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1
End, Albert, and Matthias Gamer. "Task instructions can accelerate the early preference for social features in naturalistic scenes." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 3 (March 2019): 180596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180596.
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Previous research demonstrated that humans rapidly and reflexively prioritize social features (especially heads and faces) irrespective of their physical saliency when freely viewing naturalistic scenes. In the current study, we investigated whether this preference for social elements already occurs maximally fast during free exploration or whether it is possible to additionally accelerate it by means of top-down instructions. To examine this question, we presented participants with colour photographs of naturalistic scenes containing social features (e.g. heads and bodies) while recording their eye movements. For half of the stimuli, observers were instructed to freely view the images; for the other half of the stimuli, their task was to spot depicted people as fast as possible. We replicated that social elements (especially heads) were rapidly preferred over physically salient image parts. Moreover, we found the orienting towards social elements to be additionally enhanced and accelerated when participants were instructed to detect people quickly. Importantly, this effect was strongest for heads and already evident at the very first fixation. Thus, the present study not only corroborates that the prioritization of social features in naturalistic scenes partially relies on reflexive processes, but also demonstrates that these mechanisms can be additionally accelerated by top-down instructions.
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Fraser, Kathryn. "The Photographic Insane." Cinémas 9, no. 1 (October 26, 2007): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/024777ar.
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ABSTRACT Bazin's famous essay touting the photograph's identicality with its subject was precedented by photography's early relation to empirical investigation in the human sciences (the psychiatry). Contrary to this, what this author wishes to reinforce in this paper is that perception is constructed and integrally bound up with conceptual processes. This paper thus constitutes a short examination of what this author calls the "Photographic Insane," and illustrates how images of madness use, and require for their interpretation, a particular, and culturally shared "schematic" framework.
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Mollon, J. D. "Colour Perception 1978–1997." Perception 26, no. 1_suppl (August 1997): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v970021.
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In the past twenty years, the spectral sensitivities of the three types of cone have been established with some certainty: direct measurements by microspectrophotometry and electrophysiology are in fair agreement with psychophysical estimates. Particularly significant was the publication of DNA sequences for the four opsins of the human eye, by Jeremy Nathans and colleagues in 1986. This work was soon to transform the understanding of retinitis pigmentosa and other retinal dystrophies, and it has given many insights into the evolution of colour vision; but, curiously, the explanations of dichromacy and anomalous trichromacy have not proved as straightforward as we all expected in 1986. What is clear, however, is that normal colour vision exhibits a genetic polymorphism: much of the intersubject variance in colour matches can be traced to differences in the amino-acid sequence of the opsins for the long-wave and middle-wave cone pigments. The last two decades have seen a major change in the status of opponent processes. In the 1970s it was still common for professors to tell undergraduates that the Young - Helmholtz theory of colour vision held at the receptor level and the Hering theory at the level of the retinal ganglion cells. It is now clear that the chromatically antagonistic processes revealed electrophysiologically and psychophysically in the early visual system do not correspond to the red - green and yellow - blue processes that Hering postulated on the basis of phenomenological observations. The existence of four unique hues is today one of the unexplained mysteries of colour science. In one salient respect, research in colour vision has been changed by instrumental advances. Computer-controlled monitors (though offering splendid pitfalls to the unwary) have allowed the study of spatially and temporally complex chromatic displays, notably in the field of colour constancy. Most recently there has been interest in the chromatic statistics of natural scenes: how well is the visual system matched to the statistics of the world and can it adapt to the gamut of chromaticities present in a given scene?
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Pierce, Kathleen. "Photograph as Skin, Skin as Wax: Indexicality and the Visualisation of Syphilis in Fin-de-Siècle France The William Bynum Prize Essay." Medical History 64, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 116–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2019.79.
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In early twentieth-century France, syphilis and its controversial status as a hereditary disease reigned as a chief concern for physicians and public health officials. As syphilis primarily presented visually on the surface of the skin, its study fell within the realms of both dermatologists and venereologists, who relied heavily on visual evidence in their detection, diagnosis, and treatment of the disease. Thus, in educational textbooks, atlases, and medical models, accurately reproducing the visible signposts of syphilis – the colour, texture, and patterns of primary chancres or secondary rashes – was of preeminent importance. Photography, with its potential claims to mechanical objectivity, would seem to provide the logical tool for such representations.Yet photography’s relationship to syphilographie warrants further unpacking. Despite the rise of a desire for mechanical objectivity charted in the late nineteenth century, artist-produced, three-dimensional, wax-cast moulages coexisted with photographs as significant educational tools for dermatologists; at times, these models were further mediated through photographic reproduction in texts. Additionally, the rise of phototherapy complicated this relationship by fostering the clinical equation of the light-sensitive photographic plate with the patient’s skin, which became the photographic record of disease and successful treatment. This paper explores these complexities to delineate a more nuanced understanding of objectivity vis-à-vis photography and syphilis. Rather than a desire to produce an unbiased image, fin-de-siècle dermatologists marshalled the photographic to exploit the verbal and visual rhetoric of objectivity, authority, and persuasion inextricably linked to culturally constructed understandings of the photograph. This rhetoric was often couched in the Peircean concept of indexicality, which physicians formulated through the language of witness, testimony, and direct connection.
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Kazakevych, Gennadii. "Memory Factories: Professional Photography in Kyiv, 1850-1918." Text and Image: Essential Problems in Art History, no. 1 (2020): 82–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2519-4801.2020.1.06.
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The article deals with the early history of photographic industry in Kyiv as a complex cultural phenomenon. Special attention is focused on the portrait photography as a ‘technology of memory’. It involves methods of social history of art, prosopography and visual anthropology. The study is based on the wide scope of archival documents, including the correspondence of publishing facilities inspector, who supervised the photographic activity in Kyiv from 1888 to 1909. By the early 20th century, making, collecting, displaying and exchanging the photographic portraits became an important memorial practice for townspeople throughout the world. In the pre-WWI Kyiv dozens of ateliers produced photographic portraits in large quantities. While the urbanization and economic growth boosted migration activity and washed out traditional family and neighborhood networks, the photography provided an instrument for maintaining emotional connections between people. The author emphasizes the role of a professional photographer who acted as a maker of ‘memory artifacts’ for individuals and families and, therefore, established aesthetic standards for their private visual archives. It is stated that the professional photography played a noticeable role in modernization and westernization of Kyiv. With its relatively low barrier to entry, it provided a professionalization opportunity for women, representatives of the lower social classes or discriminated ethnic groups (such as Poles after the January Insurrection, and Jews). While working in a competitive environment, photographers had to adopt new technologies, improve business processes and increase their own educational level. At the same time, their artistic freedom was rather limited. The style of photographic portrait was inherited from the Eighteen and Nineteen-century academic art, so it is usually hard to distinguish photographic portraits made in Kyiv or in any other European city of that period. Body language of models, their clothing and personal adornments as well as studio decorations and accessories aimed to construct the image of successful individuals, faithful friends, closely tied family members with their own strictly defined social roles etc. The old-fashioned style of the early twentieth century portraiture shaped the visual aesthetics of photographic portrait that was noticeable enough even several decades later.
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Dzhanfezova, Tanya, Chris Doherty, and Nedko Elenski. "UNPACKING THE EARLY NEOLITHIC?" Samara Journal of Science 4, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv20153205.
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The preliminary analysis of Early Neolithic pottery from North Central Bulgaria, and the site of Dzhulyunitsa specifically, yielded surprising results which affect a number of aspects related to the study of the Neolithisation processes. Not all characteristic features traditionally considered as key signal of the Neolithisation processes were confirmed by our mineralogical and chemical analysis. A number of specifics related to the presence of engobe for instance, indicate a considerably more complex picture. In some cases the observations show no additional slip, just a simple burnish of the brownish ware, whereas in others a true slip covers both the inner and the outer surface of the vessels (white or cream-slip ware). With regard to the red engobe specifically, the majority of studied fragments actually have just red-colour surface that results from the oxidation or the rubbing of ochre, and not from the addition of a true slip. These observations raise the following question: do we actually compare same technological approaches, traditionally seen as signal for the spread of the Neolithic way of life? Furthermore, as regards the provenance of the vessels, materials expected to have local origin proved to be imported whereas others, seen as more specific and coming from distant territories were actually made on the spot by local row-materials. Even at this stage the preliminary results do not confirm some of the traditional views on this early material, raise a series of new questions and represent a ground for further interpretations and discussions regarding an eventual fragility of some models suggested for the Neolithisation processes in this part of South-East Europe.
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Rogge, Corina E., and Anikó Bezur. "An Investigation into the Creation, Stability, and X-ray Fluorescence Analysis of Early Photographic Processes: An Upper-Level Undergraduate Laboratory." Journal of Chemical Education 89, no. 3 (July 8, 2011): 397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed101185d.
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Lieser, J. L., M. A. J. Curran, A. R. Bowie, A. T. Davidson, S. J. Doust, A. D. Fraser, B. K. Galton-Fenzi, et al. "Antarctic slush-ice algal accumulation not quantified through conventional satellite imagery: Beware the ice of March." Cryosphere Discussions 9, no. 6 (November 11, 2015): 6187–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-9-6187-2015.
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Abstract. Our current knowledge of broad-scale patterns of primary production in the Southern Ocean is derived from satellite ocean-colour estimates of chlorophyll a (Chl a) in the open ocean, typically in spring-summer. Here, we provide evidence that large-scale intra-ice phytoplankton surface aggregation occur off the coast of Antarctica during austral autumn, and that these "blooms" are largely undetected in satellite ocean-colour time series (which mask the ice-covered ocean). We present an analysis of (i) true-colour (visible) satellite imagery in combination with (ii) conventional ocean-colour data, and (iii) direct sampling from a research vessel, to identify and characterise a large-scale intra-ice algal occurrence off the coast of East Antarctica in early autumn (March) 2012. We also present evidence of these autumn "blooms" in other regions (for example, Princess Astrid Coast in 2012) and other years (for example, Terra Nova Bay in 2015) implying regular and widespread occurrence of these phenomena. The occurrence of such undetected algal accumulations implies that the magnitude of primary production in the Southern Ocean is currently underestimated.
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Gariépy, C., B. Ghaleb, C. Hillaire-Marcel, A. Mucci, and S. Vallières. "Early diagenetic processes in Labrador Sea sediments: uranium-isotope geochemistry." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 31, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e94-004.
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The concentration and isotopic composition of U dissolved in pore waters from hemipelagic sediments of the Labrador Sea were determined by thermal ionization mass spectrometry in two 30 cm long box cores. The present fluxes of seawater U that diffuses across the sediment–seawater interface are on the order of 2–4 μg/(cm2∙ka). This diffusion imposes decreasing gradients of dissolved U downwards, but the U concentration in pore waters immediately below the surface is much lower than that of open-ocean seawater. This is a primary feature that cannot be explained by carbonate precipitation due to decompression during core retrieval. More likely, it reflects the presence of a stagnant benthic boundary layer above the sediment–water interface, in which molecular diffusion of U is slower than in the overlying turbulently mixed seawater, and (or) of microzones near the interface where U is bioaccumulated. Uranium is adsorbed at depths onto the solid phase in response to changes in the redox conditions within the sediments. In the Labrador Sea, this occurs at the onset of iron reduction and corresponds to a colour transition from brown to grey. Adsorption of U is sufficiently large to alter the initial content and the isotopic composition of U in the detrital component. Accumulation of authigenic U on the solid phase does not proceed at a steady state. This is due to the uneven burial rates of organic matter, which is essential to the establishment of redox conditions appropriate for U reduction, and concomitant stepwise displacement of the redox fronts. This indicates that discrete periods of enhanced primary productivity recurred over the last millenium in the Labrador Sea, inducing U fluxes to the sediments greater than they are now. Measured pore-water U concentrations are greater than the overlying seawater at depth in the cores, despite the fact that none of the conditions necessary to release U under reducing conditions are present in the sediments. More likely, U-bearing particles < 0.45 μm were transferred with the solution phase through the filtering device, artificially increasing the pore-water U content.
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Oliva, A., and P. G. Schyns. "Diagnostic Colours Influence Speeded Scene Recognition." Perception 25, no. 1_suppl (August 1996): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v96l1007.
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A critical aspect of early visual processes is to extract shape data for matching against memory representations for recognition. Many theories of recognition assume that this is achieved by luminance information. However, psychophysical studies have revealed that colour is being used by low-level visual modules such as motion, stereopsis, texture, and 2-D shapes. Should colour really be discarded from theories of recognition? Here we present two studies which seek to throw light on the role of chromatic information for the recognition of real scene pictures. We used three versions of scene pictures (gray levels, normally coloured and abnormally coloured) coming from two broad categories. In the first category, colour was diagnostic of the category (eg beach, forest, and valley). In the second category colour was not diagnostic (eg city, road, and room). In the second category colour was not diagnostic (eg city, road, and room). Results revealed that chromatic information is being registered and facilitates recognition even after a 30 ms exposure to the scene stimuli. However, influences of colour on speeded categorisations were only observed with the colour-diagnostic categories. No influence of colour was observed with the other categories. A similar pattern of results was observed with 120 ms exposure. However, there was an interference of the wrong colour on recognition in colour-diagnostic categories. In sum, colour, when it is diagnostic of the category, influences speeded scene recognition.
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Fox, Adrian J., and David G. Vaughan. "The retreat of Jones Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula." Journal of Glaciology 51, no. 175 (2005): 555–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756505781829043.
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AbstractIn recent decades, several ice shelves along the Antarctic Peninsula have diminished in size as a result of climate warming. Using aerial photographic, satellite and survey data we document a similar retreat of Jones Ice Shelf, which was another small ice shelf on the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. This ice shelf was roughly stable between 1947 and 1969, but in the early 1970s it began to retreat and had completely disappeared by early 2003. Jones Ice Shelf has two ice fronts only a few kilometres apart and its retreat provides a unique opportunity to examine how different ice fronts retreat when subjected to similar climate forcing. We mapped the retreat of both the east and west ice fronts of Jones Ice Shelf and found that, although individual episodes of retreat may be related to particularly warm summers, the overall progress of retreat of the two ice fronts has been rather different. This suggests that in this case the course of retreat is controlled by the geometry of the embayment and location of pinning points as well as climatic events.
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Janz, Joachim, Heikki Salo, Alan H. Su, and Aku Venhola. "Signatures of quenching in dwarf galaxies in local galaxy clusters." Astronomy & Astrophysics 647 (March 2021): A80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202039408.
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Context. The transformation of late-type galaxies has been suggested as the origin of early-type dwarf galaxies (typically M⋆ ≤ 109 M⊙) in galaxy clusters. Based on deep images, Venhola and colleagues analysed correlations between colour and surface brightness for galaxies in the Fornax cluster binned by luminosity or stellar mass. In the bins with M⋆ < 108 M⊙, the authors identified a correlation of redness with fainter surface brightness and interpreted it as a consequence of the quenching of star formation by ram pressure stripping in the dwarf galaxies. Aims. This study carries out a similar analysis for the Virgo cluster. The analysis for both clusters is then used to compare the Virgo and Fornax clusters, for which the ram pressure is expected to have different strengths. The purpose of this is to scrutinise the ram pressure interpretation from the other study and search for differences between the clusters that reflect the different ram pressure efficiencies, which would either support or weaken this interpretation. Ultimately, this could help weigh the importance of ram pressure stripping relative to other transformative processes in the shaping of the dominant early-type dwarf galaxy population. Methods. We extend the analysis of colour versus surface brightness binned by stellar mass to higher masses and a wider range of optical colours. The results, in particular at low stellar mass, are compared to predictions of stellar evolution models. Benefitting from larger sample sizes, we also analyse late- and early-type galaxies separately. This analysis is carried out for the Virgo and Fornax clusters, and the colour versus surface brightness relation, as well as other properties of the two clusters’ galaxy populations, are compared. Results. While the colour–surface brightness diagrams are remarkably similar for the two clusters, only the low-mass late-type galaxies are found to have slopes consistent with a fading and reddening following the quenching of star formation. For the early-type galaxies, there are no (or only weak) correlations between colour and surface brightness in all mass bins. Early- and late-type galaxies in both clusters have comparable sizes below a stellar mass of M⋆ ≲ 108 M⊙. The colour and size scaling relations are very similar for the Virgo and Fornax clusters. However, Virgo features a lower fraction of early-type or red galaxies despite its higher mass. Conclusions. The similarity of early-type dwarfs and low-mass late types in size at the masses M⋆ ≲ 108 M⊙ as well as the overall consistency of the colour–surface brightness correlation with fading stellar populations support a scenario of transformation via the quenching of star formation, for example by gas removal. However, the lack of this imprint of an ageing stellar population on the early-type dwarfs themselves calls for some additional explanation. Finally, the Virgo cluster is an atypical cluster with a comparably low fraction of quiescent early-type galaxies at all galaxy masses despite its large cluster mass.
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Ferreira, Fatima Moura, and Patricia Leal. "Re-Reading the Photographic Archive: The Propagandistic Staging of the Portuguese Estado Novo in the Braga District." Journal of Modern European History 16, no. 4 (November 2018): 526–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17104/1611-8944-2018-4-526.
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Re-reading the Photographic Archive: The Propagandistic Staging of the Portuguese Estado Novo in the Braga District The article focuses on visual representations of political propaganda in a local context in the early years of the Estado Novo. Braga, the city of the military coup of 28 May 1926, became nationally famous because of its symbolic value, profusely exploited by the government and the local elites. By means of thick description of iconographic material, this study analyses the use of photography in terms of symbolic materialisation, within the processes of circulation and reception of aesthetic and artistic codes fostered and spread by the «politics of spirit».
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Rogge, Corina E., and Anikó Bezur. "Correction to An Investigation into the Creation, Stability, and X-ray Fluorescence Analysis of Early Photographic Processes: An Upper-Level Undergraduate Laboratory." Journal of Chemical Education 89, no. 9 (July 6, 2012): 1215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed3003513.
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Blackman, Cally. "Colouring the Claddagh: A Distorted View?" Costume 48, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 213–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/0590887614z.00000000051.
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This article examines the dress worn in a selection of Marguerite Mespoulet’s autochromes taken of the inhabitants of the Claddagh and in the vicinity of Galway City, western Ireland in 1913. They belong to the Archives de la Planète, an ambitious project launched by French financier Albert Kahn in 1908 to record the culture of ordinary people in fifty countries in order to promote peace through mutual understanding. The Lumière brothers’ autochrome was the first viable photographic process to reproduce authentic colours, unmitigated by intervention or manipulation, and was used for commercial and private purposes between 1907 and the early 1930s. Mespoulet’s images are thought to be the first colour photographs ever taken in Ireland, and so are invaluable records of the folk dress of a region where the last vestiges of Gaelic culture survived into the twentieth century. Along with her diary notes, they provide a platform from which to explore the slippery nexus between myth and reality, and to question the veracity of some commonly held assumptions about Irish folk dress.
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Mustroph, Heinz, and Andrew Towns. "Indophenol and related dyes." Physical Sciences Reviews 6, no. 8 (July 2, 2021): 315–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/psr-2021-0017.
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Abstract This article covers three closely related types of colorant: the indophenol class of dyes plus those of their indaniline and indamine counterparts. Their roots stretch all the way back to the mid-nineteenth-century period during which synthetic dyes were successfully commercialized for the first time. The early history and subsequent development of these classes are briefly surveyed along with their chemistry. Two of their most important applications involve the synthesis of the dyes as part of the coloration process: the development of images from photographic film and the dyeing of hair. This introduction to indo dyes closes by describing their role in these and other coloration processes.
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Dalle Mese, G., O. López-Cruz, W. J. Schuster, C. Chavarría-K, and H. J. Ibarra-Medel. "The average physical properties of A-G stars derived from uvby-H β Strömgren–Crawford photometry as the basis for a spectral-classification synthetical approach." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 494, no. 2 (March 30, 2020): 2995–3013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa816.
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ABSTRACT We have revisited and updated the uvby Strömgren colour and colour–index distributions of A-, F-, and early G-type main-sequence stars. For this aim, we selected 7054 dwarf stars along with 65 Morgan–Keeman (MK) standard stars within the same spectral range but covering all luminosity classes. The standard stars were selected following the MK mandate strictly, using spectra taken at classification resolution recorded on photographic plates. We used the colours of these stars to determine the effective temperature and surface gravity. After correcting for systematic offsets using fundamental parameters and considering a few exceptions, we find a one-to-one correspondence, among MK spectral types, Strömgren photometry, and their associated physical properties. We have applied a principal component analysis to the mean Strömgren indices for dwarf stars complemented by MK standards for higher luminosity classes. We have used the projections to introduce three new photometric metaindices, namely SM1, SM2, and SM3. We have defined a 3D-box, which allowed us to segregate dwarf stars from bright giants and supergiant stars, with the aid of the metaindices. Two of the planes show that the projections of dwarfs and supergiants are ordered by temperature; however, the temperature dependence for the supergiants is not as well defined as for the dwarfs. Following the MK Process, we were able to form an automatic classifier. We present some applications and assigned synthetical spectral types. We suggest that our metaindices formalism allows the extension of Strömgren photometric outside its original mandate (i.e. later types), without requiring the introduction of additional photometric filters.
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Simpkin, Sarah. "Books Reviewed by: Martin Chandler and Virginia Pow." Bulletin - Association of Canadian Map Libraries and Archives (ACMLA), no. 160 (November 16, 2018): 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/acmla.n160.306.
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Hayes, Derek. Historical Atlas of Early Railways. Madeira Park, BC: Douglas and McIntyre, Ltd., 2017. 320p. $49.95 CDN. ISBN 978-1-77162-175-5.
De Koninck, Rodolphe, Pham Thanh Hai, and Marc Girard. Singapore’s Permanent Territorial Revolution: Fifty Years in Fifty Maps. Singapore: NUS Press, 2017. 168p.,130 colour maps, 33 b/w images, 16 b/w maps. $50 CND. ISBN 978-981-4722-35-3.
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Vannière, B., M. Magny, S. Joannin, A. Simonneau, S. B. Wirth, Y. Hamann, E. Chapron, A. Gilli, M. Desmet, and F. S. Anselmetti. "Orbital changes, variation in solar activity and increased anthropogenic activities: controls on the Holocene flood frequency in the Lake Ledro area, Northern Italy." Climate of the Past 9, no. 3 (May 31, 2013): 1193–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1193-2013.
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Abstract. Two lacustrine sediment cores from Lake Ledro in northern Italy were studied to produce chronologies of flood events for the past 10 000 yr. For this purpose, we have developed an automatic method that objectively identifies the sedimentary imprint of river floods in the downstream lake basin. The method was based on colour data extracted from processed core photographs, and the count data were analysed to capture the flood signal. Flood frequency and reconstructed sedimentary dynamics were compared with lake-level changes and pollen inferred vegetation dynamics. The results suggest a record marked by low flood frequency during the early and middle Holocene (10 000–4500 cal BP). Only modest increases during short intervals are recorded at ca. 8000, 7500, and 7100 cal BP. After 4500–4000 cal BP, the record shows a shift toward increased flood frequency. With the exception of two short intervals around 2900–2500 and 1800–1400 cal BP, which show a slightly reduced number of floods, the trend of increasing flood frequency prevailed until the 20th century, reaching a maximum between the 16th and the 19th centuries. Brief-flood frequency increases recorded during the early and middle Holocene can be attributed to cold climatic oscillations. On a centennial time scale, major changes in flood frequency, such as those observed after ca. 4500/4000 and 500 cal BP, can be attributed to large-scale climatic changes such as the Neo-glacial and Little Ice Age, which are under orbital and possibly solar control. However, in the Bronze Age and during the Middle Ages and modern times, forest clearing and land use probably partially control the flood activity.
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Palmer, Lisa. "Dancing Tables: Digitizing 11,000 Film-based Slides in Ten Days." Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 2 (July 5, 2018): e28093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/biss.2.28093.
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How long does it take to digitize 11,000 film-based slides? Converting film to a raster graphic may take a relatively short period of time, but what is needed to prepare for the process, and then once images are digitized, what work is required to push data out for public access? And how much does the entire conversion process cost? A case study of a rapid-capture digitization project at the Smithsonian Institution will be reviewed. In early 2016, the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) Division of Fishes acquired 10,559 film-based slides from world-renown ichthyologist John (Jack) Randall. The first-generation slides contain images of color patterns of hundreds of fish species with locality information for each specimen written on the cardboard slide mount. When Jack began his photography in the 1960’s, his images were at the forefront of color photography for fishes. He also collected specimens in remote island archipelagos in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, thus many localities were, and continue to be, rare. The species represented on the slide are important to the scientific community, and the collection event data written on the slide mount makes the image and its metadata an invaluable package of information. Upon receipt of Jack’s significant donation, the Division of Fishes received multiple requests from ichthyologists for digital access to the slides. The Division of Fishes immediately implemented a plan to digitally capture data. With many rapid-capture projects at the Smithsonian, the objects and specimens are digitized, and then at some later point, any associated data is transcribed. The Division approached this project differently in that the Randall collection was relatively small, and Smithsonian staff, primarily interns, were available to transcribe data before image conversion. Post-production work included hiring two contractors to import images and associated metadata into NMNH’s collections management system. This presentation will review our processes before, during, and after data conversion. Workflows include transcribing handwritten data, staging and digitizing film, and importing data into the EMu client as well as using redundancies to ensure quality of data.
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Alexandrino, J., N. Ferrand, J. W. Arntzen, and João Alexandrino. "Morphological variation in two genetically distinct groups of the golden-striped salamander, Chioglossa lusitanica (Amphibia: Urodela)." Contributions to Zoology 74, no. 3-4 (2005): 213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-0740304001.
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Morphometric and colour pattern variation in the endemic Iberian salamander Chioglossa lusitanica is concordant with the genetic differentiation of two groups of populations separated by the Mondego river in Portugal. Salamanders from the south have shorter digits than those from the north. Clinal variation with a south to north increase in limb, toe and finger length was found superimposed on this dichotomy, resulting in stepped clines for characters describing appendage size. Genetic variability was paralleled by colour pattern variability in the contact zone and in northern populations. To explain the observed parallels we invoke the neutral processes of vicariant isolation, admixture in a secondary contact zone, genetic drift in addition to selection acting along an environmental gradient. Morphological constraints imposed by a highly specialized ecological niche may explain why the genetic subdivision of C. lusitanica since the early Pleistocene has remained fairly cryptic.
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Huerta, Melissa. "Writing and Staging Our Latinx Stories: The Utopian Performative in Teatro Luna." Modern Drama 64, no. 1 (March 2021): 88–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/md.64.1.0981.
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Teatro Luna is one of the longest-running all-Latina and women of colour ensembles. This article argues, through as yet unpublished plays and rehearsal documents, that Teatro Luna’s creative processes and performances generate hopeful moments of what Jill Dolan calls the “utopian performative.” Building on the work of Dolan and of José Esteban Muñoz, this case study examines how a sampling of Teatro Luna’s early and current work creates possibilities for social change, representation, and collective consciousness through the company’s Latina and women of colour-centred creative practices and dramatic work. At the same time, it argues for a strategic reading of plays including The Maria Chronicles, GL2010, Lovesick, and The Times through a critical understanding of Teatro Luna’s 2015 manifesto. This analysis illuminates the qualities that the utopian performative has for the broader field of Latina theatre and argues for a new way of thinking of these moments beyond the space of the theatre and the time of performance.
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Zhou, H., H. Friedman, and R. von der Heydt. "Edge Assignment in Cells of Monkey Area V2." Perception 25, no. 1_suppl (August 1996): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v96l1207.
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One of the processes of visual perception is to organise 2-D images into figure and ground, assigning the borders to the figure. We have studied the neural basis of this phenomenon. We recorded from orientation-selective cells of areas V1 and V2 in the awake, fixating monkey. A square (typically 4 deg) of uniform colour or gray was displayed in a uniform surround field (11 deg) of different colour or gray. The square was much larger than the response fields of the cells studied. Its orientation and colour were optimised for each cell. In interleaved tests, we centred two opposite edges of the square in the RF, and also reversed the colours of square and surround, resulting in four different display combinations. Flipping edges and colours produced pairs of displays with an identical edge in the response field, but the figure on opposite sides. The display was static for each period of fixation, and mean spike numbers per second were measured. Many cells were selective for the sign of local contrast. In V2 we found cells that were highly discriminative for the direction of the figure, eg responding 10 times more to the left edge of a gray square with white surround than to the right edge of a white square with gray surround. In some cells, this discrimination was nearly independent of the figure size. The response could either be independent of local contrast (general edge assignment), or conditional on figure colour (joint assignment of edge and colour). We have observed direction-of-figure preference also in V1, but with smaller discrimination ratios. We conclude that figural edge assignment is part of early cortical processing.
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Schreiter, Marie Luise, Witold X. Chmielewski, Jamie Ward, and Christian Beste. "How non-veridical perception drives actions in healthy humans: evidence from synaesthesia." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1787 (October 21, 2019): 20180574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0574.
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We continually perform actions that are driven by our perception and it is a commonly held view that only objectively perceived changes within the ‘real’ world affect behaviour. Exceptions are generally only made for mental health disorders associated with delusions and hallucinations where behaviour may be triggered by the experience of objectively non-existent percepts. Here, we demonstrate, using synaesthesia as a model condition (in N = 19 grapheme-colour synaesthetes), how objectively non-existent (i.e. non-veridical) but still non-pathological perceptions affect actions in healthy humans. Using electroencephalography, we determine whether early-stage perceptual processes (reflected by P1 and N1 event-related potential (ERP) components), or late-stage-integration processes (reflected by N2 component), underlie the effects of non-veridical perceptions on action control. ERP analysis suggests that even though the examined peculiarities and experimental variations are perceptual in nature, it is not early-stage perceptual processes, but rather higher-order executive control processes linking perceptions to the appropriate motor response underlying this effect. Source localization analysis implicates activation within medial frontal cortices in the effect of how irrelevant non-veridical perceptions modulate behaviour. Our results challenge common conceptions about the determinants of human behaviour but can be explained by well-established theoretical frameworks detailing the link between perception and action. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Bridging senses: novel insights from synaesthesia’.
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Argudo-Fernández, M., I. Lacerna, and S. Duarte Puertas. "The dependence of mass and environment on the secular processes of AGNs in terms of morphology, colour, and specific star-formation rate." Astronomy & Astrophysics 620 (December 2018): A113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833328.
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Context. Galaxy mass and environment play a major role in the evolution of galaxies. In the transition from star-forming to quenched galaxies, active galactic nuclei (AGNs) also have a principal action therein. However, the connections between these three actors are still uncertain. Aims. In this work we investigate the effects of stellar mass and the large-scale structure (LSS) environment on the fraction of optical nuclear activity in a population of isolated galaxies, where AGN would not be triggered by recent galaxy interactions or mergers. Methods. As a continuation of a previous work, we focus on isolated galaxies to study the effect of stellar mass and the LSS in terms of morphology (early- and late-type), colour (red and blue), and specific star-formation rate (quenched and star-forming). To explore where AGN activity is affected by the LSS, we separate galaxies into two groups, of low- and high mass, respectively, and use the tidal strength parameter to quantify the effects. Results. We found that AGN is strongly affected by stellar mass in “active” galaxies (namely late-type, blue, and star-forming), but that mass has no influence on “quiescent” galaxies (namely early-type, red, and quenched), at least for masses down to 1010 M⊙. In relation to the LSS, we found an increase in the fraction of star-forming nuclei galaxies with denser LSS in low-mass star-forming and red isolated galaxies. Regarding AGN, we find a clear increase in the fraction of AGNs with denser environment in quenched and red isolated galaxies, independently of the stellar mass. Conclusions. Active galactic nuclei activity appears to be “mass triggered” in active isolated galaxies. This means that AGN activity is independent of the intrinsic properties of the galaxies, but is dependent on their stellar mass. On the other hand, AGN activity appears to be “environment triggered” in quiescent isolated galaxies, where the fraction of AGNs as a function of specific star formation rate and colour increases from void regions to denser LSS, independently of stellar mass.
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Sari, Rora Puspita, and Nabila Asad. "New product development-processes in the fashion industry." Journal of Islamic Marketing 10, no. 3 (September 9, 2019): 689–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jima-02-2018-0033.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is, first, to examine the design requirements of Islamic fashion in the new product-development process; second, to explore the different practices of new product-development activities from successful and unsuccessful new product lines; and third, to investigate the sequence of the new product-development practice in the fashion industry, specifically the Islamic fashion industry in Indonesia. Design/methodology/approach Questionnaires were distributed and semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect information regarding the practice of the new product-development activities. The Mann–Whitney U test was performed based on the quality of the new product-development activities of 100 Islamic fashion firms, including five innovative companies that had won several awards in Indonesia. An analysis of the extent to which fashion firms were engaging in new product-development activities provided a more detailed picture of the sequence of those activities. Findings Islamic norms were adapted during the early design and promotional phases of new product development in Islamic fashion. Various choices of design and colour in Islamic fashion were also perceived as a way of preaching to women to dress more accordingly to the Islamic norm. The new product-development activities that were conducted differently for successful vs unsuccessful new product lines were idea conceptualisation, market analysis, technical and engineering analysis, financial analysis and commercialisation. The commercialisation phase was given the least priority of all the activities. Nevertheless, it contributed to the very first communication to the customers about new product lines. Originality/value This study makes an important contribution to the deeper and more detailed research on how Islamic fashion companies perceive Islamic values during new product developments and how they perform new product-development activities between successful and unsuccessful products.
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Vannière, B., M. Magny, S. Joannin, A. Simonneau, S. B. Wirth, Y. Hamann, E. Chapron, A. Gilli, M. Desmet, and F. S. Anselmetti. "Orbital changes, variation in solar activity and increased anthropogenic activities: controls on the Holocene flood frequency in the Lake Ledro area, Northern Italy." Climate of the Past Discussions 8, no. 5 (September 24, 2012): 4701–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-8-4701-2012.
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Abstract. Two lacustrine sediment cores from Lake Ledro in Northern Italy were studied to produce chronologies of flood events for the past 10 000 yr. For this purpose, we have developed an automatic method that objectively identifies the sedimentary imprint of river floods in the downstream lake basin. The automatic counting of flood deposits was based on colour data extracted from processed core photographs, and the count data were processed to capture the flood signal. Automatic quantification was compared with naked-eye counting. Counts were performed twice on the proximal and distal cores to provide an objective and reproducible record of flood frequency. Geophysical and geochemical analyses made it possible to distinguish event deposits from background sedimentation. Flood frequency and reconstructed sedimentary dynamics were compared with lake-level changes and pollen dynamics inferred from vegetation data. The data suggest a record marked by low flood frequency during the early and middle Holocene (10 000–4500 cal BP). Only modest increases during short intervals are recorded at ca. 8000, 7500, and 7100 cal BP. The last third of the Holocene is characterised by a shift toward increased flood frequency at ca. 4500–4000 cal BP. With the exception of two short intervals around 2900–2500 and 1800–1400 cal BP, which show a slightly reduced number of floods, the trend of increasing flood frequency prevailed until the 20th century, reaching a maximum between the 16th and the 19th centuries. Brief-flood frequency increases recorded during the early and middle Holocene can be attributed to cold climatic oscillations. On a centennial time scale, major changes in flood frequency, such as those observed at ca. 4500 and 500 cal BP, can be attributed to large-scale climatic changes such as the Neo-glacial and Little Ice Age, which are under orbital and possibly solar control. The role of climate as the main forcing factor in flood activity is supported by the lake-level records: the major lake-level rises are synchronous with flood frequency increases. However, in the Bronze Age and during the Middle Ages and modern times, forest clearing and land use are indicated by pollen and archaeological data. These human activities have clearly affected the sediment record of flood activity, and they can partially explain the amplitude of the increases in flood activity.
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Pedley, Adam, and Alex R. Wade. "No psychological effect of color context in a low level vision task." F1000Research 2 (November 15, 2013): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.2-247.v1.
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Background: A remarkable series of recent papers have shown that colour can influence performance in cognitive tasks. In particular, they suggest that viewing a participant number printed in red ink or other red ancillary stimulus elements improves performance in tasks requiring local processing and impedes performance in tasks requiring global processing whilst the reverse is true for the colour blue. The tasks in these experiments require high level cognitive processing such as analogy solving or remote association tests and the chromatic effect on local vs. global processing is presumed to involve widespread activation of the autonomic nervous system. If this is the case, we might expect to see similar effects on all local vs. global task comparisons. To test this hypothesis, we asked whether chromatic cues also influence performance in tasks involving low level visual feature integration.Methods: Subjects performed either local (contrast detection) or global (form detection) tasks on achromatic dynamic Glass pattern stimuli. Coloured instructions, target frames and fixation points were used to attempt to bias performance to different task types. Based on previous literature, we hypothesised that red cues would improve performance in the (local) contrast detection task but would impede performance in the (global) form detection task. Results: A two-way, repeated measures, analysis of covariance (2×2 ANCOVA) with gender as a covariate, revealed no influence of colour on either task, F(1,29) = 0.289, p = 0.595, partial η2 = 0.002. Additional analysis revealed no significant differences in only the first attempts of the tasks or in the improvement in performance between trials.Discussion: We conclude that motivational processes elicited by colour perception do not influence neuronal signal processing in the early visual system, in stark contrast to their putative effects on processing in higher areas.
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Fogeiro, Élia, Paulo Barracosa, Jorge Oliveira, and Dulcineia F. Wessel. "Influence of Cardoon Flower (Cynara cardunculus L.) and Flock Lactation Stage in PDO Serra da Estrela Cheese." Foods 9, no. 4 (March 26, 2020): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9040386.
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Serra da Estrela (SE) cheese is one of the most appreciated Portuguese cheeses, being produced only from raw ewe’s milk, cardoon flower and salt. Cardoon takes part in two important processes in cheese production—coagulation and proteolysis—contributing to its unique features. Furthermore, milk chemical characteristics change during the milking season, being another factor that account for the high variability of cheese attributes. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to study the influence of cardoon flower (commercial, 6 M and 3 M) and flock lactation stage (November 2018, February and April 2019) in the final characteristics of SE cheese. The parameters analysed were moisture, protein, fat and salt contents, texture and colour. Results showed that flock lactation stage has the highest influence in all the studied characteristics, corresponding the early stages of lactation to the most protein-rich and low-fat cheeses. Cardoon flower affects mainly fat and rind colour. This study allows us to conclude that seasonal changes in ewe’s milk have a considerable impact in cheese attributes, and that although cardoon type had a more restrained effect, when used with expertise it may help adjust cheese sensory characteristics in order to obtain a final product that matches consumer acceptability requirements.
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Böhm, E., V. Banzon, E. D’Acunzo, F. D’Ortenzio, and R. Santoleri. "Adriatic Sea surface temperature and ocean colour variability during the MFSPP." Annales Geophysicae 21, no. 1 (January 31, 2003): 137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-21-137-2003.
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Abstract. Two years and six months of night-time Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) sea surface temperature (SST) and daytime Sea viewing Wide Field of view Sensor (SeaWiFS) data collected during the MFSPP have been used to examine spatial and temporal variability of SST and chlorophyll (Chl) in the Adriatic Sea. Flows along the Albanian and the Italian coasts can be distinguished year-round in the monthly averaged Chl but only in the colder months in the monthly averaged SST’s. The Chl monthly-averaged fields supply less information on circulation features away from coastal boundaries and where conditions are generally oligotrophic, except for the early spring bloom in the Southern Adriatic Gyre. To better characterise the year-to-year and seasonal variability, exploratory data analysis techniques, particularly the plotting of multiple Chl-SST histograms, are employed to make joint quantitative use of monthly-averaged fields. Modal water mass (MW), corresponding to the Chl-SST pairs in the neighbourhood of the maximum of each monthly histogram, are chosen to represent the temporal and spatial evolution of the prevalent processes and their variability in the Adriatic Sea. Over an annual cycle, the MW followed a triangular path with the most pronounced seasonal and interannual variations in both Chl-SST properties and spatial distributions of the MW in the colder part of the year. The winter of 1999 is the colder (by at least 0.5°C) and most eutrophic (by 0.2 mg/m 3). The fall of the year 2000 is characterised by the lack of cooling in the month of November that was observed in the previous year. In addition to characterising the MW, the two-dimensional histogram technique allows a distinction to be made between different months in terms of the spread of SST values at a given Chl concentration. During spring and summer, the spread is minimal indicating surface homothermal conditions. In fall and winter, on the other hand, a spread of points suggesting a linear negative correlation between SST and Chl is found. This behaviour is related to the high nutrient content of cooler water associated with upwelling or the Po River fresh water outflow. Key words. Oceanography: general (diurnal, seasonal and annual cycles; marginal and semi-enclosed seas; water masses)
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Nolan, Louisa A., Ata Kabán, Markus Harva, Andrew Benson, and Somak Raychaudhury. "Young stellar populations in early-type galaxies in the SDSS." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 3, S245 (July 2007): 391–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921308018206.
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AbstractWe use a purely data-driven rectified factor analysis to identify early-type galaxies with young (≲ 4 Gyr) stellar populations in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Spectroscopic Catalogue. We call these galaxies E+F galaxies, analogous to E+A galaxies. These galaxies lie in the ‘Green Valley’, between the blue cloud and the red sequence on the colour-magnitude diagram. As such, these galaxies may represent an important transient stage in the evolution of galaxies from blue and star-forming to red and passive. We investigate the distribution in projected local galaxy surface density of the E+F galaxies, and compare it with the environment of early-type and E+A galaxies. We find that i) the E+A distribution peaks strongly in projected local galaxy surface density, Σ5, at ~ 0.1−0.2 Mpc−2, ii) early-types have a flatter peak at ~ 0.06−0.2 Mpc−2, iii) the E+Fs lie somewhere in between, and iv) the distributions of the models do not agree well with the data, peaking at higher densities, and under-predicting the number of E+As at low (Σ5 < 0.3 Mpc−2) densities. The dearth of E+A and E+F galaxies in dense environments confirms that E+A and E+F galaxies are most likely the products of galaxy-galaxy merging or interactions, rather than star-forming galaxies whose star formation has been quenched by processes unique to dense environments, such as ram-pressure stripping or galaxy harassment. The similarity of the environments in which the E+F population and the E+A galaxy sample are found, together with the spectral evidence, suggests that E+F galaxies are E+A galaxies, which have evolved by a further ~ one to a few Gyr.
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Jobling, J., R. Pradhan, S. C. Morris, L. Mitchell, and A. C. Rath. "The effect of ReTain plant growth regulator [aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG)] on the postharvest storage life of 'Tegan Blue' plums." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, no. 5 (2003): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02130.
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ReTain plant growth regulator is a commercial formulation of aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG). This compound is known to competitively inhibit the activity of the enzyme ACC (1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylate) synthase which is the rate limiting enzyme in the ethylene biosynthesis pathway. By inhibiting the activity of ACC synthase, ethylene-mediated ripening processes can be delayed.'Tegan Blue' plums have low ethylene production, which indicates that it is a suppressed climacteric variety. There was a significant difference between the ReTain treated and untreated fruit for the second harvest, this difference was greater later in storage than early in storage. The results indicate that there is a postharvest benefit achieved after applying AVG to 'Tegan Blue' plums. The main advantage is in the maintenance of firmness for late-harvested fruit. Other benefits are the suppression of ethylene production and the development of a more intense colour.
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George, K., P. Joseph, C. Mondal, S. Subramanian, A. Subramaniam, and K. T. Paul. "Insights on bar quenching from a multiwavelength analysis: The case of Messier 95." Astronomy & Astrophysics 621 (January 2019): L4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201834500.
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The physical processes related to the effect of bars in the quenching of star formation in the region between the nuclear/central sub-kiloparsec region and the ends of the bar (bar region) of spiral galaxies is not fully understood. It is hypothesized that the bar can either stabilize the gas against collapse, inhibiting star formation, or efficiently consume all the available gas, leaving no fuel for further star formation. We present a multiwavelength study using the archival data of an early-type barred spiral galaxy, Messier 95, which shows signatures of suppressed star formation in the bar region. Using optical, ultraviolet (UV), infrared, CO, and HI imaging data we study the pattern of star formation progression and stellar/gas distribution, and try to provide insights into the process responsible for the observed pattern. The FUV–NUV pixel colour map reveals a cavity devoid of UV flux in the bar region that matches the length of the bar, which is ∼4.2 kpc. The central nuclear region of the galaxy shows a blue colour clump and along the major axis of the stellar bar the colour progressively becomes redder. Based on a comparison to single stellar population models, we show that the region of galaxy along the major axis of the bar, unlike the region outside the bar, is comprised of stellar populations with ages ≥350 Myr; there is a star-forming clump in the centre of younger ages of ∼150 Myr. Interestingly the bar region is also devoid of neutral and molecular hydrogen but has an abundant molecular hydrogen present at the nuclear region of the galaxy. Our results are consistent with a picture in which the stellar bar in Messier 95 is redistributing the gas by funnelling gas inflows to nuclear region, thus making the bar region devoid of fuel for star formation.
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Ntwali, Janvier, Steffen Schock, Sebastian Romuli, Christine G. Kiria Chege, Noble Banadda, Gloria Aseru, and Joachim Müller. "Performance Evaluation of an Inflatable Solar Dryer for Maize and the Effect on Product Quality Compared with Direct Sun Drying." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15 (July 30, 2021): 7074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11157074.
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Maize is an important staple in Africa, which necessitates immediate drying to preserve the postharvest quality. The traditional drying of maize in the open sun is prone to adverse weather and extraneous contamination. In this study, the drying performance of an inflatable solar dryer (ISD) was compared to direct sun drying (DSD) in Gombe Town, Wakiso District (Uganda) by analysing the moisture content, yeasts, moulds, aflatoxin, and colour. The maximum temperature inside the ISD reached 63.7 °C and averaged 7 °C higher than the ambient temperature. Maize was dried using both methods to a moisture content below 14% after two days. In one of the received maize lots that was already heavily contaminated after harvest, drying with DSD and ISD reduced the aflatoxin content from 569.6 µg kg−1 to 345.5 µg kg−1 and 299.2 µg kg−1, respectively. Although the drying performance in terms of drying time and product quality regarding colour, yeast, and mould was similar for both drying methods, the advantage of ISD in reducing the risk of spoilage due to sudden rain is obvious. A strategy for the early detection of aflatoxins in maize is recommended to avoid contaminated maize in the food chain.
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Mareeva, A. N., and V. A. Smolyannikova. "Scalp metastases in breast cancer." Vestnik dermatologii i venerologii 95, no. 5 (December 17, 2019): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.25208/0042-4609-2019-95-5-44-49.
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This paper describes a clinical case of scalp metastases in the setting of breast cancer. The data on the prevalence of the disease in Russia and the necessity of its early diagnostics is provided. The clinical picture and trichoscopic signs of neoplastic processes in the scalp are presented: alopecia foci of 1–3 cm in diameter; foci older than 6 months featuring erythematous and atrophic skin; nodes of the colour of healthy skin or with a yellowish tint sized 1 cm in diameter; trichoscopy — in the foci older than 6 months, the vascular structures are represented by point, thick and thin tree-like vessels. In connection with a poor prognosis for survival when skin metastases are detected, the onco-alertness of practitioners in relation to scalp metastases should be increased.Conflict of interest: the authors state that there is no potential conflict of interest requiring disclosure in this article.
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Sultana, Sohely, Tarana Yasmin, Md Nazir Uddin Mollah, Shyamal Kumar Roy, Mohammad Sazzad Hossain, and Umme Iffat Sultana. "Role of Duplex Color Doppler Study of Uterine Artery in the Early Diagnosis of Preeclampsia in Pregnant Women." Journal of Medicine 20, no. 2 (June 27, 2019): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jom.v20i2.42008.
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Background: Duplex Colour Doppler Sonography is gaining increasing popularity for assessment of blood vessels in various disease processes around the world as well as for the surveillance of fetus compromised by intra uterine growth retardation (IUGR) and to assess foetal structural abnormalities and complex disease processes.
Materials & methods: This cross sectional study was carried out to observe Doppler wave form in subjects with preeclampsia enrolling 40 subjects with preeclampsia, in the Department of Radiology and Imaging, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, over a period of six months from 20th May 2012 to 19th November 2012. A total number of 40 normal pregnancies were also included for comparison. Peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV), Resistive index (RI), Pulsatility index (PI) in different groups of study subjects from 24th to 37th weeks were observed and compared for any significant differences.
Results: Majority (35% in normal and 37.5% in preeclampsia) of the respondents were found in the age group of 21-30 years. Unpaired t-test revealed no significant difference between mean age between two groups. Among normal group, mean±SD PSV, EDV, PI and RI were 43.94±15.41 cm/sec and 15.51 (±4.93) cm/sec, 1.12±0.0846 and 0.571 (±0.058) respectively. Mean PSV, EDV, PI and RI were 83.19±18.44 cm/sec, 11.86±5.19 cm/sec, 2.497±0.369 and 0.8255±0.087 in preeclampsia group. There was statistically significant (By unpaired ttest) difference in mean Doppler indices between these two groups. It was observed that early diastolic notch was found in 90% subjects with preeclampsia. Early diastolic notch was observed in Doppler wave form in 5% subject with normal pregnancy. Chi-square test showed that there was statistically significant difference in presence of early diastolic notch between normal subjects and subjects with preeclampsia.
Conclusions: From the study result it was concluded that Doppler indices with presence of early diastolic notch are reliable indicators for early detection of preeclampsia.
J MEDICINE JUL 2019; 20 (2) : 87-91
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Tanriver, Gizem, Merva Soluk Tekkesin, and Onur Ergen. "Automated Detection and Classification of Oral Lesions Using Deep Learning to Detect Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders." Cancers 13, no. 11 (June 2, 2021): 2766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13112766.
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Oral cancer is the most common type of head and neck cancer worldwide, leading to approximately 177,757 deaths every year. When identified at early stages, oral cancers can achieve survival rates of up to 75–90%. However, the majority of the cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage mainly due to the lack of public awareness about oral cancer signs and the delays in referrals to oral cancer specialists. As early detection and treatment remain to be the most effective measures in improving oral cancer outcomes, the development of vision-based adjunctive technologies that can detect oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs), which carry a risk of cancer development, present significant opportunities for the oral cancer screening process. In this study, we explored the potential applications of computer vision techniques in the oral cancer domain within the scope of photographic images and investigated the prospects of an automated system for detecting OPMD. Exploiting the advancements in deep learning, a two-stage model was proposed to detect oral lesions with a detector network and classify the detected region into three categories (benign, OPMD, carcinoma) with a second-stage classifier network. Our preliminary results demonstrate the feasibility of deep learning-based approaches for the automated detection and classification of oral lesions in real time. The proposed model offers great potential as a low-cost and non-invasive tool that can support screening processes and improve detection of OPMD.
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Diella, Valeria, Federico Pezzotta, Rosangela Bocchio, Nicoletta Marinoni, Fernando Cámara, Antonio Langone, Ilaria Adamo, and Gabriele Lanzafame. "Gem-Quality Tourmaline from LCT Pegmatite in Adamello Massif, Central Southern Alps, Italy: An Investigation of Its Mineralogy, Crystallography and 3D Inclusions." Minerals 8, no. 12 (December 13, 2018): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min8120593.
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In the early 2000s, an exceptional discovery of gem-quality multi-coloured tourmalines, hosted in Litium-Cesium-Tantalum (LCT) pegmatites, was made in the Adamello Massif, Italy. Gem-quality tourmalines had never been found before in the Alps, and this new pegmatitic deposit is of particular interest and worthy of a detailed characterization. We studied a suite of faceted samples by classical gemmological methods, and fragments were studied with Synchrotron X-ray computed micro-tomography, which evidenced the occurrence of inclusions, cracks and voids. Electron Microprobe combined with Laser Ablation analyses were performed to determine major, minor and trace element contents. Selected samples were analysed by single crystal X-ray diffraction method. The specimens range in colour from colourless to yellow, pink, orange, light blue, green, amber, brownish-pink, purple and black. Chemically, the tourmalines range from fluor-elbaite to fluor-liddicoatite and rossmanite: these chemical changes occur in the same sample and affect the colour. Rare Earth Elements (REE) vary from 30 to 130 ppm with steep Light Rare Earth Elemts (LREE)-enriched patterns and a negative Eu-anomaly. Structural data confirmed the elbaitic composition and showed that high manganese content may induce the local static disorder at the O(1) anion site, coordinating the Y cation sites occupied, on average, by Li, Al and Mn2+ in equal proportions, confirming previous findings. In addition to the gemmological value, the crystal-chemical studies of tourmalines are unanimously considered to be a sensitive recorder of the geological processes leading to their formation, and therefore, this study may contribute to understanding the evolution of the pegmatites related to the intrusion of the Adamello pluton.
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Prata, Fred, Mark Woodhouse, Herbert E. Huppert, Andrew Prata, Thor Thordarson, and Simon Carn. "Atmospheric processes affecting the separation of volcanic ash and SO<sub>2</sub> in volcanic eruptions: inferences from the May 2011 Grímsvötn eruption." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 17 (September 12, 2017): 10709–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-10709-2017.
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Abstract. The separation of volcanic ash and sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas is sometimes observed during volcanic eruptions. The exact conditions under which separation occurs are not fully understood but the phenomenon is of importance because of the effects volcanic emissions have on aviation, on the environment, and on the earth's radiation balance. The eruption of Grímsvötn, a subglacial volcano under the Vatnajökull glacier in Iceland during 21–28 May 2011 produced one of the most spectacular examples of ash and SO2 separation, which led to errors in the forecasting of ash in the atmosphere over northern Europe. Satellite data from several sources coupled with meteorological wind data and photographic evidence suggest that the eruption column was unable to sustain itself, resulting in a large deposition of ash, which left a low-level ash-rich atmospheric plume moving southwards and then eastwards towards the southern Scandinavian coast and a high-level predominantly SO2 plume travelling northwards and then spreading eastwards and westwards. Here we provide observational and modelling perspectives on the separation of ash and SO2 and present quantitative estimates of the masses of ash and SO2 that erupted, the directions of transport, and the likely impacts. We hypothesise that a partial column collapse or sloughing fed with ash from pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) occurred during the early stage of the eruption, leading to an ash-laden gravity intrusion that was swept southwards, separated from the main column. Our model suggests that water-mediated aggregation caused enhanced ash removal because of the plentiful supply of source water from melted glacial ice and from entrained atmospheric water. The analysis also suggests that ash and SO2 should be treated with separate source terms, leading to improvements in forecasting the movement of both types of emissions.
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Conselice, Christopher J. "Galaxy bulges at mid- and high-redshift." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 3, S245 (July 2007): 429–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921308018309.
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AbstractBulges are a major galaxy component in the nearby universe, and are one of the primary features that differentiates and defines galaxies. The origin of bulges can be directly probed in part by examining distant galaxies to search for high redshift bulges, and to study the properties of bulges in formation. We review the evidence for bulges at high redshift in this article, and how by studying bulges through a variety of approaches, including through morphological, colour, and stellar mass selection, we can determine when and how these systems assembled. We argue that the majority of the most massive ‘classical’ bulges are in place by z ~ 1.5 − 2, and likely formed very early through major mergers. Other, likely lower mass, bulges form through a secular process along with their disks. Direct observations suggest that these two formation processes are occurring, as spheroids are commonly seen at z < 1, as are disks and spiral galaxies in the form of luminous diffuse objects, clump-clusters, and chain galaxies. However, bulge+disk systems are relatively rare until z ~ 1, suggesting that this structural assembly occurred relatively late.
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Toyama, Noriko. "“What are food and air like inside our bodies?”: Children’s thinking about digestion and respiration." International Journal of Behavioral Development 24, no. 2 (June 2000): 222–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/016502500383359.
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A series of five experiments evaluated whether young children are aware of biological transformations associated with eating and breathing. In Experiment 1, children aged 4, 5, 7, and 8 years predicted that biological damage results from lack of eating and breathing. Children also recognised that food changes inside the body, but seldom referred spontaneously to biological transformation. In Experiments 2 and 2A, children were presented with several alternative explanations of what food and air would be like inside the human body. Both preschoolers and elementary schoolchildren assumed that air would acquire warmth and colour inside the body. The older children consistently understood biological transformation of food. Preschoolers accepted the idea that food undergoes a transformation necessary for health and growth, but did not think so when the transformation was expressed in a material sense. In Experiments 3 and 3A, some preschoolers predicted the transformation of resources inside familiar and unfamiliar living things, but not inside nonliving things. In addition, some 4- and 5-year-olds recognised the sun’s contribution to “digestive” processes for plants, but not for mammals. Finally, the question of whether early understanding of digestion can be termed “theory-like” was discussed.
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Brugman, Melinda M. "Mapping Recent Fluctuations of Shoestring Glacier, Mount St. Helens (Abstract)." Annals of Glaciology 8 (1986): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500001543.
Full textAbstract:
The terminus position of Shoestring Glacier, Mount St. Helens, has pulsated over the last few centuries, generally following local climate trends, but the pattern of advance and retreat has been strongly modulated by effects of local volcanic activity. In this paper, I discuss the techniques employed to map and survey fluctuations in ice velocity, thickness, and terminus position of Shoestring Glacier. Solutions to major problems in acquiring and interpreting data peculiar to an active volcano are also explained. Results show that this steep mountain glacier responds quickly and dramatically to local environmental changes. The effects of volcanic activity are distinguished from internal instabilities and local climate change by combining information obtained using a variety of techniques, including field surveying, contour-mapping using stereo-aerial photographs, photo-documentation, and published historical accounts, In this paper I will focus attention on surveying and mapping conducted since 1979 at Shoestring Glacier, but will also discuss methods used to identify historic and “prehistoric” glacier fluctuations back to the early 1800s. The field survey was conducted at the glacier from mid-1979 to late 1983, during several eruptive episodes, major earthquakes, and covering winter and summer velocity and thickness changes. (Brugman and Post, 1980; Brugman and Meier, 1981). Coordinates of glacier velocity markers and the survey reference net were monitored with several different theodolites and electronic distance meters. In addition, topographic maps of Shoestring Glacier and vicinity were made for the years between 1979 and 1982, for the purpose of characterizing the drastic changes which occurred during the volcanic eruption of Mount St. Helens of May 18, 1980. The maps were constructed with 2 m contour intervals, using three sets of vertical aerial photographs. The difference between maps results in two plots showing the surficial changes caused by the volcanic field-checked against ground survey data on thickness change, using standard techniques. Overall, this study included monitoring glacier flow, configuration, and thickness changes at Shoestring Glacier since mid-1979, and also monitoring any changes in the local survey net due to ground deformation associated with nearby volcanic activity. In addition, photographic and written documentation of recent glacier fluctuations at Mount St. Helens was compiled from a variety of sources, which included local explorers, scientists, mountaineers, aviators, and historians. From this information, I was able to obtain the general pattern of Shoestring Glacier terminus fluctuations since the early 1900s. To extend the study further back in time, I also mapped the local surficial geology surrounding Shoestring Glacier using aerial photographs and ground studies. Because Mount St. Helens is a highly active, young volcano, a major problem was to distinguish glacier moraines, built during a recent ice advance, from volcanic levees built during passage of a recent lahar. Both lahar levees and glacier moraines exist along the glacier margin and most have been dissected and scoured by later mudflows. This study required the separate identification of glacial lag-till, from mudflow and rock avalanche debris. Comparison of depositional and erosional features generated by the several major lahars which decended over the Shoestring Glacier during the 1980 eruptions to pre-1980 surficial geology shows that glacier and lahar deposits are closely intermingled, but they can be distinguished on the basis of surface morphology obtained from aerial photographs, supported by field mapping of sedimentary structures. The dominant pre-1980 surficial deposits were laid down during a time of intense volcanism dating from 1800-1857, when the Shoestring Glacier was initially at its most advanced terminus position in its limited geologic record. During the early 1900s, several minor historic eruptions deposited ash and debris as distinctive englacial debris layers, which were well preserved within the glaciers on Mount St. Helens. Rock material deposited in the early to mid-1800s from glacier advances and volcanic eruptions can be distinguished from volcanic material deposited during the early 1900s because of the minor effect these later eruptions had on the glaciers of Mount St. Helens. This study shows that, over the last few centuries, repeated eruptions of Mount St. Helens have caused important changes in the mass balance of Shoestring Glacier. During several volcanic eruptions since 1800, the Shoestring and nearby glaciers have been deeply blanketed with rock ejecta and avalanche and mudflow debris, which could have increased the glacier mass balances. In contrast, the dominant effect of major volcanic eruptions on the Shoestring Glacier has led to strongly negative mass balances due to scouring, melting, and blasting away of glacier snow and ice. Deep incision of the glacier and its surrounding topography is clearly evident from the maps produced during this study, both during and before 1980. This melting and scouring occurred as pyroclastic flows and lahars swept down the glacier-filled canyon from the summit of the volcano and has probably occurred repeatedly since the canyon holding the Shoestring Glacier was first cut, approximately two thousand years ago. The eruption of Mount St. Helens on May 18, 1980, when the Shoestring Glacier was beheaded, deeply incised, and covered by volcanic ejecta and mudflow debris, is the most recent example of the highly variable environment in which the glacier continues to survive.
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Leopold, David A., Gillian Rhodes, Kai-Markus Müller, and Linda Jeffery. "The dynamics of visual adaptation to faces." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 272, no. 1566 (May 5, 2005): 897–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2004.3022.
Full textAbstract:
Several recent demonstrations using visual adaptation have revealed high-level aftereffects for complex patterns including faces. While traditional aftereffects involve perceptual distortion of simple attributes such as orientation or colour that are processed early in the visual cortical hierarchy, face adaptation affects perceived identity and expression, which are thought to be products of higher-order processing. And, unlike most simple aftereffects, those involving faces are robust to changes in scale, position and orientation between the adapting and test stimuli. These differences raise the question of how closely related face aftereffects are to traditional ones. Little is known about the build-up and decay of the face aftereffect, and the similarity of these dynamic processes to traditional aftereffects might provide insight into this relationship. We examined the effect of varying the duration of both the adapting and test stimuli on the magnitude of perceived distortions in face identity. We found that, just as with traditional aftereffects, the identity aftereffect grew logarithmically stronger as a function of adaptation time and exponentially weaker as a function of test duration. Even the subtle aspects of these dynamics, such as the power-law relationship between the adapting and test durations, closely resembled that of other aftereffects. These results were obtained with two different sets of face stimuli that differed greatly in their low-level properties. We postulate that the mechanisms governing these shared dynamics may be dissociable from the responses of feature-selective neurons in the early visual cortex.
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Briggs, Pamela, and Ken Goryo. "Biscriptal Interference: A Study of English and Japanese." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 40, no. 3 (August 1988): 515–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724988843000050.
Full textAbstract:
It was once assumed that alphabetic, syllabic, and logographic scripts could be clearly differentiated in terms of their respective processing demands, but recent evidence suggests that, as visual stimuli, they all draw upon common “configurational” processing resources. Two experiments are reported which address this issue. Both employ cross-lingual interference paradigms, with the rationale that competition for limited processing resources will be reflected in the degree of interference generated when two scripts are presented simultaneously. The experiments differ in terms of task requirements, the first being a word-naming task, biased towards reliance upon the more rule-based decoding skills; whereas the second is a colour naming task, with a more configurational bias. In the first study, the locus of the interference effect was clearly pre-lexical, and interference was only generated by those scripts that could feasibly draw upon grapheme-phoneme correspondence rules. No interference was generated by logographs that could be accessed “directly” without recourse to any prelexical phonological code. In the second study, the locus of interference was twofold: early in processing, as a result of competition for configurational processes, and later, phonological output competition prior to articulation. These results clearly demonstrate major differences in the ways in which logographic, syllabic, and alphabetic scripts are processed.
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Zhao, Chenqi, Sandra Thibault, Nadine Messier, Marc Ouellette, Barbara Papadopoulou, and Michel J. Tremblay. "In primary human monocyte-derived macrophages exposed to Human immunodeficiency virus type 1, does the increased intracellular growth of Leishmania infantum rely on its enhanced uptake?" Journal of General Virology 87, no. 5 (May 1, 2006): 1295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.81647-0.
Full textAbstract:
Concurrent uncontrolled development of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and Leishmania spp. is regarded as an emerging pathogenic combination in countries where human beings are exposed to these two micro-organisms. The present study was aimed at exploring whether HIV-1 development within a culture of human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) affected the further development of luciferase-encoding Leishmania infantum using the luciferase activity as a readout assay. It was demonstrated that, in cultures of HIV-1-loaded MDMs exposed to axenic amastigotes, the luciferase activity was higher than in HIV-1-free MDMs. As a preliminary approach to deciphering the possible mechanism through which HIV-1 can affect Leishmania infantum, attention was focused on the very early processes that could underlie this increased luciferase activity. Using GFP-labelled parasites, it was possible to establish that, in HIV-1-infected MDMs, the percentage of GFP-expressing MDMs was higher (10–20 %) than in cell cultures not exposed to HIV-1 (5 %). Two-colour immunofluorescence staining suggested that HIV-1 indirectly affects the uptake of parasites inside MDMs. Thus, the observed phenomenon seems to be linked with a higher uptake of parasites within MDMs. Taken together, the data reported here may contribute to our understanding of disseminated Leishmania infection in HIV-1-infected individuals.
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Borrione, I., and R. Schlitzer. "Distribution and recurrence of phytoplankton blooms around South Georgia, Southern Ocean." Biogeosciences 10, no. 1 (January 14, 2013): 217–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-217-2013.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. South Georgia phytoplankton blooms are amongst the largest of the Southern Ocean and are associated with a rich ecosystem and strong atmospheric carbon drawdown. Both aspects depend on the intensity of blooms, but also on their regularity. Here we use data from 12 yr of SeaWiFS (Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor) ocean colour imagery and calculate the frequency of bloom occurrence (FBO) to re-examine spatial and temporal bloom distributions. We find that upstream of the island and outside the borders of the Georgia Basin, blooms occurred in less than 4 out of the 12 yr (FBO < 4). In contrast, FBO was mostly greater than 8 downstream of the island, i.e., to the north and northwest, and in places equal to 12, indicating that blooms occurred every year. The typical bloom area, defined as the region where blooms occurred in at least 8 out of the 12 yr, covers the entire Georgia Basin and the northern shelf of the island. The time series of surface chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentrations averaged over the typical bloom area shows that phytoplankton blooms occurred in every year between September 1997 and September 2010, and that Chl a values followed a clear seasonal cycle, with concentration peaks around December followed in many years by a second peak during late austral summer or early autumn, suggesting a bi-modal bloom pattern. The bloom regularity we describe here is in contrast with results of Park et al. (2010) who used a significantly different study area including regions that almost never exhibit bloom conditions.
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Borrione, I., and R. Schlitzer. "Distribution and recurrence of phytoplankton blooms around South Georgia, Southern Ocean." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 8 (August 2, 2012): 10087–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-10087-2012.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. South Georgia phytoplankton blooms are amongst the largest of the Southern Ocean and are associated with a rich ecosystem and strong atmospheric carbon drawdown. Both aspects depend on the intensity of blooms, but also on their regularity. Here we use data from 12 yr of SeaWiFS ocean colour imagery and calculate the frequency of bloom occurrence (FBO) to re-examine spatial and temporal bloom distributions. We find that upstream of the island and outside the borders of the Georgia Basin, blooms occurred in less than 4 out of the 12 yr (FBO < 4). In contrast, FBO was mostly greater than 8 downstream of the island, i.e. to the north and northwest, and in places equal to 12, indicating that blooms occurred every year. The typical bloom area, defined as the region where blooms occurred in at least 8 out of the 12 yr, covers the entire Georgia Basin and the northern shelf of the island. The time series of surface chlorophyll-a (chl-a) concentrations averaged over the typical bloom area shows that phytoplankton blooms occurred in every year between September 1997 and September 2010, and that chl-a values followed a clear seasonal cycle, with concentration peaks around December followed in many years by a second peak during late austral summer or early autumn, suggesting a bi-modal bloom pattern. The bloom regularity we describe here is in contrast with results of Park et al. (2010) who used a significantly different study area including regions that almost never exhibit bloom conditions.
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Hystad, Marit E., Trond H. Bo, Edith Rian, June H. Myklebust, Einar Sivertsen, Lise Forfang, Michael Chiorazzi, et al. "Characterization of Early Human B Cell Development by Gene Expression Profiling." Blood 108, no. 11 (November 16, 2006): 1352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.1352.1352.
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Abstract B cells develop from hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) in the bone marrow (BM) through a number of distinct stages before they migrate to the periphery as naïve mature B lymphocytes. These developmental stages can be identified by expression of cell surface antigens and Ig gene rearrangement status. The aim of this study was to characterize the earliest steps of normal human B cell development by gene expression profiling. Immunomagnetic selection and subsequent fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) were used to isolate five populations from adult human BM: CD34+CD38− (HSC), CD34+CD10+CD19− early lymphoid progenitor cells (ELP), CD34+CD10+CD19+IgM− progenitor B cells (pro-B), CD34−CD10+CD19+IgM− precursor B cells (pre-B) and CD34−CD10+CD19+IgM+ immature B cells (IM). Total RNA was extracted from the purified cell populations, amplified and hybridized to Lymphochip cDNA microarrays. Six independent experiments from different donors were performed for each cell population. Expression of the genes encoding the selection markers confirmed the validity of the approach. Interestingly, genes necessary for the V(D)J-recombination such as RAG-1, RAG-2, TdT and ADA showed higher gene expression in the ELP population than in the HSC. In contrast, the transcription factors E2A, EBF, and Pax-5, which are all essential for early B-cell development, were first turned on in pro-B cells, in accordance with the B-cell lineage commitment. The ELP did not express B, T or NK lineage markers, except for a higher expression level of CD2 in the ELP population than in the four other cell populations. Taken together, the expression pattern of CD2 and the V(D)J-recombination genes in the ELP population, indicate that these cells have developed a lymphocyte potential, but are not fully committed to B-lineage cells. Hierarchical cluster analysis of the 758 differentially expressed genes (differences in relative expression by a factor of two or more and with maximum10% FDR) revealed a pattern that clearly separated the five consecutive cell populations. Furthermore, we created expression signatures based on information from Gene Ontology (GO) http://source.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/source/sourceSearch. One of the clearest distinctions between the gene expressions of the five developmental populations involved genes associated with proliferation, and showed that the HSC and IM populations are relatively indolent while the pro-B and pre-B populations comprised high expression levels of nearly all the proliferation associated genes. Finally, we examined in further detail the transitions between HSC, ELP and pro B cells. We found 25 genes to be differently expressed in the ELP population in comparison to the HSC and pro-B populations, including IGJ, BCL2 and BLNK. To identify combinations of markers that could better discriminate the ELP population, we also performed a gene pair class separation test. This resulted in 68 gene pairs with score above 10 that were denoted very good discriminators. For several of the markers the differences in gene expression were verified at the protein level by five colour FACS analysis. Taken together, these results provide new insight into the molecular processes that take place in the early human B cell differentiation, and in particular provide new information regarding expression of genes in the ELP population.
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Murphy, Stephen A., Sarah M. Legge, Joanne Heathcote, and Eridani Mulder. "The effects of early and late-season fires on mortality, dispersal, physiology and breeding of red-backed fairy-wrens (Malurus melanocephalus)." Wildlife Research 37, no. 2 (2010): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr09007.
Full textAbstract:
Context. Mismanaged fire is one of the main processes threatening biodiversity in northern Australian savannas. While the suite of species adversely affected by fire has been quite well documented, empirical studies that seek to identify the ecological mechanisms that underpin these declines are rare. This dearth of mechanistic knowledge is hindering the refinement and development of conservation management practices and policy, such as early dry-season prescribed burning programmes. Aims. Our aim was to describe why red-backed fairy-wrens (RBWs; Malurus melanocephalus) decline after fire, as shown by previous studies. Methods. We examined the effects of early and late dry-season fire (and an unburnt control) on the mortality, dispersal, physiology and breeding of colour-marked RBWs. We also tested whether the early fire area became an important refuge after the late fire. Key results. Neither fire treatment caused a detectable increase in mortality. Individuals relocated short distances to unburnt habitat following both fires. Some individuals used the early fire area after the late fire, but only if they were already living nearby and most also relied on adjacent unburnt habitat. Blood-parasite infection and pectoral-muscle attrition were unaffected by the treatments. The early fire caused loss of body mass at a time when the control population gained mass after breeding, whereas the late fire had no effect on mass. Blood haemoglobin concentrations in birds affected by the late fire deviated from the levels observed in the control population, presumably because of disruption of behaviours associated with the onset of the breeding season. Mayfield estimations of daily egg-survival probability showed no difference among the treatments, whereas the daily probability of nestling survival was significantly lower in the late fire area. Pairs affected by the late fire also had a shorter breeding season and none attempted multiple broods after earlier successes. Conclusions. Our results suggest that the reproductive output of RBWs is low following late dry-season fire, and that this is the main mechanism that explains their decline. Implications. This study provides support for the value of using early dry-season prescribed burning to limit the effects of late dry-season wildfire. However, there are important caveats to this, such as the retention of near-by unburnt habitat, and the consideration of variable regeneration rates for different vegetation types.
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Rader, Fieke, Rita Traversi, Mirko Severi, Silvia Becagli, Kim-Janka Müller, Konstantina Nakoudi, and Christoph Ritter. "Overview of Aerosol Properties in the European Arctic in Spring 2019 Based on In Situ Measurements and Lidar Data." Atmosphere 12, no. 2 (February 17, 2021): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12020271.
Full textAbstract:
In this work, we analysed aerosol measurements from lidar and PM10 samples around the European Arctic site of Ny-Ålesund during late winter–early spring 2019. Lidar observations above 700 m revealed time-independent values for the aerosol backscatter coefficient (ββ), colour ratio (CR), linear particle depolarisation ratio (δδ) and lidar ratio (LR) from January to April. In contrast to previous years, in 2019 the early springtime backscatter increase in the troposphere, linked to Arctic haze, was not observed. In situ nss-sulphate (nss-SO42−) concentration was measured both at a coastal (Gruvebadet) and a mountain (Zeppelin) station, a few kilometres apart. As we employed different measurement techniques at sites embedded in complex orography, we investigated their agreement. From the lidar perspective, the aerosol load (indicated by ββ) above 700 m changed by less than a factor of 3.5. On the contrary, the daily nss-SO42− concentration erratically changed by a factor of 25 (from 0.1 to 2.5 ng m−3) both at Gruvebadet and Zeppelin station, with the latter mostly lying above the boundary layer. Moreover, daily nss-SO42− concentration was remarkably variable (correlation about 0.7 between the sites), despite its long-range origin. However, on a seasonal average basis the in situ sites agreed very well. Therefore, it can be argued that nss-SO42− advection mainly takes place in the lowest free troposphere, while under complex orography it is mixed downwards by local boundary layer processes. Our study suggests that at Arctic sites with complex orography ground-based aerosol properties show higher temporal variability compared to the free troposphere. This implies that the comparison between remote sensing and in situ observations might be more reasonable on longer time scales, i.e., monthly and seasonal basis even for nearby sites.