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Journal articles on the topic 'Early Homo'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Churchill, Steven Emilio, and Caroline Vansickle. "Pelvic Morphology in Homo erectus and Early Homo." Anatomical Record 300, no. 5 (April 12, 2017): 964–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.23576.

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2

Sugden, Andrew M. "Brain evolution in early Homo." Science 372, no. 6538 (April 8, 2021): 141.18–143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.372.6538.141-r.

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3

Lieberman, Daniel E. "Homing in on early Homo." Nature 449, no. 7160 (September 2007): 291–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/449291a.

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4

Pontzer, Herman. "Ecological Energetics in Early Homo." Current Anthropology 53, S6 (December 2012): S346—S358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/667402.

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5

Dennell, Robin. "Early Homo sapiens in China." Nature 468, no. 7323 (November 2010): 512–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/468512a.

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6

Ponce de León, Marcia S., Thibault Bienvenu, Assaf Marom, Silvano Engel, Paul Tafforeau, José Luis Alatorre Warren, David Lordkipanidze, et al. "The primitive brain of early Homo." Science 372, no. 6538 (April 8, 2021): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz0032.

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The brains of modern humans differ from those of great apes in size, shape, and cortical organization, notably in frontal lobe areas involved in complex cognitive tasks, such as social cognition, tool use, and language. When these differences arose during human evolution is a question of ongoing debate. Here, we show that the brains of early Homo from Africa and Western Asia (Dmanisi) retained a primitive, great ape–like organization of the frontal lobe. By contrast, African Homo younger than 1.5 million years ago, as well as all Southeast Asian Homo erectus, exhibited a more derived, humanlike brain organization. Frontal lobe reorganization, once considered a hallmark of earliest Homo in Africa, thus evolved comparatively late, and long after Homo first dispersed from Africa.
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7

Gordon, A. D., L. Nevell, and B. Wood. "The Homo floresiensis cranium (LB1): Size, scaling, and early Homo affinities." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105, no. 12 (March 20, 2008): 4650–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0710041105.

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8

Antón, Susan C. "The Many Faces of Early Homo." General Anthropology 25, no. 1 (March 2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gena.12035.

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9

Antón, Susan C., and Carl C. Swisher, III. "Early Dispersals of Homo from Africa." Annual Review of Anthropology 33, no. 1 (October 2004): 271–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.144024.

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10

Rosenberg, Karen R., Roberta M. Golinkoff, and Jennifer M. Zosh. "Did australopithecines (or early Homo) sling?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27, no. 4 (August 2004): 522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x04430118.

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Two arguments are critiqued here. The first is that hominin mothers “parked” their offspring; the evidence does not support that position. The second is that motherese developed to control the behavior of nonambulatory infants. However, Falk's case is stronger if we apply it to children who are already walking and more likely to be influenced by verbal information.
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11

Meyer, Marc R., and Martin Haeusler. "Spinal cord evolution in early Homo." Journal of Human Evolution 88 (November 2015): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.09.001.

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12

Lüdecke, Tina, Ottmar Kullmer, Ulrike Wacker, Oliver Sandrock, Jens Fiebig, Friedemann Schrenk, and Andreas Mulch. "Dietary versatility of Early Pleistocene hominins." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 52 (December 10, 2018): 13330–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1809439115.

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New geochemical data from the Malawi Rift (Chiwondo Beds, Karonga Basin) fill a major spatial gap in our knowledge of hominin adaptations on a continental scale. Oxygen (δ18O), carbon (δ13C), and clumped (Δ47) isotope data on paleosols, hominins, and selected fauna elucidate an unexpected diversity in the Pleistocene hominin diet in the various habitats of the East African Rift System (EARS). Food sources of early Homo and Paranthropus thriving in relatively cool and wet wooded savanna ecosystems along the western shore of paleolake Malawi contained a large fraction of C3 plant material. Complementary water consumption reconstructions suggest that ca. 2.4 Ma, early Homo (Homo rudolfensis) and Paranthropus (Paranthropus boisei) remained rather stationary near freshwater sources along the lake margins. Time-equivalent Paranthropus aethiopicus from the Eastern Rift further north in the EARS consumed a higher fraction of C4 resources, an adaptation that grew more pronounced with increasing openness of the savanna setting after 2 Ma, while Homo maintained a high versatility. However, southern African Paranthropus robustus had, similar to the Malawi Rift individuals, C3-dominated feeding strategies throughout the Early Pleistocene. Collectively, the stable isotope and faunal data presented here document that early Homo and Paranthropus were dietary opportunists and able to cope with a wide range of paleohabitats, which clearly demonstrates their high behavioral flexibility in the African Early Pleistocene.
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13

Smith, B. Holly. "Dental development in Australopithecus and early Homo." Nature 323, no. 6086 (September 1986): 327–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/323327a0.

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14

Wanpo, Huang, Russell Ciochon, Gu Yumin, Roy Larick, Fang Qiren, Henry Schwarcz, Charles Yonge, John de Vos, and William Rink. "Early Homo and associated artefacts from Asia." Nature 378, no. 6554 (November 1995): 275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/378275a0.

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15

Stone, R. "Signs of Early Homo sapiens in China?" Science 326, no. 5953 (October 29, 2009): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.326_655a.

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16

Curnoe, Darren. "Affinities of the Swartkrans early Homo mandibles." HOMO 59, no. 2 (May 2008): 123–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchb.2006.09.002.

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17

Larsen, Torben. "Homo Neuroeconomicus." International Journal of User-Driven Healthcare 7, no. 1 (January 2017): 44–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijudh.2017010104.

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This paper discusses the development of a neuroeconomic model of decision-making (DM). The method used was a review of functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of game trials on economic choice. Key centers in economic DM are Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex, Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex, Frontopolar Cortex, Orbitofrontal Cortex, Anterior Cingulate Cortex, Amygdala and Ventral Tegmentum. The interaction of these centers determines individual risk-preference (NeM). The validity of NeM is consolidated by lesion-studies. NeM shows that relaxation exercises are complementary to physical fitness in the maintenance of mental health. Further, NeM explains the effect of “Early home-supported discharge” and how chess games support the learning of mathematics.
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18

Kuzmin, Y. V. "Chronology of the Pleistocene Finds of Homo Remains in Siberia: Results and Problems (A Short Overview)." Bulletin of the Irkutsk State University. Geoarchaeology, Ethnology, and Anthropology Series 41 (2022): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2227-2380.2022.41.31.

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This overview article contains a brief critical analysis of the chronology of Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene finds of Homo remains in Siberia. Direct dating of the Homo bones and teeth, as well as the isolation and analysis of the ancient human DNA, has now become firmly established in the practice of paleoanthropological research. About 62% of the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene Siberian Homo remains have information on ancient DNA and direct dates of the bones and teeth. Particular attention is given to the assessment of the reliability of ages determined by the radiocarbon dating method. Information on the taphonomy (conditions and process of burial and fossilization) of Homo remains in the caves of the Mountain Altai is also of great importance. At present, three species of Pleistocene Homo are known in Siberia: Denisovans, Neanderthals, and anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens). For the DenisovanNeanderthal hybrid, there is a direct date obtained by the Uranium series method, which shows the age of 67,500 cal BP. The age of other Denisovan fossils cannot be precisely determined due to the significant mixing of layers in Denisova Cave. The timing of the Denisovans in Siberia can be preliminarily determined at 130,000–44,000 cal BP (the upper limit is very approximate). The age of Siberian Neanderthals is greater than 50,000 cal BP; it is difficult to be more precise due to the widespread disturbance of the Altai caves’ stratigraphy by the burrowing activity of animals, primarily cave hyenas. Early Homo sapiens inhabited Siberia from 45,000 cal BP to the Early Holocene. No clear correspondence can be observed between climate changes in the second half of the Late Pleistocene (45,000–12,000 cal BP) and the chronology of Homo sapiens in Siberia. The age of some Homo sapiens fossils (Baigara, Solovyinaya Luka, and Sibiryachikha 6) after direct dating turned out to be much younger than initially expected. The taxonomic status of some Siberian Homo (Tuyana; an individual from the Okladnikov Cave with a date of 28,300 cal BP) has not yet been reliably identified. Obviously, it is necessary to increase the number of direct dates for Siberian hominins.
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19

Spoor, Fred, Philipp Gunz, Simon Neubauer, Stefanie Stelzer, Nadia Scott, Amandus Kwekason, and M. Christopher Dean. "Reconstructed Homo habilis type OH 7 suggests deep-rooted species diversity in early Homo." Nature 519, no. 7541 (March 2015): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature14224.

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20

Parker, Sue Taylor. "Locating early Homo and Homo erectus tool production along the extractive foraging/cognitive continuum." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25, no. 3 (June 2002): 414–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x0234007x.

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This commentary contests Wynn's diagnosis of the cognitive implications of the earliest stone tools and Acheulian tools. I argue that the earliest stone tools imply greater cognitive abilities than those of great apes, and that Acheulian tools imply more than the preoperational cognitive abilities Wynn suggests. Finally, I suggest an alternative adaptive scenario for the evolution of hominid cognitive abilities.
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21

Lambeaux, Clotilde, Frederic Savall, Fabrice Dedouit, Nicolas Sans, Etienne Cavaignac, Norbert Telmon, and Marie Faruch Bilfeld. "Geometric morphometric study of the early shape of the hip bone (os coxae): variations with age and sex." HOMO 71, no. 1 (February 13, 2020): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/homo/2020/1197.

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22

Schroeder, Lauren, Charles C. Roseman, James M. Cheverud, and Rebecca R. Ackermann. "Characterizing the Evolutionary Path(s) to Early Homo." PLoS ONE 9, no. 12 (December 3, 2014): e114307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0114307.

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23

Antón, Susan C., and Christopher W. Kuzawa. "Early Homo , plasticity and the extended evolutionary synthesis." Interface Focus 7, no. 5 (August 18, 2017): 20170004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2017.0004.

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The Modern Synthesis led to fundamental advances in understandings of human evolution. For human palaeontology, a science that works from ancestral phenotypes (i.e. the fossil record), particularly important have been perspectives used to help understand the heritable aspects of phenotypes and how fossil individuals might then be aggregated into species, and relationships among these groups understood. This focus, coupled with the fragmentary nature of the fossil record, however, means that individual phenotypic variation is often treated as unimportant ‘noise’, rather than as a source of insight into population adaptation and evolutionary process. The emphasis of the extended evolutionary synthesis on plasticity as a source of phenotypic novelty, and the related question of the role of such variation in long-term evolutionary trends, focuses welcome attention on non-genetic means by which novel phenotypes are generated and in so doing provides alternative approaches to interpreting the fossil record. We review evidence from contemporary human populations regarding some of the aspects of adult phenotypes preserved in the fossil record that might be most responsive to non-genetic drivers, and we consider how these perspectives lead to alternate hypotheses for interpreting the fossil record of early genus Homo. We conclude by arguing that paying closer attention to the causes and consequences of intraspecific phenotypic variation in its own right, as opposed to as noise around a species mean, may inspire a new generation of hypotheses regarding species diversity in the Early Pleistocene and the foundations for dispersal and regional diversification in Homo erectus and its descendants .
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24

Lordkipanidze, David, Tea Jashashvili, Abesalom Vekua, Marcia S. Ponce de León, Christoph P. E. Zollikofer, G. Philip Rightmire, Herman Pontzer, et al. "Postcranial evidence from early Homo from Dmanisi, Georgia." Nature 449, no. 7160 (September 2007): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06134.

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25

Kennedy, G. E. "Palaeolithic Grandmothers? Life History Theory and Early Homo." Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 9, no. 3 (September 2003): 549–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9655.00163.

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26

Ruff, Christopher. "Femoral/humeral strength in early African Homo erectus." Journal of Human Evolution 54, no. 3 (March 2008): 383–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.09.001.

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27

Wynn, Thomas. "Two Developments in the Mind of Early Homo." Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 12, no. 3 (September 1993): 299–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jaar.1993.1009.

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28

Ungar, Peter S., Frederick E. Grine, Mark F. Teaford, and Sireen El Zaatari. "Dental microwear and diets of African early Homo." Journal of Human Evolution 50, no. 1 (January 2006): 78–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.08.007.

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29

Herries, Andy I. R., Jesse M. Martin, A. B. Leece, Justin W. Adams, Giovanni Boschian, Renaud Joannes-Boyau, Tara R. Edwards, et al. "Contemporaneity of Australopithecus, Paranthropus, and early Homo erectus in South Africa." Science 368, no. 6486 (April 2, 2020): eaaw7293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw7293.

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Understanding the extinction of Australopithecus and origins of Paranthropus and Homo in South Africa has been hampered by the perceived complex geological context of hominin fossils, poor chronological resolution, and a lack of well-preserved early Homo specimens. We describe, date, and contextualize the discovery of two hominin crania from Drimolen Main Quarry in South Africa. At ~2.04 million to 1.95 million years old, DNH 152 represents the earliest definitive occurrence of Paranthropus robustus, and DNH 134 represents the earliest occurrence of a cranium with clear affinities to Homo erectus. These crania also show that Homo, Paranthropus, and Australopithecus were contemporaneous at ~2 million years ago. This high taxonomic diversity is also reflected in non-hominin species and provides evidence of endemic evolution and dispersal during a period of climatic variability.
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30

Guimarães, Santiago Wolnei Ferreira, and Carlos Lorenzo Merino. "Dmanisi hominin fossils and the problem of the multiple species in the early Homo genus." NEXUS: The Canadian Student Journal of Anthropology 23, no. 2 (October 2, 2015): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15173/nexus.v23i2.894.

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The D4500 (Skull 5), dated 1.8 Mya., is the most complete fossil within the set of five skulls found in Dmanisi, Georgia, as well as any other fossils associated to contexts of occupation of the early Pleistocene. Its discovery has brought forward the debate of the plurality of species, not just at the beginning of the Homo genus, but for much of its evolution. The Skull 5 fossil presents a mixure of primitive and derivates characters associated to the Homo erectus and Homo habilis sensu lato. Based on the data referring to the five skulls researchers have considered the hypothesis of a single evolving lineage of early Homo as a mode to explain the great variation range of the Dmanisi fossils, similar to the range found in habilines. In other words, it is an explanation that reiterates the existence of only one unique species in the early of the Homo genus: the Homo erectus in a sensu lato. Our work consists of evaluating such supposition through the calculation of the coefficient of variation, which was estimated from the referred set and compared to those from already known species. Results achieved did not support the thinking that one unique species was able to bear all fossils of the early of Homo genus.
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31

Dzionek-Kozłowska, Joanna. "The early stages in the evolution of Economic Man. Millian and marginal approaches." Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym 20, no. 6 (February 22, 2017): 33–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1899-2226.20.6.03.

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The homo economicus (Economic Man) concept is one of the best-known components of economic theorising frequently recognised as a part of the “hard core” of the mainstream 20th-century economics. This model gained such a high status in times of the marginal revolution, although it was coined in the 1830s by the classical economist John S. Mill. Nowadays, homo economicus is commonly perceived as a model of rational economic agent maximising utility or preferences. The article aims to show that both the Millian approach and the marginal approach were more complex than the contemporary incarnation of Economic Man. One of the key differences between the early stages in the evolution of homo oeconomicus and the modern version of it refers to the notion of rationality. Whereas it is the constitutive element of the 20th-century homo oeconomicus, the requirement of full rationality was never explicitly articulated by Mill and marginal economists. Therefore, at the early stages of its evolution, the homo economicus model would have been much more resistant to the objections formulated against it by the 20th-century critics.
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32

Brown, Frank, John Harris, Richard Leakey, and Alan Walker. "Early Homo erectus skeleton from west Lake Turkana, Kenya." Nature 316, no. 6031 (August 1985): 788–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/316788a0.

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33

Vekua, A. "A New Skull of Early Homo from Dmanisi, Georgia." Science 297, no. 5578 (July 5, 2002): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1072953.

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34

Zhu, R. X., R. Potts, Y. X. Pan, H. T. Yao, L. Q. Lü, X. Zhao, X. Gao, L. W. Chen, F. Gao, and C. L. Deng. "Early evidence of the genus Homo in East Asia." Journal of Human Evolution 55, no. 6 (December 2008): 1075–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.08.005.

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35

SUWA, GEN, BERHANE ASFAW, YOHANNES HAILE-SELASSIE, TIM WHITE, SHIGEHIRO KATOH, GIDAY WOLDEGABRIEL, WILLIAM K. HART, HIDEO NAKAYA, and YONAS BEYENE. "Early Pleistocene Homo erectus fossils from Konso, southern Ethiopia." Anthropological Science 115, no. 2 (2007): 133–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1537/ase.061203.

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36

Grove, Matt. "Palaeoclimates, plasticity, and the early dispersal of Homo sapiens." Quaternary International 369 (May 2015): 17–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.08.019.

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37

Facchini, Fiorenzo. "Culture, Speciation and the Genus Homo in Early Humans." Human Evolution 21, no. 1 (March 2006): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11598-006-9004-y.

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38

Wood, Bernard, and David Strait. "Patterns of resource use in early Homo and Paranthropus." Journal of Human Evolution 46, no. 2 (February 2004): 119–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2003.11.004.

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39

Carruthers, Bruce G. "Homo Economicus and Homo Politicus: Non-Economic Rationality in the Early 18th Century London Stock Market." Acta Sociologica 37, no. 2 (April 1994): 165–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000169939403700203.

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40

Tacail, Théo, Jeremy E. Martin, Florent Arnaud-Godet, J. Francis Thackeray, Thure E. Cerling, José Braga, and Vincent Balter. "Calcium isotopic patterns in enamel reflect different nursing behaviors among South African early hominins." Science Advances 5, no. 8 (August 2019): eaax3250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax3250.

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Nursing is pivotal in the social and biological evolution of hominins, but to date, early-life behavior among hominin lineages is a matter of debate. The calcium isotopic compositions (δ44/42Ca) of tooth enamel can provide dietary information on this period. Here, we measure the δ44/42Ca values in spatially located microsized regions in tooth enamel of 37 South African hominins to reconstruct early-life dietary-specific variability in Australopithecus africanus, Paranthropus robustus, and early Homo. Very low δ44/42Ca values (<−1.4‰), indicative of milk consumption, are measured in early Homo but not in A. africanus and P. robustus. In these latter taxa, transitional or adult nonmilk foods must have been provided in substantial quantities relative to breast milk rapidly after birth. The results suggest that early Homo have continued a predominantly breast milk–based nursing period for longer than A. africanus and P. robustus and have consequently more prolonged interbirth interval.
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41

Bunn, Henry T., and Travis Rayne Pickering. "Bovid mortality profiles in paleoecological context falsify hypotheses of endurance running–hunting and passive scavenging by early Pleistocene hominins." Quaternary Research 74, no. 3 (November 2010): 395–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2010.07.012.

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AbstractThe world’s first archaeological traces from 2.6 million years ago (Ma) at Gona, in Ethiopia, include sharp-edged cutting tools and cut-marked animal bones, which indicate consumption of skeletal muscle by early hominin butchers. From that point, evidence of hominin meat-eating becomes increasingly more common throughout the Pleistocene archaeological record. Thus, the substantive debate about hominin meat-eating now centers on mode(s) of carcass resource acquisition. Two prominent hypotheses suggest, alternatively, (1) that early Homo hunted ungulate prey by running them to physiological failure and then dispatching them, or (2) that early Homo was relegated to passively scavenging carcass residues abandoned by carnivore predators. Various paleontologically testable predictions can be formulated for both hypotheses. Here we test four predictions concerning age-frequency distributions for bovids that contributed carcass remains to the 1.8 Ma. old FLK 22 Zinjanthropus (FLK Zinj, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania) fauna, which zooarchaeological and taphonomic data indicate was formed predominantly by early Homo. In all but one case, the bovid mortality data from FLK Zinj violate test predictions of the endurance running-hunting and passive scavenging hypotheses. When combined with other taphonomic data, these results falsify both hypotheses, and lead to the hypothesis that early Homo operated successfully as an ambush predator.
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42

Jandial, Rahul, and Reid Hoshide. "An Evolutionary Facelift: Varied Cranial Vaults of Early Homo sapiens." Neurosurgery 81, no. 5 (October 24, 2017): N47—N48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuros/nyx459.

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43

Villmoare, B., W. H. Kimbel, C. Seyoum, C. J. Campisano, E. N. DiMaggio, J. Rowan, D. R. Braun, J. R. Arrowsmith, and K. E. Reed. "Early Homo at 2.8 Ma from Ledi-Geraru, Afar, Ethiopia." Science 347, no. 6228 (March 4, 2015): 1352–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa1343.

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44

Wood, B. "Did early Homo migrate "out of" or "in to" Africa?" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, no. 26 (June 15, 2011): 10375–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1107724108.

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45

Will, Manuel, and Jay T. Stock. "Spatial and temporal variation of body size among early Homo." Journal of Human Evolution 82 (May 2015): 15–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.02.009.

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46

Hammond, Ashley S., Sergio Almécija, Yosief Libsekal, Lorenzo Rook, and Roberto Macchiarelli. "A partial Homo pelvis from the Early Pleistocene of Eritrea." Journal of Human Evolution 123 (October 2018): 109–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.06.010.

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47

Rasmussen, D. Tab. "Early Pleistocene YouthThe Nariokotome Homo Erectus Skeleton.Alan Walker , Richard Leakey." Current Anthropology 36, no. 3 (June 1995): 537–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/204400.

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48

Zilberman, Uri, Patricia Smith, Marcello Piperno, and Silvana Condemi. "Evidence of amelogenesis imperfecta in an early African Homo erectus." Journal of Human Evolution 46, no. 6 (June 2004): 647–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.02.005.

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49

Ungar, Peter. "Dental topography and diets of Australopithecus afarensis and early Homo." Journal of Human Evolution 46, no. 5 (May 2004): 605–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.03.004.

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50

Holloway, Ralph L. "Evidence for POT expansion in early Homo: A pretty theory with ugly (or no) paleoneurological facts." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18, no. 1 (March 1995): 191–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00038024.

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Abstract:
AbstractIf POT (parieto-occipital-temporal junction) reorganization came earlier in australopithecines than in Homo, it is likely that the selective pressures were different, and not necessarily directed toward language. The brain endocast evidence for the POT in A. afarensis is actually better than it is for early Homo.
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