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Journal articles on the topic 'Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMSs)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Trincas, Roberta, Cristina Ottaviani, Alessandro Couyoumdjian, Katia Tenore, Grazia Spitoni, and Francesco Mancini. "Specific Dysphoric Symptoms Are Predicted by Early Maladaptive Schemas." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/231965.

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Early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) are cognitive patterns resulting from unmet core emotional needs in childhood that have been linked to the development of psychopathology. As depression is a multifaceted phenomenon, we hypothesized that specific dysphoric symptoms would be predicted by different EMSs. Four hundred and fifty-six participants completed a measure of EMSs (Young Schema Questionnaire) and reported on the severity of the symptoms of criterion A for major depression in DSM-IV during the occurrence of a dysphoric episode in the previous 12 months. A series of stepwise multiple regression analyses were performed to investigate the predictive power of the EMSs for the severity of each specific depressive symptom. When controlling for gender and current levels of depression, specific symptoms were predicted by different EMSs: sadness by Negativity/Pessimism; anhedonia by Failure; self-harm by Emotional Deprivation and Vulnerability to Harm or Illness; worthlessness by Failure and Negativity/Pessimism; psychomotor retardation/restlessness by Vulnerability to Harm or Illness and Entitlement/Grandiosity; and poor concentration by Insufficient Self-Control/Self-Discipline. The more physical symptoms of fatigue, insomnia/hypersomnia, and appetite loss/appetite gain were not predicted by any of the EMSs. Although the cross-sectional design of the study does not allow for conclusions about the direction of effects, results suggest that depression is not a unitary phenomenon and provide a possible explanation for previous inconsistent findings.

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Saariaho, Tom H. J., Anita S. I. Saariaho, Irma A. Karila, and Matti I. Joukamaa. "Early maladaptive schemas in Finnish adult chronic male and female pain patients." Scandinavian Journal of Pain 1, no. 4 (October 1, 2010): 196–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjpain.2010.09.003.

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AbstractBackground and aims of the studyThe connection between chronic pain and traumatic experiences in childhood has been established in several studies. The association of emotional maltreatment with chronic pain has been studied, but to a lesser degree. Schema therapy [24] is an extension of cognitive therapy and presents the early maladaptive schema (EMS) concept. EMSs reflect early, mainly emotional maltreatment. The aim of the present study was to examine the existence of EMSs, the association between EMSs and pain variables and EMS driven patterns.Patients and measuresThe study consisted of 271 first visit pain patients. Their socio-demographic data, pain variables and pain disability were assessed. The presence of EMSs was measured using the Young Schema Questionnaire Short Form Extended. One hundred and three successive participants were also interviewed according to the cognitive case conceptualization.ResultsMore than half (58.3%) of the chronic pain patients scored EMSs as meaningful. The patients with meaningful EMSs had significantly higher pain intensity, duration of pain and pain disability. The two most frequently occurring EMSs in male pain patients were Unrelenting Standards/Hypercriticalness (US) (36.2%) and Self-Sacrifice (SS) (23.6%) and in female pain patients SS (40.3%) and US (27.1%). The speech contents of five of the highest scoring US and SS male and female patients (n = 20) were analyzed. The analyses showed schema driven behavior which exacerbated the pain situation. US and SS schemas had a stronger motivational effect on their behavior than the pain itself. Regression analyses showed that Self-Sacrifice schema in women and Emotional Deprivation schema in the total sample predicted pain disability as did pain intensity and the number of pain locations.ConclusionsThis study suggested that a remarkable amount of chronic pain patients may suffer from early maladaptive schemas which have an effect on their current pain situation and may reflect underlying early emotional maltreatment.

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Cudo, Andrzej, Dorota Mącik, Mark D. Griffiths, and Daria J. Kuss. "The Relationship between Problematic Facebook Use and Early Maladaptive Schemas." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 12 (December 3, 2020): 3921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9123921.

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Facebook is an increasingly popular online social media platform for communication, entertainment, and information exchange. Previous studies have shown the relationship between problematic Facebook use (PFU) and mental health problems. Additionally, previous studies have reported associations between maladaptive cognitive schemas and mental health problems. However, little is known about their impact on problematic behavior associated with Facebook use. Consequently, the present study investigated the relationship between PFU and early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) among Facebook users. The study comprised 619 Facebook users (568 females; age range from 18 to 30 years; M = 21.34, SD = 2.41 years). The severity of PFU was assessed using the Facebook Intrusion Scale, and EMS dimensions were assessed using the 90-item Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ–S3). The findings showed a positive relationship between PFU and EMSs, such as insufficient self-control/self-discipline and approval seeking. PFU was negatively associated with EMSs, such as social isolation/alienation and self-sacrifice schemas. Additionally, the findings showed that EMSs, as well as Facebook use characteristics, such as the time spent using Facebook per week, using Facebook apps, and number of friends on Facebook contributed to explaining the variance in PFU scores. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of mechanisms related to the development of PFU, which are associated with cognitive schemas. Additionally, the results may be useful in developing more effective methods of prevention and treatment of this problematic behavior.

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Zamirinejad, Somayeh, Seyed Kaveh Hojjat, Alireza Moslem, Vahideh MoghaddamHosseini, and Arash Akaberi. "Predicting the Risk of Opioid Use Disorder Based on Early Maladaptive Schemas." American Journal of Men's Health 12, no. 2 (November 17, 2017): 202–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988317742230.

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Substance use is a globally devastating social problem. Early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) are inefficient mechanisms leading directly or indirectly to psychological distress. The current study aimed to assess the role of EMSs in predicting opioid use disorder. The cross-sectional study was conducted in 2013 in Bojnurd at northeast of Iran on 60 male opioid users who received Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT) and 60 control males. The opioid users were selected randomly from MMT clinics and control subjects were selected and matched with opioid users using demographic variables. The subjects completed the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF). Except for SS (self-sacrifice), EG (entitlement/grandiosity), US (unrelenting standards), and FA (Failure to Achieve), the mean of other maladaptive schemas in the opioid user group were significantly higher than that of the control group, adjusted for multiple comparisons. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) indicated significant differences in maladaptive schemas between the two groups. Logistic regression identified that Emotional Deprivation, Mistrust/Abuse, and Unrelenting Standards can predict opioid use. As a result, the risk of opioid-related disorders in people with higher YSQ-SF scores in these schemas is higher. The findings conclude that the existence of underlying EMS may constitute a vulnerability factor for developing opioid use disorders later on in life. Provided the vast amount of scientific literature in evidence-based treatments focusing on EMSs, maladaptive schemas and related core beliefs can be detected and treated in adolescence to prevent the enactment of the schema and psychological distress likely to induce opioid use.

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Hawke, Lisa D., and Martin D. Provencher. "Early Maladaptive Schemas: Relationship With Case Complexity in Mood and Anxiety Disorders." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 27, no. 4 (2013): 359–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.27.4.359.

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Background: Schema theory, developed for chronic, treatment-resistant patients, has been largely applied to personality disorders. However, many patients with other psychiatric disorders, including mood and anxiety disorders, also demonstrate elevated early maladaptive schemas (EMSs). Based on schema theory and clinical observations, individuals with greater case complexity would be expected to demonstrate higher EMS activation. Aim: This study examines EMSs as a function of case complexity in individuals with mood and anxiety disorders. Method: 69 patients consulting for mood or anxiety disorders completed the YSQ-S3 and a thorough intake assessment. The relationship between EMSs and case complexity is explored. Results: Although some EMSs are more strongly activated as a function of comorbidities and degree of functional impairment, the greatest difference is a function of multiaxial case complexity. Conclusion: Complex clinical presentations are associated with EMS activation. Case complexity should be considered when applying schema theory to mood and anxiety disorders. Schema therapy may be a useful treatment alternative particularly for the more complex cases.

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Rezaei, F., and N. Shams Alizadeh. "Early maladaptive schemas in methamphetamine and opioid addicts." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)71804-1.

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IntroductionAccording to schema theory people have categorical rules or templates that they use to interpret the world and guide their behavior. A. T. Beck et al. (1990) and Young (1994) defined maladaptive or dysfunctional schemas as enduring, unconditional, negative beliefs about oneself, others, and the environment which organize one's experiences and subsequent behaviors. Because the early maladaptive schemas have been shown to predict psychosocial functioning and psychopathology it is reasonable to suspect that they might also impact substance abuse and substance dependence.ObjectivesExamining the 3 addict subgroups in terms of EMS factors and comparison of addict patients with control group.AimsTo determine whether there are particular schemas that may be underlying the addictive behavior.MethodsParticipants were 34 opiate dependent, 18 methamphetamine addicts, 30 subjects with heroin dependence and 48 healthy subjects as control group. Addict group had completed at least 6 months of treatment, all were in early full remission. Participants were given the Young Schema Questionnaire-Long Form in order to identify EMSs.ResultsThe results suggest that there are significant differences between the addict and control groups on 8 of the 18 schemas. There was not found any significant difference between opioid and methamphetamine groups regarding mean scores of EMSs or schema domains.ConclusionPeople with schema domains of impaired performance and impaired limits may be more likely to engage in substance dependence and these findings may have implications for drug abuse prevention programs.

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Sundag, Johanna, Christine Zens, Leonie Ascone, Susanne Thome, and Tania M. Lincoln. "Are Schemas Passed on? A Study on the Association Between Early Maladaptive Schemas in Parents and Their Offspring and the Putative Translating Mechanisms." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 46, no. 6 (March 7, 2018): 738–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465818000073.

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Background: According to Young's schema theory, Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMSs) arise due to the violation of core emotional needs during childhood. It seems likely that parents have difficulties in satisfying their children's emotional needs if they have high levels of EMSs themselves. Aims: This study investigated whether the extent of EMSs in parents is associated with the extent of EMSs in their offspring. Moreover, we tested for two putative mechanisms that account for this association: parental coping styles and parenting behaviour. Methods: Sixty dyads of parents (mother or father) and their adult children (N = 120), recruited from the general population, completed the Young Schema Questionnaire. The parents rated their schema coping styles and the children retrospectively rated the parenting of the participating parent. Results: As expected, parents' EMSs were significantly associated with EMSs in their offspring. This association was accounted for by the parental coping style Overcompensation and the adverse parenting that the child remembered. The parental coping style Avoidance did not account for the association. Conclusions: This study provides preliminary evidence for the notion that EMSs are passed on from one generation to the next via parental coping and parenting. Our findings thus support the assumption of schema theory that EMSs are connected to the family environment in terms of adverse parenting. If further confirmed, this has relevant implications for family-based interventions.

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Gallagher, Brian V., and Frank L. Gardner. "An Examination of the Relationship between Early Maladaptive Schemas, Coping, and Emotional Response to Athletic Injury." Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 1, no. 1 (March 2007): 47–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.1.1.47.

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The present study examined the relationship between cognitive vulnerabilities, coping strategy, and emotional response to athletic injury among 40 NCAA Division I injured athletes. It was hypothesized that the presence of early maladaptive schemas (EMS) and avoidant coping strategies would predict greater emotional distress among injured athletes. Early maladaptive schemas were assessed by the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form, which injured athletes completed upon injury. Coping strategies were measured by the Coping Response Inventory Adult Form, which was completed upon the completion of recovery. The Profile of Mood States was used to assess mood, and was completed during three phases of injury: upon injury, middle of rehabilitation, and upon recovery. As predicted, hierarchical multiple regression analysis demonstrate that EMSs and avoidance-focused coping were associated with higher levels of negative mood among injured athletes. The results also indicate that the relationship between EMS and mood vary based on the phase of injury, suggesting that different EMSs are differentially related to subtle differences in stressors encountered during each phase of the injury process.

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Sahraee, O. Alizadeh, M. Yusefnejad, and Z. Khosravi. "FC26-04 - Predicting of life satisfaction with respect to early maladaptive schemas among iranian college students." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1962. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73665-3.

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IntroductionEarly maladaptive schemas (EMSs) are thought to act as templates for information processing that influence individuals’ emotional reactions to life satisfaction.ObjectivesThus,the main purpose of the present study was to predict Life Satisfaction with respect to early maladaptive schemas among Iranian college students.MethodThe research population consisted of 1700 students. Three hundred undergraduate students (150 female and 150 male) selected by multiple cluster sampling method. Short questionnaire form of early maladaptive schema (YSQ-SF) and life satisfaction questionnaire were used in this study. For analyzing the data, Pearson correlation, Step wise regression and dependent t were used.ResultsResults of correlation showed negative significant correlation between life satisfaction and early maladaptive schemas including emotional Depravation, Social isolation, Defectiveness/sham, failure, Dependence/incompetenceVulnerability To harm illness, Subjugation, Self-sacrifice, Emotional inhibition, Unrelenting Standards /hyper criticalness and Insufficient Self-Control / Self-Discipline. Only three subscales Including Abandonment/ Instability, entitlement/ grandiosity, enmeshment/ undeveloped self, showed no significant correlation with life satisfaction. Result of regression analysis revealed that among 15 schemas, emotional Depravation, Defectiveness/sham and Dependence/incompetence schemas were best predictor of life satisfaction. In addition, the results indicated a significant difference between two groups of male and female students in subdivisions such as mistrust/abuse, failure, vulnerability to harm or illness, and unrelenting standards/hypocriticalness.ConclusionsThe findings of this study show that the assessment of EMS based on Young’s conceptualization of EMS can increase our understanding about students problems and interventions should be focused on changing these schemas.

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Priemer, Margaret, France Talbot, and Douglas J. French. "Impact of Self-Help Schema Therapy on Psychological Distress and Early Maladaptive Schemas: A Randomised Controlled Trial." Behaviour Change 32, no. 1 (March 4, 2015): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bec.2014.30.

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Self-help cognitive behaviour therapy has been found helpful in treating anxiety and depression. Recent evidence suggests that self-help schema therapy may represent another treatment alternative. The present study aimed to provide a preliminary assessment of the efficacy of self-help schema therapy on psychological distress and early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) using a 6-week treatment protocol with minimal email contact. Method: Participants were recruited from the general population and randomly assigned to self-help schema therapy (n = 32) or a waitlist (n = 32). Intent-to-treat analyses and study completer analyses were conducted using repeated-measures analyses of variance (time × group). Results: Intent-to-treat analyses revealed that treatment produced a marginal improvement in distress, but no change in EMSs. Among study completers (n = 34), self-help schema therapy yielded large reductions in distress scores on the Outcome Questionnaire-45.2 (partial eta squared = .16). Compared to the waitlist, self-help schema therapy also produced a moderate decrease in EMSs (partial eta squared = .10). The majority of study completers showed reliable clinical change in distress and reported high levels of satisfaction with the intervention. Conclusion: Self-help schema therapy may be an effective treatment for those individuals who persist in treatment. Self-help schema therapy has the potential to help a large number of individuals who may not otherwise have access to services. More research is needed to determine variables associated with treatment adherence and successful outcome.

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Afshar-Jalili, Yasha, and Ali Khamseh. "How does childhood predict adulthood psychological capital? Early maladaptive schemas and positive psychological capital." RICERCHE DI PSICOLOGIA, no. 3 (December 2020): 789–816. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/rip2020-003001.

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Psychological capital (PsyCap) has drawn the attention of researchers in the last decade. Scholars claim that PsyCap plays a significant role in both individual and organizational performance. Considering the importance of the construct, this research aimed to investigate the relationship between early maladaptive schemas (EMS) and PsyCap. The research methodology was a quantitative method with a survey approach. Using PLS software for analyzing data, findings reported the EMSs in four domains, including disconnection and rejection, im-paired autonomy and performance. Impaired limits and other-directedness are negatively related to an individual's PsyCap. Results can suggest how individual and organizational PsyCap can be enhanced by schema-focused interventions and training programs. Likewise, this study provides theoretical implications for future researchers to investigate the extent that schema-focused interventions, as well as training programs, can improve the individual, group, and organizational PsyCap.

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Tandetnik, Caroline, Thierry Hergueta, Philippe Bonnet, Bruno Dubois, and Catherine Bungener. "Influence of early maladaptive schemas, depression, and anxiety on the intensity of self-reported cognitive complaint in older adults with subjective cognitive decline." International Psychogeriatrics 29, no. 10 (June 19, 2017): 1657–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610217001119.

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AbstractBackground:Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) designates a self-reported cognitive decline despite preserved cognitive abilities. This study aims to explore, in older adults with SCD, the association between intensity of self-reported cognitive complaint and psychological factors including Young's early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) (i.e. enduring cognitive structures giving rise to beliefs about oneself and the world), as well as depression and anxiety.Methods:Seventy-six subjects (69.22 years ± 6.1) with intact cognitive functioning were recruited through an advertisement offering free participation in an intervention on SCD. After undergoing a neuropsychological examination (including global cognition (MMSE) and episodic memory (FCSRT)) and a semi-structured interview to assess depressive symptoms (MADRS), they completed a set of online self-reported questionnaires on SCD (McNair questionnaire), Young's EMSs (YSQ-short form), depression (HADS-D), and anxiety (HADS-A and trait-STAI-Y).Results:The McNair score did not correlate with the neuropsychological scores. Instead, it was highly (r > 0.400; p < 0.005) correlated with trait anxiety and three EMSs belonging to the “Impaired autonomy and performance” domain: Dependence/incompetence, Failure to achieve and Vulnerability to harm or illness. Our final regression model comprising depression, anxiety, and these three EMSs as predictors (while controlling for age, gender, and objective cognition) accounted for 38.5% of the observed variance in SCD intensity.Conclusions:The level of cognitive complaint is significantly associated with Young's EMSs in the category of “Impaired autonomy and performance”. We assume that SCD may primarily be driven by profound long-term inner beliefs about oneself that do not specifically refer to self-perceived memory abilities.

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Rasmussen, Jessica, Gail Steketee, Michelle Silverman, and Sabine Wilhelm. "The Relationship of Hoarding Symptoms to Schizotypal Personality and Cognitive Schemas in an Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Sample." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 27, no. 4 (2013): 384–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.27.4.384.

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This study examined hoarding symptoms and schizotypal personality traits (SPTs) in 38 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and explored early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) as partial mediators between hoarding symptoms and schizotypal traits in OCD. Hoarding and symmetry/ordering symptoms were correlated with total schizotypal score on the Personality Disorder Questionnaire-4 (PDQ-4). Hoarding predicted the total number of schizotypal traits on the PDQ-4 after adjusting for symmetry/ordering symptoms. Schizotypal traits but not hoarding symptoms were significantly correlated with the social isolation and mistrust/abuse schemas. Schizotypal traits and hoarding were both associated with the emotional inhibition and emotional deprivation schemas, but neither of these mediated the relationship between schizotypal traits and hoarding. Clinical implications for understanding and treating hoarding and schizotypal personality in OCD are discussed.

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Ribas, Ketlin Helenise dos Santos, Valdenilson Ribeiro Ribas, Silano Souto Mendes Barros, Valéria Ribeiro Ribas, Maria da Glória Nogueira Filizola, Renata de Melo Guerra Ribas, Paulo César da Silva, Carlos Augusto Cardoso Kucera, and Hugo André de Lima Martins. "The participation of Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMSs) in the perception of pain in patients with migraine: A psychological profile." Dementia & Neuropsychologia 12, no. 1 (March 2018): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-57642018dn12-010010.

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ABSTRACT Young's early maladaptive schemas questionnaire (YSQ-S3) is used to understand psychological aspects. Objective: EMSs were evaluated in patients with migraine. Methods: Sixty-five subjects were evaluated using the YSQ-S3 under standard conditions in a room with air conditioning at 22 ± 2°C. The subjects were stratified by morbidity (migraine), gender (male/female) and age (18-29 / 30-39 / 40-55). Controls (without migraine), n = 27 and patients (with migraine), n = 38, men (n = 19) and women (n = 46); participants aged 18-29 years, n = 34, aged 30-39 years, n = 14 and aged 40-55 years, n = 17. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square test, with p-values <0.05. Results were expressed as percentages in contingency tables. Results: There was a significant association between migraine and female gender (84.21%; p-value <0.05, Table 1), between hypervigilance and inhibition, and unrelenting standards (56.52%; p-value <0.0.014, Table 2) and female gender with migraine. Moreover, there was a significant association between hypervigilance and inhibition, and unrelenting standards (73.68%; p-value <0.0001) and self-punishment (84.21%; p-value <0.0001) in patients with migraine of both genders (Table 3). Conclusion: The individuals with migraine had a psychological profile of being overly demanding with themselves and others and self-punishing, where this was more frequent in women.

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Perevozkina, Yuliya, Tat'yana Petrovskaya, and Denis Shabanov. "The influence of gender and age characteristics on the specificity of the expression of early deadaptive schemes of future psychologists." Vestnik of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 2021, no. 2 (July 8, 2021): 194–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.35750/2071-8284-2021-2-194-203.

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The article deals with the personal characteristics of students of psychological specialties. Attention is focused on the sex and age factors of the manifestation of early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) as an important complex of personality characteristics, which determines the possibilities and limitations of professional development. Schemas are considered as a risk factor that reduces the adaptive potential of a specialist in the profession and the effectiveness of his activities, and therefore they are an important unit of analysis in the field of labour psychology. The empirical study was carried out with 537 students of psychological directions of training and specialties, of which 83 respondents were male and 454 were female, aged from 16 to 45 years. The questionnaire «Diagnostics of early maladaptive schemas of J. Young» (YSQ S3R) was used in the work. Mathematical processing of the results was carried out using the Levene’s test by the method of analysis of variance. As a result, it was found that the signs of gender and age have a significant impact on the differences not only in the severity of the manifestation of EMS, but also in the complexation of EMS in each group of respondents. Depending on gender and age, the schematic profiles of boys, girls, men and women differ with varying degrees of severity of each scheme. There are EMS, which have a specific sensitivity to the effects of either the gender factor, or the age factor, or their complex. The results demonstrated in the work prove the importance of gender and age characteristics for determining the personal correspondences to the profession of a psychologist, as well as the importance of studying the personal determinants of professional success, both from the side of the desired characteristics and from the side of contradicting its requirements and negative ones. Clarification of the characteristics of EMS of psychologists, the factors influencing them, will complement modern scientific ideas about the phenomenon of EMS with regard to the conditional mental norm, and also reveal the problem of professionally important and professionally negative qualities from a perspective that is new for modern domestic psychology.

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Aloi, Matteo, Marianna Rania, Raffaella Sacco, Barbara Basile, and Cristina Segura-Garcia. "The Young Schema Questionnaire Short Form 3 (YSQ-S3): does the new four-domains model show the best fit?" Anales de Psicología 36, no. 2 (April 9, 2020): 254–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.343461.

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La existencia de esquemas maladaptativos tempranos (EMTs) es el concepto central de Schema Therapy (ST). Varios estudios han demostrado que los EMS están involucrados en muchos trastornos psiquiátricos. El Young Schema Questionnaire es una medida de autoinforme desarrollada para evaluar los 18 EMTs y tiene versiones de forma larga (YSQ-L) y forma corta (YSQ-S). Actualmente se encuentra en su tercera versión (YSQ-S3). Hasta donde tenemos conocimiento, este es el primer estudio que tiene como objetivo validar el YSQ-S3 de acuerdo con la nueva organización propuesta de EMTs en cuatro dominios. Una muestra no clínica de 1372 estudiantes italianos participó en esta investigación. El análisis factorial confirmatorio (CFA) se realizó para examinar la estructura latente del YSQ-S3, incluidas las estructuras de primer y segundo orden. Se calcularon los coeficientes de correlación alfa e intraclase de Cronbach para evaluar la consistencia interna y la fiabilidad test-retest. Las correlaciones entre el YSQ-S3 y la ansiedad y los síntomas del estado de ánimo se calcularon para medir la validez de constructo. El alfa de Cronbach de casi todos los EMTs fue superior a 0.7, lo que indicó una buena confiabilidad interna, y la confiabilidad test-retest fue excelente. CFA apoya la nueva organización propuesta de EMS en cuatro dominios. Con respecto a la validez concurrente, cada esquema en el YSQ-S3 estaba altamente correlacionado con la ansiedad y los síntomas del estado de ánimo. El nuevo modelo de cuatro dominios del YSQ-S3 ha demostrado que puede ser una herramienta útil y válida para los médicos e investigadores en la medición del autoinforme de los EMTs. The existence of early maladaptive schemas (EMS) is the core concept of Schema Therapy (ST). Several studies have demonstrated that EMSs are involved in many psychiatric disorders. The Young Schema Questionnaire is a self-report measure developed to assess the 18 EMSs and has long form (YSQ-L) and short form (YSQ-S) versions. It is currently in its third version (YSQ-S3). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that aims to validate the YSQ-S3 according to the new proposed organization of EMSs into four domains. A non clinical sample of 1372 Italian population was involved in this research. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was conducted to examine the latent structure of the YSQ-S3, including both first- and second-order structures. Cronbach’s alpha and intra-class correlation coefficients were calculated to evaluate internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Correlations between the YSQ-S3 and anxiety and mood symptoms were calculated to measure construct validity. Cronbach’s alpha of almost all EMSs were higher than 0.7, which indicated good internal reliability, and test-retest reliability was excellent. CFA supports the new proposed organization of EMSs into four domains. Regarding concurrent validity, each schema in the YSQ-S3 was highly correlated with anxiety and mood symptoms. The new four-domains model of the YSQ-S3 has demonstrated that it can be a useful and valid tool for clinicians and researchers in the self-report measurement of EMSs.

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Aaron, David J. "Early Maladaptive Schemas and Substance Use." Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment 12, no. 4 (December 2013): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/adt.0b013e31827d8763.

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Ak, Mehmet, Nergis Lapsekili, Bikem Haciomeroglu, Levent Sutcigil, and Hakan Turkcapar. "Early maladaptive schemas in bipolar disorder." Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice 85, no. 3 (September 14, 2011): 260–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.2011.02037.x.

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Pinto-Gouveia, José, Paula Castilho, Ana Galhardo, and Marina Cunha. "Early Maladaptive Schemas and Social Phobia." Cognitive Therapy and Research 30, no. 5 (June 17, 2006): 571–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10608-006-9027-8.

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Sade, Raziye Sadat, Rozita Zabihi, and Yeganegi . "Mediating role of Emotional Intelligence in the Correlation between Early Maladaptive Schemas and Coping Styles." International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention 5, no. 6 (June 5, 2018): 4769–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsshi/v5i6.02.

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This research aimed at investigating the relationship between mediating role of emotional intelligence with early maladaptive schemas and copying style. Correlation method was adopted and all of the participants were among the students of Islamic Azad University-Islamshahr Branch. From the pool of 22300 students, 380 participants were chosen by stratified sampling method according to the Morgan Table. The questionnaire of Shering Emotional Intelligence, Yang’s schemas questionnaire (short form), Yang and Yang avoidance questionnaire and Yang Compensation questionnaire were administered and analyzed. The results gained from data analyses utilizing multiple regression statistical method and line analyses showed that this method had appropriate fitting with the available data. The findings revealed that emotional intelligence had a mediating role in relationship with early maladaptive schemas and students’ copying style. The early maladaptive schemas had a direct and significant impact on emotional intelligence. The researcher may come to this conclusion that the students who use early maladaptive schemas have less emotional intelligence. There was a positive relationship between early maladaptive schemas and students’ copying style. Furthermore, the early maladaptive schemas had a direct and significant impact on students’ copying style.

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Dozois, David J. A., Rod A. Martin, and Peter J. Bieling. "Early Maladaptive Schemas and Adaptive/Maladaptive Styles of Humor." Cognitive Therapy and Research 33, no. 6 (December 2, 2008): 585–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10608-008-9223-9.

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Nikoloski-Koncar, Natasa, Marija Zotovic, and Marc Hautekèete. "Effects of bombing after five years: Development of early maladaptive cognitive schemas in children." Psihologija 39, no. 2 (2006): 229–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi0602229n.

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The main aim of the study is to examine effects of bombing on development of early maladaptive schemas in children who live in directly bombed towns in comparison with children who live in towns not directly exposed to bombing. The subjects were twelve years old at the moment of testing (February 2005) meaning that they were at the age of seven during the bombing. Additional aim was to examine gender differences in development of early maladaptive schemas. The theory of Young (1990) provided framework for the study. According to the theory, early maladaptive cognitive schemas, which present basis for psychological disorder later in life, begin to develop in childhood in connection with traumatic experiences and/or other aversive circumstances. The results showed that the early maladaptive schemas are more frequent in children from directly exposed towns; and in male subjects comparing with females.

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Láng, András. "Machiavellianism and early maladaptive schemas in adolescents." Personality and Individual Differences 87 (December 2015): 162–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.07.039.

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Almousawi, Z. "Early maladaptive schemas in borderline personality disorder." European Neuropsychopharmacology 26 (October 2016): S751—S752. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-977x(16)31914-9.

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Petrocelli, John V., Brian A. Glaser, Georgia B. Calhoun, and Linda F. Campbell. "Early Maladaptive Schemas of Personality Disorder Subtypes." Journal of Personality Disorders 15, no. 6 (December 2001): 546–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi.15.6.546.19189.

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Jovev, Martina, and Henry J. Jackson. "Early Maladaptive Schemas in Personality Disordered Individuals." Journal of Personality Disorders 18, no. 5 (August 2004): 467–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi.18.5.467.51325.

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Ewa Talarowska, Monika, and Renata Kobza. "Early maladaptive schemas in borderline personality disorder." Neuropsychiatria i Neuropsychologia 16, no. 1-2 (2021): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/nan.2021.107633.

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Roelofs, Jeffrey, Chris Lee, Tamara Ruijten, and Jill Lobbestael. "The Mediating Role of Early Maladaptive Schemas in the Relation between Quality of Attachment Relationships and Symptoms of Depression in Adolescents." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 39, no. 4 (March 22, 2011): 471–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465811000117.

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Background:Quality of attachment relations between adolescents and their parents and peers may be related to early maladaptive schemas as well as to symptoms of depression.Aims:The aim of the current study was to assess whether schema domains and maladaptive schemas mediate the relation between indices of quality of attachment relationships with parents and peers and symptoms of depression in non-clinical adolescents (N= 222).Method:A battery of questionnaires was completed, including measures of quality of attachment relations, maladaptive schemas, and depression.Results:The schema domains of disconnection and rejection and other-directedness mediated the relation between quality of attachment relationships and symptoms of depression. More precisely, the schemas’ mistrust/abuse and social isolation mediated the relation between trust in parents and depressive symptoms, whereas the schemas’ social isolation and self-sacrifice mediated the relation between alienation from peers and symptoms of depression.Conclusions:The mediation analyses suggest that treatment of adolescent depression could be focused on both attachment bonds and on changing maladaptive schemas.

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Yoosefi, Afsaneh, Sepideh RajeziEsfahani, Abbas Pourshahbaz, Behrooz Dolatshahee, Abbasali Assadi, Fahime Maleki, and Sara Momeni. "Early Maladaptive Schemas in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Anxiety Disorders." Global Journal of Health Science 8, no. 10 (February 25, 2016): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v8n10p167.

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<p><strong>Background:</strong> Purpose of this study is comparing early maladaptive schemas which are active in patients suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder and anxiety disorders together, considering recent DSM-5 changes through which OCD has been placed in a separate and new diagnostic level.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>This research is a causal-comparative study. 151 persons were categorized in three groups of people suffering from OCD (50), suffering from anxiety disorders (50), and control group (51). Early diagnosis of disorders in two clinical groups were verified based on structured clinical interview for DSM )SCID-I) and Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive scale (Y-BOCS). General health questionnaire (GHQ-28), the short versions of the Young schemas questionnaire (YSQ), and Padua inventory-Washington State University Revision (PI-WSUR) were also implemented.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>Findings revealed that<strong> </strong>mean scores of all schemas of those suffering from anxiety disorders, except for Self-Sacrifice, Unrelenting-Standards/Hypercriticalness, Entitlement/Grandiosity schemas, and mean scores of all early maladaptive schemas of those suffering from obsessive compulsive disorder are significantly higher than those of control group. OCD group had significantly higher scores in Emotional Deprivation, Mistrust/Abuse, and Defectiveness/Shame schemas than anxiety disorders group. Defectiveness/Shame and Vulnerability to Harm or Illness schemas can explain 38 percent of variance of obsessive compulsive symptoms.</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The dominant and specific early maladaptive schemas of OCD are Defectiveness/Shame, Mistrust/Abuse, and Emotional Deprivation Schemas. This study besides supporting the theory of early maladaptive schemas, suggests that interventions based on specific schemas can be useful methods in treatment of OCD and anxiety disorders.</p>

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Ardebili, Elmira Fasihi, and Fatemeh Golshani. "Early Maladaptive Schemas and Aggression Based on the Birth Order of Children." Modern Applied Science 10, no. 9 (May 7, 2016): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v10n9p14.

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Early maladaptive schemas are patterns or deep, pervasive and dysfunctionalthemes formed in childhood or adolescence, continue in adulthood and act at the deepest level of the cognition and usually the person is not aware of them. Schema makes people prone to aggression, depression, anxiety, poor interpersonal relationships and mental- physical disorders.The aim of this study is to compare early maladaptive schemas and the birth order of children in the formation of aggression. For this purpose, in an ex post facto research, 320 cases usingconveniencecluster sampling were selected from Tehran government girls' high schools and were tested. After screening,160 only child students were selectedrandomly andwere assigned in the first group and in the second group 160 students of the rest were assigned who have been matched with the first group. One-way analysis of variance results showed that early maladaptive schemas and birth order, birth (one's position in the family) are involved in the creation of aggression. According to the findings, we can say that the early maladaptive schemas and birth order of childrenare important factors in the formation of aggression.

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Shorey, Ryan C., Catherine Strauss, Heather Zapor, and Gregory L. Stuart. "Dating Violence Perpetration: Associations With Early Maladaptive Schemas." Violence and Victims 32, no. 4 (2017): 714–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-14-00175.

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Violence between dating couples is a serious and prevalent problem among college students (Shorey, Cornelius, & Bell, 2008). Social-cognitive theories of aggression (e.g., Berkowitz, 1990) propose that perpetrators may have more maladaptive cognitive schemas that increase risk for aggression than non-perpetrators. Thus, this study examined differences between perpetrators and non-perpetrators of dating violence on early maladaptive schemas, which are rigidly held cognitive and behavioral patterns that guide how individuals encode and respond to stimuli in their environments (Young, Klosko, & Weishaar, 2003). Within a sample of female (n = 242) and male (n = 193) college students, results demonstrated that many early maladaptive schema domains were associated with psychological and physical dating violence perpetration, although mostly for women. In addition, the schema domain of impaired autonomy showed medium-to-large differences between female perpetrators and non-perpetrators, whereas the domain of impaired limits showed a medium-to-large difference for male perpetrators and non-perpetrators of physical aggression. These findings add to a growing body of literature on risk factors for dating violence, suggesting that early maladaptive schemas may be associated with individual differences in aggression risk. The results also further support social-cognitive models of aggressive behavior.

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Malik, Shajiah, Naila Batool, and Muhammad Naveed Riaz. "Mediating Role of Maladaptive Schemas and Schema Modes between Childhood Maltreatment and Pathological Traits in Adults." Journal of Peace, Development & Communication me 05, issue 2 (June 30, 2021): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.36968/jpdc-v05-i02-23.

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It was aimed at that maladaptive schemas and schema modes serially mediate between childhood maltreatment and pathological traits. Sample of the present study consisted on university students (N=300).Purposive sampling technique was used to collect the information. Serial Mediation Analysis was conducted using PROCESS 3.0.Four scales were used for data collection The findings indicated that maladaptive schemas and positive schema modes mediated between childhood maltreatment and pathological traits. Maladaptive schemas and negative schema modes mediated between childhood maltreatment and pathological traits.The study supported the schema theory which revealed that early childhood neglect and abuse forms early maladaptive schemas which change into schema modes during the course of development and finally manifested in the form of personality pathologies during adulthood.The study has both theoretical as well as applied significance. The study has supported the theory of Young.

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Komurcu, Burcu, and Nagme Gor. "A Review of Early Maladaptive Schemas and Anxiety." Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi 4, no. 8 (December 21, 2016): 183–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.7816/nesne-04-08-02.

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Lukáč, Jaroslav, and Marta Popelková. "The relationship between early maladaptive schemas and attachment." Pomáhajúce profesie 3, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17846/pp.2020.3.1.5-19.

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González-Jiménez, Antonio José, and Ma del Mar Hernández-Romera. "Early Maladaptive Schemas in Adolescence: A Quantitative Study." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 132 (May 2014): 504–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.04.344.

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Riso, Lawrence P., Shoshana E. Froman, Mona Raouf, Phillip Gable, Rachel E. Maddux, Noëlle Turini-Santorelli, Suzanne Penna, Jaime A. Blandino, Carli H. Jacobs, and Melissa Cherry. "The Long-Term Stability of Early Maladaptive Schemas." Cognitive Therapy and Research 30, no. 4 (June 22, 2006): 515–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10608-006-9015-z.

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Rakjhshani, Tayebeh, Kazem khorramdel, Abbas Abolghasemi, Sobhan Pour Nikdast, and Saeid Rajabi. "Early Maladaptive Schemas as Predictor of Adolescents Runaway." Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 15, no. 4 (2013): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.12740/app/20629.

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Davoodi, Elham, Alainna Wen, Keith S. Dobson, Ahmad Ali Noorbala, Abolfazl Mohammadi, and Zahra Farahmand. "Early maladaptive schemas in depression and somatization disorder." Journal of Affective Disorders 235 (August 2018): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.017.

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Quinta Gomes, Ana Luísa, and Pedro Nobre. "Early Maladaptive Schemas and Sexual Dysfunction in Men." Archives of Sexual Behavior 41, no. 1 (October 6, 2011): 311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-011-9853-y.

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Walburg, V., and S. Chiaramello. "Link between early maladaptive schemas and defense mechanisms." European Review of Applied Psychology 65, no. 5 (September 2015): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.erap.2015.07.003.

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Zade-Mohammadi, Ali, and Hamid Kordestanchi Aslani. "The Mediating Role of Cognitive Emotion Regulation in the Relationship of Early Maladaptive Schemas With Spouse Abuse." Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology 26, no. 4 (January 1, 2021): 502–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ijpcp.26.4.3217.1.

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Objectives: This study aimed to examine the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation in the relationship of early maladaptive schemas with spouse abuse. Methods: In this descriptive-correlational study, 324 married adults (226 females, 98 males) living in Tehran, Iran in 2017 were selected using a convenience sampling technique. They completed the revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS-2), the Young Scale Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF), and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ). Collected data were analyzed using Pearson correlation test and Structural Equations Modeling (SEM) in AMOS software. Results: The results of SEM showed a direct significant path from early maladaptive schemas to cognitive emotional regulation, and from cognitive emotional regulation to spouse abuse. There were also significant indirect paths from the first, second, and third domains of early maladaptive schemas to spouse abuse mediated by negative cognitive emotion regulation strategies with a path coefficients of 0.13, 0.16, and 0.13, respectively. The final structural model was a good-fitting model (X2/dF=1.595, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = 0.045, Comparative Fit Index =0.953). Conclusion: The relationship between early maladaptive schemas and spouse abuse is not linear; it is mediated by cognitive emotion regulation.

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Azhari, Mohammad Setayeshi. "Early Maladaptive Schemas and Academic Procrastination in Students: The Mediating Role of Perfectionism." International Journal of Psychological Studies 9, no. 4 (November 20, 2017): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v9n4p76.

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Studies indicate that many students engage in procrastination, thus in this study the aim was to examine the structural relationship of early maladaptive schemas and academic procrastination with the mediating role of the perfectionism in students. The participants included 281 high school students (143 male, 138 female) that were chose by multistage cluster sampling method. Solomon and Rothblum’s academic procrastination scale with the Cronbach alpha coefficient 0.81 and Young early maladaptive schema questionnaire with the Cronbach alpha coefficient 0.93, and Positive and Negative Perfectionism questionnaire with the Cronbach alpha coefficient 0.86 were administered. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and Sobel tests were conducted to explore direct and indirect pathways of study’s model respectively. Results showed that early maladaptive schemas and academic procrastination are antecedents and consequences of perfectionism in students respectively. The results indicated that perfectionism has a significant mediating role on the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and academic procrastination. The findings of this study could help school counselors, education psychologist, and teachers to reduce student’s procrastination and academic problems.

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Haugh, Jim A., Matt Miceli, and Jenny DeLorme. "Maladaptive Parenting, Temperament, Early Maladaptive Schemas, and Depression: A Moderated Mediation Analysis." Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 39, no. 1 (September 7, 2016): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10862-016-9559-5.

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Galimzyanova, Maria V., Pavel M. Kasyanik, and Elena V. Romanova. "Early Childhood Memories of Adults with Different Early Maladaptive Schemas." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Psychology 7, no. 1 (2017): 66–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu16.2017.105.

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Leahy, Robert L. "Cognitive Development and Cognitive Therapy." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 9, no. 3 (January 1995): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.9.3.173.

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Beck’s cognitive theory of psychopathology is integrated with Piaget’s and Bowlby’s structural cognitive-developmental theories. Automatic thought distortions, maladaptive assumptions, and early maladaptive schemas are formed at the preoperational level of intelligence and are marked by structural limitations of moral realism, imminent justice, dichotomous and intuitive thinking, and magical causality. The specific negative content of self-other schemas is based on early object representations reflecting pathology in the attachment process. Personality disorders are described as the persistence of preoperational structure and early object representations which are submitted to compensation and avoidance through maladaptive life-scripts. A case formulation based on this model is described.

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Kirpinar, Ismet, Erdem Deveci, Demet Camur, and Alperen Kilic. "Early Maladaptive Schemas in the Patients with Somatoform Disorders." Journal of Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapy and Research 3, no. 2 (2014): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/jcbpr.152045.

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Atalay, Hakan, Naz Berfu Akbaş, Oğuzhan Zahmacıoğlu, Emine Zinnur Kılıç, and Zeynep Göktuna. "Are early maladaptive schemas, temperament and character dimensions correlated?" Open Journal of Psychiatry 03, no. 02 (2013): 206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojpsych.2013.32018.

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Kadyrov, R. V., V. A. Dogadina, and I. S. Ilyina. "EARLY MALADAPTIVE SCHEMAS IN THE GENESIS OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOR." Vektor nauki Tol'yattinskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya Pedagogika i psihologiya, no. 3 (2018): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18323/2221-5662-2018-3-64-70.

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Saariaho, Anita S., Tom H. Saariaho, Aino K. Mattila, Max Karukivi, and Matti I. Joukamaa. "Alexithymia and Early Maladaptive Schemas in chronic pain patients." Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 56, no. 4 (June 3, 2015): 428–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12226.

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Carvalho, Joana, and Pedro J. Nobre. "Early maladaptive schemas in convicted sexual offenders: Preliminary findings." International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 37, no. 2 (March 2014): 210–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2013.11.007.

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