Academic literature on the topic 'Early calf nutrition'
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Journal articles on the topic "Early calf nutrition"
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Alford, A. R., L. M. Cafe, P. L. Greenwood, and G. R. Griffith. "Economic effects of nutritional constraints early in life of cattle." Animal Production Science 49, no. 6 (2009): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08266.
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An experiment was conducted at the Grafton Agricultural Research Station on the northern coast of New South Wales whereby low and high pasture nutritional systems were imposed on a herd of Hereford cows during pregnancy and from birth to weaning in a factorial design. Offspring representing extremes of growth to birth and/or weaning were then selected for study of long-term consequences of growth early in life. Implications of the nutritional treatments of cows on subsequent weaning rates were also tested with data from previous studies. The extent to which these extreme maternal nutritional and offspring growth scenarios affected herd profitability was tested with the Beef-N-Omics decision support package. For the representative cattle enterprise modelled, gross margin per hectare ranged from $A114 to $A132. In all cases, the gross margin for those groups with fetal growth based on a higher level of nutrition exceeded that of their peers on a lower level of nutrition. It is more profitable for cows and calves to have access to a high standard of nutrition during pregnancy and up to weaning than for them to have access only to a poor standard of nutrition. Incorporating differential weaning rates following maternal nutritional treatments reduced gross margins per hectare by up to 30%. On average, a 1% reduction in weaning rate resulted in a 4.5% reduction in gross margin. Restricted cow–calf nutrition affects the future cow fertility, as well as the current calf progeny, economically.
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Sherwin, Ginny, Georgina Thomas, and Laura Tennant. "Energized calf milk: is it worth investing in early life nutrition?" Livestock 26, no. 4 (July 2, 2021): 186–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/live.2021.26.4.186.
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Research has indicated that daily liveweight gain (DLWG) is a key component of efficient heifer rearing, in terms of reducing age at first calving as well as future production, health and survival. While DLWG is impacted by multiple factors, one of the main factors is milk feeding, with whole milk (WM) having the optimal composition to maximise DLWGs in heifers. Commercial milk replacers (CMR) have been shown to be highly variable in terms of formulation balance, raw material inclusion and nutrient digestibility. Energized calf milk (ECM) has been designed to have a similar osmolality and lower lactose level than whole milk (WM), resulting in a decreased risk of osmotic diarrhoea. ECM has been designed to have a higher fat content than standard CMRs, with increased digestibility and improved solubility of fats as a result of homogenisation and encapsulation of the fats. Higher levels of fat in CMR has been reported to have potential health benefits, increased DLWG and increased future milk yields. One of the downsides of ECM is the higher price per tonne; however combined with the higher feed conversion efficiency of pre-weaned calves, ECM can result in increased DLWG and potentially decreased health issues and therefore the price per kg weight gain can make ECM an economically viable option, before considering the potential longer-term benefits.
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Cangiano, Lautaro Rostoll, Nilusha Malmuthuge, Tao Ma, Leluo Guan, and Michael A. Steele. "131 Can Maternal Nutrition in Dairy Cattle Impact Gut Health in Dairy Calves?" Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_3 (October 8, 2021): 69–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab235.126.
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Abstract The nutritional management, health and welfare of the dairy calf has historically received less attention due to limited research, and recommendations largely focused on passive transfer of immunity and early weaning strategies. Gastrointestinal diseases and disorders remain the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in dairy calves worldwide. Despite the recent thrust in dairy calf nutrition research, major knowledge gaps still exist regarding how maternal nutrition during pregnancy and postpartum impact gastrointestinal health and function, especially during the fetal and neonatal stages when the developmental plasticity is highest. Recent research has focused on how prepartum nutrition and management can influence colostrum quality and has characterized numerous bioactive proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates that may play a critical role in gastrointestinal function and development. It has also been shown that colostrum plays a fundamental role in promoting colonization with commensal bacteria; however, delaying colostrum feeding or abruptly transitioning calves from colostrum to milk decreased the colonization of beneficial bacteria and impaired gastrointestinal development. With respect to the maternal nutrient supply via milk, it is important to note that calves have been traditionally fed less than half of voluntary intake or fed milk replacer formulations that can largely differ in composition from that of maternal milk. Recent research indicated that common milk replacer formulations may impair gastrointestinal function, highlighting the need to question existing nutritional regimens. In addition, feeding prophylactic antibiotics in milk, as well as waste milk containing antibiotic residues, are common practices in the dairy industry, despite recent studies reporting that these practices can increase calf susceptibility to infections by disrupting gut microbiome and gut function. Although our knowledge how maternal factors impact the gastrointestinal tract of calves is limited, it is clear there are great opportunities to further develop prenatal and postnatal nutritional programs to improve dairy calf gastrointestinal health.
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Gutiérrez, V., A. C. Espasandín, P. Machado, A. Bielli, P. Genovese, and M. Carriquiry. "Effects of calf early nutrition on muscle fiber characteristics and gene expression." Livestock Science 167 (September 2014): 408–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2014.07.010.
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Cardoso, Claudia L., Ailbhe King, Aspinas Chapwanya, and Giulia Esposito. "Ante-Natal and Post-Natal Influences on Neonatal Immunity, Growth and Puberty of Calves—A Review." Animals 11, no. 5 (April 22, 2021): 1212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11051212.
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Calf immunity, growth and puberty are important factors affecting heifer productivity. The first four weeks of age are critical for reducing calf morbidity and mortality. It is well documented that colostrum is paramount to neonatal nutrition and passive immunity, however, adaptation to extra-uterine life starts early during embryonic development. Therefore, successful calf rearing strategies are underpinned by adequate maternal nutrition during gestation, and good colostrum management. A deeper understanding of these interactions paves the way for developing strategies to improve immune responses to environmental pathogens, optimal growth and timely attainment of puberty in calves. The literature reviewed here shows that there are opportunities to enhance the future performance of cattle paying attention to the interaction of nutrition and immunity at each developmental stage. Therefore, the objective of this review is to give the reader an overview of interactions between immunity, growth and puberty in dairy calves and highlight how these influence future performances.
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Diao, Qiyu, Rong Zhang, and Tong Fu. "Review of Strategies to Promote Rumen Development in Calves." Animals 9, no. 8 (July 26, 2019): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9080490.
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Digestive tract development in calves presents a uniquely organized system. Specifically, as the rumen develops and becomes colonized by microorganisms, a calf physiologically transitions from a pseudo-monogastric animal to a functioning ruminant. Importantly, the development of rumen in calves can directly affect the intake of feed, nutrient digestibility and overall growth. Even minor changes in the early feeding regime and nutrition can drastically influence rumen development, resulting in long-term effects on growth, health, and milk yields in adult cattle. Rumen development in newborn calves is one of the most important and interesting areas of calf nutrition. This paper presents a comprehensive review of recent studies of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract development in calves. Moreover, we also describe the effect of the environment in shaping the GI tract, including diet, feed additives and feeding management, as well as discuss the strategies to promote the physiological and microbiological development of rumen.
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Dixon, R. M., L. J. Kidd, D. B. Coates, S. T. Anderson, M. A. Benvenutti, M. T. Fletcher, and D. M. McNeill. "Utilising mobilisation of body reserves to improve the management of phosphorus nutrition of breeder cows." Animal Production Science 57, no. 11 (2017): 2280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an17324.
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Phosphorus (P) deficiency is a major constraint to the productivity of breeder herds grazing low-P rangelands due to adverse effects on growth and fertility. However, P supplementation during the wet season, when additional dietary P is most needed, is often difficult due to practical constraints. Body P reserves in breeders can be mobilised and alleviate dietary P deficiency within an annual cycle. Approaches to estimate bone P reserves and net mobilisation or replenishment of P from the analysis of rib and hip (tuber coxae) biopsies are discussed. In at least some circumstances, breeder cows grazing P-deficient pastures mobilise bone P to alleviate the effects of diet P deficiency. Recent experiments with breeders have investigated mobilisation of body P to alleviate the adverse effects of dietary P deficiency during pregnancy and early lactation, and subsequent replenishment of body P reserves. Both mature cows and first-calf cows (FCC) calving in a high P status and fed severely P-deficient diets during lactation were able to mobilise sufficient body P reserves to provide milk for moderate calf growth (viz. 0.6–0.8 kg liveweight (LW)/day for 3 months), but this was associated with rapid cow-LW loss and markedly decreased bone P content. First-calf cows appear to have lesser capacity than mature cows to mobilise body P. FCC fed P-adequate diets during late pregnancy maintained high voluntary intakes and had higher LW and bone P reserves at calving. When fed a P-deficient diet during early lactation, these greater bone P reserves were utilised. Bone P reserves can be replenished by P-adequate diets fed post-weaning. Breeder management that relies more on mobilising body P reserves when P demands are high and on replacing these body P reserves when P demands are lower offers an opportunity to alleviate the effects of dietary P deficiencies during the early wet season in situations where P supplementation is not possible.
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Wicks, H. C. F., R. J. Fallon, J. Twigge, and L. E. R. Dawson. "Effect of altering the protein intake of autumn-born Holstein-Friesian calves on calf performance." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2005 (2005): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200011042.
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Data from the US (Van Amburgh et al., (2001)) suggests that the current UK recommendations for feeding the neonatal calf (˜500g milk replacer/d, at ˜230 g crude protein per kg fresh milk powder) are inadequate to sustain high growth rates in early life. It has been suggested that increasing nutrition during the first 6-8 weeks of the calf’s life will improve lifetime production, health and fertility. An experiment was therefore initiated to investigate the influence of level of milk replacer feeding and the crude protein content of the milk replacer on calf performance during the first 8 weeks of life, under UK conditions.
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English, A. M., S. Fair, C. J. Byrne, S. M. Waters, and D. A. Kenny. "449 Effect of early calf-hood nutrition on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in Holstein-Friesian bulls." Journal of Animal Science 95, suppl_4 (August 1, 2017): 220–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/asasann.2017.449.
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Coen, Stephen P., David A. Kenny, Sean Fair, Pat Lonergan, and Kate Keogh. "PSVII-41 Late-Breaking Abstract: Impact of enhanced early life nutrition on the testes transcriptional profile of the bull calf." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 341–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.605.
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Abstract Enhanced plane of nutrition and metabolic status are known to progress sexual development in the bull calf. This is facilitated through neuroendocrine signaling in the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular signaling axis. Improved nutrition may lead to early release of hypothalamic gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and the subsequent production of follicle stimulating luteinizing hormones in the anterior pituitary and ultimately development of the testes and sexual development. Nonetheless the precise molecular mechanisms leading to this effect are yet to be expounded. The purpose of this study was to evaluate differentially expressed (DE) genes within the testes of bull calves differentially fed for the first 12 weeks of life. The main functions of the testes are the biosynthesis of androgens by the leydig cells and sperm production by the seminiferous tubules. Accelerating the development of this tissue may lead to enhanced reproductive development at an earlier stage. Holstein Friesian bull calves with a mean (SEM) age and bodyweight of 17.5 (2.8) days and 48.8 (5.3) kg, respectively, were assigned to either a high (H; n = 15) or moderate (M; n = 15) plane of nutrition, to achieve an average target growth rate of 1.0 and 0.5 kg/day, respectively. Calves on H and M received 1.5 and 0.5 kg of milk replacer (MR) per day, reconstituted at 15 and 12.5% (w/v), respectively. Calves on H were offered concentrate ad libitum, while those on M received, 500g day-1. Both groups were offered 500 g of hay daily. At 87 days (±2.141) of age, all calves were euthanized and the testes recovered from all calves. RNA was isolated from all testes samples and subsequently subjected to RNAseq analysis. Calves offered a higher plane of nutrition were heavier at slaughter (112 v 88 kg, P < 0.001), reflective of their higher ADG (0.88 v 0.58 kg, P < 0.001). Similarly, H also had heavier testes (29.2 v 20.1 g, P < 0.05) compared to M calves. Results from RNAseq analysis identified 27 DE genes (p.adj< 0.1; fold change >1.5). Cholesterol biosynthesis was an enriched pathway and reproductive system development was also affected. We also saw that Claudin11 was an up regulated DE gene which is involved in sertoli cell development. The results from this study would advocate that there is potential effects of improved nutrition on reproductive function within the testes of bull calves at 12 weeks of age.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Early calf nutrition"
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Gardner, Jose. "Effects of Gestational Dietary Intake on Calf Growth and Early Feedlot Performance of Offspring." DigitalCommons@USU, 2017. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5395.
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Fetal programming is a relatively new and quickly growing field of research in the livestock industry. The concept of fetal programming is simply defined as the effects a change in maternal nutritional intake has on offspring, whether it be a genetic or physical change. The intention of this study was to specifically look at the effects of nutrient restriction of cows during the second trimester of gestation on the growth and performance of the resulting calves.
In this study, thirty-two cows of predominantly angus influence from the Utah state university herd were chosen, naturally bred to a pure bred angus sire, and then allocated into two treatments: maintenance and restricted. These groups were treated uniformly for first and third trimesters of gestation, while in the second trimester, they were managed in a way that the maintenance group maintained a greater level of body condition and weight compared with the restricted group. Calf growth and performance was measured and compared for effects of fetal programming.
Previous studies in beef found positive effects on carcass characteristics. However, little work has been done to ensure that fetal programming is not detrimental to calves early in life. Though this study did find that nutrient restriction resulted in more excitable cattle, no negative effects caused by programming were found in growth and performance of the offspring.
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Kwak, Wansup. "Lactational, metabolic, and physiological effects of dietary fats and isoacids on early lactating first-calf Holstein heifers." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/91104.
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Forty four first-calf heifers were randomly selected to determine lactational and metabolic responses to high fat diets and isoacids. All heifers were allowed ad libitum consumption of a control diet for the first 2 weeks of lactation and then offered experimental diets Eor the next 4 weeks. Each 6 cows of twenty four were randomly assigned to 1) a control diet (C) with 35.2% corn silage, 14.4% alfalfa haylage and 50.4% concentrate (dry matter basis), 2) C with 2% calcium stearate (S) substituted for corn grain, 3) C with 2% tallow (T) for corn grain, and 4) C with 10% whole cottonseed (W) for corn grain, cottonseed meal and cottonseed hulls. The remaining 20 heifers were randomly assigned to diets C, S, T, and W, each with 4g/kg isoacids added (CI, SI, TI, and WI). Fat supplementation or isoacid addition did not affect milk production. Addition cf isoacid increased milk fat percentage, 4% fat-corrected milk, milk fat production (kg/day) and dry matter intake. Differences due tc isoacid were greatest when added to W. Increased milk lactose percentage and weight gain were evident in animal receiving WI compared to W ration. Fat supplementation depressed percentages cf milk fat, milk lactose and milk solids-not-fat. Milk protein percentage and somatic cell count were not affected by treatments. Plasma glucose,and glucose and epinephrine challenge parameters were not affected by diet. Peak plasma non-esterified fatty acid response to epinephrine injection, detected at 10 to 12 minites, was similar for C, S, T, and W. Concentrations of individual volatile fatty acids (VFA) and total VFA in rumen fluid were increased by fat supplements. Isoacid addition increased the amounts of isobutyrate and isovalerate; however, acetate and total VFA concentrations were decreased compared to CI when isoacids were added to high fat diets. The ratio of acetate to propionate was similar for all diets. Digestibilities cf dry matter, crude protein, and acid detergent fiber were not influenced by diet. The efficiency of energy utilization was highest for control diet. In conclusion, lactational, metabolic, and physiological responses to S, CI, and WI were favorable. Responses to W were lowest.M.S.
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Whitney, Travis Raymond. "Effects of weaning programs on metabolic profiles and hepatic IGF-1 mRNA of first-calf heifers and mature cows, and effects of diet for early-weaned steers on response to an infectious bovine herpesvirus-1 challenge." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280572.
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Effects of weaning on metabolic profiles and hepatic IGF-1 mRNA of beef dams (Trial 1), and diet effects for early-weaned (EW) steers on response to an infectious bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) challenge (Trial 2) were investigated. Trial 1 treatments were arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial and included 14 heifers and 14 cows assigned randomly to one of two treatment regimens: EW (average age of 114 ± 13 d) or normal-weaned (NW, average age of 197 d). Heifers with calves EW experienced a greater increase (parity x weaning; P = 0.02) in BW over heifers with calves NW, but no change in BW due to weaning was observed for cows (P > 0.71). Early weaning (vs. NW) increased (P < 0.05) body condition (BC) and change in BC of all dams. No parity x weaning or parity x weaning x d interactions (P > 0.14) were observed for serum IGF-1, NEFA, or urea nitrogen (SUN). A parity x d interaction (P < 0.05) for hepatic IGF-1 mRNA, serum IGF-1, and SUN was observed, but no differences (P > 0.10) were detected between heifers and cows within d. For Trial 2, backgrounding treatments included a bermudagrass hay diet (CTRL); bermudagrass hay plus soybean meal (SBM) fed at 0.175% of BW (as-fed); bermudagrass hay plus SBM at 0.35% of BW; or a 70% concentrate (CONC) diet. During the receiving phase, all steers were fed CONC and intranasally challenged with BHV-1. Treatment x d interactions (P < 0.01) were observed for serum NEFA, total protein, SUN, glucose, immunoglobulin G (IgG), insulin, and rectal temperature. Three d after the BHV-1 challenge, IgG was greater (P < 0.05) for forage-fed steers vs. CONC. Three and 4 d after the challenge, rectal temperature was greater (P < 0.01) for protein supplemented steers vs. CTRL. Therefore, EW can increase BW and BC of first-calf heifers and decrease SUN in first-calf heifers and mature cows, and a higher quality diet fed to EW steers during a backgrounding phase enhances ADG and G:F, and increases febrile response (measured by rectal temperature) to an infectious BHV-1 respiratory challenge.
Books on the topic "Early calf nutrition"
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Shelov, Steven P., Tanya Remer Altmann, and Robert E. Hannermann, eds. Caring for Your Baby and Young Child, 6th Ed. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/9781581108729.
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NEW 6th edition! This essential resource from the most respected organization on child health is the one guide pediatricians routinely recommend and parents can safely trust. New and updated content includes: New chapter on the effects of media and technology exposure in children Updated Developmental Disability chapter Updated content using the latest cutting-edge research on early brain development Updated breastfeeding and nutrition content and policies Obesity updates Safety standard updates: the latest AAP recommendations, from CPR instruction and immunizations to childproofing tips and product and toy safety Updated content dedicated to sleep and allergies (including food allergies) Special messages for parents and stepfamilies And much more! SAVE up to 50% with volume discounts!* Order 25-249 copies: Save 40%, Price each: $13.80 Order 250-499 copies: Save 50%, Price each: $11.50 For quantities of 500+, call for pricing: 800/433-9016, ext. 7091 or 4837
Book chapters on the topic "Early calf nutrition"
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Mehdi, Ali. "Which Shot of Justice?" In A Shot of Justice, 198–240. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199490592.003.0005.
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This chapter undertakes a critical assessment of five Indian policies pertaining to children and claims of equality of resources (opportunities) and outcomes from the perspective of theoretical and empirical discussions in the previous chapters. As far as the policies are concerned, they have largely focused on equality of resources, predominantly with reference to health care and early nutrition. Despite showing some promise, they have ended up in timidity as far as their conceptualization and operationalization of equity is concerned. The chapter goes on to discuss the relevance of Amartya Sen’s ‘multifocal variable’, and although it seems that Sen would call for equality of capabilities, he does not. Instead, he argues against ‘absolute priority’ to any ‘unifocal criterion’ and in favor of equity considerations being broad, inclusive and multidimensional. It ends with the implications of discussions in the book for the equalisandum debate in political philosophy and for affirmative action policies.
Conference papers on the topic "Early calf nutrition"
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Ferreira, Eliz Garcia, Jamille Karolyne da Conceição, and Ana Paula de Mello. "Nutritional risk patients management in a stroke reference center." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.328.
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Introduction: Nutritional screening should be used as a tool nutritional risk early identification, aiming at intervention for the prevention of malnutrition and rehabilitation. Objectives: Report nutritional risk management protocol in patients admitted for suspected stroke. Methodology: Experience report on the working method of nutrition team at a stroke reference center. Results: Nutrition screening by a Dietist is applied within 72 hours of admission of all patients admitted to the acute/integral stroke unit. First, NRS-2002 tool is applied, in which the following items are considered: BMI < 20.5Kg/m²; weight loss in the past three months; reduction in food intake in the last week; metabolic stress and age (≥70 years old). Those with a speech-language diagnosis of dysphagia are also considered at nutritional risk. After, anthropometric measurements: weight and height are measured with walking patients, or knee height, brachial and calf circumference of those with cognitive and/or motor disabilities. Individualized nutritional therapy (oral/enteral) is prescribed. In addition, cases are discussed in a multiprofessional daily round to define actions during rehabilitation and in the discharge process (conter- referral to primary care, nutrition advice and continuity of nutritional therapy at home). Conclusions: Establishing a nutritional risk management protocol is important for early identification in post-stroke patients, since nutritional status is directly related to a good prognosis and long-term quality of life.