Journal articles: 'Early chinese writing'

1

Boltz, William G. "Early Chinese writing." World Archaeology 17, no. 3 (February 1986): 420–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00438243.1986.9979980.

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Zhang, Lan, Li Yin, and Rebecca Treiman. "Chinese children's early knowledge about writing." British Journal of Developmental Psychology 35, no. 3 (December 26, 2016): 349–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12171.

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Zhang, Chenyi, Gary E. Bingham, Xiao Zhang, Sara A. Schmitt, David J. Purpura, and Fuyi Yang. "Untangling Chinese preschoolers’ early writing development: associations among early reading, executive functioning, and early writing skills." Reading and Writing 33, no. 5 (December 16, 2019): 1263–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11145-019-10006-3.

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VRHOVSKI, Jan. "Apologeticism in Chinese Nestorian Documents from the Tang Dynasty: Notes on Some Early Traces of Aristotelianism in China." Asian Studies 1, no. 2 (November 29, 2013): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/as.2013.1.2.53-70.

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Founded on the fact of otherwise deep connections of Nestorianism to the Aristotelian philosophy, this article hopes to shed some light on the possibility of a concurrent transmission of Aristotelianism (with Nestorianism) to China. This writing proposes that the transmission already took place during the early period of the presence of this form of Christianity in China. Taking a brief look into some representative writings about the Nestorian doctrine written in the Chinese language, this writing hopes to establish some modest, though still relevant, connections between Aristotelian concepts on the one hand, and some fragments of the mentioned Chinese writings on the other.

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Caldwell, Ernest. "Social Change and Written Law in Early Chinese Legal Thought." Law and History Review 32, no. 1 (February 2014): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248013000606.

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What societal factors prompt the shift from legal practices based upon oral or customary law to the development of new legal institutions predicated upon bodies of written law? Certainly the presence within a given society of a functional writing system, whether indigenously developed or cross-culturally borrowed, is a prerequisite for the creation ofwrittenlaw. Several scholars, however, notably anthropologists and sociologists, have argued that the mere presence of writing does not necessarily result in the immediate, or inevitable, development of certain sociopolitical institutions dependent upon the technological capacities that writing offers. These same scholars warn that assigning such a monocausal role to writing reduces the multifaceted complexity of a social phenomenon, such as the development of written law, to a teleological inevitability. Instead, many believe that writing provides what Jack Goody has called “potentialities” for types of developments and alternative configurations of social organization. That is to say, the technological capacities of writing provide the potential for specific institutional developments, such as the use of written law; however, for such potential to be actualized, there must first exist within the society an acknowledgement of a social need, with a concomitant consciousness that that need can best be satisfied through the implementation of a form of writing.

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Arekeeva, Yu E. "METHODS OF TEACHING HIEROGLYPHIC WRITING AT AN EARLY AGE." Russian Journal of Multilingualism and Education 12 (December 25, 2020): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2500-0748-2020-12-52-60.

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In recent years, there has been a steady increase of interest in learning the Chinese language, starting from an early age. However, the learning process at the initial stages is fraught with many difficulties, one of which is associated with memorizing a pictorial element – a hieroglyph. The present study is relevant due to the lack of studies on the methods of teaching hieroglyphic writing to preschoolers and younger students. The aim of the work is to create a productive system for teaching Chinese characters at tender age. The present article examines the difficulties arising in the study of Chinese writing, the special aspects of the study of hieroglyphic writing by preschoolers and younger schoolchildren, as well as proposes some methods of teaching hieroglyphics in this age group. The conducted research made it possible to formulate some conclusions. Due to the multidimensionality of the Chinese language, which distinguishes it from the Romance languages, the study of hieroglyphics in the classroom is not prevalent, giving way to the development of children’s oral speech skills. However, even in limited conditions, the teacher needs to lay the foundation for the formulation of graphic skills, etymological and structural analysis of hieroglyphs, relying on game forms of information presentation. Teaching hieroglyphic writing to children at an early age is a complex process which is associated, on the one hand, with the characteristic features of the Chinese language, and, on the other hand, with the psychoemotional features of children of this age group. To address the issues that arise during the learning process, a number of methods are proposed which could contribute to a deeper acquisition of hieroglyphic material. To increase the motivation to study, the teacher should, taking into account the specific situation, combine various approaches to teaching hieroglyphic writing. Further detailed discussions with Chinese teachers, as well as the development of teaching aids and recommendations for both preschoolers and primary schoolchildren are extremely important for creating a comprehensive and effective system of hieroglyphics teaching to children at an early age.

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Arekeeva, Yu E. "METHODS OF TEACHING HIEROGLYPHIC WRITING AT AN EARLY AGE." Russian Journal of Multilingualism and Education 12 (December 25, 2020): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2500-0748-2020-12-52-60.

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In recent years, there has been a steady increase of interest in learning the Chinese language, starting from an early age. However, the learning process at the initial stages is fraught with many difficulties, one of which is associated with memorizing a pictorial element – a hieroglyph. The present study is relevant due to the lack of studies on the methods of teaching hieroglyphic writing to preschoolers and younger students. The aim of the work is to create a productive system for teaching Chinese characters at tender age. The present article examines the difficulties arising in the study of Chinese writing, the special aspects of the study of hieroglyphic writing by preschoolers and younger schoolchildren, as well as proposes some methods of teaching hieroglyphics in this age group. The conducted research made it possible to formulate some conclusions. Due to the multidimensionality of the Chinese language, which distinguishes it from the Romance languages, the study of hieroglyphics in the classroom is not prevalent, giving way to the development of children’s oral speech skills. However, even in limited conditions, the teacher needs to lay the foundation for the formulation of graphic skills, etymological and structural analysis of hieroglyphs, relying on game forms of information presentation. Teaching hieroglyphic writing to children at an early age is a complex process which is associated, on the one hand, with the characteristic features of the Chinese language, and, on the other hand, with the psychoemotional features of children of this age group. To address the issues that arise during the learning process, a number of methods are proposed which could contribute to a deeper acquisition of hieroglyphic material. To increase the motivation to study, the teacher should, taking into account the specific situation, combine various approaches to teaching hieroglyphic writing. Further detailed discussions with Chinese teachers, as well as the development of teaching aids and recommendations for both preschoolers and primary schoolchildren are extremely important for creating a comprehensive and effective system of hieroglyphics teaching to children at an early age.

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8

Treiman, Rebecca, and Li Yin. "Early differentiation between drawing and writing in Chinese children." Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 108, no. 4 (April 2011): 786–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2010.08.013.

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9

Li, Jialei. "An aggregate approach to diachronic variation in modern Chinese writings and translations." Asian Languages and Linguistics 2, no. 1 (July 30, 2021): 110–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/alal.20039.li.

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Abstract Modern Chinese took the place of classical Chinese and has been the standard form of writing since the early 1920s. While several studies have been carried out on diachronic variation in modern written Chinese, these include few aggregate investigations. This study examines the diachronic variation in modern Chinese writings and translations from the 1900s to the 2000s. Frequencies of multiple linguistic features sensitive to historical change were drawn from a multi-genre comparable corpus, ‘DCMCWT’, containing five periods: 1900–1911, 1919–1930, 1931–1949, 1950–1966, and 1978–2012. Hierarchical agglomerative clustering was employed for periodisation, while multidimensional scaling supplemented the developmental path. The results suggest that Chinese writings and translations fall into three broad periods: 1900–1911, 1919–1966, and 1978–2012. Chinese translations follow a similar evolutionary path as the writings, and the gap between them, narrowed from 1900 to 2012. This developmental path corresponds to the socio-historical backgrounds in Chinese history and shares similarities and differences with the development of English. Diachronic variation in early modern Chinese mirrors that of English in that both languages developed to be more colloquial and interactive. However, early modern Chinese is different from English, as diglossia has played a crucial evolutionary role.

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Stroganova, N. A. "FEATURES OF CHINESE EPISTOLOGRAPHY AT AN EARLY STAGE OF ITS FORMATION." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series History and Philology 29, no. 6 (December 25, 2019): 997–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9534-2019-29-6-997-1004.

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The article is devoted to the consideration of writing letters - one of the oldest prose genres in the world literature. In contrast to the Western epistolary heritage, not deprived of the attention of researchers, Chinese epistolary literature and culture are still little studied areas of synology. In this article, we will find out the role that epistolography played in the life of ancient Chinese people, trace the emergence and formation of traditional Chinese epistolography, note the various types of material carriers of epistolary text, clarify the details of the process of writing and sending a letter, try to “find” the genre nature of writing, schematically denote its typological structure; we will list the most common epistolary topoi, outline the themes prevailing in letters, highlight the key function of a letter, the allegorical perception of a letter in the minds of the ancient (and not only) Chinese. The article is intended to vividly show that the fictional epistle in the form in which it originated and developed in the depths of traditional Chinese literature deserves a more detailed examination and is capable of generating interest not only among specialists, but also among a wide circle of readers.

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11

Bottéro, Françoise, William G. Boltz, and Francoise Bottero. "The Origin and Early Development of the Chinese Writing System." Journal of the American Oriental Society 116, no. 3 (July 1996): 574. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/605196.

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12

Packard, Jerome L., and William G. Boltz. "The Origin and Early Development of the Chinese Writing System." Language 72, no. 4 (December 1996): 801. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/416104.

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13

Hinsch, Bret. "TEXTILES AND FEMALE VIRTUE IN EARLY IMPERIAL CHINESE HISTORICAL WRITING." NAN NÜ 5, no. 2 (2003): 170–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852603322691119.

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AbstractIn China, cloth making became more than just an economic activity. The female cloth maker was an important cultural image in early imperial China. Writers of various persuasions agreed that making cloth is a highly virtuous female activity, although they disagreed as to why this particular kind of labor is good. The moralization of cloth making became an important component of early Chinese female identity. Influential male writers and women of different social strata deployed this image for powerful rhetorical effect.

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14

Postgate, Nicholas, Tao Wang, and Toby Wilkinson. "The evidence for early writing: utilitarian or ceremonial?" Antiquity 69, no. 264 (September 1995): 459–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00081874.

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A comparison of the evidence for the earliest scripts in different parts of the world suggests that an apparent preponderance of ceremonial; and symbolic usage should not be interpreted too literally. It seems to have more to do with archaeological preservation–the better survival in archaeological contexts of the durable materials preferred as vehicles for ceremonial texts–than with any deep-seated differences in the function of the scripts. It may well be that the earliest Chinese, Egyptian or Mesoamerican texts were largely as utilitarian in their application as those of Mesopotamia.

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15

Ma, Kan-Wen. "The Roots and Development of Chinese Acupuncture: From Prehistory to Early 20Th Century." Acupuncture in Medicine 10, no. 1_suppl (November 1992): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/aim.10.suppl.92.

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The use of stone Acupuncture needles, the “Bian Shi”, is reported in several ancient Chinese manuscripts, pointing the origin of this form of medical treatment to Western China in the stone age. Early writings on silk fabrics and on stone have been retrieved from tombs and elsewhere to provide a fascinating insight on the useage and developement of acupuncture. Over many centuries the tradition has been passed between generations of physician-acupuncturist families who were the attendants of Emperors, and the leaders of the medical profession, teaching and writing texts that were studied throughout the East.

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16

ZHANG, JUAN, CATHERINE McBRIDE-CHANG, RICHARD K. WAGNER, and SHINGFONG CHAN. "Uniqueness and overlap: Characteristics and longitudinal correlates of native Chinese children's writing in English as a foreign language." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 17, no. 2 (May 30, 2013): 347–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728913000163.

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Longitudinal predictors of writing composition in Chinese and English written by the same 153 Hong Kong nine-year-old children were tested, and their production errors within the English essays across ten categories, focusing on punctuation, spelling, and grammar, were compared to errors made by ninety American nine-year-olds writing on the same topic. The correlation between quality of the compositions in Chinese and English was .53. In stepwise regression analyses examining early predictors at ages between five and nine years, tasks of speed or fluency were consistently uniquely associated with Chinese writing composition; measures of English vocabulary knowledge, word reading, or both were consistently uniquely associated with English writing quality. Compared to the American children, Chinese children's writing reflected significantly higher proportions of errors in all grammatical categories but did not differ in punctuation or spelling. Findings underscore both similarities and differences in writing at different levels across languages.

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Wong, Cynthia F. "Anonymity and Self-Laceration in Early Twentieth Century Chinese Immigrant Writing." MELUS 24, no. 4 (1999): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/468170.

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Wells, Matthew. "Self as Historical Artifact: Ge Hong and Early Chinese Autobiographical Writing." Early Medieval China 2003, no. 1 (June 2003): 71–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/152991003788138465.

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Zhao, Pei, Jing Zhao, Xuchu Weng, and Su Li. "Event-related potential evidence in Chinese children." International Journal of Behavioral Development 42, no. 3 (May 24, 2017): 311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025417708341.

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Visual word N170 is an index of perceptual expertise for visual words across different writing systems. Recent developmental studies have shown the early emergence of visual word N170 and its close association with individual’s reading ability. In the current study, we investigated whether fine-tuning N170 for Chinese characters could emerge after short-term literacy learning in young pre-literate children. Two groups of Chinese preschool children were trained for visual identification and free writing respectively. Results showed that visual identification learning led to enhanced N170 sensitivity to characters over radical-combinations in the left hemisphere and line-combinations in the right hemisphere, and writing learning led to enhanced N170 sensitivity to characters over radical-combinations and line-combinations in the right hemisphere. These results suggested that the N170 component became more sensitive for the local graphic feature (strokes) of characters rapidly after brief literacy learning even in young children; and writing learning experiences specifically led to enhanced orthographic sensitivity in the right hemisphere.

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Surowen, D. A. "INFLUENCE OF BUDDHISM ON THE EXPANSION OF WRITING IN THE MID SIXTH CENTURY YAMATO." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University, no. 4 (December 23, 2018): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2018-4-79-92.

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The article features the influence of Buddhism, which appeared in Japan in the first half of the VI century, on the expansion of writing and written culture in Yamato. The author believes that the Chinese dynastic stories underestimated the expansion of writing in Japan during the VI century in their wish to link the appearance of the written language with Buddhism, which contradicts the finds of ancient Japanese epigraphic inscriptions on swords and mirrors made in the V century. The confusion in the Chinese sources probably arose from the ancient tradition of talking knots and cuts on wooden plates in the early VI century. Yamato had to refuse from this practice when Buddhism entered Japan in the early VI century. First, Buddhism was introduced at the court of the unrecognized Yamato ruler, prince Hironiwa (future Kimmei) in 538 A.D. It was officially recognized during his rule in 552 A.D., which was confirmed by the Chinese dynastic histories. To read Buddhist literature and write in good Chinese, new Japanese adepts and scientists had to master thieroglyphic writing.

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Zhang, Yu. "Writing Gender in Early Modern Chinese Women’s Tanci Fiction by Li Guo." Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature 41, no. 1 (March 2022): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tsw.2022.0007.

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Lupke, Christopher. "Writing Gender in Early Modern Chinese Women's Tanci Fiction by Li Guo." Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature 76, no. 1 (March 2022): 139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rmr.2022.0009.

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23

Li, Xueqin, Garman Harbottle, Juzhong Zhang, and Changsui Wang. "The earliest writing? Sign use in the seventh millennium BC at Jiahu, Henan Province, China." Antiquity 77, no. 295 (March 2003): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00061329.

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Early Neolithic graves at Jiahu, Henan Province, China, include tortoise shells which are incised with signs – some of which anticipate later Chinese characters and may be intended as words. Is this the earliest writing? The authors decide rather that the signs in this very early period performed as symbols connected with ritual practice, but they presage a long period of sign use which led eventually to a writing system.

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Smith, Adam D. "EARLY CHINESE MANUSCRIPT WRITINGS FOR THE NAME OF THE SAGE EMPEROR SHUN 舜, AND THE LEGACY OF WARRING STATES-PERIOD ORTHOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN EARLY CHINESE RECEIVED TEXTS." Early China 40 (2017): 63–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eac.2017.12.

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AbstractThe graph used to write the name of the mythical emperor Shun 舜 in received texts is a puzzling one. It is not obvious that any component in the graph, as it appears today, is semantically motivated, nor is there any element well suited to representing the name Shun phonetically. Texts like theShuowen jiezi說文解字 preserve an alternate writing of the name under the rubric “guwen古文,” but this too is hard to analyze in terms of the semantic and phonological motivation of the graph components. Without a clear understanding of why the name Shun is written the way it is, a reliable reconstruction of its Old Chinese pronunciation is difficult, and many of the graphic and phonological associations with “Shun” and related words made by early Chinese script, texts, and commentaries would be opaque.A graph that is clearly writing the name Shun, seen for the first time in two of the Warring States-period manuscripts from Guodian 郭店, partially resolved these difficulties, and in particular the question of the phonological spelling of the name. This in turn allows a series of interesting textual problems to be resolved. This article presents a selection of these, and discusses their implications for the history of the Chinese script and for textual transmission.

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Richter, Matthias L. "The Fickle Brush: Chinese Orthography in the Age of Manuscripts: A Review of Imre Galambos's Orthography of Early Chinese writing: Evidence from Newly Excavated Manuscripts." Early China 31 (2007): 171–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0362502800001838.

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In the past decade, it seems, the study of early Chinese manuscripts has at last begun to move from its rather marginal position as a highly specialized subject into the mainstream of scholarship on the Warring States and early imperial periods. This is certainly due in part to the impressive quantity of manuscripts found so far. A still more important factor is probably the fact that the manuscripts recovered to date now include a significant number of politico-philosophical texts. While literature of a more technical nature has attracted attention only in smaller circles of scholars, these more generally appealing finds have spurred a markedly increased interest in early Chinese manuscripts both in China and in the West. This is also reflected by the vast improvement in the quality of publications with regard both to photographic reproduction and to transcription and/or interpretation. The field of palaeography has accordingly gained visibility and esteem. It hardly need be mentioned that orthography is a vital concern in reading manuscripts. Many books and articles on the manuscripts consequently touch upon the subject of orthography when they interpret manuscripts or discuss special palaeographic issues, or when they address the Chinese writing system in a more general way. Yet, to my knowledge, Imre Galambos’s Orthography of Early Chinese Writing is the first monograph ever to elevate the question of early Chinese manuscript orthography to the status of its central subject matter.

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Huang, Hong. "From “Chinese bound feet” to “Chinese lover(s)” – excerpts from Marguerite Duras: La chambre noire de l’écriture." Chinese Semiotic Studies 18, no. 2 (May 1, 2022): 259–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/css-2022-2060.

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Abstract This paper draws on a translated and adapted excerpt from the author’s book, Marguerite Duras: La chambre noire de l’écriture (2021) (original title: 玛格丽特·杜拉斯:写作的暗房). Starting with Marguerite Duras’s unpublished essay, “Les petits pieds de la Chine,” written around 1950, this paper aims to reveal how childhood memories are generated and transformed into Duras’s typical mode of writing about the self over time, which holds good for understanding and analyzing the five versions of lover(s) that Duras created from the 1940s to the early 1990s. The theme and destination of Duras’s creation is not so much love as writing, which never stops generating “another possibility of returning to the original book.”

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김병문. "A Study of Chinese Writing Based on Korean Reading in Early Modern Korea." DONG BANG HAK CHI ll, no. 165 (March 2014): 101–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17788/dbhc.2014..165.004.

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R, Ramya. "Early Japanese Literature from Kojiki to Kaifuso: Subject Matter and Compilation." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, no. 3 (June 29, 2022): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22310.

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This paper attempts to introduce the early Japanese literature, historically. In this attempt, it covers the early modes of writing Japanese literature, use of Chinese for writing Japanese literature/history, the creation of Kana script system and its subsequent usage by the later writers. The paper deals with the emergence of early canonical literary works such as ‘Kojiki’, ‘Nihonshouki’, ‘Fudoki’, and ‘Kaifuso’, their subject matter and modes of compilation. It also discusses the existing comparative literary research undertaken so far to provide an idea for further work in this area. And this paper excludes the canonical text, ‘Manyoshu’ as there are a plenty of scholarly works and a direct translation of Volume ten of Manyoshu already available in Tamil.

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Henry, Eric. "WAI-YEE LI. THE READABILITY OF THE PAST IN EARLY CHINESE HISTORIOGRAPHY." Early China 37 (December 2014): 575–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eac.2014.21.

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This book is, as the author says in her introduction, “a systematic study of Zuo zhuan,” a “vast repertory of narratives and speeches spanning the 255 years from 722 to 468 BCE.” This text, which, in the form known to us, is tentatively dated by most to the fourth century b.c.e., is where Chinese historical writing begins. As the author also notes, this work “has been accorded a truth status that eludes many other early Chinese texts.” I would suggest that this status arises from 1) the great masses of minute and seemingly factual detail that occur throughout its narratives and 2) its freedom from the obvious anachronisms and absurdities that afflict all other early Chinese historical works, including the all-but-universally venerated Shi ji, or Records of the Historian.

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Pregadio, Fabrizio. "The Man-Bird Mountain: Writing, Prophecy, and Revelation in Early China." International Journal of Divination and Prognostication 2, no. 1 (February 17, 2021): 29–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25899201-12340013.

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Abstract The Taoist Canon (Daozang) contains a remarkable illustration entitled Renniao shan tu, or Chart of the Man-Bird Mountain, found in a text originally dating from the mid-fifth century. Other Taoist works describe this mountain as the ultimate origin of revealed scriptures and even of the entire Canon. In this article, I examine three main themes related to the Chart. The first is the role of birds in traditional accounts of the origins of Chinese writing. The second theme concerns the function of birds in the revelation of prophetic charts and texts, described in Han-dynasty “weft texts.” The third theme is the early narratives focused on the so-called “winged men” (yuren). This is followed by an analysis of the Chart, including its inscriptions, and of the text that contains it. An appendix provides translations of the inscriptions and of similar passages found in other Taoist sources.

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Meisterernst. "Grammatical Innovation and Linguistic Register: Historical Writing from Late Archaic to Early Medieval Chinese." Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 170, no. 1 (2020): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.170.1.0163.

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32

Tse, Linda Fung Ling, Andrew Man Hong Siu, and Cecilia Wai Ping Li-Tsang. "Assessment of early handwriting skill in kindergarten children using a Chinese name writing test." Reading and Writing 32, no. 2 (May 12, 2018): 265–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11145-018-9861-6.

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PERFETTI, CHARLES A., YING LIU, JULIE FIEZ, JESSICA NELSON, DONALD J. BOLGER, and LI-HAI TAN. "Reading in two writing systems: Accommodation and assimilation of the brain's reading network." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 10, no. 2 (July 2007): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728907002891.

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Bilingual reading can require more than knowing two languages. Learners must acquire also the writing conventions of their second language, which can differ in its deep mapping principles (writing system) and its visual configurations (script). We review ERP (event-related potential) and fMRI studies of both Chinese–English bilingualism and Chinese second language learning that bear on the system accommodation hypothesis: the neural networks acquired for one system must be modified to accommodate the demands of a new system. ERP bilingual studies demonstrate temporal indicators of the brain's experience with L1 and L2 and with the frequency of encounters of words in L2. ERP learning studies show that early visual processing differences between L1 and L2 diminish during a second term of study. fMRI studies of learning converge in finding that learners recruit bilateral occipital-temporal and also middle frontal areas when reading Chinese, similar to the pattern of native speakers and different from alphabetic reading. The evidence suggests an asymmetry: alphabetic readers have a neural network that accommodates the demands of Chinese by recruiting neural structures less needed for alphabetic reading. Chinese readers have a neural network that partly assimilates English into the Chinese system, especially in the visual stages of word identification.

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Hegel, Robert E. "Traditional Chinese Fiction—The State of the Field." Journal of Asian Studies 53, no. 2 (May 1994): 394–426. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2059840.

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The field of traditional chinese fiction studiesis as diverse in its approaches and findings as the body of material included in the termxiaoshuo, with which the modern field imprecisely corresponds. As a term for classifying writings in early China,xiaoshuoseemingly meant “other” works that did not fit into the major category of narrative, i.e., history. In the bibliographical section of Ban Gu's (c.e. 32–92)Han shu, theYiwen zhi, titles identified asxiaoshuoapparently were miscellaneous writings of no uniform characteristics or content. In theHan shubibliography,xiaoshuowere classified under thezhuzior “miscellaneous philosophers”; during the Six Dynasties period these writings were grouped in thezior “philosophers” section of thesibu, the durable four-fold bibliographic division of all writing originated in the third century and still in use. ThisHan shudesignation reflected the assumption thatxiaoshuoare or should be generally “discursive,” even if they are of less significance than formal philosophical works. The clear discrimination between verifiable narrative works (hence historical) and fanciful (or fictitious) writings was a product of the Tang period; however, the assignment of fictionalxiaoshuoto the same category as philosophy continued then as well. Like Aristotle, early Chinese bibliographers saw general truth, rather than the specific truth of history, as the operative criterion in fiction, despite the origins of many fictional narrative conventions in historiography (see K. J. DeWoskin, “Six DynastiesChih-kuai,” esp. p. 46). Twentieth-century scholarly attempts to see the term as synonymous with the modern concept of fiction are frustrated by its original lack of specificity and the fact that patently fictitious (from the modern rationalist perspective) elements appear in all other forms of early literature, both philosophical works (as parables or the flights of imaginative fancy inZhuang zi) and history (in fabricated conversations and fantastic events). While it may be argued that a term like “narrative,” with its coincident concern for story, discourse, and conventions (using distinctions drawn by Seymour Chatman,Coming to Terms[Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990], pp. 9, 83, 117, etc.), would more adequately serve to describe the range of materials modern scholars might address, because the termxiaoshuostill delineates the field for its specialists, narratives in philosophy and history are usually disallowed, and there is no general agreement on criteria by which to identify its earliest examples (see Hou Zongyi,Liuchao xiaoshuo shi, pp. 1–4, for a history of the term).

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Baycroft, Anne. "Narratives of Religious Landscape: Reading Gender and Chinese Buddhism in the Travel Writing of Christian Women." Religions 13, no. 11 (November 4, 2022): 1062. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13111062.

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This article explores the narrative descriptions of the Chinese religious landscape embedded within nineteenth century Christian missionary writings. I demonstrate the potential use of Protestant missionary writings as sources in the academic study of religion in China for both the physical descriptions of religious places that they contain and the narratives they express regarding the religious activities and identities of Chinese women. Of particular interest to this study are the religious encounters experienced between Christian and Buddhist women. My analysis of the travel writings of three Protestant women, Eliza Bridgeman (1805–1871), Helen Nevius (1833–1910), and Isabelle Williamson (d. 1886), illustrates that Chinese women were highly active within sacred spaces across China. This article contributes to discourses on the history of women and Chinese Buddhism, offers historiographical insights into the origins of Western academic studies of Buddhism in China, and provides alternate source material for information about religious continuity and change in early modern China.

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Hul, Ołeksandra. "Transformational peculiarities within Chinese lyrical genres." Bibliotekarz Podlaski Ogólnopolskie Naukowe Pismo Bibliotekoznawcze i Bibliologiczne 48, no. 3 (November 1, 2020): 283–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.36770/bp.531.

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The article reveals the historical transformations of Chinese poetry, namely the changes in lyrical genres from the Archaic period of “Fu” (“赋”) invariants and early authors’ poetry to the genre varieties of contemporary (modern) poetry “新诗” of the 20th–21st centuries. In the review we briefly name the key oriental researchers who made a great contribution to the studies of oriental literature based on authentic texts. The article tells how the key archaic genres, such as “Fu” (“赋”), “Shi” (“诗”), “Qi” (“词”) and “Qu” (“曲”) were the grass roots of the differentiation of lyrical genres. In this context we name the pristine origins of the early lyrical genres, returning the reader back to 《诗经》. We give the names of the founding fathers and representatives of each genre, providing examples of the most brilliant poetry, written within the early and classical literary periods. In the article we try to systematize the knowledge available on the topic, comparing the Eastern and the Western tradition of lyrical writing. We aim to show how archaic Chinese poetry came out of prose, transformed in time over more than 2000 years, and lost its primeval classical and traditional Chinese style, but preserved the unique code of the nation and almost returned to prose in the 20th–21st centuries.

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Willcock, Hiroko. "Japanese Modernization and the Emergence of New Fictwn in Early Twentieth Century China: A Study of Liang Qichao." Modern Asian Studies 29, no. 4 (October 1995): 817–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x0001619x.

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Inspired by Japanese influences among others the late Qing period saw a great surge in the writing of fiction after 1900. The rate of growth was unprecedented in the history of Chinese literature. The great surge coincided with rapid socio-political changes that China underwent in the last fifteen years of the Qing Dynasty. At the psychological level, the humiliating defeat by Japan in 1895 gave rise to a feeling of urgency for reform among some progressively minded Chinese intellectuals. Those reformers came to view fiction as a powerful medium to further their reform causes and to arouse among the people the awareness of the changes they believed China most urgently required. Fiction was no longer considered as constituting insignificant and trivial writings. It was no longer the idle pastime of retired literati composed to entertain a small circle of their friends, or written by a discontented recluse to vent a personal grudge through a brush. The role of fiction came to be defined in relation to its utility as an influence on politics and society and its artistic quality was subordinated to such a definition.

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Zhao (趙永春), Yongchun, and Anran Chi (遲安然). "The Earliest “China”: The Concept of Zhongguo during the Xia, Shang, and Western Zhou Dynasties." Journal of Chinese Humanities 8, no. 3 (December 1, 2022): 303–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23521341-12340138.

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Abstract The inscription of “He Zun” 何尊 and the “Zicai” 梓材 in Shangshu 尚書, both of which record events during the early Western Zhou dynasty, are historical texts containing the earliest appearance of the term zhongguo 中國. The zhongguo in those texts was a concept which was extremely rich in meaning. It does not refer specifically to the Luoyang 洛陽 region, which was then considered the heart of the Chinese kingdom, but rather refers to the capital in a geographical sense as well as the state in a political sense. When zhongguo first appeared in writing, it did not refer to China and Chinese culture yet. It was neither a racial concept which referred specifically to the Chinese race, nor a cultural concept which referred to Chinese culture. When zhongguo first appeared in writing during the early Zhou dynasty, it was a written record of the concept of zhongguo which was already in wide circulation in society at that time. In fact, the concept of zhongguo probably originated even before the early Western Zhou dynasty. Noting the origins of concepts such as zhong 中 and dizhong 地中 (the center of the land), some archaeologists have concluded that zhongguo first appeared during the Taosi 陶寺 period, the Miaodigou 廟底溝 period, or the Erlitou 二里頭 period. Studying these archaeological findings in conjunction with recounts regarding zhongguo in historical texts, it is probably historically accurate to date the earliest appearance of the concept of zhongguo to the founding of the Xia dynasty.

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YANG, JIANFENG, HUA SHU, BRUCE D. McCANDLISS, and JASON D. ZEVIN. "Orthographic influences on division of labor in learning to read Chinese and English: Insights from computational modeling." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 16, no. 2 (September 14, 2012): 354–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728912000296.

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Learning to read in any language requires learning to map among print, sound and meaning. Writing systems differ in a number of factors that influence both the ease and the rate with which reading skill can be acquired, as well as the eventual division of labor between phonological and semantic processes. Further, developmental reading disability manifests differently across writing systems, and may be related to different deficits in constitutive processes. Here we simulate some aspects of reading acquisition in Chinese and English using the same model for both writing systems. The contribution of semantic and phonological processing to literacy acquisition in the two languages is simulated, including specific effects of phonological and semantic deficits. Further, we demonstrate that similar patterns of performance are observed when the same model is trained on both Chinese and English as an “early bilingual”. The results are consistent with the view that reading skill is acquired by the application of statistical learning rules to mappings among print, sound and meaning, and that differences in the typical and disordered acquisition of reading skill between writing systems are driven by differences in the statistical patterns of the writing systems themselves, rather than differences in cognitive architecture of the learner.

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Hemmat, Kaveh. "Chinese Heirs to Muhammad: Writing Islamic History in Early Modern China by J. Lilu Chen." China Review International 26, no. 4 (2019): 256–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cri.2019.0052.

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Wang, Ying, Li Yin, and Catherine McBride. "Unique predictors of early reading and writing: A one-year longitudinal study of Chinese kindergarteners." Early Childhood Research Quarterly 32 (2015): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2015.02.004.

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Kurz, Johannes L. "Gauging the South China Sea: Route Books (genglubu) since 1974." China Quarterly 240 (April 4, 2019): 1135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741019000353.

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AbstractThis research report traces the history of route books (genglubu) from their chance discovery in 1974. It assesses the credibility of these practical nautical guide books as historical sources employed by official agencies in mainland China to claim permanent Chinese occupation of islands in the South China Sea. The route books of Hainan fishermen have a rather short history, having been laid down in writing only in the early 20th century. As contemporary practical nautical guides, they complement the established order of pre-modern Chinese texts used in official publications to describe the South China Sea as historical Chinese territory.

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CHENG, AN CHUNG, HUI-CHUAN LU, and PANAYOTIS GIANNAKOUROS. "The uses of Spanish copulas by Chinese-speaking learners in a free writing task." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 11, no. 3 (November 2008): 301–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728908003532.

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This study investigates the developmental rate of estar production by Chinese-speaking learners in planned written production. The forms of Spanish copula verbs have no equivalent forms in Chinese in pre-adjectival position (i.e. no copula verb exists between a referent and an adjective in Chinese). This contrast between languages provides a number of opportunities for novel insights into copula acquisition, including universality and developmental dynamics. Thus, this research examines, particularly, factors that are associated with estar use in a pre-adjectival position. Unlike early copula acquisition studies which examined accuracy rates, this research examines semantic, pragmatic, and lexical characteristics of copula use (Geeslin, 2000, 2003) within the context of free written essays. Beginner and intermediate level Chinese-speaking learners of Spanish seem to acquire copula choice through a lexical and semantic approach. As learner vocabulary expands, pragmatic and semantic features (prior experience and animate-change) become most salient in relation to higher rates of use of estar in a free writing task. While the research methods of this study differ from those of Geeslin (2000, 2003), some findings are comparable. Results indicate that the methods used here can be used to glean further novel insights from the SLA process of Chinese-speaking learners.

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Rozman, Gilbert. "China's Soviet Watchers in the 1980s: A New Era in Scholarship." World Politics 37, no. 4 (July 1985): 435–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2010340.

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What are Chinese scholars writing about internal developments in the Soviet Union? Are they positive or negative in their assessments of each stage of Soviet history, from the early leadership of Lenin to the recent accession of Gorbachev? What are the consequences that changing Chinese attitudes are likely to have for Sino-Soviet relations? After a quarter-century of the Sino-Soviet split, foreign observers no longer need to grasp at tiny straws of information, or to rely solely on a small number of official documents and authoritative articles. The study of new, published sources can add substantially to our understanding of international perceptions in the socialist world, and can bring us nearer to the elusive goal of learning about debates on foreign policy in communist-led countries. Academic journals and books from the late 1960s in the Soviet Union, and from 1979 in China, present an impressively detailed and intriguingly lively literature on the problems of socialism in the other country. Having previously examined Soviet writings on China, I will introduce Chinese publications on the Soviet Union in this article.

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Wang, Ying, and Catherine McBride. "Beyond Copying." International Journal of Behavioral Development 41, no. 3 (March 21, 2016): 380–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025416637212.

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This study assessed the effects of three intervention programs for Chinese literacy development in kindergartners: the copying (Copy) program; a combined program of copying and Pinyin knowledge (Copy + Pinyin); and a combined program of copying and morphological awareness (Copy + MA). Ninety-seven kindergarteners aged 5–7 years in mainland China (30 in Copy, 32 in Copy + Pinyin, 35 in Copy + MA) participated. Thirty untrained children served as a control group. Children were tested on nonverbal IQ, morphological awareness, orthographic awareness, phonological awareness, invented Pinyin spelling, word reading and writing skills in Chinese. After an eight-week intervention period, children in all three intervention groups progressed significantly more than the control group on literacy skills. Furthermore, the combined program of copying and Pinyin knowledge yielded significantly greater improvement in invented Pinyin spelling than the Copy and control groups. Finally, the combined program of copying and morphological awareness yielded greater improvement in word reading and writing, as well as significantly higher orthographic awareness than other groups. These findings suggest the utility of multi-component interventions for early Chinese literacy learning. That the combined program particularly benefited children’s reading and writing skills at the beginning level suggests that both rote practice and analytic strategies should be emphasized in kindergartens and primary schools in order to produce greater improvements in Chinese literacy acquisition.

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Lee, Ching-Hung, and Yu-Chi Lee. "Effects of Different Finger Grips and Arm Positions on the Performance of Manipulating the Chinese Brush in Chinese Adolescents." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 19 (September 29, 2021): 10291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910291.

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This study aimed to investigate the effects of finger grip and wrist position on Chinese calligraphy handwriting (CCH). Thirty participants were recruited in the study and asked to manipulate the Chinese brush using two finger grip methods (three-finger grip and five-finger grip) and two wrist positions (suspended wrist and raised wrist). Three experimental writing tasks were applied to investigate writing stability, agility, and hand–eye coordination, and to evaluate the completion time (s), area of error (cm2), and error times. Subjective responses (arm aching level, ease of grip, exertion level, and comfort) regarding the four combinations of Chinese brush manipulation were measured. The results indicated significantly better performance with the three-finger grip for the stability and agility tests, and with the five-finger grip for the hand–eye coordination task. Using the suspended wrist position for CCH allowed better agility and hand–eye coordination than the raised wrist position. In consideration of the results of the four operational combinations, the three-finger grip with a suspended wrist position demonstrated the best performance in both objective and subjective measurements. It is recommended for application in the early learning stage. These findings can be considered when teaching Chinese brushes for beginners of CCH in schools.

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TROCKI, CARL A. "Chinese Revenue Farms and Borders in Southeast Asia." Modern Asian Studies 43, no. 1 (January 2009): 335–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x07003393.

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AbstractThis article examines the role of Chinese revenue farmers in defining the borders of the various colonial territories and the states of Southeast Asia during the nineteenth century. Their significance has largely been neglected in writing on the formation of state boundaries. Nicholas Tarling notes, ‘Between the late eighteenth and the early twentieth almost all southeast Asia was divided into colonies or protectorates held by the Western powers, and new boundaries were drawn with the object of avoiding conflict among them’ (Tarling, 2001:44). This paper argues that Chinese revenue farmers were of considerable significance in giving substance to the formalistic pronouncements of remote diplomats and statesmen.

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Terekhova, N. V. "Etymological Analysis Model of the Chinese Hieroglyph: an Experiment." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University 21, no. 1 (May 29, 2019): 270–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2019-21-1-270-284.

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The paper presents a gradual model of etymological analysis of the Chinese hieroglyph. The research was based on the game approach logic expressed in the combination of Russian and Chinese linguistic analysis of Chinese characters. The established rules include verification of the graphic paradigm according to the stages of Chinese writing development. In addition, the rules involve grammatological, structural, semantic, and ideosemantic analyses. Individual research strategy included selection of linguistic, historical, and cultural sources for verification of the graphic-semantic characteristics of the Chinese character. The author applied a combination and sequence of research approaches and introduced an authentic analysis terminology. The authentic terminology was supported by analogies from Russian linguistics, as well as by the experience of etymologization of the character in Chinese philological science. The paper features a model of etymological analysis of the Chinese character. It consists of several stages/types of etymological reconstructions: formal-graphic,grammatical or structural, and semantic (including ideosemantic).The created etymological model was tested on the example of etymologization of the Chinese hieroglyph "cart" 車 che / ju. Its paradigm was verified according to its graphic variants, which belonged to the early stages of ancient Chinese writing, namely jinwen, jiaguwen, and zhuanti. The author determined the graphic-semantic core of the character. Its graphic sensemaking form was systematically analyzed on the basis of verification of its graphic and semantic characteristics. Finally, the author conducted a semantic and ideosemantic analysis of the character, which included historical and archeological data on Chinese material culture. As a result, the study helped to define the etymological meaning of the character.

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Sauer, Rebecca. "An Early Media Transition in the Middle East." Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication 15, no. 1-2 (June 15, 2022): 13–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18739865-01501001.

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Abstract More than 1,000 years prior to the ‘print revolution’, a massive media transformation took place in the Middle East, namely, the introduction of paper during the eighth century. Accompanied by several further technological changes, the new writing surface—purportedly brought to Central Asia by Chinese prisoners of war—led to an increasing availability of written sources, an ‘explosion of books’. In this paper, I examine the details of this early media transformation, survey how literary and historical sources discussed this development and give insight into the developments it entailed in just a few centuries. The main part of the paper deals with sources from the Mamluk period (1250–1517) that witnessed a thorough literarization of all parts of communal and personal life.

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Lee, Horng-Yi. "Linguistic Politeness in the Chinese Language and Culture." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 10, no. 1 (December 24, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1001.01.

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This paper aims to explore the cultural foundations of polite speech and analyze its usage and practice in modern Chinese. A language mirrors the culture it is associated with. Grounded in the Chinese tradition and the teachings of Confucianism, the emphasis on rites, propriety and humility led to the development of polite language from the early imperial time. Because of the absence of related syntactic features, Chinese linguistic politeness is predominantly manifested on the lexical level. A rich array of decorous terms and expressions has been evolved accordingly to express courtesy or respect either verbally or in formal writing. In general, the lexicon of politeness can be classified into four major categories, namely, honorifics, humble language, courteous speech, and euphemisms.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Early chinese writing'

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