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27

Harling, Philip, and Kevin Gilmartin. "Print Politics: The Press and Radical Opposition in Early Nineteenth-Century England." Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 30, no. 2 (1998): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4053577.

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28

Eastwood, David. "Rethinking the Debates on the Poor Law in Early Nineteenth-Century England." Utilitas 6, no. 1 (May 1994): 97–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953820800001357.

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One of the more interesting developments in recent historical writing has been a reconsideration of the debates over poor law reform. In the sharply-demarcated world of post-war scholarship, the poor law fell clearly, if somewhat problematically, into the domain of social history. For obvious contemporary reasons, post-war social history devoted a good deal of scholarly energy to constructing a history of social policy. Much of this work was problematized in terms of the then orthodox agenda of the welfare state. The dominant questions concerned modes of assessing entitlements, mechanisms for delivering welfare, and the bureaucratic characteristics of the old and new poor laws. Despite its considerable empirical merits, this kind of social history was inhibited by its methodological and problematic certainties. To a large extent this was a social history which defined itselfagainsttraditional political history, offering a narrative of social policy formation which, whilst not eliminating political processes from its account, tended to marginalize their normative significance. One extreme formulation was Sydney Checkland's ‘socially innocent state’. Here the loss of ‘social innocence’ on the part of the British state is evaluated directly in terms of its willingness to develop the kind of social agenda and administrative machinery characteristic of modern wellfarism. For Checkland in particular, social policy was conceived almost exclusively in terms of state-driven programmes of ‘social improvement’. The old poor law, with its pattern of local management, discretionary administration, and paternalist social vision flatly contracted the statutorily-articulated welfarism which Checkland took to be axiomatic to a coherently-conceived social policy. In terms of statutory authority and administrative machinery, Checkland saw the new poor law as a critical move towards a more coherently-constructed state social policy.

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29

Kowaleski‐Wallace, Beth. "Hannah and her sister: Women and evangelicalism in early nineteenth‐century England." Nineteenth-Century Contexts 12, no. 2 (September 1988): 29–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08905498808583286.

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30

Twells, Alison. "Missionary Domesticity, Global Reform and 'Woman's Sphere' in Early Nineteenth-Century England." Gender & History 18, no. 2 (August 2006): 266–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0424.2006.00429.x.

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31

Black, Iain S. "Money, information and space: banking in early-nineteenth-century England and Wales." Journal of Historical Geography 21, no. 4 (October 1995): 398–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jhge.1995.0027.

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32

Reardon, Erik. "Fishing and the Rural Economy Farmer-Fishermen and the Merrimack River 1800–1846." New England Quarterly 89, no. 1 (March 2016): 54–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tneq_a_00512.

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During the early nineteenth century, rural New England communities consistently strove to manage river fisheries to ensure sustainable returns. While agriculture provided a strong foundation for the region's pre-industrial economy, this paper explores the place of rivers and fish within New England's socio-economic landscape and the ways in which locals sought to defend their way of life from the destructive potential of over-fishing and industrial dams.

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33

Henderson, Andrea. "Burney's The Wanderer and Early-Nineteenth-Century Commodity Fetishism." Nineteenth-Century Literature 57, no. 1 (June 1, 2002): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ncl.2002.57.1.1.

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This essay explores a particular moment in the history of commodity fetishism by means of an examination of Frances Burney's The Wanderer (1814). The novel, which is explicitly concerned with the social changes facing early-nineteenth-century England, reveals that at this historical moment the commodity inspired emotions of a particular kind: it was idealized and perceived as attractively individualized, aloof, exotic, and changeable, and it elicited a passionate and sometimes even painful form of desire. In The Wanderer Burney explores the human repercussions of this new way of engaging with objects in the marketplace. She reveals, moreover, the extent to which the fetishism of the commodity reflected not just developments within the economy but also political change: under the influence of the French Revolution the charisma once generated by social status was transferred to the economic realm, where, embodied in the commodity, it gave rise to a pleasurable but masochistic reverence. Burney'sargument for the usefulness of economic independence necessarily leads her to appreciate the commodity fetishism she describes: even while she develops a labor theory of value, Burney promotes a mystification of the commodity by insisting on the aloof independence of both labor and its products. Thus, Burney uses the apparent autonomy of things——which Marx decries——as a means to argue for the autonomy of the makers of those things.

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34

Barry, Jonathan. "Educating physicians in seventeenth-century England - ADDENDUM." Science in Context 32, no. 3 (August 27, 2019): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026988971900022x.

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ArgumentThe tension between theoretical and practical knowledge was particularly problematic for trainee physicians. Unlike civic apprenticeships in surgery and pharmacy, in early modern England there was no standard procedure for obtaining education in the practical aspects of the physician’s role, a very uncertain process of certification, and little regulation to ensure a suitable reward for their educational investment. For all the emphasis on academic learning and international travel, the majority of provincial physicians returned to practice in their home area, because establishing a practice owed more to networks of kinship, patronage and credit than to formal qualifications. Only when (and where) practitioners had to rely solely on their professional qualification to establish their status as young practitioners that the community could trust would proposals to reform medical education, such as those put forward to address a crisis of medicine in Restoration London, which are examined here, be converted into national regulation of medical education in the early nineteenth century, although these proposals prefigured many informal developments in medical training in the eighteenth century.

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35

Wylie, Caitlin Donahue. "Teaching nature study on the blackboard in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century England." Archives of Natural History 39, no. 1 (April 2012): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2012.0062.

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England's Education Acts in the late nineteenth century made school free and mandatory for all children, filling schools with more and younger students. Visual teaching methods such as blackboard drawing were used to catch young students’ eyes and engage their interest. At the same time, there was high public engagement with natural history and popular science lectures, which built the perception of science as accessible, interesting and useful for people of all social classes. This “science for all” trend along with the new universal education paved the way for nature study, a new school subject based on experiential learning through observation of plants and animals, similar to the popular nineteenth-century pedagogy of object lessons. The many manuals about nature study that were published for teachers in England in the early twentieth century reveal the content, pedagogy, and portrayal of science communicated to young students. Analysis of one manual, Nature teaching on the blackboard (1910), sheds light on typical nature study lessons, including suggested images for teachers to draw on the blackboard. Visual methods of teaching science were not limited to schoolchildren: university lecturers as well as popularizers of science used object lessons and blackboard drawing to educate and entertain their adult audiences. Comparing blackboard teaching of nature study with other educational images and audiences for science explores how multisensory learning and the blackboard brought information about the natural world and engagement with science to the public.

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36

Tenbus, Eric G. "‘Bound by the Wrongs We Have Done in the Past’: English Catholics and the Anti-Slavery Movement in Victorian Britain." Recusant History 31, no. 1 (May 2012): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034193200013364.

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This article examines the growing involvement of English Catholicism in the antislave trade and anti-slavery campaigns of the nineteenth century. Early in the century, Catholics in England were conspicuously absent from the Wilberforce-inspired crusade to eradicate the slave trade. By the end of the century, Catholics in England played a leading role in that continuing crusade. The article examines several events that led to growing Catholic participation as the century progressed, including the restoration of the hierarchy, the American Civil War, Herbert Vaughan’s missionary endeavours, the death of Charles Gordon in Khartoum, and the celebrated efforts of French Cardinal Charles Lavigerie to end the slave trade in northern Africa. This argument is placed within the greater context of papal encyclicals on the subject of slavery from the nineteenth century and earlier. The article surveys the work and words of Cardinals Wiseman, Manning and Vaughan, as well as the Catholic press, including theTablet, theDublin Review, and theMonth.

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37

Hurlock, Kathryn. "The Guild of Our Lady of Ransom and Pilgrimage in England and Wales, c. 1890–1914." British Catholic History 35, no. 3 (May 2021): 316–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bch.2021.5.

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The growth in Catholic pilgrimage in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century is widely acknowledged, but little attention has been paid to how and why many of the mass pilgrimages of the era began. This article will assess the contribution made by the Guild of Our Lady of Ransom to the growth of Catholic pilgrimage. After the Guild’s foundation in 1887, its leadership revived or restored pilgrimages to pre- and post-Reformation sites, and coordinated the movement of thousands of pilgrims across the country. This article offers an examination of how and why Guild leaders chose particular locations in the context of Marian Revivalism, papal interest in the English martyrs, defence of the Catholic faith, and late-nineteenth century medievalism. It argues that the Guild was pivotal in establishing some of England’s most famous post-Reformation pilgrimages. In doing so, it situates the work of the Guild in late nineteenth and early twentieth century religiosity, and demonstrates the pivotal nature of its work in establishing, developing, organising, and promoting some of the most important post-Reformation Catholic pilgrimages in Britain.

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38

Hadley, Elaine. "The Old Price Wars: Melodramatizing the Public Sphere in Early-Nineteenth-Century England." PMLA 107, no. 3 (May 1992): 524. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/462759.

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39

Moore, Lisa. ""Something More Tender Still than Friendship": Romantic Friendship in Early-Nineteenth-Century England." Feminist Studies 18, no. 3 (1992): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3178079.

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40

Schade, G. "Some Notes on Lycophron's Readers in Late Eighteenth- and early Nineteenth-century England." Notes and Queries 58, no. 4 (November 21, 2011): 496–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/notesj/gjr206.

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41

Steedman, Carolyn. "A Lawyer’s Letter: Everyday Uses of the Law in Early Nineteenth-Century England." History Workshop Journal 81, no. 1 (April 2016): 62–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hwj/dbv038.

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42

Epstein, J. A. "The Constitutional Idiom: Radical Reasoning, Rhetoric and Action in Early Nineteenth-Century England." Journal of Social History 23, no. 3 (March 1, 1990): 553–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jsh/23.3.553.

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43

Eisenberg, C. "Artisans' Socialization at Work: Workshop Life in Early Nineteenth-Century England and Germany." Journal of Social History 24, no. 3 (March 1, 1991): 507–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jsh/24.3.507.

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44

Beasley, Rebecca. "Rosa Newmarch and Russian Music in Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth-Century England." Women: A Cultural Review 24, no. 2-3 (June 2013): 250–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09574042.2013.805529.

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45

HANDLER, PHIL. "FORGERY AND THE END OF THE ‘BLOODY CODE’ IN EARLY NINETEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND." Historical Journal 48, no. 3 (September 2005): 683–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x05004620.

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Penal reformers in the 1810s and 1820s condemned the English criminal law as a ‘bloody code’: a monolithic mass of draconian statutes inherited from a former, less civilized age. This overwhelmingly negative image underpinned the dramatic and unexpected repeal of the capital statutes in the 1830s and survived to define a whole era of criminal justice history. This article explores the conditions that enabled the reformers to establish such a powerful critique of the law in such a short space of time. It contends that a key to their success was their ability to exploit contemporary scandals to argue that the law had lost touch with public opinion. Forgery aroused more controversy than any other species of capital crime in the 1820s and became the focal point for opposition to the capital laws. By analysing how reformers used the scandal surrounding forgery to foster the notion that the law was a ‘bloody code’, this article presents a new perspective on the early nineteenth-century penal reform debate.

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46

Rogers, H. "Kindness and Reciprocity: Liberated Prisoners and Christian Charity in Early Nineteenth-Century England." Journal of Social History 47, no. 3 (February 9, 2014): 721–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jsh/sht106.

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47

Burney, Ian A. "Testing testimony: toxicology and the law of evidence in early nineteenth-century England." Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 33, no. 2 (June 2002): 289–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0039-3681(02)00002-x.

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Frisby, Helen. "‘Them Owls Know’: Portending Death in Later Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-century England." Folklore 126, no. 2 (May 4, 2015): 196–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0015587x.2015.1047176.

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Jaadla, Hannaliis, Ellen Potter, Sebastian Keibek, and Romola Davenport. "Infant and child mortality by socio‐economic status in early nineteenth‐century England †." Economic History Review 73, no. 4 (June 16, 2020): 991–1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ehr.12971.

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Rousseau, G. S. (George Sebastian), and David Boyd Haycock. "Coleridge's Choleras: Cholera Morbus, Asiatic Cholera, and Dysentery in Early Nineteenth-Century England." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 77, no. 2 (2003): 298–331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2003.0086.

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