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Journal articles on the topic 'Ear temperature'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 January 2023

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1

Khabba, S., J. F. Ledent, and A. Lahrouni. "Maize ear temperature." European Journal of Agronomy 14, no. 3 (May 2001): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1161-0301(00)00095-2.

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2

Schmitz, T., N. Bair, M. Falk, and C. Levine. "A comparison of five methods of temperature measurement in febrile intensive care patients." American Journal of Critical Care 4, no. 4 (July 1, 1995): 286–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ajcc1995.4.4.286.

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BACKGROUND: A clinically useful temperature measurement method should correlate well with the body's core temperature. Although previous investigators have studied temperature readings from different sites in hypothermic and normothermic patients, none have compared methods specifically in febrile patients. OBJECTIVE: To compare temperature measurement methods in febrile intensive care patients. METHODS: Temperature readings were obtained in rapid sequence from an electronic thermometer for oral and axillary temperature, rectal probe, infrared ear thermometer on "core" setting, and pulmonary artery catheter, approximately every hour during the day and every 4 hours at night. The sample consisted of 13 patients with pulmonary artery catheters and with temperatures of at least 37.8 degrees C. RESULTS: Rectal temperature correlated most closely with pulmonary artery temperature. Rectal temperature showed closest agreement with pulmonary artery temperature, followed by oral, ear-based, and axillary temperatures. Rectal and ear-based temperatures were most sensitive in detecting temperatures greater than 38.3 degrees C. Likelihood ratios for detecting hyperthermia were 5.32 for oral, 2.46 for rectal, and 1.97 for ear-based temperature. Rectal and ear-based temperatures had the lowest negative likelihood ratios, indicating the least chance of a false negative reading. Axillary temperature had a negative likelihood ratio of 0.86. CONCLUSIONS: Rectal temperature measurement correlates most closely with core temperature. If the rectal site is contraindicated, oral or ear-based temperatures are acceptable. Axillary temperature does not correlate well with pulmonary artery temperature. These results underscore the importance of consistency in method when establishing temperature trends, and of awareness of method when interpreting clinical data.
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3

Sund Levander, Märta Helena, and Pia Tingström. "Fever or not fever – that’s the question: A cohort study of simultaneously measured rectal and ear temperatures in febrile patients with suspected infection." Clinical Nursing Studies 6, no. 2 (December 17, 2017): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/cns.v6n2p47.

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Objective: To study how ear and rectal body temperatures relate to each other over time in febrile patients.Methods: Descriptive cohort study with repeated measurements. The setting was a Unit for Infectious Diseases at a county hospital in Sweden. Patients, 18 years, admitted for suspected infection and with a rectal or ear temperature of 37.5°C were invited. 16 females and 24 men, 19 to 94 years were included. Ear and rectal temperature was measured simultaneously every two hours for one day.Results: Mean rectal temperature was higher, compared to both ear sites. Ninety-five percent of the differences between the rectal and ear sites were within 0.6°C to 1.1°C. Changes in rectal temperature were smaller and slower than in ear temperature, especially when patients were given temperature-lowering drugs.Conclusions: Adjustments from one temperature site to another is a risk of diagnostic error affecting clinical decision-making. Ear temperature reacts faster than the rectal site to body temperature changes and antipyretics, and is therefore more reliable in the assessment of the patient’s condition. Traditional paradigm for temperature measurement and assessment needs to be replaced with evidence-based science to improve patient safety.
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4

Jaén-Téllez, Juan A., María J. Sánchez-Guerrero, José I. López-Campos, Mercedes Valera, and Pedro González-Redondo. "Acute stress assessment using infrared thermography in fattening rabbits reacting to handling under winter and summer conditions." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 18, no. 2 (June 19, 2020): e0502. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2020182-15706.

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Aim of study: This study assesses acute stress by measuring, through infrared thermography in summer and winter, the temperature of the eye, outer ear, inner ear and nose in 40 fattening rabbits before and after handling.Area of study: Seville (Spain).Material and methods: Body thermographic temperatures were recorded during a 38-day fattening period twice weekly and twice a day, before and after the handler held the rabbits in their arms for one minute. Ambient temperature and relative humidity were also recorded, and their influence on body temperatures was assessed. For each anatomical part, the variation of the temperature between the handled and undisturbed rabbit, and the differential temperature between the anatomical part in the undisturbed rabbit and the ambient temperature were calculated.Main results: The variation in temperatures between handled and undisturbed rabbits ranged from 0.25±0.041 ºC for eye to 3.09±0.221 ºC for outer ear in summer and -0.41±0.182 ºC for nose to 2.09±0.178 ºC for outer ear in winter. The day of the fattening period influenced all the temperature traits during summer and winter, except for the inner ear in winter. In summer, unlike winter, the temperature variation at the end of fattening period between handled and undisturbed rabbits was lower than at weaning (-0.04 to 1.94 ºC vs. 0.54 to 5.52 ºC, respectively). The temperatures in undisturbed rabbits were correlated with ambient temperature.Research highlights: Measuring body temperature with infrared thermography is a useful tool to evaluate acute stress in handled rabbits, with the inner ear and eye the most reliable body parts for measuring it.
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5

Zempsky, William T. "Ear Temperatures." Pediatrics 96, no. 5 (November 1, 1995): 983. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.96.5.983a.

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Recently there have been several articles published in the literature concerning the use of otic thermometers and the equivalence or lack thereof of these instruments to the current "gold standard" (ie, rectal thermometers).1-3 I'm sure the following case will add some lively banter to this debate! A 5-week-old infant was referred to the emergency department from his pediatrician's office for a "full sepsis evaluation." This previously healthy infant had been crying more than usual at home and a rectal temperature obtained by his parent was 102.5°F.
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6

Levander, Märta Sund, and Ewa Grodzinsky. "Variation in Normal Ear Temperature." American Journal of the Medical Sciences 354, no. 4 (October 2017): 370–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjms.2017.05.013.

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7

Erickson, RS, and LT Meyer. "Accuracy of infrared ear thermometry and other temperature methods in adults." American Journal of Critical Care 3, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 40–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ajcc1994.3.1.40.

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OBJECTIVE: To compare the accuracy of infrared ear-based temperature measurement in relation to thermometer, ear position, and other temperature methods, with pulmonary artery temperature as the reference. METHODS: Ear-based temperature measurements were made with four infrared thermometers, three in the core mode and two in the unadjusted mode, each with tug and no-tug techniques. Pulmonary artery, bladder (n = 21), and axillary temperatures were read after each ear-based measurement and oral temperature was measured once when possible (n = 32). Subjects consisted of a convenience sample of 50 patients with pulmonary artery catheters who were in adult critical care units of a university teaching hospital. RESULTS: Ear-based measurements correlated well with pulmonary artery temperature (r = .87 to .91), although closeness of agreement differed among thermometer-mode combinations (mean offsets = -0.7 to 0.5 degree C) and had moderately high variability between subjects (SD = +/- 0.5 degree C) with all instruments. Use of an ear tug either made no difference or resulted in slightly lower readings. Bladder temperature was nearly identical to pulmonary artery temperature values (r = .99, offset = 0.0 +/- 0.2 degree C). Oral readings were slightly lower (r = .78, offset = -0.2 degree C) and axillary readings much more so (r = .80 to .82, offset = -0.7 degree C); both were highly variable (SD = +/- 0.6 degree C) and affected by external factors. CONCLUSIONS: Infrared ear thermometry is useful for clinical temperature measurement as long as moderately high variability between patients is acceptable. Readings differ among thermometers, although several instruments provide values close to pulmonary artery temperature in adults. Readings are not higher with an ear tug. Bladder temperature substitutes well for pulmonary artery temperature, whereas oral and axillary values may be influenced by external factors in the critical care setting.
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8

Schmid, Simone M., Wolfgang Büscher, and Julia Steinhoff-Wagner. "Suitability of Different Thermometers for Measuring Body Core and Skin Temperatures in Suckling Piglets." Animals 11, no. 4 (April 2, 2021): 1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11041004.

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Monitoring the temperature of piglets after birth is critical to ensure their well-being. Rectal temperature measurement is time-consuming, requires fixation of the animal and is stressful for piglets. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of infrared thermometry and thermography as compared to rectal temperatures. We investigated digital thermometers for rectal measurements, infrared ear thermometers, infrared forehead thermometers, infrared laser thermometers and an infrared camera during field trials with piglets aged 1–13 days. Temperatures differed between the left and right ear and ear base (p < 0.01), but not between temples. Three forehead and laser devices yielded different temperatures (p < 0.01). Temperatures assessed with a laser thermometer decreased with distance from the target (p < 0.01). The highest correlation observed was between the rectal and tympanic temperatures (r = 0.89; p < 0.01). For temperatures assessed with the camera, inner thigh and abdomen correlated most closely to core temperature (0.60 ≤ r ≤ 0.62; p < 0.01). Results indicate that infrared ear thermometry commonly used in humans is also suited for assessing temperature in piglets. The inner thigh and abdomen seem promising locations for estimating core temperature with an infrared camera, but this approach needs to be adapted to reduce time exposure and stress for the piglets to be used under practical conditions.
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9

Muir, I. H., P. A. Bishop, R. G. Lomax, and J. M. Green. "Prediction of rectal temperature from ear canal temperature." Ergonomics 44, no. 11 (September 2001): 962–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130110068933.

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10

Ingram, J. R., C. J. Cook, and P. J. Harris. "The Effect of Transport on Core and Peripheral Body Temperatures and Heart Rate of Sheep." Animal Welfare 11, no. 1 (February 2002): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600024350.

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AbstractThe effect of transport on core and peripheral body temperatures and heart rate was assessed in ten 18-month-old Coopworth ewes (Ovis aries) Manual recordings of core (rectal) temperatures were obtained, and automated logging of peripheral (external auditory canal and pinna) temperatures and heart rate was carried out on the day prior to (day 1) and during (day 2) a standardised transport procedure. Transport produced a significant increase in the rectal temperature, which declined following unloading. Peripheral measures of body temperature also exhibited changes with transport. However, both ear-canal and pinna temperatures declined during actual transport, reflecting to some extent the decline in ambient temperatures recorded externally by sensors on the ear tags of the animals. Peripheral measurement of temperature, particularly at the readily accessible ear canal, may offer potential as a technique for the long-term monitoring of thermal responses to stress. However, further research is required into the potentially confounding effects of ambient temperature and wind chill factors.
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11

Amerson, Ellie A., Harrison Moss, Suresh Kumar, and Terry D. Brandebourg. "Assessing the Use of Biometric Ear Tags as Body Temperature Monitoring Devices in Swine." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_2 (May 1, 2021): 45–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab096.084.

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Abstract It is difficult to detect the subtle changes associated with sickness behaviors in individual pigs early enough to prevent disease outbreaks in group housing settings within large production facilities. This failure results in significant losses to the swine industry. Strategies that allow early detection of parameters such as febrile responses could therefore significantly improve herd health and producer profitability. Our objective was to determine if the use of a biometric ear tag capable of measuring temperature could be used to accurately monitor body temperature in swine. To accomplish this, 42-d-old pigs (n = 21) were fitted with biometric ear tags for 35 d. These devices continuously measured auricular skin temperature and allowed data collection via a paired raspberry pi aggregator. During this period, repeated epidermal temperatures were also taken daily on the rump, shoulder, and ear using a clinical grade infrared thermometer. Correlation analysis using the PROC CORR procedure of SAS was then conducted to determine the ability of the biometric device to estimate body temperature relative to estimates from the clinical device. Infrared temperature readings for the ear significantly correlated with those taken at the shoulder (P &lt; 0.0001) and rump (P &lt; 0.0001). Importantly, temperature readings measured by the biometric ear tags also significantly correlated with infrared readings at the ear (P &lt; 0.0001), shoulder (P &lt; 0.0001) and rump (P &lt; 0.0001) with Pearson Correlation coefficients of 0.51, 0.21, and 0.23, respectively. Collectively, these data support the hypothesis that the biometric ear tag device tested during this trial can be used to continuously monitor body temperature in young swine. These results indicate that further efforts to develop these devices as novel herd health monitoring devices is indeed warranted with the next step involving the assessment of their ability to detect physiological changes in body temperature.
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12

McCarthy, P. W., and A. I. Heusch. "The vagaries of ear temperature assessment." Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology 30, no. 4 (January 2006): 242–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03091900600711415.

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13

Fomina, M. N. "Agrometeorological characteristics of spring oat varieties created in the conditions of the Northern Trans-Urals." BIO Web of Conferences 36 (2021): 01018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213601018.

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An agrometeorollological assessment of five oat varieties (Megion, Talisman, Otrada, Foma, Tobolyak) of the breeding of the Northern Trans-Urals Research Institute of Agriculture - branch of the TyumSC SB RAS is given. The effect of the average daily air temperature and precipitation on the growth and development of plants has been established. The sensitivity of varieties to temperature is estimated. It was found that the optimal average daily air temperature during the sprout – ear emergence period was 16.4 … 16.8°C, during the ear emergence – waxy ripeness period - 17.5…19.4°C. The sums of effective temperatures over 10°C necessary for optimal growth and development of oat varieties are calculated. Varieties Megion, Talisman, Foma and Tobolyak in the period of sprout – ear emergence required a greater amount of effective temperatures (705.2…747.0°C) than in the period of ear emergence - wax ripeness (611.2…640.2°C). In the Otrada variety, the need for heat was slightly higher in the second interphase period (717.5°C) compared to the first (705.6°C). The optimal amount of precipitation required for the formation of a high yield (189.4…243.6 mm) is calculated. To realize the genetic potential of the Talisman and Otrada varieties, most of the precipitation is necessary during the sprout – ear emergence period, and the Megion, Foma and Tobolyak varieties - during the period of ear emergence - waxy ripeness.
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14

Tomkinson, A., D. G. Roblin, S. M. Quine, and P. Flanagan. "Tympanic thermometry and minor ear surgery." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 110, no. 5 (May 1996): 454–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002221510013395x.

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AbstractInfra-red tympanic thermometry is a relatively new technique for measuring body temperature which requires the minimum of co-operation and is quick and easy to use. It is therefore ideal for use in children. Its use is becoming more widespread and as it is theoretically possible that minor ear surgery may interfere with function its reliability in these patients may be in question.Twenty-two children (mean age 5.3 years) who underwent myringotomy ± grommet insertion had the tympanic temperature of each ear measured immediately before, and 15 minutes after, surgery on the recovery ward. No difference was found between the pre- and post-operative temperatures (mean difference – 0.1°C, p>0.1, paired t-test, hypothesized difference of 0).This thermometer appears to be a reliable way of monitoring body temperature on a paediatric ENT recovery ward in patients who have undergone minor ear surgery.
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15

Yeo, SeonAe, and Millie Scarbough. "Exercise-Induced Hyperthermia May Prevent Accurate Core Temperature Measurement by Tympanic Membrane Thermometer." Journal of Nursing Measurement 4, no. 2 (January 1996): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1061-3749.4.2.143.

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The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of exercise-induced hyperthermia on brain and deep trunk temperature measurement in order to determine the optimal temperature site of the body for varying nursing practices in outpatient clinical settings. Eight women, 18 to 50 years old (30.9 +/- 12.6; mean +/- SD), participated in the study. Subjects were asked to perform their regular aerobic exercise in a natural environment while body temperature (ear and rectal) and heart rate (HR) were measured simultaneously and repeatedly before, during, and after exercise. Glass mercury rectal thermometers were used for measurement of deep trunk temperature, an infrared tympanic membrane thermometer for measurement of brain temperature, and a portable heart rate monitor for monitoring heart rate. Rectal temperature was higher than ear temperature for all but one of the 40 pairs of observation. The time pattern varied for the two modes of temperature (F=9.67; df 4,28; p<.001). Rectal temperature changed over time (F=7.86; df 4, 28;p<.002), and ear temperature did not (F=1 .5; df 4,28; p=.25), indicating that ear temperature did not respond to exercise. While rectal temperature was strongly correlated with HR (r=.60), ear temperature did not correlate either with rectal temperature (r=.02) or with HR (r=.08). Thus deep trunk temperature responds to exercise at moderate levels. On the other hand, ear temperature does not increase due to exercise. Ear temperature is not a valid indicator of trunk temperature during and immediately after exercise.
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16

Pandey, A., D. R. Ingrams, M. Jones, R. Raman, and N. D. Marks. "Reliability of a tympanic thermometer in measuring temperatures in children after minor ear surgery." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 120, no. 5 (March 28, 2006): 375–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215106000417.

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Aim: To evaluate the reliability of infrared tympanic thermometry in children who have undergone myringotomy with grommet insertion.Method: Forty children who had undergone myringotomy with at least one grommet insertion had the tympanic temperature of each ear and the axillary temperature measured on admission and 30 minutes post-operatively.Result: No difference was found between the pre- and post-operative temperatures measured by either method (p > 0.05, paired t-test, hypothesized difference of 0).Conclusion: Infrared tympanic thermometry is reliable in monitoring body temperature in children who have had minor ear surgery.
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17

Vilela, jorge L., Jorge Ascue, Milagros Callan, Gianella Goycochea, Andrea Jauregui, Almendra Miranda, Pamela Montalvo, et al. "PSX-13 Correlation between superficial body temperatures measured with an infrared thermometer in alpacas." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 463–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.913.

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Abstract The temperature measurement is essential during the physical examination since it helps to detect abnormalities on animal health. In addition, it should be done in the shortest possible time to avoid stress. The objective of this research is to calculate the correlation between rectal temperature and the superficial body temperature by means of a digital infrared thermometer. Ten alpacas huacaya from the center of development Alpaquero (CEDAT-DESCOSUR), located in Arequipa region at 4,365 m.a.s.l, and eight alpacas huacaya of the zootechnical and technological unit (UZYT) of the Universidad Cientifica del Sur, located in Lima at 0 m.a.s.l., were used. Rectal temperature measurement (RECTAL) was done with a veterinary clinical thermometer for one minute. Superficial body temperature measurement was conducted with infrared thermometer model CENTER 350®, at a distance of between 20 to 25 cm. Six measuring points were established by infrared thermometer: the outer zone of the nose (ON), the inner zone of the nose (IN), the extreme zone of ear (EE), middle zone of ear (ME), lower zone of the ear (LE) and the belly of the animal (BE). Rectal temperatures were measured at the same time as superficial body temperatures. Pearson’s correlation coefficient and graphs were calculated using an R software package called “CORRGRAM.” The results are presented in Table 1. Mean and deviation standard for rectal temperature from CEDAT-DESCOSUR and UZYT were 38.03 ± 0.37 and 37.46 ± 0.35 ° C, respectively. The results showed that there is a major correlation between rectal temperature and the temperature of the middle of the ear and the outer zone of the nose. In conclusion, there is a highly significant correlation between rectal temperature and superficial body temperature in some areas of the body, being an alternative option for the prediction of temperature in alpacas.
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18

Manupeerapan, T., JL Davidson, CJ Pearson, and KR Christian. "Differences in flowering responses of wheat to temperature and photoperiod." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 43, no. 3 (1992): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9920575.

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Apex and ear development were studied in one spring wheat (Hartog) and five winter wheats (Rosella, Maris Templar, Maris Huntsman, Priboy and Krasnodar 39) subjected to vernalizing or non-vernalizing temperatures under either short or long photoperiods until ear initiation (double ridges), followed by either short or long photoperiods until ear emergence. Hartog produced ears in all treatments, and it initiated ears faster than winter varieties in all treatments. Four types of winter wheat were distinguished by their mandatory requirements for ear development. The only winter variety to reach ear emergence without vernalization was Maris Templar; short days were an effective substitute provided that long days were experienced after ear initiation. In Priboy, photoperiod was unimportant both before and after ear initiation. Maris Huntsman and Rosella required long photoperiods after initiation, whereas Krasnodar 39 required long days during vernalization. If these conditions were not met, either the shoot apexes died without producing a terminal spikelet or the ears died before emerging. Plants in all treatments which reached ear emergence proceeded normally to maturity. The suitability of the different types for particular regions is discussed. All varieties in all treatments initiated ears when the shoot apex reached a volume of about 0.13 mm3. Relative growth rates of the apex, related to thermal time, were constant during the vegetative phase; they determined the time to ear initiation and, through it, controlled the time of ear emergence. Differences between varieties in their basic vegetative period are attributed to differences in the relative growth rates of their vegetative apexes. These growth rates were much lower in winter wheats than in the spring variety, but increased sharply in them at or just before the first visible signs of initiation in those treatments which allowed normal development. Vernalization was not the cause of this accelerated growth. In winter wheats, vernalization promoted faster initiation of ears, and hence flowering, and the survival and normal development of initiated ears. It is suggested that vernalization acts by reducing the effectiveness of an inhibitor of cell division.
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19

Mitchell, S., and C. Coulson. "Endoscopic ear surgery: a hot topic?" Journal of Laryngology & Otology 131, no. 2 (January 10, 2017): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215116009828.

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AbstractObjectives:To summarise published research investigating maximal temperatures associated with endoscopes used in otology. Possible thermal issues surrounding the use of endoscopes in middle-ear surgery are discussed, and recommendations regarding the safest ways to use endoscopes in endoscopic ear surgery are made.Methods:A non-systematic review of the relevant literature was conducted, with descriptive analysis and presentation of the results.Results:There are currently no reports of any temperature-related deleterious effects in patients having undergone endoscopic ear surgery. There is debate regarding heat issues in endoscopic ear surgery, with a limited body of work documenting potential negative impacts of middle-ear heat exposure from endoscopes. The diameter of endoscope, type of light source used, distance from endoscope tip and duration of exposure are highlighted potential factors for high temperatures in endoscopic ear surgery.Conclusion:There is a trend towards endoscopes being used routinely in ear surgery. Simple practice points are recommended to minimise potential thermal risks.
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20

Zebaria, Hawar M. H., Hoger M. Hidayet, Assel A. I. Al-Naqshabendy, Nizar J. Hussein, and Nawroz A. Kakarash. "Pain Caused by Ear Tagging in Kids of Native Black Goats." Science Journal of University of Zakho 9, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2021.9.1.781.

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There is no study about changes in behaviour and peripheral temperature of kid goats undergoing ear tagging procedure. This study was designed to elucidate that pain caused by ear tagging affects peripheral temperatures and behavioural observations in Karadi kid goats. Nineteen native black goat kids, aged 10 – 14 days, were used in this study. Eye and nasal temperatures were recorded before the ear tagging process, and after ear tagging 5 periods in 30 minutes. Besides, the researchers observed each kid's behaviour for 30 minutes before ear tagging and 30 minutes after it, using focal sampling method and the data recorded with instantaneous time sampling to measure the duration and frequency of each behaviour of the kids. Results revealed that peripheral temperatures were significantly decreased for both eye (P≤0.01) and ear (P≤0.01) after ear tagging. The temperatures of both eye and ear decreased after tagging significantly (P≤0.01) for 30 minutes. The proportion of time kid goats spent normal standing and suckling the dam’s teat decreased whereas the proportion of time spent head-shaking increased after tagging. Significant differences were found between abnormal standing (P≤0.01) and vocalization (P≤0.01). It is concluded that ear tagging causes a considerable pain in kid goats and using surface temperatures and behaviour are useful indicators to approve it.
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Daanen, H. A. M. "Infrared tympanic temperature and ear canal morphology." Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology 30, no. 4 (January 2006): 224–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03091900600711613.

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22

Baccino, E., L. De Saint Martin, Y. Schuliar, P. Guilloteau, M. Le Rhun, J. F. Morin, D. Leglise, and J. Amice. "Outer ear temperature and time of death." Forensic Science International 83, no. 2 (December 1996): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-0738(96)02027-0.

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23

Kebede Ejigu, Efrem. "Accurate Clinical Tympanic Thermometer Measurement System at NMISA." NCSL International measure 13, no. 2 (June 2021): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.51843/measure.13.2.5.

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Infrared ear thermometers allow users to measure body temperature quickly and non-invasively by inserting a probe into the patient’s ear canal. The effectiveness of tympanic ear thermometers is dependent on how accurate their measurement is. This prompts the demand for accurate and reliable calibration of ear thermometers. Developing capability and providing traceability to the health care facilities in South Africa have become crucial, as there is no calibration laboratory that provides such a service. A standard ear-thermometer black-body source system that is traceable to ITS-90 temperature has been constructed and assembled at the NMISA temperature laboratory. The ITS-90-traceable measurement system developed has a measuring capability of 40 mK (k=2) to 70 mK (k=2) in the temperature range of 35.5 °C to 41.5 °C. At the human body temperature of 37 °C an uncertainty of 45 mK (k=2) is achieved.
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Zebari, Hawar M. H., Hoger M. Hidayet, Assel A. I. Al-nakshabandi, and Nizar Hussein. "Pain Caused by Ear Tagging in Kids of Native Black Goats." Journal of Scientific Research in Medical and Biological Sciences 2, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.47631/jsrmbs.v2i1.128.

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Purpose: The normal behavior of goat kids is influenced by painful husbandry procedures such as ear tagging, with kids reducing peripheral temperature and increase restlessness. The present study was designed to elucidate that pain caused by ear tagging affects peripheral temperatures and behavioral observations in Karadi kid goats. Study Design: Experimental Study Design. Subjects and Methods: Nineteen native black goat kids, aged 10-14 days, were used in this study as a sample. Eye and nasal temperatures were recorded before ear tagging process (control) and after ear tagging 5 times in 30 minutes. In addition, the behavior of each kid was observed for 30 minutes before and 30 minutes after ear tagging using focal sampling recorded with instantaneous time sampling to measure the duration and frequency of each behavior of the kids. Results: It was revealed that peripheral temperatures were significantly decreased for both eye (P<0.01) and ear (P<0.01) after ear tagging. The temperatures of both eye and ear increased directly after tagging and then decreased significantly (P<0.01) for 30 minutes. The proportion of time kid goats spent normal standing and suckling the dam’s teat decreased whereas the proportion of time spent head-shaking increased after tagging. In addition, abnormal standing was seen after ear tagging which was absent before the process of tagging. Significant differences were found between abnormal standing (P<0.01) and vocalization (P<0.01). While the differences between suckling, normal standing and head shaking were not significant. Conclusions: It is concluded that ear tagging causes considerable pain in kid goats.
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Lawson, Lari, Elizabeth J. Bridges, Isabelle Ballou, Ruthe Eraker, Sheryl Greco, Janie Shively, and Vanessa Sochulak. "Accuracy and Precision of Noninvasive Temperature Measurement in Adult Intensive Care Patients." American Journal of Critical Care 16, no. 5 (September 1, 2007): 485–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2007.16.5.485.

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Background Research on the accuracy and precision of noninvasive methods of measuring body temperature is equivocal. Objectives To determine accuracy and precision of oral, ear-based, temporal artery, and axillary temperature measurements compared with pulmonary artery temperature. Methods Repeated-measures design conducted for 6 months. Sequential temperature measurements on the same side of the body were obtained within 1 minute, with measurements repeated 3 times at 20-minute intervals. Accuracy, precision, and confidence limits were analyzed. Results In 60 adults with cardiopulmonary disease and a pulmonary artery catheter, mean pulmonary artery temperature was 37.1°C (SD 0.6°C, range 35.3°C–39.4°C). Mean (SD) offset from pulmonary artery temperature (with the mean reflecting accuracy and SD reflecting precision) and confidence limits were 0.09°C (0.43°C) and −0.75°C to 0.93°C for oral measurements, −0.36°C (0.56°C) and −1.46°C to 0.74°C for ear measurements, −0.02°C (0.47°C) and −0.92°C to 0.88°C for temporal artery measurements, and 0.23°C (0.44°C) and −0.64°C to 1.12°C for axillary measurements. Percentage of pairs with differences greater than ±0.5°C was 19% for oral, 49% for ear, 20% for temporal artery, and 27% for axillary measurements. Intubation increased oral measurements compared with pulmonary artery temperatures (mean difference 0.3°C, SD 0.3°C, P = .001). Conclusions Oral and temporal artery measurements were most accurate and precise. Axillary measurements underestimated pulmonary artery temperature. Ear measurements were least accurate and precise. Intubation affected the accuracy of oral measurements; diaphoresis and airflow across the face may affect temporal artery measurements.
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Gorczewska, Izabela, Agnieszka Szurko, Agnieszka Kiełboń, Agata Stanek, and Armand Cholewka. "Determination of Internal Temperature by Measuring the Temperature of the Body Surface Due to Environmental Physical Factors—First Study of Fever Screening in the COVID Pandemic." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 24 (December 8, 2022): 16511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416511.

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The SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic has shown that the use of a contact thermometer to verify the elevated body temperature of a suspected person carries a risk of spreading disease. The perfect solution seems to be the use of thermal imaging as a diagnostic method in fever evaluation. The aim of the research is to develop an algorithm for thermovision measurements in fever screening standards in the context of the impact of various weather conditions on the temperature of people entering the public institution. Each examined person had two thermal images of the face—AP and lateral projection. Using a T1020 FLIR thermal camera with a resolution of 1024 × 768 pixels; the mean temperature was measured from the area of the forehead, the maximum forehead, the corners of the eyes, the inside of the mouth and the external auditory canal temperature. On the other hand, using classic contact thermometers, the temperature in the armpit and ear was measured. The obtained preliminary results showed very strong and positive correlations between the temperature in the ear measured with an ear thermometer and the maximum, minimum and average forehead temperature. These correlations oscillate at approximately r = 0.6, but the highest value of Spearman coefficient was obtained for the mean temperature of the forehead. Moreover, high correlations were also obtained between the temperature in the ear, measured with an ear thermometer, and the maximum temperature in the corners of the eyes and in the ear, measured with a thermal imaging camera. These values were, respectively, r = 0.54, r = 0.65. In summarizing, remote body temperature measurement taken with a thermal camera can be useful in the assessment of the body’s core temperature.
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Yin, Hui-Qing, and Chin Leong Lim. "Validation of Ear Canal Temperature Prediction Model for Core Temperature Monitoring." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 36, Supplement (May 2004): S315—S316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200405001-01514.

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Yin, Hui-Qing, and Chin Leong Lim. "Validation of Ear Canal Temperature Prediction Model for Core Temperature Monitoring." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 36, Supplement (May 2004): S315???S316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200405001-01514.

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Zubair, Muhammad, Ghulam Saqulain, and Arfat Jawaid. "Effectiveness of Tympanic Thermometry for diagnosing Acute Otitis Media." Journal of Islamabad Medical & Dental College 8, no. 2 (June 27, 2019): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.35787/jimdc.v8i2.359.

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Background: Acute Otitis Media (AOM) is a common upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) in children and usually presents with fever and otalgia. AOM is characterized by congested tympanic membrane and possible increase in temperature, which might be picked up by infrared tympanic thermometry. The objective of this study was to compare the temperature difference of tympanic membrane of affected ear with the unaffected ear and axilla in unilateral acute otitis media, and compare it with the control group.Material and Methods: This case control study comprised of 200 cases of both genders, aged up to 5 years. They were divided into two groups; Group A included 100 clinically diagnosed cases of acute otitis media (AOM), who reported in the ENT Outpatient Department (OPD) and Group B included 100 controls who presented in General Filter Clinic with no ear complaints. Cases with chronic ear disease, ear discharge, and use of local drugs including ear drops, impacted ear wax, tragal tenderness and congenital malformations of the ear were excluded by taking a detailed history. Clinical examination including otoscopy by an expert was done before subjecting patients to axillary and tympanic thermometry measurements and data recording. Data was collected and tabulated using Microsoft Excel Worksheet and analyzed by SPSS 16. Qualitative data like gender were presented as percentage and ratio, while means and standard deviation were calculated for the quantitative data. Difference between the means of experimental and control groups were analyzed by independent sample t-test and P value of less than or equal to 0.05 was taken as significant.Results: This study included 100 cases of unilateral AOM and 100 normal controls without AOM. In patients with AOM, the mean temperature difference between the affected ear and axilla was 1.41ºF as compared to 0.075ºF in controls (p=0.026). While the mean temperature difference between the affected ear and other ear was 0.65ºF as compared to 0.19ºF in controls (p=0.069).Conclusion: In acute otitis media, the temperature of affected ear is significantly higher than axilla but was not significantly higher than the other ear. The finding may help establish thermometry as a diagnostic tool in clinics manned by doctors not competent to do otoscopy.
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Graener, R., and J. Werner. "Dynamics of endotoxin fever in the rabbit." Journal of Applied Physiology 60, no. 5 (May 1, 1986): 1504–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.60.5.1504.

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To analyze the dynamic properties of body temperature and effector mechanisms during endotoxin fever, both experimental and mathematical procedures were applied. Experiments were carried out on rabbits in a climatic chamber at various ambient temperatures. Salmonella typhosa endotoxin (0.1 microgram/kg) was injected into an ear vein. A biphasic core temperature increase evoked by different effector mechanisms depending on ambient temperature was observed. A mathematical model based on experimental results with nonfebrile rabbits predicts the effector behavior at all ambient temperatures. From a comparison of experimental results with the model prediction, it is concluded that the increase of core temperature during fever is essentially caused by a dynamic shift of the controller characteristics. The effect of the pyrogen may be simulated by a resultant fever-controlling signal that is biphasic but increases more steeply than does core temperature. The analysis suggests that the three possible fever-driving effectors, metabolism, ear blood flow, and respiratory evaporative heat loss, should be controlled by the same resultant signal, although the time courses of the effectors and of core temperature vary distinctly at different air temperatures. The model uses an additive controller structure.
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Chaglla E., Jorge, Numan Celik, and Wamadeva Balachandran. "Measurement of Core Body Temperature Using Graphene-Inked Infrared Thermopile Sensor." Sensors 18, no. 10 (October 3, 2018): 3315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18103315.

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Continuous and reliable measurements of core body temperature (CBT) are vital for studies on human thermoregulation. Because tympanic membrane directly reflects the temperature of the carotid artery, it is an accurate and non-invasive method to record CBT. However, commercial tympanic thermometers lack portability and continuous measurements. In this study, graphene inks were utilized to increase the accuracy of the temperature measurements from the ear by coating graphene platelets on the lens of an infrared thermopile sensor. The proposed ear-based device was designed by investigating ear canal geometry and developed with 3D printing technology using the Computer-Aided Design (CAD) Software, SolidWorks 2016. It employs an Arduino Pro Mini and a Bluetooth module. The proposed system runs with a 3.7 V, 850 mAh rechargeable lithium-polymer battery that allows long-term, continuous monitoring. Raw data are continuously and wirelessly plotted on a mobile phone app. The test was performed on 10 subjects under resting and exercising in a total period of 25 min. Achieved results were compared with the commercially available Braun Thermoscan, Original Thermopile, and Cosinuss One ear thermometers. It is also comprehended that such system will be useful in personalized medicine as wearable in-ear device with wireless connectivity.
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KENNEY, RICHARD D., JAMES D. FORTENBERRY, S. SUZETTE SURRATT, and BETH M. RIBBECK. "25% "Error Rate" in Ear Temperature Sensing Device." Pediatrics 87, no. 3 (March 1, 1991): 415–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.87.3.415.

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In Reply.— We thank Freed and Fraley for their helpful comments as based on a different manner of data presentation. We agree that reporting standard deviations would have been more informative than reporting confidence intervals (standard error of the mean). However, the following frequency table of absolute value of the differences between the two devices demonstrates that 75% of tympanic membrane thermometer readings were within 0.5°C of [See table in the PDF file] glass-mercury thermometer readings and more than 95% are within 1°C.
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FREED, GARY L., and J. KENNARD FRALEY. "25% "Error Rate" in Ear Temperature Sensing Device." Pediatrics 87, no. 3 (March 1, 1991): 414–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.87.3.414b.

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To the Editor.— We read with interest the recent article by Kenney et al1 regarding the acceptability of the FIRST temp (Intelligent Medical Systems, Inc., Carlsbad, CA) tympanic membrane infrared temperature sensing device as a clinical tool for pediatricians.1 The authors conclude that the instrument provides body temperature measurements consistent with traditionally used methods (glass-mercury thermometer). We take exception with the analysis used to reach such a conclusion. The authors present their data as mean differences between FIRST temp and conventional methods with 95% confidence intervals around the mean.
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Hasel, Karen L., and Roberta S. Erickson. "EFFECT OF CERUMEN ON INFRARED EAR TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT." Journal of Gerontological Nursing 21, no. 12 (December 1, 1995): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0098-9134-19951201-04.

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Garner, S. "Ear versus rectal temperature in dogs and cats." Veterinary Record 168, no. 9 (March 4, 2011): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.d1209.

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Hama Rashid, Ahmad H. A. "Ear Development of some Local and Australian wheat Varieties in Different Temperature Regimes." Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani - Part A 2, no. 1 (May 1, 1999): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17656/jzs.10030.

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SAKAR, Çağrı Melikşah. "Sıcaklık-Nem İndeks Değerlerinin Yerli Kara Erkek Sığırlarda Bazı Davranışlar Üzerine Etkileri." Uluslararası Tarım ve Yaban Hayatı Bilimleri Dergisi 8, no. 2 (August 22, 2022): 349–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24180/ijaws.1035429.

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In this study, ear temperature and some behavioural data were determined in the four male animals of Anatolian Black cattle raised under the Institute conditions. For this purpose, a chip sensor (CowManager) was attached to the ears of the animals, and data of 51 days were obtained from each animal hourly. During the study, hourly temperature and humidity data of the barn where the animals were housed were collected, and hourly and daily Temperature - Humidity Index (THI) data were calculated from these values. According to these index values, daily THI values were classified in 3 groups, while hourly THI values were classified in 4 groups. In this study, the ear temperature of the bulls was found to be an average of 21.97 °C daily. The ear temperature values increased as the THI values increased, and the differences between the groups were found to be statistically significant (P&lt;0.001). In the study high active, active, not active, eating and rumination data were found to be 7.84, 6.86, 27.15, 26.69 and 28.31%, daily, respectively. In the analysis made according to the THI groups, the differences according to these behavioural characteristics were found to be statistically significant (P&lt;0.01). In the study, as THI values increased high active, active and not active values increased, while eating and rumination values decreased. While the activity and eating values of the animals increased during the daytime, the not active and rumination values of the animals increased during the night hours. As a result, it was concluded that there is a correlation between the THI values, ear temperature and behavioural data, and this could be an indication that the animal behaviour was affected by meteorological events.
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Wiedemann, G. G. S., M. C. Scalon, G. Paludo, I. O. Silva, and V. Boere. "Comparison between tympanic and anal temperature with a clinical infrared ray thermometer in dogs." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 58, no. 4 (August 2006): 503–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-09352006000400008.

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A clinical thermometer of infrared rays was used twice to record consecutively the temperature of the tympanic membrane in each ear and in the anus of 53 dogs. Temperatures did not differ significantly between organs, and were strongly correlated. The anal temperature measurement with an infrared thermometer in dogs is feasible and trustworthy, as well as the thermal checking of tympanic temperature.
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Xu, Xue Xia, Yan Ting Feng, Hao Ke, Xiao Guang Niu, and Qing Wang. "Analysis and Suggestions on Leakage of Boiler Low Temperature Reheater." Applied Mechanics and Materials 341-342 (July 2013): 341–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.341-342.341.

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Leakage causes of boiler low temperature reheater were discussed by means of macroscopic inspection, chemical composition analysis, metallurgical microstructure examination, SEM and EDS fracture analysis. Results showed that the reheater leakage occurred for cracks originating from the fillet seam of ear plate. The main causes lie in improper structural design of the ear plate welding directly on the reheater elbow where suffered from complicated stress condition, wall thinning and out-of-round. In addition, as a weak zone, heat effect zone of the fillet welding seam was more likely to crack under fatigue stress for frequent unit start and stop and pipeline vibration. Installation stress existed between the ear plate and support block also contributed to the cracking. Suggestions were provided to avoid similar accident based on the comprehensive analysis of leakage causes.
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Dezecache, Guillaume, Klaus Zuberbühler, Marina Davila-Ross, and Christoph D. Dahl. "Skin temperature changes in wild chimpanzees upon hearing vocalizations of conspecifics." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 1 (January 2017): 160816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160816.

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A growing trend of research using infrared thermography (IRT) has shown that changes in skin temperature, associated with activity of the autonomic nervous system, can be reliably detected in human and non-human animals. A contact-free method, IRT provides the opportunity to uncover emotional states in free-ranging animals during social interactions. Here, we measured nose and ear temperatures of wild chimpanzees of Budongo Forest, Uganda, when exposed to naturally occurring vocalizations of conspecifics. We found a significant temperature decrease over the nose after exposure to conspecifics' vocalizations, whereas we found a corresponding increase for ear temperature. Our study suggests that IRT can be used in wild animals to quantify changes in emotional states in response to the diversity of vocalizations, their functional significance and acoustical characteristics. We hope that it will contribute to more research on physiological changes associated with social interactions in wild animals.
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van Dijk, Pim, Hero P. Wit, and Johannes M. Segenhout. "Dissecting the frog inner ear with Gaussian noise. II. Temperature dependence of inner ear function." Hearing Research 114, no. 1-2 (December 1997): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5955(97)00169-x.

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Ogunleye, A. O. A. "<p>Current Practice of Ear Syringing: An Overview</p>." Community Ear and Hearing Health 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2005): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.56920/cehh.201.

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Ear syringing is a procedure by which the external auditory canal is irrigated with clean water at body temperature. It is a procedure which every doctor or nurse should be able to perform proficiently. The main indications for ear syringing are ear wax, ear debris and pus, foreign body and otomycosis. The contra-indications are perforated eardrum, scarred and thin eardrum, organic foreign objects, middle ear ventilation tube in-situ, cerebro spinal fluid-otorrhoea and uncooperative children. Ear syringing has a low incidence of complications and is a safe procedure in trained hands.
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Rodrigues, Ana Paula da Costa, Eduarda Sacardi Severo, Geórgia Camargo Góss, Gabriela Döwich, Onildo Gonçalves Nunes Junior, Renato Duarte Icart, and Marcos da Silva Azevedo. "Gaining body temperature in horses: mercury, digital and infrared thermometer in different locations." Acta Veterinaria Brasilica 15, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21708/avb.2021.15.1.9833.

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The physical examination has several stages, one of which is the measurement of body temperature, when it exceeds the physiological values is indicative of some disease or hyperthermia, for this in veterinary medicine the mercury or digital thermometer is commonly used. The objective of this work is to compare if there is a difference between the mercury thermometer and the infrared thermometer or digital thermometer, as well as to identify if there is a difference between the measurement locations with the infrared thermometer and the mercury column thermometer and digital thermometer. Infrared temperature was evaluated in three places: oral mucosa, pinna and anal or vaginal mucosa (females), then a digital thermometer, followed by mercury, which was used as a reference standard. There was a statistical difference between the mercury thermometer and the infrared thermometer, when measured on the anal or vaginal mucosa and on the oral mucosa. The infrared thermometer, in the ear, and the digital thermometer did not differ from the mercury thermometer, demonstrating that these present similar values during the temperature measurement. The infrared thermometer proved to be little invasive and fast when compared to the others. However, some limitations were observed in the measurement of body temperature with the infrared thermometer measured in the ear. It is concluded that the infrared thermometer, used in the ear, and the digital thermometer are equivalent to the mercury thermometer and can be used in horses, however, more studies on this topic are still needed.
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Mutindi, E., I. Ogali, S. Kuria, G. Moraa, E. Too, J. Kingoo, and S. Ommeh. "Assessment of phenotypes, physiological and behavioural responses associated with heat tolerance among Galla goats in North Eastern Kenya." Journal of Agriculture, Science and Technology 21, no. 1 (April 26, 2022): 4–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jagst.v21i1.2.

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Galla goats have great adaptation vigor to different environments. However, the outcomes of the ongoing climate change have subjected livestock including the Galla goats to harsh environmental conditions like high ambient temperatures. In this study, Galla goats were characterized in the selected areas based on phenotypic, physiological, and behavioural responses to high environmental temperature. One hundred and forty-nine Galla goats selected from Isiolo, Garissa and Tana River were scored for various features such as coat colour, horn colour, skin colour, horn shape, horn length, ear orientation, ear length, wattles and horn circumference. Data collected were entered in an excel spread sheet then analyzed in R statistical software version 4.0.4. White was found to be the dominant coat colour with a percentage frequency greater than 60.0% in the studied counties. The study revealed that both male and female Galla goats possess horns with more than 88.9% of goats being horned across the three counties. There was a strong relationship between horn presence and the environmental temperature with p=0.05. A positive correlation was also observed between environmental temperature and rectal temperature, horn length, ear length and horn circumference. The findings show the presence of an important gene pool from which guidelines on conservation of heat stress phenotypes as a result of the ongoing climate change can be put in place.
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Wang, Na, Qi Liu, Bo Ming, Wenxin Shang, Xuefeng Zhao, Xuqing Wang, Jing Wang, Junlong Zhang, Zhongkui Luo, and Yong Liao. "Impacts of Heat Stress around Flowering on Growth and Development Dynamic of Maize (Zea mays L.) Ear and Yield Formation." Plants 11, no. 24 (December 14, 2022): 3515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11243515.

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Heat stress around flowering is harmful to maize growth and yield. Ear traits are closely related to yield; however, the effects of heat stress before and after flowering on ear development and yield traits remain unclear for different heat-tolerant cultivars. In this study, field experiments were conducted in 2020 and 2021, including (i) three sowing dates, (ii) three temperature regimes: control (CK), heated before silking (V9-R1, TBS) and heated after silking (R1-R1 + 15 d, TAS), and (iii) two hybrids (ZD958: heat-tolerant; DH605: heat-sensitive). The results showed that heating had negative effects on all surveyed ear and yield traits except for increased ear length under TBS. The negative effects were larger (i) for TAS than for TBS, (ii) for DH605 than for ZD958, and (iii) for kernel number per plant (KNP) than for kernel weight (KW). The decreased ear traits were a result of a decreased growth rate during rapid ear growth periods. Floret pollination failure and kernel abortion were the main reasons for the decrease in KNP, mainly depending on the daily maximum temperature during V15-R1 + 7 d. The strong linear relationships between ear and yield traits suggested that ear traits could be used as important indicators for breeding heat-resistant varieties in the future.
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CALDERINI, D. F., L. G. ABELEDO, R. SAVIN, and G. A. SLAFER. "Effect of temperature and carpel size during pre-anthesis on potential grain weight in wheat." Journal of Agricultural Science 132, no. 4 (June 1999): 453–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859699006504.

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The effect of environmental conditions immediately before anthesis on potential grain weight was investigated in wheat at the experimental field of the Faculty of Agronomy (University of Buenos Aires, Argentina) during 1995 and 1996. Plants of two cultivars of wheat were grown in two environments (two contrasting sowing dates) to provide different background temperature conditions. In these environments, transparent boxes were installed covering the spikes in order to increase spike temperature for a short period (c. 6 days) immediately before anthesis, i.e. between ear emergence and anthesis. In both environments, transparent boxes increased mean temperatures by at least 3·8 °C. These increases were almost entirely due to the changes in maximum temperatures because minimum temperatures were little affected. Final grain weight was significantly reduced by higher temperature during the ear emergence–anthesis period. It is possible that this reduction could be mediated by the effect of the heat treatment on carpel weight at anthesis because a curvilinear association between final grain weight and carpel weight at anthesis was found. This curvilinear association may also indicate a threshold carpel weight for maximizing grain weight.
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Zhang, Jian Jun. "The Design of Digital Ear Thermometer Based on MSP430." Advanced Materials Research 850-851 (December 2013): 462–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.850-851.462.

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In this paper, we study the digital ear thermometer controlled by MSP430F149 microcomputer. The system gets the temperature by using infrared temperature measurement module TN9. We can display the temperature on the LED and broadcast the real-time temperature by speaker.
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Toyama, Katsuhiro, Michael M. Paparella, Youngki Kim, and Jizhen Lin. "Temperature-Sensitive Sv40-Immortalized Rat Middle Ear Epithelial Cells." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 113, no. 12 (December 2004): 967–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348940411301206.

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Weiss, Marianne E., Verna Sitzer, Meg Clarke, Kathy Haley, Mary Richards, Ann Sanchez, and Ian Gocka. "A comparison of temperature measurements using three ear thermometers." Applied Nursing Research 11, no. 4 (November 1998): 158–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0897-1897(98)80274-7.

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Morinaka, Yuma, Aya Tabuchi, Yuki Kawakami, Yukihiro Masuda, and Hiroshi Matsumoto. "Variation of ear temperature when walking outside in summer." Urban Climate 13 (September 2015): 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2015.05.002.

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