Relevant bibliographies by topics / Ear temperature

Academic literature on the topic 'Ear temperature'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Ear temperature"

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Khabba, S., J. F. Ledent, and A. Lahrouni. "Maize ear temperature." European Journal of Agronomy 14, no. 3 (May 2001): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1161-0301(00)00095-2.

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Schmitz, T., N. Bair, M. Falk, and C. Levine. "A comparison of five methods of temperature measurement in febrile intensive care patients." American Journal of Critical Care 4, no. 4 (July 1, 1995): 286–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ajcc1995.4.4.286.

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BACKGROUND: A clinically useful temperature measurement method should correlate well with the body's core temperature. Although previous investigators have studied temperature readings from different sites in hypothermic and normothermic patients, none have compared methods specifically in febrile patients. OBJECTIVE: To compare temperature measurement methods in febrile intensive care patients. METHODS: Temperature readings were obtained in rapid sequence from an electronic thermometer for oral and axillary temperature, rectal probe, infrared ear thermometer on "core" setting, and pulmonary artery catheter, approximately every hour during the day and every 4 hours at night. The sample consisted of 13 patients with pulmonary artery catheters and with temperatures of at least 37.8 degrees C. RESULTS: Rectal temperature correlated most closely with pulmonary artery temperature. Rectal temperature showed closest agreement with pulmonary artery temperature, followed by oral, ear-based, and axillary temperatures. Rectal and ear-based temperatures were most sensitive in detecting temperatures greater than 38.3 degrees C. Likelihood ratios for detecting hyperthermia were 5.32 for oral, 2.46 for rectal, and 1.97 for ear-based temperature. Rectal and ear-based temperatures had the lowest negative likelihood ratios, indicating the least chance of a false negative reading. Axillary temperature had a negative likelihood ratio of 0.86. CONCLUSIONS: Rectal temperature measurement correlates most closely with core temperature. If the rectal site is contraindicated, oral or ear-based temperatures are acceptable. Axillary temperature does not correlate well with pulmonary artery temperature. These results underscore the importance of consistency in method when establishing temperature trends, and of awareness of method when interpreting clinical data.
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Sund Levander, Märta Helena, and Pia Tingström. "Fever or not fever – that’s the question: A cohort study of simultaneously measured rectal and ear temperatures in febrile patients with suspected infection." Clinical Nursing Studies 6, no. 2 (December 17, 2017): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/cns.v6n2p47.

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Objective: To study how ear and rectal body temperatures relate to each other over time in febrile patients.Methods: Descriptive cohort study with repeated measurements. The setting was a Unit for Infectious Diseases at a county hospital in Sweden. Patients, 18 years, admitted for suspected infection and with a rectal or ear temperature of 37.5°C were invited. 16 females and 24 men, 19 to 94 years were included. Ear and rectal temperature was measured simultaneously every two hours for one day.Results: Mean rectal temperature was higher, compared to both ear sites. Ninety-five percent of the differences between the rectal and ear sites were within 0.6°C to 1.1°C. Changes in rectal temperature were smaller and slower than in ear temperature, especially when patients were given temperature-lowering drugs.Conclusions: Adjustments from one temperature site to another is a risk of diagnostic error affecting clinical decision-making. Ear temperature reacts faster than the rectal site to body temperature changes and antipyretics, and is therefore more reliable in the assessment of the patient’s condition. Traditional paradigm for temperature measurement and assessment needs to be replaced with evidence-based science to improve patient safety.
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Jaén-Téllez, Juan A., María J. Sánchez-Guerrero, José I. López-Campos, Mercedes Valera, and Pedro González-Redondo. "Acute stress assessment using infrared thermography in fattening rabbits reacting to handling under winter and summer conditions." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 18, no. 2 (June 19, 2020): e0502. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2020182-15706.

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Aim of study: This study assesses acute stress by measuring, through infrared thermography in summer and winter, the temperature of the eye, outer ear, inner ear and nose in 40 fattening rabbits before and after handling.Area of study: Seville (Spain).Material and methods: Body thermographic temperatures were recorded during a 38-day fattening period twice weekly and twice a day, before and after the handler held the rabbits in their arms for one minute. Ambient temperature and relative humidity were also recorded, and their influence on body temperatures was assessed. For each anatomical part, the variation of the temperature between the handled and undisturbed rabbit, and the differential temperature between the anatomical part in the undisturbed rabbit and the ambient temperature were calculated.Main results: The variation in temperatures between handled and undisturbed rabbits ranged from 0.25±0.041 ºC for eye to 3.09±0.221 ºC for outer ear in summer and -0.41±0.182 ºC for nose to 2.09±0.178 ºC for outer ear in winter. The day of the fattening period influenced all the temperature traits during summer and winter, except for the inner ear in winter. In summer, unlike winter, the temperature variation at the end of fattening period between handled and undisturbed rabbits was lower than at weaning (-0.04 to 1.94 ºC vs. 0.54 to 5.52 ºC, respectively). The temperatures in undisturbed rabbits were correlated with ambient temperature.Research highlights: Measuring body temperature with infrared thermography is a useful tool to evaluate acute stress in handled rabbits, with the inner ear and eye the most reliable body parts for measuring it.
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Zempsky, William T. "Ear Temperatures." Pediatrics 96, no. 5 (November 1, 1995): 983. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.96.5.983a.

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Recently there have been several articles published in the literature concerning the use of otic thermometers and the equivalence or lack thereof of these instruments to the current "gold standard" (ie, rectal thermometers).1-3 I'm sure the following case will add some lively banter to this debate! A 5-week-old infant was referred to the emergency department from his pediatrician's office for a "full sepsis evaluation." This previously healthy infant had been crying more than usual at home and a rectal temperature obtained by his parent was 102.5°F.
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Levander, Märta Sund, and Ewa Grodzinsky. "Variation in Normal Ear Temperature." American Journal of the Medical Sciences 354, no. 4 (October 2017): 370–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjms.2017.05.013.

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Erickson, RS, and LT Meyer. "Accuracy of infrared ear thermometry and other temperature methods in adults." American Journal of Critical Care 3, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 40–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ajcc1994.3.1.40.

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OBJECTIVE: To compare the accuracy of infrared ear-based temperature measurement in relation to thermometer, ear position, and other temperature methods, with pulmonary artery temperature as the reference. METHODS: Ear-based temperature measurements were made with four infrared thermometers, three in the core mode and two in the unadjusted mode, each with tug and no-tug techniques. Pulmonary artery, bladder (n = 21), and axillary temperatures were read after each ear-based measurement and oral temperature was measured once when possible (n = 32). Subjects consisted of a convenience sample of 50 patients with pulmonary artery catheters who were in adult critical care units of a university teaching hospital. RESULTS: Ear-based measurements correlated well with pulmonary artery temperature (r = .87 to .91), although closeness of agreement differed among thermometer-mode combinations (mean offsets = -0.7 to 0.5 degree C) and had moderately high variability between subjects (SD = +/- 0.5 degree C) with all instruments. Use of an ear tug either made no difference or resulted in slightly lower readings. Bladder temperature was nearly identical to pulmonary artery temperature values (r = .99, offset = 0.0 +/- 0.2 degree C). Oral readings were slightly lower (r = .78, offset = -0.2 degree C) and axillary readings much more so (r = .80 to .82, offset = -0.7 degree C); both were highly variable (SD = +/- 0.6 degree C) and affected by external factors. CONCLUSIONS: Infrared ear thermometry is useful for clinical temperature measurement as long as moderately high variability between patients is acceptable. Readings differ among thermometers, although several instruments provide values close to pulmonary artery temperature in adults. Readings are not higher with an ear tug. Bladder temperature substitutes well for pulmonary artery temperature, whereas oral and axillary values may be influenced by external factors in the critical care setting.
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Schmid, Simone M., Wolfgang Büscher, and Julia Steinhoff-Wagner. "Suitability of Different Thermometers for Measuring Body Core and Skin Temperatures in Suckling Piglets." Animals 11, no. 4 (April 2, 2021): 1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11041004.

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Monitoring the temperature of piglets after birth is critical to ensure their well-being. Rectal temperature measurement is time-consuming, requires fixation of the animal and is stressful for piglets. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of infrared thermometry and thermography as compared to rectal temperatures. We investigated digital thermometers for rectal measurements, infrared ear thermometers, infrared forehead thermometers, infrared laser thermometers and an infrared camera during field trials with piglets aged 1–13 days. Temperatures differed between the left and right ear and ear base (p < 0.01), but not between temples. Three forehead and laser devices yielded different temperatures (p < 0.01). Temperatures assessed with a laser thermometer decreased with distance from the target (p < 0.01). The highest correlation observed was between the rectal and tympanic temperatures (r = 0.89; p < 0.01). For temperatures assessed with the camera, inner thigh and abdomen correlated most closely to core temperature (0.60 ≤ r ≤ 0.62; p < 0.01). Results indicate that infrared ear thermometry commonly used in humans is also suited for assessing temperature in piglets. The inner thigh and abdomen seem promising locations for estimating core temperature with an infrared camera, but this approach needs to be adapted to reduce time exposure and stress for the piglets to be used under practical conditions.
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Muir, I. H., P. A. Bishop, R. G. Lomax, and J. M. Green. "Prediction of rectal temperature from ear canal temperature." Ergonomics 44, no. 11 (September 2001): 962–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140130110068933.

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Ingram, J. R., C. J. Cook, and P. J. Harris. "The Effect of Transport on Core and Peripheral Body Temperatures and Heart Rate of Sheep." Animal Welfare 11, no. 1 (February 2002): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600024350.

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AbstractThe effect of transport on core and peripheral body temperatures and heart rate was assessed in ten 18-month-old Coopworth ewes (Ovis aries) Manual recordings of core (rectal) temperatures were obtained, and automated logging of peripheral (external auditory canal and pinna) temperatures and heart rate was carried out on the day prior to (day 1) and during (day 2) a standardised transport procedure. Transport produced a significant increase in the rectal temperature, which declined following unloading. Peripheral measures of body temperature also exhibited changes with transport. However, both ear-canal and pinna temperatures declined during actual transport, reflecting to some extent the decline in ambient temperatures recorded externally by sensors on the ear tags of the animals. Peripheral measurement of temperature, particularly at the readily accessible ear canal, may offer potential as a technique for the long-term monitoring of thermal responses to stress. However, further research is required into the potentially confounding effects of ambient temperature and wind chill factors.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ear temperature"

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Nascimento, Vítor Rodrigues do. "Evaluation of thermometers for ear temperature measurement at the wards in a university hospital." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/8480.

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Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Biomédica
Since mercury thermometers were banned due to environmental concerns, hospitals started to use electronic thermometers for measuring body temperature. Body temperature can be measured from different body parts, although the least invasive and quickest is preferred and therefore eardrum measurements are frequently taken. However, lately the staff feels that the taken measurements are not accurate. A new purchasing agreement for the purchase of these devices renders a good opportunity to study further the use of these devices at the wards of the university hospital, study their maintenance process, identify what performance is essential for the clinical usage, the parameters that are essential to measure and also identify ear thermometers in the market that can be used for comparative study. Temperature measurements were taken with the help of an infrared ear thermometer, Covidien Genius2, in its calibration blackbody device at the R&D department of the Huddinge Hospital in order to verify accuracy claims. This data were compared against other studies and measurements of other infrared ear thermometers devices, the Braun ThermoScan Pro 4000 and also a digital contact thermometer, Welch Allyn Suretemp Plus, applied to different body sites. Informal meetings also took place in order to get more information about the devices and to know where they were used and repaired. It was found that Genius2 measured temperature accurately when compared with a blackbody radiator. Regarding the Braun, it showed an accurate estimate of core temperature in comparison to invasive pulmonary artery catheter thermometry. Electronic tympanic thermometers proved to be a good replacement for conventional methods of thermometry. However, preventive maintenance should occur more often, since the devices are very fragile. Tympanic thermometers are generally very accurate instruments. Most likely, problems are not related to the thermometers themselves, they are possibly the result of an inadequate understanding of the limitations of ear thermometry.
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Knox, Andrew Mark. "The Effect of Cooling the Head to Reduce Brain Temperature on Stress." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Psychology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8186.

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Stress is associated with a vast array of negative outcomes for both physical and mental health. Based on evidence that stress influences temperature, and that psychology and physiology influence each other, we investigated the novel possibility that reducing brain temperature reduces stress in a sample of 91 university students. We used head fanning to reduce brain temperature and measured this change with an infrared ear thermometer. Participants were randomly assigned so that the fans faced toward half of the participants (cooling condition) and faced away from the other half (non-cooling control condition). Differences in stress between conditions during the Vandenberg and Kuse (1978) Mental Rotations Test were then examined to test the hypotheses that (a) cooling would buffer stress and (b) that this would be mediated by changes in brain temperature, as indicated by ear temperature. Participants in the cooling condition were less stressed (p = .02) and also performed better (p = .03) during the task but neither of these findings were mediated by ear temperature. Thus, some uncontrolled variable(s), and not changes in temperature, may have been responsible for the effect of cooling on stress. Alternatively, error in measuring brain temperature may have obscured the hypothesised causal relationship between temperature and stress. More research is needed to confirm whether cooling the head is a simple way to manage stress.
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Lehmuskallio, E. (Eero). "Cold protecting emollients and frostbite." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2001. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514259882.

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Abstract Frostbite of the face and ears is a common problem in cold winters. Application of an emollient on the face is a traditional way to prevent frostbite in Finland. The preliminary results of an epidemiological study on frostbite in Finnish conscripts unexpectedly showed that the use of cold protecting emollients increased the risk of facial frostbite. This finding motivated studies on the effects and use of cold protecting emollients. 830 male Finnish conscripts answered a questionnaire concerning the use of cold protecting emollients, subjective experience of using them in cold and cumulative incidence of frostbite in the ears and face. Risk factors of frostbite were investigated in a prospective epidemiological study including 913 Finnish conscripts needing medical attention for frostbite of the ears or face and their 2478 matched, uninjured controls. Thermal properties of four different emollients were studied in vitro with a skin model and in vivo in experimental cold exposures of test persons. Test emollient was applied on one half of the face, as the other half acted as control. The skin temperatures of the face-halves were compared symmetrically by thermistors and infrared thermography. Subjective sensation of thermal half-difference was also registered. 21% of the conscripts had used emollients in the cold, a majority with an experience of protection. 47% of the conscripts had had frostbite in the head (42% in the ears and 23% on the face). There was a statistically significant correlation between the use of emollients and the incidence of facial frostbite in both epidemiological studies. Applying protective emollients formed an independent risk factor for frostbite of the cheeks, nose and ear lobes (odds ratios 3.3-5.6). The thermal insulation of test emollients on the skin model was minimal. On living skin, the applied half was somewhat cooler in a majority of comparisons. However, white petrolatum gave often a subjective perception of a warming effect. False sensation of safety may form the principal cause for the increased risk of frostbite associated with the use of emollients. When the warning symptoms of cold are weak, necessary protective measures are not carried out.
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Wan, Margaret. "Assessment of occupational heat strain." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001661.

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Cherbuin, Nicolas, and n. cherbuin@anu edu au. "Hemispheric interaction: when and why is yours better than mine?" The Australian National University. Faculty of Science, 2006. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20060317.135525.

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The performance of most tasks requires some interaction between the cerebral hemispheres. Despite this fact, research has focused on demonstrating that each hemisphere is specialised for certain processes and has largely neglected this interaction. ¶ Recent research has recognised the need for a better understanding of how resources are shared between the cerebral hemispheres. While these studies have shed light on factors external to the participants being tested, such as the type of task and stimuli used, presentation times, and different measurement methods, they have neglected variables that differ between individuals. The studies reported here focused on factors internal to the participants. They include sex, age, handedness, functional lateralisation, practice, attention, and hemispheric activation, which vary between individuals or within individuals across time, and have been shown to influence the structure and morphology of the corpus callosum which is the main pathway for hemispheric interactions. ¶ This thesis examines the relationship of these variables to the efficiency of hemispheric interactions. ¶ A literature review of the factors affecting hemispheric interactions and interhemispheric transfer is presented in Chapter 1, and methodological issues relating to the measurement of these variables in Chapter 2. Based upon this research, two tasks, the Poffenberger paradigm and a letter-matching task, were selected to assess interhemispheric transfer time and hemispheric interactions, respectively, and to investigate the relationship between these two variables. ¶ Chapters 3 and 4 present the findings of the principal study, using a large sample of participants and regression analysis, which demonstrate that both faster interhemispheric transfer and more extreme left-handedness are associated with greater efficiency of hemispheric interaction. Surprisingly, other factors which were expected to influence hemispheric interactions (age, sex, functional lateralisation, and attention) did not have a significant effect on this variable. ¶ A strong practice effect found in the task used in Chapters 3 and 4 is analysed in Chapter 5. Contrary to previous findings, this practice effect seems not to be due to a shift from sequential, rule-based processing to memory-retrieval, but rather, is a more general practice effect consistent with progressively more efficient use of neural resources. ¶ Chapter 6 shows that individuals with dyslexia not only demonstrate an abnormally fast interhemispheric transfer, but also attentional deficits, due probably to decreased efficiency in hemispheric interactions. Because some clinical populations, such as individuals with dyslexia, have been shown to have hemispheric interaction deficits, the study of such clinical samples can provide valuable information about the relationship between hemispheric interactions and other individual variables. ¶ In Chapter 7 it is demonstrated that both latent and induced patterns of lateralised hemispheric activation affect hemispheric interactions. This suggests that assessment of hemispheric activation is important not only in this field, but probably also more generally in neuropsychological research. These findings highlight the need for a simple, inexpensive measure of hemispheric activation that can be applied routinely in cognitive experiments. ¶ Chapter 8 presents a new technique to measure lateralised brain activation in typical psychological experiments using functional tympanic membrane thermometry (fTMT). This measure relies on the measurement of ear membrane temperature as an index of hemispheric activation. The technique is simple and inexpensive, and is shown to be suitable for the assessment of hemispheric activation patterns during typical experiments. ¶ In conclusion, individual characteristics such as the efficiency of interhemispheric transfer, handedness, functional lateralisation, attention, and hemispheric activation are important factors to consider when researching hemispheric interactions in both normal and clinical populations. Furthermore, future research will benefit from this newly developed measure, fTMT, by allowing the systematic study of the effects of hemispheric activation in brain processes.
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MOUNIER, CLAUDE. "Contribution a l'etude du coefficient de temperature des reacteurs a eau legere." Paris 11, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA112385.

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Ce travail a porte sur la recherche des sources d'erreurs dans le calcul du coefficient de temperature isotherme des reseaux a eau legere. Nous avons etudie les trois domaines impliques: les donnees nucleaires, les methodes de calcul et la mesure. Nous avons montre les difficultes d'interpretation d'une mesure du coefficient de temperature. Cela nous a amene a definir une approche indirecte en s'interessant a des etats critiques a differentes temperatures. Ainsi, si on peut calculer precisement ces etats critiques alors le coefficient de temperature est lui-meme correctement calcule. Nous avons etudie l'influence des modeles de l'eau. Ces modeles permettent de calculer la section de diffusion thermique de l'eau. Cette grandeur conditionne la thermalisation des neutrons. Nous avons montre que le modele actuel (jef2) est satisfaisant pour les besoins de la physique des reacteurs. Concernant les isotopes majeurs (#2#3#5u, #2#3#8u et #2#3#9pu), les incertitudes sur les donnees nucleaires ne sont pas comme une source d'erreur preponderante en neutronique. Toutefois, elles ne sont pas totalement negligeables. Nous avons etudie, avec le code de transport des neutrons apollo-2, l'influence des differentes approximations pour le calcul des reseaux. Les possibilites nouvelles du code ont ete utilisees pour interpreter les experiences critiques, en particulier, les ameliorations du formalisme d'autoprotection des resonances. Le schema de calcul permet de lever en partie l'approximation du mode fondamental en resolvant l'equation du transport a deux dimensions avec la methode sn, les fuites neutroniques axiales etant simulees par un terme d'absorption en db#z#2. L'accord entre l'experience et le calcul est satisfaisant a la fois pour la reactivite et le coefficient de temperature
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Pillai, Rahul Radhakrishna. "Efficiency analysis of varying EGR under PCI mode of combustion in a light duty diesel engine." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/86042.

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The recent pollution norms have brought a strong emphasis on the reduction of diesel engine emissions. Low temperature combustion technology such as premixed compression ignition (PCI) has the capability to significantly and simultaneously reduce nitric oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM), thus meeting these specific pollution norms. There has been, however, observed loss in fuel conversion efficiency in some cases. This study analyzes how energy transfer and brake fuel conversion efficiency alter with (or are affected by) injection timings and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rate. The study is conducted for PCI combustion for four injection timings of 9°, 12°, 15° and 18° before top dead center (BTDC) and for four exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rates of 39%, 40%, 41% and 42%. The data is collected from the experimental apparatus located in General Motors Collaborative Research Laboratory at the University of Michigan. The heat release is calculated to obtain various in-cylinder energy transfers. The brake fuel conversion efficiency decreases with an increase in EGR. The decrease in the brake fuel conversion efficiency is due to the decrease in work output. This decrease is due to an increase in the pumping work and an increase in friction and decrease in gross indicated work. The decrease in the combustion efficiency is because of the increased formation of unburnt products due to increased ignition delay caused by the application of EGR and decreasing air-fuel (A/F) ratio. A definite trend is not obtained for the contribution of heat transfer to the total energy distribution. However the total heat transfer decreases with retardation of injection timing because of decreasing combustion temperature. As the injection timing is retarded, the brake fuel conversion efficiency is found to decrease. This decrease is because of a decrease in net work output. This is because the time available for utilization of the energy released is less because of late combustion. The total heat transfer decreases with retardation of injection timing because of decreasing combustion temperature. The contribution of heat transfer to the total energy distribution decreases with increase in EGR.
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Strahl, Audra Lynne. "Characterization of temperature sensitive vaccinia virus mutants in the a3l and e6r complementation groups." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0005203.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Florida, 2004.
Typescript. Title from title page of source document. Document formatted into pages; contains 59 pages. Includes Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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RAYNAL, ROHAN SYLVIE. "Emulsions multiples eau/huile/eau encapsulant du mgso4 : etude des transferts de matiere a temperature ambiante et subambiante par analyse enthalpique differentielle, rheologie et conductimetrie." Paris 11, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA114807.

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Sarangi, Asish. "Diesel low temperature combustion : an experimental study." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2012. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/10192.

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Diesel engine emissions of oxides of nitrogen and particulate matter can be reduced simultaneously through the use of high levels of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) to achieve low temperature combustion (LTC). Although the potential benefits of diesel LTC are clear, the main challenges to its practical implementation are the requirement of EGR levels that can exceed 60%, high fuel consumption, and high unburned hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions. These limit the application of LTC to medium loads. In order to implement the LTC strategy in a passenger vehicle engine, a transition to conventional diesel operation is required to satisfy the expected high load demands on the engine. The investigation presented in this thesis was therefore aimed at improving the viability of the high-EGR LTC strategy for steady-state and transient operation. An experimental investigation was carried out on a single cylinder high-speed direct injection diesel engine. This thesis presents research on engine in-cylinder performance and engine-out gaseous and particulate emissions at operating conditions (i.e. EGR rate, intake pressure, fuel quantity, injection pressure) likely to be encountered by an engine during transient and steady-state operation. At selected operating points, further investigation in terms of in-cylinder spray and combustion visualization, flame temperature and soot concentration measurements provided deeper insight into the combustion and emissions phenomena. Increased intake pressure at single injection high-EGR LTC operation was investigated as a strategy to reduce the emissions of partial combustion by-products and to improve fuel economy. The higher intake pressure, although effective in reducing partial combustion by-products emissions and improving fuel economy, increased the EGR requirement to achieve LTC. A split fuel injection strategy with advanced injection timing on the other hand was effective in reducing the EGR requirement for LTC from 62% with single injection to 52% with split injections at 120 kPa (absolute) intake pressure. Unburned hydrocarbon emissions and fuel economy were particularly sensitive to intake oxygen mass fraction, and injection and dwell timings with the split injection strategy. In-cylinder soot formation and oxidation mechanisms with the split injection strategy were found to be significantly different from the single injection high-EGR LTC case. Transient simulation of an engine during combustion mode transition identified engine operating parameters on a cycle-by-cycle basis. Steady-state investigation of these test conditions provided significant insight into the combustion conditions and their effect on emissions and performance. The results from this thesis demonstrated the importance of optimizing both the air handling system performance and the fuel injection system during engine transients. The increased emissions and impaired performance due to slow response of the EGR and turbocharger systems during transitions to and from LTC modes can in part be mitigated through split injections optimized for the specific transient point. This provides a clear direction for engine developers to pursue in optimizing engine calibration when running with LTC-conventional diesel dual-mode strategies.
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Books on the topic "Ear temperature"

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S, Purohit S., ed. Hormonal regulation of plant growth and development. Dordrecht: M. Nijhoff/W. Junk, 1985.

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Baloh, Robert W. Hallpike’s Caloric Test. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190600129.003.0015.

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Charles Hallpike decided that greater precision could be obtained with the caloric test by measurement of one or more attributes of the responses to some suitably graded stimulus. He chose to measure the duration of induced nystagmus. Hallpike chose water at 30°C and 44°C (7°C below and above body temperature, respectively) and allowed it to flow for 40 seconds. These temperatures were generally well tolerated, and the comparatively large quantity of water and rapid flow minimized errors due to misdirecting the stream within the ear canal. A simple chart was used to summarize the results of the bithermal caloric test. The chart consisted of two continuous lines, each representing a total of a 3-minute period, subdivided into 10-second intervals. Hallpike conducted a series of experiments on the phenomenon of directional preponderance with caloric testing and emphasized the importance of vestibular tonus originating from the inner ear receptors.
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Baloh, Robert W. Politzer’s Otology Clinic and the Discovery of the Caloric Test. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190600129.003.0008.

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Robert Bárány began his training in Adam Politzer’s Otology Clinic at the University of Vienna in October 1903 after completing his surgical training at the Vienna General Hospital. During his training, Bárány became friends with Gustav Alexander, who already had been offered a position in Politzer’s clinic. Alexander stimulated Bárány’s interest in the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear and was influential in helping Bárány obtain his appointment in Politzer’s clinic. It was well known in Politzer’s clinic that one had to be extremely careful regarding the temperature of the water used to irrigate the ear canals in removing cerumen, otherwise the patient would become dizzy. Bárány discovered the mechanism of this caloric reaction and eventually received the Nobel Prize in Medicine. Bárány’s findings were considered to be pivotal in clinical otology. His colleagues at the clinic were less magnanimous in their praise of Bárány’s accomplishments and questioned his integrity.
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Glasper, Edward Alan, Gillian McEwing, and Jim Richardson, eds. Assessing the sick child. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569572.003.0005.

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Principles of physical assessment 90Assessing a child's temperature 92Assessing a child's heart rate 94Assessing a child's respiratory rate 96Assessing a child's blood pressure 98Observation of the sick child 100Recognition of the sick child 102The principles of paediatric physical assessment involve more than observation, palpation, percussion, and auscultation. It should be remembered that even though the examination of the child is relatively painless, interventions such as the introduction of an oroscope into the ear, the palpation of the abdomen, and a cold stethoscope on the chest might all be very stressful to the child. Consideration should always be given to the child's psychological needs....
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Safe Hot Water and Surface Temperatures. 2nd ed. Stationery Office Books, 1998.

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C, Robinson James, and Langley Research Center, eds. Procedure for imolementation of temperature-dependent mechanical property capability in the Engineering Analysis Language (EAL) system. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1990.

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National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Staff. Procedure for Implementation of Temperature-Dependent Mechanical Property Capability in the Engineering Analysis Language (Eal) System. Independently Published, 2018.

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Furlani, Dianne, Rosemary Gales, and David Pemberton. Otoliths of Common Australian Temperate Fish. CSIRO Publishing, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643098459.

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The accurate identification of fish ‘ear-bones’, known as otoliths, is essential to determine the fish prey of marine and terrestrial predators. Fish otoliths are species-specific when combining size, shape and surface features, and can remain undigested for long periods. As a result, they can indicate which fish make up the diet of various predators, including cephalopod, seabird, marine mammal and fish species. Such studies are crucial for understanding marine ecosystems, and trophodynamics in particular. Increasingly, these methods are being used to understand the diet of some terrestrial predators, also extending to that of humans in archaelogical studies. Otoliths of Common Australian Temperate Fish offers users a verified reference collection to assist in the accurate identification of species and size of fish using otoliths. It covers 141 fish species from a broad geographic range of the Australian temperate region and includes commercial and non-commercial fish species. A standardised written description of the otolith structure, size and surface features is provided for each species. Included are brief distribution and ecology notes, and regression for both otolith and fish lengths, together with high-quality SEM photographs of the otolith described. This guide will be an essential reference for marine scientists and marine mammal researchers; ornithologists, fisheries researchers and fish biologists studying age and growth or comparative anatomy; and archaeologists. Winner of the 2008 Whitley Award for Zoological Manual.
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Woodburne, Michael O., Gregg F. Gunnell, and Richard K. Stucky. Land Mammal Faunas of North America Rise and Fall During the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum. Denver Museum of Nature & Science, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.55485/rkck3803.

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Climatic warming at the beginning of the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO) resulted in major increases in plant diversity and habitat complexity reflective of temporally unique, moist, paratropical conditions from about 53–50 Ma in the Western Interior of North America. In the early part of the EECO, mammalian faunal diversity increased at both local and continental scales in conjunction with a major increase in tropicality resulting from mean annual temperatures reaching 23 ̊C and mean annual precipitation approaching 150 cm/yr. A strong episode of taxonomic origination (high number of first appearances) in the latest Wasatchian and earliest Bridgerian Land Mammal Ages apparently was in response to these greatly diversified floral and habitat associations along with increasing temperature and precipitation. This is in contrast to a similar increase in first appearances at the beginning of the Wasatchian (Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, or PETM) that can be traced instead to climate-induced transcontinental immigration. In the later part of the EECO, from Br-1b–Br-3, climatic deterioration resulted in a major loss of faunal diversity at both continental and local levels, apparently mirroring climatic deterioration. Relative abundance shifted from diverse, evenly distributed communities to much less diverse, skewed distributions dominated by the condylarth Hyopsodus. Evolutionary innovation through the 53–50 Ma interval included a modest overall increase in body size and increased efficiency in carnivory and folivory as reflected by within-lineage patterns of evolution. Rather than being “optimum,” the EECO engendered the greatest episode of mammalian faunal turnover of the first 15 million years of the Cenozoic era, with both first and last appearances at their highest levels. Both the PETM and EECO faunas were climatically shaped.
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Schifter Secora, Isaac, and María del Carmen González Macías. El Reloj del Apocalipsis. ¿La antesala de un colapso ecológico? Ediciones Comunicación Científica, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52501/cc.017.

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El cambio climático pone en peligro nuestras esperanzas. “Estamos al borde de un abismo y movióndonos en la dirección equivocada”, declara el secretario de las Naciones Unidas en 2021. Debemos, por tanto, actualizar nuestro lenguaje para describir lo que ocurre: en la actualidad ya hablamos de mega huracanes, super tormentas y lluvias intensas. Para que esto no siga sucediendo se necesita un recorte de 45% de las emisiones para 2030, aunque se predice que ese año aumentarán 16%. Eso nos condenaría a un escenario infernal por el aumento de temperatura de al menos 2.7 °C sobre niveles preindustriales. Un gran número de países se ha comprometido a alcanzar cero emisiones netas de gases invernadero para 2050. Se argumenta que nos enfrentamos a un futuro “apocalíptico”, prediciendo una transformación de la temperatura que ser catastrófica, inevitable. En muchos aspectos, como veremos, hemos pasado el punto de no retorno, por lo cual no podemos seguir evadiendo el problema, sino más bien imaginar cómo podemos detenerlo. Existe una palabra para esta nueva era en la que vivimos: el Antropoceno, término que representa la idea de que hemos entrado en una nueva era geológica en la historia de nuestro planeta.
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Book chapters on the topic "Ear temperature"

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Eaton, Gareth R., Sandra S. Eaton, David P. Barr, and Ralph T. Weber. "Temperature." In Quantitative EPR, 91–99. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-92948-3_9.

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Har-Shai, Yaron, and Lior Har-Shai. "Minimally Invasive Technologies for the Treatment of Hypertrophic Scars and Keloids: Intralesional Cryosurgery." In Textbook on Scar Management, 235–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44766-3_28.

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AbstractA novel intralesional cryosurgical needle is inserted into the hypertrophic scars and keloid (HSK). It is connected to a canister of liquid nitrogen, which causes the cryoprobe to freeze, thereby freezing the HSK from inside out.Following the cryo-treatment, the histomorphometric analysis demonstrated rejuvenation of the treated scar. The frozen tissue was devoid of proliferating cells and of mast cells whereas the number of blood vessels remained unaltered.The surface thermal history showed slow cooling and thawing rates as well as less pronounced end temperature, which is “friendly” to the melanocytes, thus only minimal hypopigmentation was evident. A significant long hold time was documented. This allows time for solute effects, ice crystal formation, and recrystallization, which enhances and increases the rate of cell death. This long hold time is unique for the intralesional cryosurgery technology and might explain the superior clinical results.More than 50% of scar volume reduction was achieved following a single cryotherapy. For ear HSK, 70% of volume reduction was achieved, and for the upper back and shoulders 60%. Significant alleviation of objective and subjective clinical symptoms was documented. During the follow-up period there was no worsening or infection of the HSK and only minimal hypopigmentation.A pain control protocol was applied, which significantly reduced pain severity during and after the cryosurgery treatment to tolerable levels (VAS ≤ 3).The intralesional cryosurgery treatment is an evidence-based, effective, and safe technology, simple to operate, can be applied as an office procedure, is cost-effective, and takes a short learning curve. The technique achieves remarkable clinical results usually by a single treatment.
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Peng, Bing, Ji Peng, Liyuan Chai, and Di Yu. "Solidification of EAF Stainless Steel Dust." In 3rd International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing, 453–60. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118364987.ch55.

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Kirschen, Marcus, Ashraf Hanna, and Karl-Michael Zettl. "Cost Benefits of EAF Bottom Purging Systems Due to Metallurgical Improvements." In 4th International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing, 307–15. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118663448.ch38.

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Wu, Xuetao, Rong Zhu, Guangsheng Wei, Kai Dong, and Lingzhi Yang. "Hydraulic Model Study of Combined Blowing in 65t Electric Arc Furnace (EAF)." In 11th International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing, 3–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36540-0_1.

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Wang, Liancheng, Zhiwei Peng, Lei Yang, Leixia Zheng, Jie Wang, Wenxing Shang, Anton Anzulevich, Mingjun Rao, Guanghui Li, and Tao Jiang. "Self-reduction of Core-Shell EAF Dust-Biochar Composite Pellets Under Microwave Irradiation." In 11th International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing, 405–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36540-0_36.

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Xue, Botao, Lingzhi Yang, Yu-feng Guo, Feng Chen, Fuqiang Zheng, Jinlai Zhang, Hongguo Yao, and Xiaolei Hou. "Research on the Database Construction of Furnace Material Consumption in EAF Steelmaking Process." In 11th International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing, 465–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36540-0_41.

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Shiotani, Masaru, and Kenji Komaguchi. "Quantum Effects in Deuterium Labelled Radicals at Low Temperature." In EPR of Free Radicals in Solids, 153–95. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5166-6_4.

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Hai-yan, Tang, Guo Xiao-chen, Cheng Peng-fei, Liang Yong-cang, Li Jing-she, and Zhao Baojun. "Origin and Evolution of Non-Metallic Inclusions for Al-Killed Steel during EAF-LF-VD-CC Process." In 7th International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing, 271–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48093-0_34.

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Hai-yan, Tang, Guo Xiao-chen, Cheng Peng-fei, Liang Yong-cang, Li Jing-she, and Zhao Baojun. "Origin and Evolution of Non-Metallic Inclusions For Al-Killed Steel During Eaf-Lf-Vd-Cc Process." In 7th International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing, 271–78. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119274643.ch34.

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Conference papers on the topic "Ear temperature"

1

Cárdenas-García, D., and E. Méndez-Lango. "Blackbody for metrological control of ear thermometers." In TEMPERATURE: ITS MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL IN SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY, VOLUME 8: Proceedings of the Ninth International Temperature Symposium. AIP, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4821415.

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TOYAMA, KATSUHIRO, SHIZUO KOMUNE, JIZHEN LIN, and MICHAEL M. PAPARELLA. "TEMPERATURE –SENSITIVE SV40 IMMORTALIZED RAT MIDDLE EAR EPITHELIAL CELLS." In Proceedings of the 3rd Symposium. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812703019_0016.

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Fernandez Gallego, Jose A., Ma Luisa Buchaillot, Nieves Aparicio Gutiérrez, Maria Teresa Nieto-Taladriz, José Luis Araus, and Shawn C. Kefauver. "Wheat ear temperature estimation using a thermal radiometric camera." In Remote Sensing for Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Hydrology XXI, edited by Christopher M. Neale and Antonino Maltese. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2532758.

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Chen, Xingyu, Chenhan Xu, Baicheng Chen, Zhengxiong Li, and Wenyao Xu. "In-ear thermometer: wearable real-time core body temperature monitoring." In SenSys '20: The 18th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3384419.3430442.

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Heidi Mai-Lis Andersen. "The relationship between ear skin temperature and behavior of growing pigs." In 2006 Portland, Oregon, July 9-12, 2006. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.20902.

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"A Wireless Ear Canal’s Temperature Monitoring System for an Intensive Care Patient." In 3rd International conference on Innovative Engineering Technologies. International Institute of Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/iie.e0816007.

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V.I., Pakhomov, Rudoy D.V., Lebedenko V.G., Ananova O.G., Kulikova N.A., Maltseva T.A., and Ugrehelidze N.T. "HIGH-TEMPERATURE TREATMENT OF GRAIN CROPS." In OF THE ANNIVERSARY Х INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE «INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN SCIENCE AND EDUCATION» («ITSE 2022» CONFERENCE). DSTU-Print, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/itse.2022.121-123.

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The article presents an overview of the main methods of high-temperature processing of grain crops, which allows to improve digestibility, taste, and increase the nutritional value of raw materials with the right technology: microwave heating, IR heating, ohmic heating, high pressure and steam exposure. As raw materials for high-temperature processing, cereals, including perennial ear crops, are considered: perennial winter wheat (Trititrigia) variety “Pamyati Lyubimovoy» and Wheatgrass gray variety "Sova".
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Awaludin, Asif, Tiin Sinatra, Noersomadi, and Hiroyuki Hashiguchi. "Analysis of the acoustic chirp signal of EAR-RASS for improving its temperature profile data retrieval." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 3RD INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON METALLURGY AND MATERIALS (ISMM2019): Exploring New Innovation in Metallurgy and Materials. AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0002325.

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Chung, Hanwook, Jingjie Li, Younghyun Kim, and Christopher Y. Choi. "Continuous and Wireless Skin Contact and Ear Implant Temperature Measurements and Relations to the Core Body Temperature of Heat Stressed Dairy Cows." In 10th International Livestock Environment Symposium (ILES X). St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/iles.18-059.

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Sun, Guanghao, Nobujiro Abe, Youhei Sugiyama, Quang Vinh Nguyen, Kohei Nozaki, Yosuke Nakayama, Osamu Takei, Yukiya Hakozaki, Shigeto Abe, and Takemi Matsui. "Development of an infection screening system for entry inspection at airport quarantine stations using ear temperature, heart and respiration rates." In 2013 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc.2013.6611097.

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Reports on the topic "Ear temperature"

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Hodson, Madison, and Leo L. Timms. Use of an Ear Tag Based Behavioral and Temperature Monitor (Cow ManagerR) on Dairy Calves (Preliminary Report). Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-384.

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Corujo, German, and Leo L. Timms. Uses of an Ear Tag Based Behavioral and Temperature Monitoring System (Cow ManagerR) at the ISU Dairy. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-391.

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Al-Qaisi, Mohmmad, and Leo L. Timms. Use of an Ear Tag Based Behavioral and Temperature Monitor (Cow ManagerTM) During a Heat Stress Induction Trial Using Electric Heat Blankets (EHB): (Preliminary Results). Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-359.

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Chiel, Elad, and Christopher J. Geden. Development of sustainable fly management tools in an era of global warming. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598161.bard.

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House flies (Muscadomestica) are global pests of animal agriculture, causing major annoyance, carrying pathogens among production facilities and humans and thus have profound impacts on animal comfort and productivity. Successful fly control requires an integrated pest management (IPM) approach that includes elements of manure management, mass trapping, biological control, and selective insecticide use. Insecticidal control of house flies has become increasingly difficult due to the rapidity with which resistance develops, even to new active ingredients. Global climate change poses additional challenges, as the efficacy of natural enemies is uncertain under the higher temperatures that are predicted to become more commonplace in the future. The two major objectives of this research project were: 1) to develop a cost-effective autodissemination application method of Pyriproxifen (PPF), an insect growth regulator, for controlling house flies; 2) to study the effect of increasing temperatures on the interactions between house flies and their principal natural enemies. First, we collected several wild house fly populations in both countries and established that most of them are susceptible to PPF, although one population in each country showed initial signs of PPF-resistance. An important finding is that the efficacy of PPF is substantially reduced when applied in cows’ manure. We also found that PPF is compatible with several common species of parasitoids that attack the house fly, thus PPF can be used in IPM programs. Next, we tried to develop “baited stations” in which house flies will collect PPF on their bodies and then deliver and deposit it in their oviposition sites (= autodissemination). The concept showed potential in lab experiments and in outdoor cages trials, but under field conditions the station models we tested were not effective enough. We thus tested a somewhat different approach – to actively release a small proportion of PPF-treated flies. This approach showed positive results in laboratory experiments and awaits further field experiments. On the second topic, we performed two experimental sets: 1) we collected house flies and their parasitoids from hot temperature and mild temperature areas in both countries and, by measuring some fitness parameters we tested whether the ones collected from hot areas are better adapted to BARD Report - Project 4701 Page 2 of 16 heat. The results showed very little differences between the populations, both of flies and parasitoids. 2) A “fast evolution” experiment, in which we reared house flies for 20 generations under increasing temperatures. Also here, we found no evidence for heat adaptation. In summary, pyriproxyfen proved to be a highly effective insect growth regulator for house flies that is compatible with it’s natural enemies. Although our autodissemination stations yielded disappointing results, we documented the proportion of flies in a population that must be exposed to PPF to achieve effective fly control. Both the flies and their principal parasitoids show no evidence for local adaptation to high temperatures. This is an encouraging finding for biological control, as our hypothesis was that the fly would be adapting faster to high temperatures than the parasitoids. BARD Report - Project 4701 Page 3 of 16
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Bezella, W. A., J. Poloncsik, D. H. Thompson, and R. E. Holtz. A low temperature irradiation vehicle for EBR-II feasibility design study. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10200924.

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Ragland, W. A., and E. E. Feldman. EBR-II axial temperature distributions measured during in-vessel natural circulation experiments. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10130326.

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Koenig, J. F., and R. M. Lell. Prediction of temperature in an uncooled EBR-II subassembly heated by fission product decay. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/714610.

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Cairo, Jessica, Iulia Gherman, and Paul Cook. The effects of consumer freezing of food on its use-by date. Food Standards Agency, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ret874.

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The current Food Standards Agency consumer guidance states that consumers can freeze pre-packed food right up to the “use-by” date and, once food has been defrosted, it should be consumed within 24 hours. This strategic review has collated relevant data to determine whether there is an increased risk in relation to freezing ready-to-eat and non-ready-to-eat foods on the use-by date compared to the day before the use-by date. The review has focused on how the shelf-life of a food is determined and the effects of freezing, thawing and refrigeration on foodborne pathogens, including Bacillus spp., Campylobacter spp., Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium perfringens, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, pathogenic Escherichia coli and Shigella spp. In the UK, food business operators are responsible for setting the safe shelf-life of a food which, in practice, should take into consideration the consumer habits, as well as the factors affecting shelf-life, such as food product characteristics, food processing techniques, transport, retail and domestic food storage temperatures, and type of packaging. Some countries, such as Ireland, New Zealand and Canada specifically recommend including safety margins within shelf lives. This is used to maintain brand integrity because it ensures that the food is consumed in its optimum condition. The FSA has collaborated with other organisations in the production of several guidance documents; however, there is no explicit requirement for the consideration of a margin of safety when setting shelf-life. There is also no legal requirement in the UK to consider a safety margin when setting shelf-life. According to regulations, pathogens should not be present in sufficient levels to cause foodborne illness on the use-by date, as food should still be safe to eat on that day. Given that these requirements are met, the risk assessed in this report arises from the processes of freezing, thawing and subsequent refrigerated storage for a further 24 hours, and the potential for these to increase pathogen levels. In this review, it was found that there is a risk of additional growth of certain pathogens during the refrigerated storage period although the impact of freezing and thawing on the extent of this growth was not readily evident. This risk would relate specifically to ready-to-eat foods as cooking of non-ready-to-eat foods after defrosting would eliminate pathogens. This report explores the potential issues related to consumer freezing on the use-by date and identifies additional information or research required to understand the risks involved. Overall, there is little evidence to suggest a significant change in risk between consumers freezing ready-to-eat food on the use-by date compared to freezing the food on the day before the use-by date. Specific areas that merit further research include the risks due to low temperature survival and growth of L. monocytogenes. There is also a lack of research on the effects of freezing, defrosting and refrigeration on the growth and toxin production of non-proteolytic C. botulinum, and the growth of Salmonella during domestic freezing and thawing. Finally, more information on how food business operators set shelf-life would enable a better understanding of the process and the extent of the safety margin when determining shelf-life of ready-to-eat and non-ready-to-eat foods.
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Ruosteenoja, Kimmo. Applicability of CMIP6 models for building climate projections for northern Europe. Finnish Meteorological Institute, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361416.

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In this report, we have evaluated the performance of nearly 40 global climate models (GCMs) participating in Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). The focus is on the northern European area, but the ability to simulate southern European and global climate is discussed as well. Model evaluation was started with a technical control; completely unrealistic values in the GCM output files were identified by seeking the absolute minimum and maximum values. In this stage, one GCM was rejected totally, and furthermore individual output files from two other GCMs. In evaluating the remaining GCMs, the primary tool was the Model Climate Performance Index (MCPI) that combines RMS errors calculated for the different climate variables into one index. The index takes into account both the seasonal and spatial variations in climatological means. Here, MCPI was calculated for the period 1981—2010 by comparing GCM output with the ERA-Interim reanalyses. Climate variables explored in the evaluation were the surface air temperature, precipitation, sea level air pressure and incoming solar radiation at the surface. Besides MCPI, we studied RMS errors in the seasonal course of the spatial means by examining each climate variable separately. Furthermore, the evaluation procedure considered model performance in simulating past trends in the global-mean temperature, the compatibility of future responses to different greenhouse-gas scenarios and the number of available scenario runs. Daily minimum and maximum temperatures were likewise explored in a qualitative sense, but owing to the non-existence of data from multiple GCMs, these variables were not incorporated in the quantitative validation. Four of the 37 GCMs that had passed the initial technical check were regarded as wholly unusable for scenario calculations: in two GCMs the responses to the different greenhouse gas scenarios were contradictory and in two other GCMs data were missing from one of the four key climate variables. Moreover, to reduce inter-GCM dependencies, no more than two variants of any individual GCM were included; this led to an abandonment of one GCM. The remaining 32 GCMs were divided into three quality classes according to the assessed performance. The users of model data can utilize this grading to select a subset of GCMs to be used in elaborating climate projections for Finland or adjacent areas. Annual-mean temperature and precipitation projections for Finland proved to be nearly identical regardless of whether they were derived from the entire ensemble or by ignoring models that had obtained the lowest scores. Solar radiation projections were somewhat more sensitive.
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Peppers, Larry G., and Vincent L. Trujillo. LANL Response to SRS Requirement G-ESR-G-00035 Item 11 Bed Temperature Requirements, Revision 4. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1084515.

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