Academic literature on the topic 'Early family history'

Recent work about the method of family reconstitution and economic history raises serious doubts about the demographic and economic premises that underlie much of the existing scholarship about early American family history. As a result, early American family history—one of the new social history's crowning achievements during the 1960s—is now in disarray. Some scholars see the new microhistorical studies of the colonial family as an effort to sidestep these difficulties by ignoring demographic and materialist perspectives. However, such cultural approaches may well intensify the crisis by challenging the image of the early American family as a loving institution incapable of violent conflict.

This dissertation explores the attempts of Africans, both enslaved and free, to create and maintain families in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century New England. It makes sense of a remarkable array of historical actors: men like Thomas Bedunah, who plotted a surprising course for his descendants when he chose a spouse of English descent; women like Cuba Vassall, who let her husband secure her firmly in bondage at the very moment the region’s blacks were being freed en masse; and a pair like Mark and Phoebe, who fed their master porridge laced with “Potter’s Lead” in hopes that his death would enable them to find owners closer to their distant families. Pulling together thousands of fragments of evidence, this dissertation contextualizes the everyday lives and beleaguered intimacies of these Africans and many others, revealing patterns in their living situations, gendered relationships, and kin communities that historians have never before recognized. At the same time, the project advances historical arguments related to a range of issues, from the relationship between family and freedom in early New England to the influence of patriarchy on enslaved kin groups in Anglo-America. The project sets forth methodological arguments as well. Contending that historical method has an important bearing on the ability of scholars to understand and portray slaves as fully human, with complete life spans and complicated contexts, “Endearing Ties” makes a case for the importance of reconstructing the lives and trajectories of enslaved individuals in great depth, despite the archival challenges that such an undertaking inevitably entails.
History

“Defenceless Wives” and “Female Furies”: Late Eighteenth Century Periodicals’ Depictions of Frontier Women The frontier had a firm hold on late eighteenth century popular imagination, trailing through newspapers and magazines of the era, which included, time after time, prominent accounts of the women who had made their homes on the outskirts of the “settled” colonies and early republic. My project examines the ways in which eighteenth century newspapers and magazines discussed frontier women’s experiences. Periodicals sought through their representations of women to illustrate the perils of the frontier by dramatizing women’s tales of trauma and woe, appropriating them in order to generate arguments in favor of political and military causes: anti-British sentiments, the Revolutionary War, and campaigns against Native Americans. Pursuing a multicultural consideration of the frontier, my paper compares the ways in which periodicals discussed white and Native American frontier women’s experiences. Ultimately, I demonstrate the pervasiveness of the female frontier in eighteenth century popular culture. Botany and the Early American Family as botany became increasingly popular and formalized in the eighteenth century, several well-known British North American botanists emerged, including Cadwallader Colden, William Byrd II, and John Bartram. These men collected, named, and categorized the flora of the New World, exchanging specimens and ideas with members of the British Royal Society. While historians have commonly portrayed these and other early American botanists as working alone or in the company of other learned men, I argue that scholarship of early botany has missed the most local of knowledge producers: the family. Early American botanists – and the knowledge they proliferated – were dependent upon family labor and connections. Participating family members included immediate family (spouses and children), as well as members of their household (slaves and servants) and kin who lived far away. My paper illustrates the ways in which botanists’ families assisted them in their projects. It demonstrates the importance of botanical knowledge production undertaken by entire families to our understanding of early American botany.

Widows as individuals and as a social group held fundamental importance to both the family and civic life of early modern Castile. Archival sources indicate that widows' influence throughout all levels of Castilian society was magnified by their relative degree of legal autonomy, combined with a tacit acceptance of women's activities in many areas of familial and municipal life. The use of documents more closely reflecting women's daily activities allows for contextualization of the complex impact of moral and legal rhetoric on the social construction of widowhood, providing concrete examples of widows' practical and often highly tactical employment, evasion, and/or manipulation of patriarchal and moral norms. The experience of widowhood both forces a re-examination of gender boundaries by questioning current theories of female enclosure and demands a re-evaluation of gendered patterns in expressions of patronage and parentage. Marital status and social class become more important that the gendered moral and legal strictures of an apparently patriarchal society in terms of early modern women's ability to take part in a wide range of activities normally not considered possible for their sex. Toledo's widows challenge public/private spheres models by giving evidence of the public nature of private lives and the private ends of public acts. Examining widows' lives provides insight into the complex mechanisms lying behind the formulation of gender boundaries in the early modern world and the pragmatic politics of everyday life at the nexus of family and community.

History
Ph.D.
This dissertation is a cultural biography of merchant banker Stephen Girard that explores the origins of the mythology as well as the mechanics of capitalism as it functioned on the streets and in the homes of early national Philadelphia. By tracing changes in Stephen Girard's family, both traditional and improvisational, from the 1770s to his death in 1831 and beyond, this project examines how Girard repeatedly capitalized on his family to take commercial risks, reinventing what family meant in a transforming economy. Telling overlapping stories of Girard's family and businesses, including trade networks reaching from Europe, the Caribbean, and China to the United States, I argue that an Atlantic-American culture of capitalism developed at the intersection of the family and the market. Episodes that show the salience and limits of familial bonds in a turbulent economy include Girard's risky commercial strategies during the American Revolution that relied on his brother in Saint-Domingue, and tenuous rationalities of the market and marriage that collided when his wife supposedly went insane. After his public involvement in Philadelphia's yellow fever epidemics of the 1790s, Girard learned that institutions could do the work of families. Applying this lesson to the national political economy, Girard refashioned the Bank of the United States into the Bank of Stephen Girard and lent the U.S. Treasury over one million dollars to help fund the War of 1812. Well before his death in 1831, Girard was one of the wealthiest men in the nation. His will altered the shape and flow of Philadelphia, with repercussions for inheritance and corporate law through the twentieth century. By juxtaposing Girard's personal and public lives, this dissertation integrates scholarship on the market economy with that on gender and the family to better understand the expansion of a culture of capitalism in the early American Republic. Under capitalism, people and relationships were fungible in new and important ways. In telling the story of Stephen Girard, this dissertation follows a central, but overlooked, player in the early American and Atlantic economy in order to explain the paradoxical relationship between capitalism and liberty.
Temple University--Theses

[Abstract]: This study explores similarities and differences in the early family history of an adult group with schizophrenia, and a matched group with major depression. Attachment theory, trauma theory and their relation to serious mental illnesses are used to understand the clinical participants’ reported early traumatic experiences of emotional deprivation and neglect.A retrospective design includes self-report questionnaires from clinical participants, and semi-structured interviews with participants’ mothers/primary caregivers.Data analysis includes:1. Assessment of matched participants’ reported prevalence of emotional deprivation and neglect in four different age groups;2. Assessment of themes of early family trauma and sequelae from the mother interviews;3. Qualitative analysis of sample mother/primary caregiver interviews from each diagnostic group of the manner in which the interviewees construct their stories around trauma;4. Quantitative analysis of a conceptualised model representing the arguments developed in the body of this dissertation.The second and third forms of analysis above include a panel of three experts, blind to diagnosis, validating this researcher’s findings.Standard multiple regression analysis indicates participants’ reported neglect across all age groups significantly predicts emotional deprivation, with neglect contributing 27.4% of the variability, but with no individual age band contributing significantly to the equation.Themes from the mother interviews are clustered into three constructs, guided by the research questions and this researcher’s clinical experience, the mothers’ emphases and the expert panel into Early Family Trauma, Maternal Fatigue, and Clinical Participants’ Early Attachment Difficulties.The mothers’ manner of discussing early family trauma is defined via speech markers as dissociative (disorganised, incoherent, and unresolved) or coherent (grounded, sequential and resolved) according to Attachment Theory and the literature on dissociation. Speakers are assigned as using dissociation or not as a categorical variable.A model is conceptualised to represent the interrelatedness of data from the participants and their mothers, including the manner in which the mothers relate early family trauma. Canonical Discriminant Function Analysis indicates that early family trauma and maternal fatigue discriminate little between diagnostic groups and that maternal non-resolution of early traumatic events and (possibly related) participant offspring attachment difficulties contribute most to distinguishing between the two diagnostic groups. Finally, a greater number of participants from the schizophrenia sample than from the depression sample continue to live with mother, possibly indicating that the early attachment difficulties remain unresolved.Discussion offers a reconceptualisation of several major and/or established theories concerning risk factors in schizophrenia, and examines shortcomings in the literature, concluding with suggestions for future research.

This thesis draws together material and archival sources to investigate the long-overlooked portraits of English provincial gentry families commissioned between c.1550 and c.1680. Specifically, its focus is on portraits of family groups where more than one generation, connected through blood or kinship, is depicted in the same composition. The thesis identifies these as a coherent genre for the first time and examines the ways in which the gentry used such paintings to establish familial legacy and heritage for future generations. This thesis explains how these portraits respond to, and reflect, family memory and narratives, social networks, local histories, religious observance and artistic developments. They are important because the family, as the basic unit of society, was essential for the formation and transmission of belief and identity, and the place where children were socialised. The portraits simultaneously reflect broad social trends while also containing personal messages about the lives and relationships of individual families which were specific to their own particular place and time. The thesis argues for the significance of visual artworks and especially this genre of painting, in the construction of gentry status and self-fashioning over this key period of social change.

There is no question that early modern France was a patriarchal society. In fact, during this period, there was an increase in legislation further subordinating women under the authority of their fathers and then of their husbands. The legal identities of women as daughters and wives was officially negligible. However, this dissertation argues that in practice, family needs trumped the constricting legal prescriptions placed upon women. In examining the estate accounts, contracts, and family papers of the Saulx-Tavanes, Brulart, Le Goux, Joly, Marmier, and Baissey families, it is abundantly clear that women of both the noblesse de robe and noblesse d'épée were actively engaged in estate management which required negotiations of the legal hurdles placed in front of them. At least unofficially noblemen expected their wives to enter marriage armed with a cadre of managerial skills to be employed for the good of the family during their marriage and if necessary after. Furthermore, noble husbands, many of whom were legists themselves, seemed to have fully embraced women's negotiations of familial authority as commonplace.

Françoise Brulart was a member of the noblesse de robe in Burgundy, albeit of the highest echelon, who married a prominent member of the noblesse d'épée, Claude de Saulx-Tavanes. From the onset of their marriage, Françoise and Claude worked together in a sort of collaborative partnership, one in which he clearly depended on her to take an active role in co-managing the estate and family economy. Upon his death, rather than naming a male relative as the trustee over his properties, he left Françoise in charge. In her viduity, she increased her assiduous estate administration while successfully continuing to promote and defend the family rights and assets. Françoise's experiences and agency were far from singular. Through the analysis of documents involving not only Françoise Brulart, but also those of Louise Joly, Anne de Marmier and Anne de Baissey, it is clear that both in marriage and in widowhood, family success and advancement relied on the ability of noble women to administer the estates frugally, and to sustain, and if possible to grow, the family assets.

AbstractThis contribution presents the validation of the age at death of Geert Adriaans BOOMGAARD (GAB), a seaman who reached the age of 110. He was born in Groningen on 21 September 1788 and died in the same city on 3 February 1899. A remarkable number of documents have been found that cover the full span of GAB’s life, and thus make it possible to validate his reported exceptional age. In the first step of the validation, a comparison of the baptism and death records shows that the information provided is consistent, even if the spelling of the surnames of his parents reported in the two records is not identical. The reconstitution of GAB’s family and the dates of birth of his siblings also support the validity of GAB’s reported age at death. The demographic information covers the period between 1818 (the year of his first marriage) and 1837 (the year of birth of his last child). We found few documents that mention him during his early life before his first marriage, including a document from 1791 indicating that his father named his new boat De Jonge Geert as well as a list of conscripts from 1811 where his name appeared. By contrast, we found numerous documents covering the period from 1837 to 1899 that are related to his career as a seaman; the marriages of children; his entry into a nursing home; and various interviews, photos, and articles on his life that appeared in the press. All of these documents support the validity of GAB’s reported year of birth and age at death. Thus, GAB might be considered the first thoroughly validated supercentenarian in the history of humankind.

Aim: The study objectives were evaluation of clinicopathological characteristics, correlations between the preoperative and postoperative tumor assessment in early stage endometrial cancer. Materials and Methods: We conducted a prospective descriptive study of 30 cases of endometrial cancer stage 1 examined and treated at a tertiary care teaching institute between the years 2014-15. Results: The patients’ mean age at the time of diagnosis was 56.4 years. The mean parity was two. Postmenopausal bleeding with or without abnormal vaginal discharge was the most frequent symptom; it was present in 84.7% of patients. Co morbidities like hypertension and diabetes were seen in 65% of women. 6/30 patients had family history of some malignancy. All the patients underwent Type I extrafascial hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo oophorectomy, one case had Type I extrafascial hysterectomy with infracolic omentectomy. A total of 10.6% cases had lymph nodes metastasis and none of these patients had ovarian metastasis or positive peritoneal cytology. None of the patients with superficial myometrial invasion (MI) had lymph node metastasis. None of the cases showed positive peritoneal cytology. Staging upgraded fom 1a to 1b in 50% of subjects after final histopathological analysis. One patient who was operated as endometrial hyperplasia with atypia actually had endometrial adenocarcinoma in the postoperative specimen. Conclusions: There is a poor correlation between the preoperative and the postoperative tumor assessment.

Aim: The study objectives were evaluation of clinicopathological characteristics, correlations between the preoperative and postoperative tumor assessment in early stage endometrial cancer. Materials and Methods: We conducted a prospective descriptive study of 30 cases of endometrial cancer stage 1 examined and treated at a tertiary care teaching institute between the years 2014-15. Results: The patients’ mean age at the time of diagnosis was 56.4 years. The mean parity was two. Postmenopausal bleeding with or without abnormal vaginal discharge was the most frequent symptom; it was present in 84.7% of patients. Co morbidities like hypertension and diabetes were seen in 65% of women. 6/30 patients had family history of some malignancy. All the patients underwent Type I extrafascial hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo oophorectomy, one case had Type I extrafascial hysterectomy with infracolic omentectomy. A total of 10.6% cases had lymph nodes metastasis and none of these patients had ovarian metastasis or positive peritoneal cytology. None of the patients with superficial myometrial invasion (MI) had lymph node metastasis. None of the cases showed positive peritoneal cytology. Staging upgraded from 1a to 1b in 50% of subjects after final histopathological analysis. One patient who was operated as endometrial hyperplasia with atypia actually had endometrial adenocarcinoma in the postoperative specimen. Conclusions: There is a poor correlation between the preoperative and the postoperative tumor assessment.

In this era of increased market competitiveness and the need for cost reduction strategies, natural gas pipeline and local distribution companies are now able to control the growth of their cathodic protection (CP) pipeline maintenance costs with the emergence of several new tools and related methods for diagnosing CP problems. In the early 1990’s, corrosion control engineers at the Southern California Gas Company (SoCal) were encouraged to find new methods to reduce maintenance costs associated with the company’s approximately 173 million feet of cathodically protected pipelines, mains and services. Mindful of how the maintenance problems in their CP systems were typically being resolved, an intriguing concept was conceived that could potentially reduce these costs and increase productivity by at least 40%. Driven to become more cost efficient, SoCal and the Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) in conjunction with the Gas Research Institute, now Gas Technology Institute (GTI) partnered with Radiodetection Corporation in the mid-90’s to research and design a more efficient way of troubleshooting and fault finding on CP systems. Radiodetections experience with electromagnetic detection equipment resulted in a family of non-invasive and cost-effective techniques to evaluate coating quality and to detect and record the flow of desired and interfering CP currents. The productivity gains and cost savings produced by this technology are significant. Additionally, problems that may have been difficult or impossible to detect now can be found allowing proactive and preventative maintenance. A history of these developments is discussed along with a brief review of the instruments technical aspects and capabilities. Typical field case studies are shown that demonstrate the improved corrosion control troubleshooting efficiencies available with these new technologies.

Aim/Purpose: This paper provides the results of the preliminary analysis of the findings of an ongoing study that seeks to examine the social media use, cultural and political awareness, civic engagement, issue prioritization, and social activism of Gen Z students enrolled at four different institutional types located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. The aim of this study is to look at the group as a whole as well as compare findings across populations. The institutional types under consideration include a mid-sized majority serving or otherwise referred to as a traditionally white institution (TWI) located in a small coastal city on the Atlantic Ocean, a small Historically Black University (HBCU) located in a rural area, a large community college located in a county that is a mixture of rural and suburban and which sits on the border of Maryland and Pennsylvania, and graduating high school students enrolled in career and technical education (CTE) programs in a large urban area. This exploration is purposed to examine the behaviors and expectations of Gen Z students within a representative American region during a time of tremendous turmoil and civil unrest in the United States. Background: Over 74 million strong, Gen Z makes up almost one-quarter of the U.S. population. They already outnumber any current living generation and are the first true digital natives. Born after 1996 and through 2012, they are known for their short attention spans and heightened ability to multi-task. Raised in the age of the smart phone, they have been tethered to digital devices from a young age with most having the preponderance of their childhood milestones commemorated online. Often called Zoomers, they are more racially and ethnically diverse than any previous generation and are on track to be the most well-educated generation in history. Gen Zers in the United States have been found in the research to be progressive and pro-government and viewing increasing racial and ethnic diversity as positive change. Finally, they are less likely to hold xenophobic beliefs such as the notion of American exceptionalism and superiority that have been popular with by prior generations. The United States has been in a period of social and civil unrest in recent years with concerns over systematic racism, rampant inequalities, political polarization, xenophobia, police violence, sexual assault and harassment, and the growing epidemic of gun violence. Anxieties stirred by the COVID-19 pandemic further compounded these issues resulting in a powder keg explosion occurring throughout the summer of 2020 and leading well into 2021. As a result, the United States has deteriorated significantly in the Civil Unrest Index falling from 91st to 34th. The vitriol, polarization, protests, murders, and shootings have all occurred during Gen Z’s formative years, and the limited research available indicates that it has shaped their values and political views. Methodology: The Mid-Atlantic region is a portion of the United States that exists as the overlap between the northeastern and southeastern portions of the country. It includes the nation’s capital, as well as large urban centers, small cities, suburbs, and rural enclaves. It is one of the most socially, economically, racially, and culturally diverse parts of the United States and is often referred to as the “typically American region.” An electronic survey was administered to students from 2019 through 2021 attending a high school dual enrollment program, a minority serving institution, a majority serving institution, and a community college all located within the larger mid-Atlantic region. The survey included a combination of multiple response, Likert scaled, dichotomous, open ended, and ordinal questions. It was developed in the Survey Monkey system and reviewed by several content and methodological experts in order to examine bias, vagueness, or potential semantic problems. Finally, the survey was pilot tested prior to implementation in order to explore the efficacy of the research methodology. It was then modified accordingly prior to widespread distribution to potential participants. The surveys were administered to students enrolled in classes taught by the authors all of whom are educators. Participation was voluntary, optional, and anonymous. Over 800 individuals completed the survey with just over 700 usable results, after partial completes and the responses of individuals outside of the 18-24 age range were removed. Findings: Participants in this study overwhelmingly were users of social media. In descending order, YouTube, Instagram, Snapchat, Twitter, Facebook, Pinterest, WhatsApp, LinkedIn and Tik Tok were the most popular social media services reported as being used. When volume of use was considered, Instagram, Snapchat, YouTube and Twitter were the most cited with most participants reporting using Instagram and Snapchat multiple times a day. When asked to select which social media service they would use if forced to choose just one, the number one choice was YouTube followed by Instagram and Snapchat. Additionally, more than half of participants responded that they have uploaded a video to a video sharing site such as YouTube or Tik Tok. When asked about their familiarity with different technologies, participants overwhelmingly responded that they are “very familiar” with smart phones, searching the Web, social media, and email. About half the respondents said that they were “very familiar” with common computer applications such as the Microsoft Office Suite or Google Suite with another third saying that they were “somewhat familiar.” When asked about Learning Management Systems (LMS) like Blackboard, Course Compass, Canvas, Edmodo, Moodle, Course Sites, Google Classroom, Mindtap, Schoology, Absorb, D2L, itslearning, Otus, PowerSchool, or WizIQ, only 43% said they were “very familiar” with 31% responding that they were “somewhat familiar.” Finally, about half the students were either “very” or “somewhat” familiar with operating systems such as Windows. A few preferences with respect to technology in the teaching and learning process were explored in the survey. Most students (85%) responded that they want course announcements and reminders sent to their phones, 76% expect their courses to incorporate the use of technology, 71% want their courses to have course websites, and 71% said that they would rather watch a video than read a book chapter. When asked to consider the future, over 81% or respondents reported that technology will play a major role in their future career. Most participants considered themselves “informed” or “well informed” about current events although few considered themselves “very informed” or “well informed” about politics. When asked how they get their news, the most common forum reported for getting news and information about current events and politics was social media with 81% of respondents reporting. Gen Z is known to be an engaged generation and the participants in this study were not an exception. As such, it came as no surprise to discover that, in the past year more than 78% of respondents had educated friends or family about an important social or political issue, about half (48%) had donated to a cause of importance to them, more than a quarter (26%) had participated in a march or rally, and a quarter (26%) had actively boycotted a product or company. Further, about 37% consider themselves to be a social activist with another 41% responding that aren’t sure if they would consider themselves an activist and only 22% saying that they would not consider themselves an activist. When asked what issues were important to them, the most frequently cited were Black Lives Matter (75%), human trafficking (68%), sexual assault/harassment/Me Too (66.49%), gun violence (65.82%), women’s rights (65.15%), climate change (55.4%), immigration reform/deferred action for childhood arrivals (DACA) (48.8%), and LGBTQ+ rights (47.39%). When the schools were compared, there were only minor differences in social media use with the high school students indicating slightly more use of Tik Tok than the other participants. All groups were virtually equal when it came to how informed they perceived themselves about current events and politics. Consensus among groups existed with respect to how they get their news, and the community college and high school students were slightly more likely to have participated in a march, protest, or rally in the last 12 months than the university students. The community college and high school students were also slightly more likely to consider themselves social activists than the participants from either of the universities. When the importance of the issues was considered, significant differences based on institutional type were noted. Black Lives Matter (BLM) was identified as important by the largest portion of students attending the HBCU followed by the community college students and high school students. Less than half of the students attending the TWI considered BLM an important issue. Human trafficking was cited as important by a higher percentage of students attending the HBCU and urban high school than at the suburban and rural community college or the TWI. Sexual assault was considered important by the majority of students at all the schools with the percentage a bit smaller from the majority serving institution. About two thirds of the students at the high school, community college, and HBCU considered gun violence important versus about half the students at the majority serving institution. Women’s rights were reported as being important by more of the high school and HBCU participants than the community college or TWI. Climate change was considered important by about half the students at all schools with a slightly smaller portion reporting out the HBCU. Immigration reform/DACA was reported as important by half the high school, community college, and HBCU participants with only a third of the students from the majority serving institution citing it as an important issue. With respect to LGBTQ rights approximately half of the high school and community college participants cited it as important, 44.53% of the HBCU students, and only about a quarter of the students attending the majority serving institution. Contribution and Conclusion: This paper provides a timely investigation into the mindset of generation Z students living in the United States during a period of heightened civic unrest. This insight is useful to educators who should be informed about the generation of students that is currently populating higher education. The findings of this study are consistent with public opinion polls by Pew Research Center. According to the findings, the Gen Z students participating in this study are heavy users of multiple social media, expect technology to be integrated into teaching and learning, anticipate a future career where technology will play an important role, informed about current and political events, use social media as their main source for getting news and information, and fairly engaged in social activism. When institutional type was compared the students from the university with the more affluent and less diverse population were less likely to find social justice issues important than the other groups. Recommendations for Practitioners: During disruptive and contentious times, it is negligent to think that the abounding issues plaguing society are not important to our students. Gauging the issues of importance and levels of civic engagement provides us crucial information towards understanding the attitudes of students. Further, knowing how our students gain information, their social media usage, as well as how informed they are about current events and political issues can be used to more effectively communicate and educate. Recommendations for Researchers: As social media continues to proliferate daily life and become a vital means of news and information gathering, additional studies such as the one presented here are needed. Additionally, in other countries facing similarly turbulent times, measuring student interest, awareness, and engagement is highly informative. Impact on Society: During a highly contentious period replete with a large volume of civil unrest and compounded by a global pandemic, understanding the behaviors and attitudes of students can help us as higher education faculty be more attuned when it comes to the design and delivery of curriculum. Future Research This presentation presents preliminary findings. Data is still being collected and much more extensive statistical analyses will be performed.

According to the communis opinio, prince Kawab is a son of Cheops. This assumption is primarily based on G. A. Reisner’s conclusions about the location of mastabahs and queen’s pyramids in the East Field and on three relief fragments from mastabah G 7110/20, which W. S. Smith ingeniously assigned to a scene naming Kawab and his mother Meretites. Early after G. A. Reisner had published the first part of his view on the history of the royal family of the Fourth Dynasty, substantial critique was brought forward by W. Federn. Following the latter, Kawab should be considered a grandson of Sneferu because, apart from mastabah G 7110/20 in Gizah, another mastabah at Dahshur bears witness of him. Even though it is now safely determined that the two are neither one and the same person nor contemporaries, W. Federn’s review has been taken as a starting point for further critical investigation by some scholars who came to the conclusion that Kawab was rather a son of Sneferu.