Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Early life diet'

Processes occurring during the early life of marine fishes encompassing the larval, settlement, and juvenile stages can have important impacts on recruitment and subsequent population dynamics. Yet these life stages remain poorly understood, especially in coral reef-associated species of commercial and recreational fisheries interest. Two years (2003-2004) of monthly sampling of 17 stations along a transect spanning the east-west axis of the Straits of Florida revealed consistent spatiotemporal patterns in larval abundance, growth, and mortality of several snapper and barracuda species. Much of the species-specific variability in these patterns tracked adult life history, and spatial (several snapper species) and temporal (Sphyraena barracuda) patterns in larval growth were related to larval food availability. While no patterns were identified in larval mortality rates, tethering experiments examining relative rates of predation on late-stage Lutjanus griseus larvae in surface waters of the lower Florida Keys revealed that relative predation rate and probability of predation in oceanic areas seaward of the reef was significantly greater than over reef or nearshore seagrass/hardbottom habitats. The combined effects of mortality during these early stages in concert with variability in early life traits caused selective mortality to be pervasive throughout the early life stages of snappers and barracudas. Patterns in selective mortality were investigated by tracking and repeatedly sampling several cohorts of larvae in 2007 and 2008, and for the first time in tropical reef fishes, linking young pelagic larvae with settlement-stage fish and juveniles. In agreement with the growth-mortality hypothesis, large size-at-hatch and fast larval growth conveyed a survival advantage in most species examined, but several switches in the direction of selection with ontogeny and over time occurred, and were contrary to this hypothesis. Consistent patterns of trait-mediated selective mortality lower trait variability in the surviving population, while inconsistencies in these patterns may contribute to the high degree of variability that characterizes these early life stages. Results presented in this dissertation help fill knowledge gaps critical to the understanding and modeling of dispersal and connectivity in several economically valuable snapper and barracuda species. In addition, the identification of life history traits important to the survival of individuals through the larval and into the juvenile stage, has implications for future management of these ecologically and economically valuable species.

Adipose tissue is found in two main forms: white (WAT), which stores energy; and brown (BAT), which dissipates energy as heat by means of a unique mitochondrial protein, UCP1. In large mammals, BAT is rapidly replaced by WAT after birth, but it has recently been found that functional BAT is present in human adults, which raises the possibility that it could be manipulated to burn off excess fat. The main aim of this thesis was to investigate, using sheep as a model, the effect of early nutritional interventions on fat mass and on the expression in adipose tissue of genes involved in adipogenesis, metabolism, thermogenesis and development. A secondary aim was to study their ontogeny in sternal adipose tissue. Study A examined the effect of fat supplements given to lactating ewes on the sternal adipose tissue of their offspring. Ewes were allocated to one of three feeding groups, one control and two supplemented (sunflower or canola oil), for 28 days after parturition, and their lambs were sampled at 7 and 28 days of age. Study B investigated the effect of late gestational and postnatal diet on the sternal and subcutaneous adipose tissue of 6 month-old lambs. Twin-pregnant ewes were divided into three dietary groups for the last 6 weeks of gestation: undernourished, control or overnourished. One lamb from each twin pair was fed a control diet, and the other a high-carbohydrate, high-fat (HCHF) diet. In the first month after birth, changes in gene expression in sternal adipose tissue were comparable to those previously described in perirenal adipose tissue, with the expression of most thermogenic genes declining to almost undetectable levels by 28 days of age. There was a disparity in the expression profiles of the two principal regulators of adipogenesis, PPARγ and C/EBPα, with expression of the former increasing with age, and that of the latter peaking at 7 days of age. A sunflower, but not canola, oil supplement fed to lactating ewes increased the relative adipose tissue weight of female, but not male, lambs at 28 days of age. Both supplements increased the plasma concentration of leptin at 7 and 28 days of age in females, but not males. Supplementation had a greater effect on gene expression at 7 than at 28 days of age, but no overall pattern emerged. Maternal undernutrition reduced birth weight in males, but not females, although body weight was unaffected by 6 months of age. A postnatal HCHF diet increased fat mass in all adipose tissue depots tested, and reduced expression of most adipogenic and metabolic genes in sternal and subcutaneous adipose tissue by around 50 %. Expression of thermogenic genes was barely detectable in either tissue at 6 months of age. In conclusion, expression of thermogenic genes in sternal adipose tissue declines with age, a response that is unaffected by maternal fat supplementation during lactation or a sustained postnatal HCHF diet.

The δδ¹³C and δ¹⁵N composition of incremental segments of tooth dentine was used to infer infant and childhood diet in a post-medieval London population, and a hunting and gathering Mesolithic/Neolithic group from Latvia. Health was analysed using defects on the tooth enamel caused by stress, termed enamel hypoplasia. The populations, which differ markedly in their economy, diet and health, were selected because of the difference in childhood experiences between the two groups. The results were used to consider questions about childhood, including how early diet may have been influenced by social factors such as class or status, the effect this could have on population dynamics and how childhood diet and health are related. The results show that the London individuals were rarely breastfed beyond 6 months and in some instances not at all. A small isotopic difference between males and females was observed which could be caused by dietary or physiological differences. The peak incidence of hypoplasia may be related to developmental patterns, rather than stress caused by weaning. The Zvejnieki individuals had a slightly longer breastfeeding duration. Those buried with pendants consumed a different diet in childhood to those without pendants, suggesting a complex social system, possibly indicating that diet was related to the role a person had within the community. There is a suggestion diet may have shifted between the Middle Mesolithic and Late Neolithic, although not dramatically. Neither population have elevated δ¹³C often associated with breastfeeding. The early life histories of the groups are not compared directly, but general observations concerning the children’s lives are considered. It is concluded that economy is not a reliable predictor of infant feeding strategies, as hunter-gatherers provide children with solid foods at a similar time to industrial groups. Intra-population variability was found to be a feature of all socio-economic groups.

The East Alpine region formed an important crossroads in later prehistoric Europe, through which ideas, people and objects flowed. This was particularly the case during the Late Bronze Age/ Early Iron Age, when an increasingly competitive society was evolving, with the formation of more complex social structures and the rise of ‘elites’. This has been evidenced in a shift in burial customs, from Urnfield-type cremation burial to the construction of tumuli and the adoption of elaborate inhumation burial. This multidisciplinary, multi-scalar approach to the analysis of human remains aims to explore the evolving structure, homogeneity and heterogeneity of communities inhabiting central and eastern Slovenia, and north-eastern Croatia, during the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age. The application of multiple methods, including the osteological analysis of cremated and non-cremated human remains, radiocarbon dating, stable isotope analysis (carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and strontium) and aDNA analysis has facilitated the exploration and interpretation of later prehistoric social structure and lifestyle. The use of carbon (from enamel carbonate and collagen) and nitrogen stable isotope analysis has highlighted important dietary distinctions between communities inhabiting this region and previous studies from elsewhere in contemporary Europe – specifically a high dependence on millet as a staple crop. This has been evidenced by δ13C values of between -17‰ and -15.3‰ from bone collagen. δ15N values of between 7.6‰ and 9.1‰ support this interpretation as they do not indicate the consumption of marine protein. Increased δ15N values of up to 13.5‰ from deciduous dentine have been interpreted as the influence of dietary and metabolic conditions, particularly in the presentation of an Infant exhibited palaeopathological evidence of severe metabolic disease. Complementary isotopic methods, including oxygen isotope ratios and enamel carbonate carbon, have also highlighted heterogeneity in childhood diet, reflecting the transition from a high lipid diet of breastmilk, to a diet of carbohydrates, indicative of weaning. In addition to these findings, the application of radiocarbon dating on cremated and nio-cremated human bone has expanded the current understanding of mortuary practices in this study area. Inhumation burial, previously thought synomemous with the Iron Age, has been now been identified throughout the Bronze Age at the cemetery of Obrežje. The application of this multi-scalar approach to combining and interpreting these data sets has allowed for the investigation of individual biographies, as well as regional trends. This research illustrates the advantages of bringing together multiple lines of evidence for the creation of informed interpretations regarding the life, death and diet of prehistoric peoples of the East Alpine region, and beyond.
The Encounters and Transformations in Iron Age Europe (ENTRANS) Project, led by Ian Armit, with the Slovenian and Croatian principal investigators, Matija Črešnar and Hrvoje Potrebica. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no 291827. The project is financially supported by the HERA Joint Research Programme (www.heranet.info) which is co-funded by AHRC, AKA, BMBF via PT-DLR, DASTI, ETAG, FCT, FNR, FNRS, FWF, FWO, HAZU, IRC, LMT, MHEST, NWO, NCN, RANNÍS, RCN, VR and The European Community FP7 2007-2013, under the Socio-economic Sciences and Humanities programme.
The Appendices A-H are not available online.

A infância e a adolescência são períodos sensíveis de maturação neuronal, caracterizados por alta plasticidade de circuitos encefálicos em desenvolvimento, como é o caso do sistema mesolímbico dopaminérgico. Experiências estressantes neste período, como o isolamento social (IS), podem produzir neuroadaptações nesses circuitos e aumentar a vulnerabilidade ao consumo de drogas e de alimentos palatáveis ao longo da vida. Tendo em vista que extensa literatura analisa longos períodos de isolamento social, que não são modelos adequados para o estresse por isolamento que ocorre em sociedades humanas, o objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar os efeitos de uma exposição curta ao isolamento social durante o período pré-púbere sobre o sistema mesolímbico dopaminérgico e a susceptibilidade para o abuso de drogas e para o consumo compulsivo de alimento palatável em ratas Wistar fêmeas, na idade adulta. Também foi objetivo avaliar o papel da exposição crônica a uma dieta rica em sacarose (DRS) sobre estas variáveis. Como resultados, foi observado que o IS aumentou a resposta locomotora a um desafio com anfetamina, bem como aumentou, no estriado dorsal, o imunoconteúdo do transportador de dopamina, da enzima tirosina hidroxilase e diminuiu os níveis do receptor D2 de dopamina (D2R); além disso, os animais submetidos ao IS na pré-puberdade apresentaram aumento nos parâmetros relacionados ao estresse oxidativo após o desafio. De modo interessante, a exposição a DRS preveniu os efeitos do IS sobre a resposta locomotora, mas não afetou os parâmetros dopaminérgicos. O IS também diminuiu o imunoconteúdo basal de D2R no núcleo accumbens (NAc) e estimulou o consumo do tipo-compulsivo de alimento doce (Froot Loops®). A DRS não interferiu nestes parâmetros. Observamos também que o IS não alterou os níveis basais de corticosterona plasmática, enquanto que a DRS diminuiu tais níveis. Os registros das correntes excitatórias pós-sinápticas (CEPS) espontâneas indicaram, como resultado preliminar, que a DRS reduziu o tempo de subida das CEPS, indicando uma resposta glutamatérgica fugaz. Os achados deste estudo demonstram pela primeira vez que um período curto de IS em uma fase crítica do desenvolvimento é capaz de programar o sistema mesolímbico dopaminérgico de forma a aumentar a susceptibilidade tanto ao uso de drogas quanto ao consumo do tipo-aditivo de alimento doce. Esses efeitos podem ser em parte explicados pela redução dos níveis de D2R basal no NAc e pela maior estimulação do sistema dopaminérgico no estriado frente a um desafio com anfetamina. Os achados desta tese sugerem que experiências estressantes, como o isolamento social, durante um período crítico do desenvolvimento é capaz de programar o sistema de recompensa encefálico de forma permanente e aumentar a susceptibilidade a comportamentos aditivos na vida adulta. Identificar fatores preditores de propensão a esse tipo de comportamento é importante para prevenir o desenvolvimento de dependência de drogas e/ou de distúrbios alimentares, além de possibilitar a identificação de alvos terapêuticos e o desenvolvimento de estratégias de tratamento para estes distúrbios.
Childhood and adolescence are sensitive periods of neuronal maturation, characterized by high plasticity of developing brain circuits, such as the mesolimbic dopaminergic system. Stressful experiences in these periods, such as social isolation (SI), can produce changes in these circuits and increase vulnerability to drug addiction and eating disorders throughout life. Considering that most of literature analyze long periods of social isolation, that are not good models for social stress in human societies, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a short post-weaning social isolation on mesolimbic dopaminergic system and the susceptibility to drug and food addiction in female Wistar rats in adulthood. Moreover, we also aimed to evaluate the role of a chronic high sugar diet (HSD) on these variables. It was observed that IS increased the locomotor response to a challenge with amphetamine (AMPH), as well as increased the immunocontent of dopamine transporter, the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase, decreased the D2 dopamine receptor (D2R) and increased the parameters related to oxidative stress in dorsal striatum after the challenge. Interestingly, exposure to DRS prevented the effects of SI on locomotor response, but did not affect dopaminergic parameters. IS also decreased the basal immunocontent of D2R in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), and stimulated binge eating of high sweet food (Froot Loops®). HSD did not interfere with these parameters. We also observed that SI did not alter plasma corticosterone baseline levels after IS, whereas HSD induced a decrease in these levels. Excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSC) indicated, as a preliminary result, that the exposure to a HSD reduced the rise time, indicating a more fleeting glutamatergic response. The findings of this study demonstrate for the first time that a short period of SI at a critical period of development is able to programme the mesolimbic dopaminergic system in order to increase susceptibility to both drug and food addiction. These results are possibly due, at least in part, to low basal levels of D2R in NAc and the higher stimulation of the dopaminergic system in striatum after a challenge with AMPH. The findings of this thesis suggest that stressful experiences such as social isolation during a critical period of development are able to permanently program the brain reward system and increase the susceptibility to additive behaviors in adult life. Identifying predisposing factors to this type of behavior is extremely important to prevent the development of drug addiction and/or eating disorders, to identify therapeutic targets and to enable the development of treatment strategies for these disorders.

Dans ce travail de thèse, nous avons évalué les effets inflammatoires, comportementaux et cognitifs de l’exposition périnatale des souris à trois matrices alimentaires d’anguilles, reflétant 3 niveaux de pollution (faible, moyenne et haute), tout en considérant le sexe de la progéniture ainsi que les différentes phases d’âges. Les réponses inflammatoires ont été évaluées, aussi bien au niveau cérébral, y compris dans les cellules de la microglie, qu’au niveau périphérique, à 4 stades de vie distincts, et ce dès la naissance jusqu’à l’âge moyen. Chez les souriceaux, mâles et femelles, dont leurs génitrices ont consommé de l’anguille contaminée, durant la période gestationnelle et lactationnelle, vs les témoins dont leurs mères ont consommé uniquement la diète standard, nos résultats ont montré une neuro-inflammation précoce et prononcée, ainsi qu’une production accrue des marqueurs pro-inflammatoires par les cellules de la microglie durant la période néonatale et postnatale. Cette réponse pro-inflammatoire a été chronique puisqu’elle a été à nouveau détectée même à un âge avancé (âges adulte et moyen). Nos résultats mettraient en évidence l’activation et la polarisation des cellules de la microglie depuis la naissance, chez les animaux exposés, vers le phénotype M1, susceptible d’induire les effets neurotoxiques apparus beaucoup plus tard dans les stades de la vie. En effet, un comportement dépressif-like a été observé à l’âge adulte uniquement chez les mâles. Cette altération sexe dépendante du comportement de résignation a été attribuée à l’hyperactivation de l’axe de stress, l’axe hypothalamique pituitaire surrénalien, mise en évidence par une forte production de la corticostérone chez les mâles à l’âge adulte. Chez les femelles, nous avons mis en évidence le développement d’un comportement hyperactif dès l’âge adulte, et d’un déclin cognitif à l’âge moyen. Nos résultats suggèrent que le déficit de la mémoire de rétention des femelles d’âge moyen exposées périnatalement à des anguilles moyennement et hautement contaminées serait lié à la diminution significative de l’activation à la fois d’ERK ½ et du NF-κB ainsi qu’à la réduction significative du taux d’acétylcholine, détectées au niveau de l’hippocampe de ces souris. A partir de ces données et de celles obtenues par d’autres membres de notre équipe, il apparait de plus en plus pertinent de prendre en considération le risque du couplage des effets neuro-oxydatif et neuro-inflammatoire dans la genèse de nombreux troubles cognitifs et comportementaux surtout de manière tardive et irréversible. Cela pourrait également être à l’origine d’une fragilité et d’une imprégnation précoce de différentes populations cellulaires qui conduiraient tardivement à une dégénérescence précoce des cellules en particulier au niveau neuronal et glial. En conclusion, nos résultats suggèrent une programmation périnatale sexe-dépendante des troubles, mis en évidence aussi bien sur le plan comportemental que sur le plan cognitif chez les souris dont leurs mères ont consommé de l’anguille polluée, via des mécanismes inflammatoires. Cela laisse supposer un impact endocrino-dépendant dont il faudrait confirmer la réalité et les mécanismes
Several lines of evidence indicate that early-life inflammation may predispose to mental illness in later-life. In our study, we investigated the impact of perinatal exposure to polluted eels on the brain and microglia inflammation in a lifespan approach as well as on the resignation behavior, the locomotor activity and the cognitive performances in the later life of male and female offspring mice. The effects of maternal standard diet (laboratory food) were compared to the same diet enriched with low, intermediate, or highly polluted eels. Our results showed a chronic brain inflammation in male and female offspring mice compared to controls, as assessed at the birth, up weaning, adulthood and middle-age. Activated microglia produced pro-inflammatory markers across the lifespan of male as well as female exposed offspring. The plasmatic level of myeloperoxidase was found to be significantly higher in both adult and middle-aged males and females vs. control offspring. However, high corticosterone levels were only found in adult male offspring mice perinatally exposed to polluted eels, suggesting a sex-selective dysregulation of the adult hypothalamic- pituitary- adrenal (HPA) axis. Sex selective differences were also found in adulthood, with regard to the offspring resignation behavior. Indeed, depressive-like symptoms were only found in adult male mice perinatally exposed to polluted eels. On the middle- age, sexe selective effects were found with regard to memory and locomotor activity. Indeed, hyperactive phenotype was only detected in females. In addition, impaired long-term memory was only detected in middle-aged females, perinatally exposed to either intermediately or highly polluted eels. This deficit was related to decreases in ERK1/2 and p65 activation, and acetylcholine levels that were only detected in female hippocampus exposed to either intermediately or highly polluted eels. In conclusion, our results indicated that early-life inflammatory insults were the plausible causative factor that programmed the behavior impairments and cognitive deficit in the later-life of offspring, and suggested that sex played an important role in the determination of nature of the appeared alterations

Au cours des dernières années, l'augmentation de la production aquacole a nécessité un changement dans la composition des aliments pour poissons, pour remplacer la farine (FP) et l’huile de poisson (HP) par des sources végétales plus disponibles. Dans ce contexte, le travail de ma thèse avait pour but d'analyser les effets d’une substitution totale et concomitante de la FP et HP par des ingrédients végétaux dans les aliments distribués pendant tout le cycle de vie de la truite arc-en-ciel, de la première alimentation jusqu’à la reproduction. Ce travail a montré pour la première fois que la truite peut survivre, se développer et avoir une descendance viable, lorsqu’elle est nourrie tout au long de son cycle de vie avec un régime 100% végétal. Un tel remplacement alimentaire a entraîné des changements radicaux dans le profil en acides gras des tissus des femelles. Cependant, nous avons constaté que la truite était capable de synthétiser des acides gras polyinsaturés à longue chaîne n-3 (AGPI-LC n-3) à partir de précurseurs présents dans l'aliment, et de stocker dans les ovules une partie de ces acides gras néosynthétisés dans le foie , permettant ainsi une reproduction efficace. Nous avons également étudié les possibles effets trans-générationnels d’une alimentation 100% végétale des géniteurs, sur la survie et la croissance de la descendance et sur sa réponse à différents régimes aux stades précoces, en nous appuyant sur des analyses du transcriptome des alevins entiers. Aucun effet significatif de l’alimentation maternelle avec des régimes à base de végétaux n’a été observé sur les descendants avant leur première alimentation, à l'exception d'un poids corporel légèrement inférieur (-13%) à celui des descendants de femelles nourries avec un aliment contenant des FP et HP. En revanche, des effets significatifs de l'alimentation maternelle sur le transcriptome des alevins sont apparus après 3 semaines d'alimentation. L'histoire nutritionnelle de la mère a affecté principalement des gènes impliqués dans la croissance/contraction musculaire et dans les métabolismes énergétique et glucidique. Quelle que soit l'origine maternelle, l’alimentation des alevins avec des aliments contenant des ingrédients végétaux conduit à une régulation positive des gènes impliqués dans le métabolisme des AA/protéines et le métabolisme du cholestérol, ainsi qu’à des changements dans l'expression des gènes impliqués dans le métabolisme glucidique. Enfin, les effets à long-terme de régimes à base de matières premières végétales chez la truite arc-en-ciel ont également été étudiés chez les juvéniles (10g) et les poissons «en croissance» (250-350g), en se focalisant principalement sur l’expression des gènes dans l’intestin et le foie. Cette étude à long-terme a mis en évidence chez les juvéniles des effets subtils sur des gènes intestinaux et hépatiques (transcriptome), avec principalement une augmentation de l’expression des gènes impliqués dans les voies de synthèse des AGPI-LC et du cholestérol chez les poissons nourris avec des régimes à base de plantes. Ces changements d’expression ont été maintenus chez les poissons «en croissance». L'expression de gènes impliqués dans le catabolisme des protéines, le métabolisme des glucides et dans le transport intracellulaire a également été modifiée par les régimes à base de plantes chez les juvéniles, mais ces résultats ne sont pas entièrement confirmés chez les poissons «en croissance». L'ensemble des résultats de cette thèse fournissent des informations originales sur l'utilisation de régimes alimentaires avec des taux de remplacement élevés de FP et d’HP pendant l'ensemble du cycle de vie des poissons, y compris les reproducteurs et les stades précoces, car la majorité des études précédentes avaient concerné la phase de grossissement. Des ajustements de la formule alimentaire sont encore nécessaires pour continuer à optimiser les performances de reproduction et la croissance des poissons d’élevage
In the last years, the increase in aquaculture production has forced a change in fish feed composition, with increasing substitution of fish meal and fish oil by more available plant sources. In this context, the present PhD work aimed at analyzing the effects of different levels of concomitant dietary replacement of fish meal and fish oil by plant ingredients during the whole life cycle of rainbow trout (from first feeding to reproduction). This work showed for the first time that rainbow trout was able to survive, grow and produce viable offsprings, when fed a totally plant-based diet throughout the whole life cycle. Such dietary replacement resulted in drastic changes in tissues fatty acid profile of broodstock females. However, we found that trout was capable to synthetize n-3 long chain- polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) from dietary precursors and to transfer large amounts of these fatty acids in ova, so that an efficient reproduction can occur. We also studied the potential carry over generation effects of feeding broodstock a totally plant-based diet on progeny and their response to different diets at early stages, using molecular approaches, including the study of the whole body transcriptome. Considering the effects on progeny, the present study confirmed the capability of trout to survive and grow on a plant-based diet, but with slight differences in terms of weight. While no effects of maternal dietary background were observed before first feeding, except slightly lower body weight (-13%), significant effects on the transcriptome of whole body alevins appeared after 3 weeks of feeding. These effects of maternal nutritional history were mainly related to muscle growth/contraction and carbohydrate and energy metabolism. Irrespective of the maternal origin of progeny, first feeding diets containing plant ingredients resulted in up-regulation of genes involved in AA/protein and cholesterol metabolism, as well as in changes in the expression of genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Finally, the effects of long-term feeding trout plant-based diets were also studied in juveniles (10g) and ongrowing fish (250-350g), mainly focusing on intestine and liver gene expression. The long term trial in juveniles highlighted subtle effects on both intestinal and hepatic gene expression (transcriptome), mainly related to LC-PUFA and cholesterol biosynthetic pathways, which were enhanced in fish fed the plant based diets. This transcriptional pattern was maintained in ongrowing fish. Genes involved in protein catabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and trafficking were also affected by plant-based diets in juveniles, but these results were not fully confirmed in ongrowing fish. Overall, the results of the present thesis allowed extending the use of diets with high replacement rates of fish meal and fish oil to the whole life cycle of fish, including broodstock and early stages. Adjustments of the feed-formula are still needed to further optimize reproductive and growth performance

The series of experiments that comprises this thesis consider the use of prebiotics and probiotics to improve success in European lobster Homarus gammarus culture. Research was conducted at the National Lobster Hatchery and The University of Plymouth, UK between April 2007 and March 2010. Great potential was revealed for the application of biotics as dietary supplements in the culture of larval and juvenile H. gammarus. Specific biotics, namely; prebiotic mannon oligosaccharide (MOS) and probiotic Sanolife® (Bacillus spp.) were revealed to increase growth and survival during the culture of early lobster life stages. Lobsters that showed enhanced development and/or survival were found to possess improved feed conversion, immune status and/or stress tolerance. Furthermore it was found that biotic fed lobsters displayed shifts in gastrointestinal (GI) microbiology and enhanced physical GI structures, which may account for improved feed conversion and consequently growth. The work presented thus demonstrates that by making positive changes in GI structure and bacterial community composition combined with influencing immune status culture success can be positively enhanced through the biotic supplementation of diets. However, it must be considered that the outcome of dietary biotic supplementation is heavily influenced by the situation in question.

Ma thèse se concentre sur la question de la transformation de la pratique du banquet classique face, d’une part, à la nouvelle situation sociopolitique découlant de l’installation des royaumes dits successeurs et de la dissolution des structures politiques classiques ;et d’autre part, face à l’intensification de ce que l’on appelle communément la « christianisation » du monde romain. Mes recherches concernent le monde romain occidental (Gaule, Italie et Espagne) à partir du moment où le discours ascétique oriental se diffuse massivement en occident dans la seconde moitié du IVe siècle, mettant fin à ce que Robert Markus appelle le « christianisme antique ». La question principale de ma thèse concerne le discours chrétien et ascétique qui porte sur les questions alimentaires et les réponses données par les groupes sociaux dont l’usage du banquet classique est suffisamment documenté. En l’occurrence les aristocrates (en ce compris les évêques), les communautés cénobitiques et le mouvement anachorétique. La seconde question abordée dans mes recherches est celle posée par la présence « barbare » et l’image du mangeur barbare en ces siècles de transition socioculturelle. Le terminus ante quem de mes recherches se situe à la fin du VIe siècle, en un monde romain désormais indubitablement transformé.

La mia tesi si incentra sulla questione della trasformazione della pratica classica del banchetto nel confronto, da una parte con la nuova situazione sociale e politica dovuta all’insediamento dei regni post-romani, e, dall’altra, con l’intensificazione della cosiddetta “cristianizzazione” del mondo romano. La tesi riguarda lo spazio romano occidentale (cioè Gallia, Italia, Spagna) a partire dal momento in cui si diffonde la grande moda dell’ascetismo orientale dalla seconda metà del IV secolo. La questione principale della tesi, che occupa i capitoli tre e quattro, riguarda il discorso cristiano e ascetico sull’alimentazione e poi le risposte date dai gruppi sociali il cui uso del banchetto è documentato a sufficienza, in fatti specie gli aristocratici, il mondo monastico, e gli eremiti. I due primi capitoli riguardano, rispettivamente, la pratica del banchetto classico nella tarda antichità e la questione della presenza “barbara” e dell’immagine del mangiatore barbaro in quei secoli. La conclusione della tesi si colloca alla fine del VI secolo, in un momento in cui il mondo romano è indubbiamente trasformato.

My doctoral thesis concentrates on the question of the transformation of the classical banquet through the encounter with, on the one hand, the new sociopolitical situation due to the migration and installation of the new successor kingdoms ;and on the other hand, with the intensification of the Christianization of the Roman world. My research focuses on the Western Roman world (Gaul, Italy and Spain) from the moment in which the eastern ascetic discourse spreads widely in the West in the second half of the 4th century, causing what Robert Markus calls “The end of Ancient Christianity”. The main question of my thesis regards the Christian and ascetic discourse on food practices and the answers given by the social groups who’s uses of the banquet is documented enough. In this case, the aristocrats (within which the bishops), the monastic communities and the hermits. The second question taken into consideration in my thesis is the one presented by the “barbarian” presence and the literary image of the barbarian eater in these centuries of socio cultural transformation. The terminus ante quem of my research is placed at the end of the 6th century, in a undoubtly transformed Roman world.
Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

L'équipe de recherche, au sein de laquelle je réalise ma thèse, s'attache à disséquer les maladies génétiques mendéliennes responsables de pathologies intestinales sévères. L'étude de ces maladies présente deux objectifs. D'une part, étudier au plan moléculaire les mécanismes constituants la barrière intestinale. D'autre part, proposer de nouveaux diagnostics aux patients mais également évaluer de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques. Ainsi, j'ai participé dans un premier temps à l'étude de données obtenues par séquençage de gênes cibles (Targeted Next Generation Sequencing) au sein d'une cohorte de patients présentant une inflammation intestinale à début précoce (avant 6 ans), afin de rechercher les maladies intestinales monogéniques déjà décrites dans la littérature. En cas de résultat négatif nous réalisions une analyse d'exome (Whole Exome Sequencing) afin d'identifier de nouveaux gênes candidats. La suite de mon travail a consisté à valider au plan fonctionnel la pathogénie des mutations retrouvées dans deux nouveaux gênes. Ainsi, j'ai étudié le mécanisme physiopathologique d'une mutation faux-sens, homozygote sur le gène UNC45A, chez une patiente présentant une diarrhée congénitale sévère néonatale. Puis j'ai validé les conséquences fonctionnelles d'une mutation responsable d'un codon stop précoce sur le gène IPO8. Cette mutation a été retrouvé à l'état homozygote chez un frère et une sœur qui présentaient une inflammation intestinale précoce associées à des symptômes évocateurs d'un syndrome de Loeys-Dietz. Du fait du rôle décrit d'IPO8 dans le transport nucléaire de Smad3, notre objectif a été de mettre en évidence un dysfonctionnement de la voie du TGFbéta chez nos patients
My PhD thesis project is part of the efforts led by our team to dissect Mendelian diseases causing severe intestinal disorders with the scientific goal to get insight into the molecular mechanisms of the human gut barrier and with the medical goal to improve the diagnosis and care of these rare but life-threatening diseases. In the first part of my thesis, I have participated to the analysis of data generated by targeted new generation sequencing or by whole exome sequencing in order to identify known monogenic intestinal disorders and next to identify new candidate genes. In the second part of my thesis, I have led functional studies to validate mutations in two new candidate genes. On the one hand, I am analysing the mechanism of the dramatic congenital diarrheoa observed in a girl carrying an homozygous missense mutation in UNC45, a gene very recently associated with congenital diarrhoea. On the other hand, I am characterizing the functional consequences of a homozygous mutation introducing an early stop codon in IPO8 in two siblings displaying a complex syndrome including intestinal inflammation and symptoms evocative of Loeys-Dietz syndrome. Given previous indication that IPO8 may be involved in the nuclear trafficking of Smad3, we aim at demonstrating impairment of signalling downstream TGFbeta

This study resituates the twentieth-century origins of lifestyle reform movements by examining the cultural politics of nourishment in the Tokugawa period (1600-1868), when the move toward a shared, authoritative, and seemingly objective system of dietary reform began to take shape, apart from the influence of modern nutritional sciences or the nation-state. A host of popular writers adapted older knowledge on medicine and longevity to communicate rules for dietary conduct that could apply across the spectrum of status and class. The celebration of nourishment in the emerging cultural marketplace of Tokugawa Japan in part represented an attempt to bring society back into alignment through a rhetoric that bundled self-regulation, morality, and individual and collective prosperity into a holistic sense of what the body could become in the world when properly fueled. Surrendering to a desire for the delicious was tantamount to shirking one’s duty, inviting disease, and weakening not only the individual body but the household as well. This tension between self-regulation and an expanded, socially embedded conception of bodily care became the animating logic behind the dispensation and reception of dietary advice in Japan from the eighteenth century on. As the core component in a system of healthy being, nourishing life in late-Tokugawa Japan transcended the personal longevity regimens from which it had once originated to become a perceived cure for social ills. Developments in the Tokugawa and Meiji periods reveal an ongoing tension between a universal healthy diet rooted in human physiology and Japan-specific nutritional standards meant to apply only locally. This study seeks to demonstrate how difficult it can be to isolate and identify a Japanese diet in light of waves of historical change, not only in patterns of eating but in thought and motivation behind competing visions of what to eat and why. Each new iteration of advice represents another attempt to distill and communicate priorities that often extend beyond immediate physiological concerns of bodily care. Following dietary guidance into the past compels us to think of nourishment not as a progression to an increasingly sophisticated and complete understanding of the ways in which food affects how the body performs in the world, but as a contingent struggle between systems of self-care with their own logics, claims to efficacy, and extra-physiological concerns rooted in the historical contexts from which they emerged. Chapter One examines Kaibara Ekiken’s (1630-1714) Precepts on Nourishing Life (Yōjōkun, 1713), a text that marked a turning point at which previously esoteric principles of health migrated from medical systems to an emerging popular culture of nourishment. By the end of the Tokugawa period, Yōjōkun had become both a set of specific principles recorded by Ekiken and a “brand” that others could use to legitimize their own dietary sensibilities. Ekiken carved out a new position from the earlier Chinese and Japanese longevity texts from which he drew inspiration, adapting a model of alimentary choice and personal responsibility to his own historical moment. Chapter Two explores the rise of new knowledge, new knowledge makers, and new knowledge consumers in vernacular dietary guidebooks. These guides changed the implicit structure of authority between ordinary people and those from whom they sought advice on health. Assertions that guidebooks alone could provide all the care one needed altered the terms of the relationship between everyday readers and experts by inserting a new layer of access to knowledge without the need for firsthand consultation. Despite emerging from the realm of medical knowledge, new nourishing life (yōjō) manuals betrayed a growing skepticism of doctors and medicinal healing, subordinating them to preventive nourishment regimens. Chapter Three investigates how the commercial publishing culture of late Tokugawa Japan created a venue for non-specialist authors to comment on the social place of the well-nourished body developed in nourishing life guides. Literary storybooks explored the moral and economic dimensions of health, highlighting excess, gluttony, wealth, and income disparity as themes in who should or could eat what. The chapter focuses on two ‘tales of the stomach,’ which aimed to demystify digestion and the workings of the inner body by personifying foods and bodily responses to them. I argue for a more expansive view of food publications in the Tokugawa period, as well as an understanding of didacticism inclusive enough to account for shared dietary themes across genres. Chapter Four concludes the dissertation by tracing the encounter between Tokugawa dietary health and Western scientific nutrition in the Meiji period (1868-1912), as the fledgling Japanese empire negotiated its new position vis-à-vis the West on political, cultural, and corporeal grounds. The new nutritional sciences were a novel departure from the norms of dietary thinking not only in Japan but in Europe and America, where views on diet had been largely commensurable with those of nourishing life until around the middle of the nineteenth century. Late Meiji doctor Ishizuka Sagen and the civil organizations founded to advance his ideas were among the first to use a “chemical theory of nutrition” to challenge new norms of Western science by evoking a traditionalist vision of a Japanese diet of brown rice, whole grains, miso, and vegetables. Yet vernacular advice persisted as the medium for recording and communicating nourishment to the public, and Tokugawa understandings of yōjō continued to live on in new forms.

...the aim of this research was to investigate if maternal exercise (Chapter 3) or offspring early in life exercise (Chapter 4) could attenuate the negative metabolic consequences in adult rat offspring sired by high-fat fed obese fathers (Chapter 3 and 4).

Embora sejam consideradas saudáveis, as dietas vegetarianas podem originar deficiência de nutrientes essenciais colocando em causa a sua adequação durante a gravidez e a infância, dado que são períodos de grande vulnerabilidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi rever informações recentes disponíveis na literatura sobre a adequação nutricional de dietas vegetarianas durante a gravidez e a infância e o seu impacto na saúde no início de vida. Para tal, foi feita uma pesquisa na base de dados Pubmed para os termos: (Dietas vegetarianas E programação fetal) OU (Dietas vegetarianas E desenvolvimento infantil) OU (Dietas vegetarianas AND crescimento infantil), restringindo ao período compreendido entre os anos 2010 e 2020. Nesta revisão são discutidas informações sobre dietas vegetarianas e o défice nutricional de vitamina B12, vitamina D, ferro, zinco, cálcio, iodo e ácidos gordos omega-3, no início de vida. São também discutidos os resultados encontrados sobre dietas vegetarianas e a sua relação com a programação fetal e com o crescimento e o desenvolvimento das crianças. A dieta vegetariana parece ser segura e adequada ao desenvolvimento das crianças, se for bem planeada. No entanto, as mulheres grávidas e as crianças que adotem dietas vegetarianas devem procurar aconselhamento de um profissional de saúde, de modo a avaliarem o seu estado nutricional e a evitar défices nutricionais.
The literature suggest that vegetarian diets decrease the burden of non-communicable diseases. However, these diets may lead to deficiency of essential nutrients which raises the concern about their adequacy during pregnancy and early life, as these are periods of great vulnerability and intense transformation and growth. The aim of this study was to revise and discuss recent literature information, about the safety and nutritional adequacy of vegetarian diets during pregnancy and childhood regarding the impact on child growth and development. For this purpose a search in Pubmed database was made for the terms:(Vegetarian diets AND fetal programing) OR (Vegetarian diets AND child development) OR (Vegetarian diets AND child growth) restricting the search between 2010 and 2020. Information on the association between vegetarian diets and nutritional deficit of vitamin B12, vitamin D, iron, zinc, calcium, iodine and omega-3 fatty acids, in early live is discussed. Plus, the association of vegetarian diets during pregnancy or childhood with fetal programming and child growth and development outcomes are discussed. Vegetarian diet seems safe for child development, if well planned. So, pregnant women and children following a vegetarian diet should seek professional advice to assess their nutritional status and avoid nutritional deficits.

Embora sejam consideradas saudáveis, as dietas vegetarianas podem originar deficiência de nutrientes essenciais colocando em causa a sua adequação durante a gravidez e a infância, dado que são períodos de grande vulnerabilidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi rever informações recentes disponíveis na literatura sobre a adequação nutricional de dietas vegetarianas durante a gravidez e a infância e o seu impacto na saúde no início de vida. Para tal, foi feita uma pesquisa na base de dados Pubmed para os termos: (Dietas vegetarianas E programação fetal) OU (Dietas vegetarianas E desenvolvimento infantil) OU (Dietas vegetarianas AND crescimento infantil), restringindo ao período compreendido entre os anos 2010 e 2020. Nesta revisão são discutidas informações sobre dietas vegetarianas e o défice nutricional de vitamina B12, vitamina D, ferro, zinco, cálcio, iodo e ácidos gordos omega-3, no início de vida. São também discutidos os resultados encontrados sobre dietas vegetarianas e a sua relação com a programação fetal e com o crescimento e o desenvolvimento das crianças. A dieta vegetariana parece ser segura e adequada ao desenvolvimento das crianças, se for bem planeada. No entanto, as mulheres grávidas e as crianças que adotem dietas vegetarianas devem procurar aconselhamento de um profissional de saúde, de modo a avaliarem o seu estado nutricional e a evitar défices nutricionais.
The literature suggest that vegetarian diets decrease the burden of non-communicable diseases. However, these diets may lead to deficiency of essential nutrients which raises the concern about their adequacy during pregnancy and early life, as these are periods of great vulnerability and intense transformation and growth. The aim of this study was to revise and discuss recent literature information, about the safety and nutritional adequacy of vegetarian diets during pregnancy and childhood regarding the impact on child growth and development. For this purpose a search in Pubmed database was made for the terms:(Vegetarian diets AND fetal programing) OR (Vegetarian diets AND child development) OR (Vegetarian diets AND child growth) restricting the search between 2010 and 2020. Information on the association between vegetarian diets and nutritional deficit of vitamin B12, vitamin D, iron, zinc, calcium, iodine and omega-3 fatty acids, in early live is discussed. Plus, the association of vegetarian diets during pregnancy or childhood with fetal programming and child growth and development outcomes are discussed. Vegetarian diet seems safe for child development, if well planned. So, pregnant women and children following a vegetarian diet should seek professional advice to assess their nutritional status and avoid nutritional deficits.