Journal articles: 'EAP'

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Xie, Changping, Pilar Alcaide, Brian V. Geisbrecht, Darius Schneider, Mathias Herrmann, Klaus T. Preissner, Francis W. Luscinskas, and Triantafyllos Chavakis. "Suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by extracellular adherence protein of Staphylococcus aureus." Journal of Experimental Medicine 203, no. 4 (April 3, 2006): 985–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20051681.

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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a devastating inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). A major hallmark of MS is the infiltration of T cells reactive against myelin components. T cell infiltration is mediated by the interaction of integrins of the β1 and β2 family expressed by lymphocytes with their endothelial counter-receptors, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, respectively. We have reported previously that extracellular adherence protein (Eap) of Staphylococcus aureus exerts antiinflammatory activities by interacting with ICAM-1 and blocking β2-integrin–dependent neutrophil recruitment. Here, we report that Eap inhibits experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice. In vitro, Eap reduced adhesion of peripheral blood T cells to immobilized ICAM-1 as well as their adhesion and transmigration of TNF-activated human endothelium under static and shear flow conditions. These inhibitory effects were corroborated in two mouse models of inflammation. In a delayed-type hypersensitivity model, both T cell infiltration and the corresponding tissue edema were significantly reduced by Eap. In addition, Eap administration prevented the development of EAE and markedly decreased infiltration of inflammatory cells into the CNS. Strikingly, intervention with Eap after the onset of EAE suppressed the disease. Collectively, our findings indicate that Eap represents an attractive treatment for autoimmune neuroinflammatory disorders such as MS.

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Asuke, Soichiro, Shuko Nishimi, and Yukio Tosa. "At Least Five Major Genes Are Involved in the Avirulence of an Eleusine Isolate of Pyricularia oryzae on Common Wheat." Phytopathology® 110, no. 2 (February 2020): 465–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-07-19-0278-r.

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Pyricularia oryzae is composed of pathotypes that show host specificity at the plant genus level. To elucidate the genetic mechanisms of the incompatibility between the Eleusine pathotype (pathogenic on finger millet) and common wheat, an Eleusine isolate (MZ5-1-6) was crossed with a Triticum isolate (Br48) pathogenic on wheat, and resulting F1 cultures were sprayed onto common wheat cultivars Hope, Norin 4 (N4), and Chinese Spring (CS). On Hope, avirulent and virulent cultures segregated in a 3:1 ratio, suggesting that two avirulence genes are involved. They were tentatively designated as eA1 and eA2. On N4 and CS, the segregation ratio was not significantly deviated from the 7:1, 15:1, or 31:1 ratios, suggesting that three or more genes are involved. A comparative analysis of the segregation patterns suggested that two of these genes were eA1 and eA2. A complementation test indicated that the third gene (tentatively designated as eA3) was the Ao9 type of the PWT3 gene controlling the avirulence of Avena and Lolium isolates on wheat. The fourth gene (tentatively designated as eA4) was detected by backcrossing 200R72, an F1 culture lacking eA1, eA2, and eA3, with Br48. Comparative analyses of phenotypes and the presence and/or absence of molecular markers in the F1 population revealed that some cultures were avirulent on N4/CS in spite of lacking eA1, eA2, eA3, and eA4, indicating the presence of the fifth gene (tentatively designated as eA5). Taken together, we conclude that at least five avirulence genes are involved in the incompatibility between MZ5-1-6 and N4/CS.

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Belzl, Harry. "EAP." Trauma und Berufskrankheit 1, S1 (April 8, 1999): S101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00014833.

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Börner, Martin, and Detlef Leuftink. "EAP." Trauma und Berufskrankheit 1, S1 (April 8, 1999): S105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00014837.

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Leuftink, Detlef. "EAP." Trauma und Berufskrankheit 1, S1 (April 8, 1999): S99—S100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00014860.

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Kotschessa, Bonnie. "EAP Research." Employee Assistance Quarterly 10, no. 2 (March 3, 1995): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j022v10n02_05.

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7

Pennisi, Giulia Adriana. "EALP textbooks and the challenges of legal English education." English for Academic Purposes (EAP): New frontiers in learning to write in English 10, no. 2 (December 21, 2023): 62–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21283/2376905x.1.10.2.2768.

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Over the last thirty years English for Academic Purposes (EAP) has expanded, cutting across the domains of specialised discourse, and has shifted its focus to meet the needs of large numbers of non-native speaking students at the university level. In this regard, English for Academic Legal Purposes (EALP) can be defined as the teaching and learning of legal English as an ESP subject that includes the academic dimensions of EAP. This paper investigates how EALP textbooks has responded to the challenges of law school education. Reflecting on the pedagogic contributions of Carrick and Dunn (1985), Candlin, Bhatia, and Jensen (2002), and Prinsloo (2015), this paper begins diachronically with a sample of EALP-type textbooks from the point where Prinsloo completed his analysis. Drawing on these reviews, this paper attempts to provide some insights into the development of EALP-type textbooks and their response to the challenges of legal English education.

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King, Robin S., Sharon H. Anderson, and Gary J. Killian. "Effect of Bovine Oviductal Estrus‐Associated Protein on the Ability of Sperm to Capacitate and Fertilize Oocytes." Journal of Andrology 15, no. 5 (September 10, 1994): 468–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1939-4640.1994.tb00482.x.

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ABSTRACT: At estrus, an oviduct‐specific, estrus‐associated glycoprotein (EAP) of molecular weight 85–95,000, is secreted by the oviductal epithelium and found in cannula‐derived bovine oviductal fluid (ODF). The otyectives of these studies were to determine if bovine sperm were capacitated by EAP in vitro, whether this effect differed for EAP derived from ODF versus conditioned medium from oviduct ampullar explants, and to determine if sperm capacitated in vitro with EAP‐fertilized bovine eggs. Sperm were incubated for up to 6 hours with partially purified EAP derived from ODF and assessed for capadtation by their ability to undergo the acrosome reaction following exposure to lysophosphatidyichotine. At 4 hours of incubation, the number of capacitated sperm in treatments containing 50% ODF or EAP plus bovine serum albumin (BSA) was similar, and it was significantly greater than the number of capacitated sperm in treatments containing antibodies to EAP. Using purified EAP derived from ampullar explant‐conditioned medium, twice the number of sperm were capacitated after 4 hours with EAP from conditioned medium or with ODF than with treatments containing anti‐EAP. The fertilizing ability of sperm incubated with EAP was significantly greater than that for sperm incubated without EAP or with anti‐EAP. We conclude that bovine EAP, derived from both ODF and in vitro cultures, promotes sperm fertilizing ability.

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Song, Tairan, Yan Qiao, Yunfang He, Jie Li, Naiqi Wu, and Bin Liu. "A New Framework of the EAP System in Semiconductor Manufacturing Internet of Things." Electronics 12, no. 18 (September 16, 2023): 3910. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12183910.

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In modern semiconductor manufacturing, the computer-integrated manufacturing system plays an essential role in automation with plenty of software systems. Among them, the equipment automation program (EAP) is one of the fundamental systems to support the interconnection of various types of equipment. For the traditional EAP, the communication and logic models are tightly coupled. The occurrence of any exception in EAP may make the EAP power down such that no equipment is reachable. Additionally, it can handle a couple of manufacturing tools only. The extension of manufacturing tools in a semiconductor fab makes the investment in EAP unbearable. Thus, fabs are highly desired to solve such problems of the traditional EAP. To do so, this work designs a new framework for a distributed EAP system with new technologies being adopted to enhance the usage and stability of EAP. Additionally, this design philosophy makes the distributed EAP system more compatible and expansible. Further, this EAP system can be upgraded as communication and big data technologies advance. Experiments are carried out to verify the stability of the designed distributed EAP system.

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Li, Yulong, and Lixun Wang. "Chinese teachers’ perception of how TESOL differs from teaching EAP." Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics 10, no. 2 (October 18, 2020): 562–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v10i2.28609.

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The last two decades have witnessed a prolific increase in academic activity in the study of English for Academic Purposes (EAP). Many teachers who were trained for Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL) have been required to teach EAP. TESOL and EAP are two different concepts and teachers transitioning from TESOL to teaching EAP may encounter many difficulties. However, little research has been carried out in this area, particularly beyond the context of the UK. Helping teachers to clarify their perceptions of TESOL and EAP is the first step to facilitate this transition. The present study aims to facilitate Chinese university teachers’ pedagogical transitions from TESOL to teaching EAP by clarifying teachers’ own understanding of these two concepts and by outlining how several different factors contribute to their EAP conceptualisation. By using a multiple case study methodology, the current research has revealed that the investigated teachers’ perceptions of EAP comprised eclectic theories, which overlap with some current EAP literature. Facing a somewhat unethical research culture in China, some teachers added moral rubrics into their EAP concepts as reminders to their students. The teachers reported that TESOL and EAP diverged in discourses and commissions: EAP is more student empowering, but TESOL is more humanistic.

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Tlak Gajger, Ivana, Lidija Svečnjak, Dragan Bubalo, and Tomislav Žorat. "Control of Varroa destructor Mite Infestations at Experimental Apiaries Situated in Croatia." Diversity 12, no. 1 (December 25, 2019): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12010012.

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Experimental varroacidal treatments of honey bee colonies were conducted on five apiaries (EA1–EA5) situated at five different geographical and climatic locations across Croatia. The aim of this study was to assess the comparative efficacy of CheckMite+ (Bayer, Germany), Apiguard (Vita Europe Ltd.; England), Bayvarol, C, (Bayer, Germany), Thymovar, (Andrma BioVet GmbH, Germany), and ApiLife Var, (Chemicals Laif SPA; Vigonza, Italy) for controlling the honey bee obligatory parasitic mite Varroa destructor in different conditions in the field during summer treatment. The relative varroa mite mortality after treatments with applied veterinary medicinal products were EA1 (59.24%), EA2 (47.31%), EA3 (36.75%), EA4 (48.33%), and EA5 (16.78%). Comparing the relative efficacy of applied varroacides, the best effect was achieved with CheckMite+, and the lowest for honey bee colonies treated with Apiguard (statistically significant difference was confirmed; p < 0.05). Considering the lower efficacy of thymol-based veterinary medicinal products observed on all EA in these study conditions, it may be concluded that their use is limited under different treatment regimes. Despite unfavourable weather and environmental conditions, with exceptions of EA5/EA5′ and EA1, the relative varroacidal efficacy of authorized veterinary medicinal product treatments in moderately infested honey bee colonies ensured normal overwintering and colony development during next spring.

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Ou, Hsia Hung, Hao Hsiang Ku, and Te Yu Chen. "The Concept of Extensible Authentication Protocol for Mobile Equipment to Heterogeneous Network (EAP-M2H)." Applied Mechanics and Materials 145 (December 2011): 204–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.145.204.

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Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) is a universal authentication framework defined by RFC3748 and updated by RFC5247. It is not a specific authentication mechanism for exclusive system and then the widespread acceptance and implementation in wireless networks or other Point-to-Point (P2P) connections. A number of vendor specific EAP methods were proposed for special purpose such as EAP-MD5, EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS, EAP-PEAP, LEAP, SPEKE, EAP-SIM, EAP-AKA, EAP-FAST, and so on. All of them have a common characteristic that the client submitted his Security Association (SA) to the neighbor Access Point (AP), then AP forward it to identify his validity by Authentication Authorization Accounting (AAA) server of both sides. Although these EAPs are design to meet the widespread authentication demands. But in fact they have the independent authentication procedure respectively. That is they are incompatible with each other. For mobile devices, in order to meet the needs of different connection it had to support many of the EAPs. This situation for the most mobile devices is a heavy load and result the inconvenient which move in the different service network. This paper devotes in solves this situation. For this goal, an extensible authentication protocol for mobile equipment to heterogeneous network (EAP-M2H) is provided in the paper. EAP-M2H development from the EAP-AKA and improve their applicability and compatibility in heterogeneous network.

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13

Li, Yulong. "What is EAP? — From Multiple Literacies to a Humanistic Paradigm Shift." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 7, no. 7 (July 1, 2017): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0707.01.

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EAP researchers have proffered definitions of EAP; however, some of these are contradictory. Therefore, effectively defining the scope, aims, and pedagogy of EAP can prove problematic. This essay will extract the shared aspects from popular EAP approaches and then place them into the broader context of EAP development, language teaching and literacy history, and the changing history of the educational landscape. This will make it possible to thematise current EAP theories critically, to further defined the nature of EAP as a combination of multiple literacies, including academic literacy, disciplinary cultural literacy, critical literacy, and digital literacy. Without opportunities to experience the research process directly, the multiple literacies of EAP remain in the domain of classroom knowledge, failing to include preparation for the realities students will encounter when doing research. However, if EAP students, future academics, are well equipped with techniques for doing research and writing papers, but perform research to benefit themselves only, who will speak out for the needs of society? Therefore, in a Neo-liberalism influenced higher education society, EAP should not only be viewed as a utility but should stress the humanistic goals of academic research and the moral responsibilities of those who become academics. Current study suggests a theoretical and pedagogical shift bending towards humanistic EAP.

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McClellan, Keith. "Exploring EAP Credentialing." Employee Assistance Quarterly 1, no. 2 (October 21, 1985): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j022v01n02_02.

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Cunningham, Gloria. "The EAP Counselor:." Employee Assistance Quarterly 8, no. 1 (January 26, 1993): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j022v08n01_02.

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Lubin, Bernard, H. D. Shanklin IV, and Jean R. Sailors. "The EAP Literature:." Employee Assistance Quarterly 8, no. 1 (January 26, 1993): 47–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j022v08n01_05.

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Bayer, Darryl L. "EAP Family Therapy." Employee Assistance Quarterly 10, no. 3 (June 2, 1995): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j022v10n03_03.

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Molly-Heck, Ten. "EAP and HR." Employee Assistance Quarterly 10, no. 3 (June 2, 1995): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j022v10n03_04.

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Lubin, Bernard, H. D. Shanklin, and Alicia M. Polk. "The EAP Literature." Employee Assistance Quarterly 11, no. 4 (June 11, 1996): 59–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j022v11n04_04.

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Watson Todd, Richard. "EAP or TEAP?" Journal of English for Academic Purposes 2, no. 2 (January 2003): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1475-1585(03)00014-6.

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Zou, Bin, Cheng Cheng, and WenCheng Hsu. "EAP and Occupations." Journal of AsiaTEFL 14, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 320–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18823/asiatefl.2017.14.2.8.320.

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Cohen, Mark, and Robert Rothenberg. "EAP Research Methods." Social Work 32, no. 3 (May 1, 1987): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sw/32.3.272-a.

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Klassen, Gwen. "Access EAP: Foundations." Journal of English for Academic Purposes 12, no. 4 (December 2013): 316–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2013.01.005.

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Evans, Barbara L., and Harrison M. Trice. "Acceptance and Implementation of Eap Core and Noncore Tasks." Journal of Drug Issues 25, no. 2 (April 1995): 379–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269502500210.

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This study explores the attitudes of aspiring and practicing EAP workers toward twenty EAP job tasks — ten that conform to the EAP core tasks and ten that do not. Implementation of the EAP core and noncore tasks is also examined. Findings suggest that although the EAP core tasks are widely accepted, EAP workers implement, in practice, several noncore tasks as often as some of the core tasks. These data also suggest that assisting workers with substance abuse problems continues to be a central theme in employee assistance practice.

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Tackie, George. "Multi-Stakeholder Perspectives of Environmental Accountability Practices in the Mining Sector." International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting 10, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijafr.v10i4.17945.

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This paper analyses environmental accountability practices (EAP) in the mining sector from the perspectives of multi-stakeholders. The study adopts a purely qualitative approach to research in terms of research method, data collection and data analysis. Interview data was gathered from a sample of twenty-one predominantly large-scale mining firms in Ghana. Based on responses from the interview respondents, themes from the literature and empirical material, stakeholders’ perspectives were analysed regarding (1) motivations for EAP; (2) effectiveness of EAP; (3) performance assessment based on EAP; and (4) stakeholder engagements regarding EAP. This paper analyses EAP in Ghana’s mining industry from the viewpoint of multi-stakeholders – regulatory bodies, mining companies, environmental managers, community partners, environmental consultants, and mining association. The findings reveal the commonality of acceptable and responsible EAP that can lead to a ‘win-win’ situation for all stakeholders in the mining industry. Mining firms should increase their focus on practicing value-added EAP in all facets of mining operations. They should also strengthen their engagement with indigenes, and not only local elites, and align their EAP efforts with the immediate needs of the local communities. The novelty of this paper is the determination of the drivers (the ‘why’), outputs (the ‘how’), and outcomes (the benefits) of EAP which is missing in the EAP literature.

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Kim, Youngsik. "Educational Accountability Policy for Sustainable Development: A Comparative Analysis across 30 Countries." Sustainability 15, no. 18 (September 18, 2023): 13883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151813883.

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This study aims to conduct a comparative analysis regarding Educational Accountability Policies (EAPs) across countries and empirically investigate the factors contributing to the variations in EAP implementation. To achieve these goals, firstly, this study investigated the status of EAP implementation by countries and endeavored to identify the trends regarding the diffusion and variation of EAP. Secondly, this study empirically analyzed the factors associated with variations in EAP implementation across countries. By employing country-level panel data from 30 countries, this study ascertained the status of EAP implementation as a global phenomenon. It examined the factors related to the adoption and intensity of EAP implementation based on the theoretical framework of the principal-agent model. This study has yielded two principal revelations. Firstly, there has been a rapid increase in the number of countries implementing EAP since the 2000s, accompanied by a bolstering of EAP implementation intensity. Nonetheless, there are discernible disparities in the adoption and implementation of EAP by countries. Secondly, this study has revealed that countries characterized by a more advanced economic status or an augmented governmental power tend to exhibit a proclivity for the adoption of EAP. Moreover, countries with a more advanced economic status, an augmented governmental power, or a higher degree of global openness are predisposed to implement EAP with greater intensity. These findings provide significant policy implications for sustainable development in education.

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Cai, Jigang. "EAP in China: A case study of a paradigm shift in Shanghai College English programmes." International Journal of English for Academic Purposes: Research and Practice: Volume 2021, Issue Spring 2021, Spring (March 1, 2021): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/ijeap.2021.2.

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Against the backdrop of the internationalization of higher education, Shanghai tertiary institutions in mainland China implemented a paradigm shift from test-driven EGP (English for General Purposes) to EAP (English for Academic Purposes) in 2013. Based on the needs analysis of specialist departments and pedagogical constraints, a hybrid EAP approach was adopted to fend off general criticism of EAP practices and hindrances from policy makers of different levels. To facilitate the shift, we used a top-down approach with Shanghai government support, designed an EAP-focused curriculum, planned EAP teacher-training programmes, organized project-based and publication-oriented student forums and conferences, developed EAP tests, and created a China EAP Association. Some implications for the paradigm shift have finally emerged from the findings.

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Xu, Lilai, Shengping Ding, Vilas Nitivattananon, and Jianxiong Tang. "Long-Term Dynamic of Land Reclamation and Its Impact on Coastal Flooding: A Case Study in Xiamen, China." Land 10, no. 8 (August 18, 2021): 866. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10080866.

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While land reclaimed from the sea meets the land demand for coastal development, it simultaneously causes socio-economic systems to be prone to coastal flooding induced by storm surges and sea-level rise. Current studies have seldom linked reclamation with coastal flood impact assessment, hindering the provision of accurate information to support coastal flood risk management and adaptation. This study, using Xiamen, China as a case study, incorporates the spatiotemporal dynamics of reclamation into a coastal flood impact model, in order to investigate the long-term influence of reclamation activities on coastal flood inundation and the consequent exposure of the population to coastal flooding. We find that rapid population growth, continual economic development and urbanization drive a substantial logarithmic increase in coastal reclamation. Historical and future expansions of seaward land reclamation are found to cause dramatic surges in the expected annual inundation (EAI) and the expected annual population (EAP) exposed to coastal flooding. In Xiamen, EAI is estimated to increase by 440.2% from 1947 to 2035, owing to continuing land reclamation. Consequently, the population living in the flooded area has also increased sharply: the EAP of total population is estimated to rise from 0.8% in 1947 to 4.7% in 2035, where reclamation contributes over 80% of this increase. Moreover, a future 10 cm sea-level rise in 2035 will lead to extra 5.73% and 8.15% increases in EAI and EAP, respectively, and is expected to cause massive permanent submersion in the new reclamation zone. Our findings emphasize an integration of hard structures and nature-based solutions for building resilient coasts.

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Toczyski, D. P., and J. A. Steitz. "The cellular RNA-binding protein EAP recognizes a conserved stem-loop in the Epstein-Barr virus small RNA EBER 1." Molecular and Cellular Biology 13, no. 1 (January 1993): 703–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.13.1.703-710.1993.

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EAP (EBER-associated protein) is an abundant, 15-kDa cellular RNA-binding protein which associates with certain herpesvirus small RNAs. We have raised polyclonal anti-EAP antibodies against a glutathione S-transferase-EAP fusion protein. Analysis of the RNA precipitated by these antibodies from Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)- or herpesvirus papio (HVP)-infected cells shows that > 95% of EBER 1 (EBV-encoded RNA 1) and the majority of HVP 1 (an HVP small RNA homologous to EBER 1) are associated with EAP. RNase protection experiments performed on native EBER 1 particles with affinity-purified anti-EAP antibodies demonstrate that EAP binds a stem-loop structure (stem-loop 3) of EBER 1. Since bacterially expressed glutathione S-transferase-EAP fusion protein binds EBER 1, we conclude that EAP binding is independent of any other cellular or viral protein. Detailed mutational analyses of stem-loop 3 suggest that EAP recognizes the majority of the nucleotides in this hairpin, interacting with both single-stranded and double-stranded regions in a sequence-specific manner. Binding studies utilizing EBER 1 deletion mutants suggest that there may also be a second, weaker EAP-binding site on stem-loop 4 of EBER 1. These data and the fact that stem-loop 3 represents the most highly conserved region between EBER 1 and HVP 1 suggest that EAP binding is a critical aspect of EBER 1 and HVP 1 function.

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Toczyski, D. P., and J. A. Steitz. "The cellular RNA-binding protein EAP recognizes a conserved stem-loop in the Epstein-Barr virus small RNA EBER 1." Molecular and Cellular Biology 13, no. 1 (January 1993): 703–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.13.1.703.

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EAP (EBER-associated protein) is an abundant, 15-kDa cellular RNA-binding protein which associates with certain herpesvirus small RNAs. We have raised polyclonal anti-EAP antibodies against a glutathione S-transferase-EAP fusion protein. Analysis of the RNA precipitated by these antibodies from Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)- or herpesvirus papio (HVP)-infected cells shows that > 95% of EBER 1 (EBV-encoded RNA 1) and the majority of HVP 1 (an HVP small RNA homologous to EBER 1) are associated with EAP. RNase protection experiments performed on native EBER 1 particles with affinity-purified anti-EAP antibodies demonstrate that EAP binds a stem-loop structure (stem-loop 3) of EBER 1. Since bacterially expressed glutathione S-transferase-EAP fusion protein binds EBER 1, we conclude that EAP binding is independent of any other cellular or viral protein. Detailed mutational analyses of stem-loop 3 suggest that EAP recognizes the majority of the nucleotides in this hairpin, interacting with both single-stranded and double-stranded regions in a sequence-specific manner. Binding studies utilizing EBER 1 deletion mutants suggest that there may also be a second, weaker EAP-binding site on stem-loop 4 of EBER 1. These data and the fact that stem-loop 3 represents the most highly conserved region between EBER 1 and HVP 1 suggest that EAP binding is a critical aspect of EBER 1 and HVP 1 function.

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Baturay, Meltem Huri, and Ahmet Erdost Yastibaş. "EFL Students in English-Medium and EAP Courses in Turkey." IJELTAL (Indonesian Journal of English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics) 6, no. 1 (November 15, 2021): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21093/ijeltal.v6i1.883.

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The present study aimed to determine university students’ perceptions regarding EM and EAP courses and how they studied EM and EAP courses and their exams. It was designed as a qualitative study. Eight students participated in the study. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analysed by content analysis method. The findings of the study indicated that the students who perform well in EM and EAP courses and who perform well in EM courses but have difficulty in EAP courses are motivated to receive EM courses and have positive attitudes toward EM courses. Yet, the students who perform well in EM and EAP courses are more motivated to receive EAP courses and have more positive attitudes toward EAP courses. The findings also indicated that the ways the students study EM and EAP courses and for their exams have both similarities and differences. The findings were discussed. The pedagogical implications and limitations of the study were explained, and suggestions for further research were made.

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Zhu, Jiang, Tao Li, Chen Li, and Xiao Chen Li. "Feasibility Study on the Application of Dielectric EAP in Fuse." Applied Mechanics and Materials 494-495 (February 2014): 1347–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.494-495.1347.

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Based on the analysis of basic dielectric EAP deformation and generation principle of dielectric, introduce the dielectric EAP actuator depends on the circuit implementation drive action and according to the dielectric EAP material has performance electrified deformation output force for missile aerodynamic drag characteristics, analyzes the feasibility of the application of dielectric EAP in the fuse, and puts forward the dielectric EAP used in Missile Fuse quasi research methods and technical route to take.

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Harper, John, and Shang Li. "Criteria for Selecting Instructors of English for Academic Purposes Courses: What Do Students Look for?" Journal of English Language Teaching and Linguistics 6, no. 2 (August 15, 2021): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.21462/jeltl.v6i2.603.

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<em>Seeking to provide insight into the role that English for Academic Purposes (EAP) courses play in China’s growing number of joint-venture universities (JVUs), this article reports on a study of the factors that motivate students’ selection of instructors for such courses. The study reports on three stages of the investigation: (1) a preliminary, online tapping of learners’ motives in EAP instructor selection, (2) a survey, based on the findings of Stage 1, in which past EAP students ranked qualities most and least desired of EAP instructors, (3) focus-group discussions (FGDs), based on the survey of Stage 2, in which past EAP students commented on the qualities that they most and least desired of EAP instructors. Survey results are grouped into the top three, bottom three, and middle three; survey results are analyzed in light of FGDs, with discrepancies between the two being acknowledged and interpreted. Three overarching pedagogical implications are presented: (1) the need of a sense of community in EAP courses, (2) the need of transparency in EAP courses, and (3) the perception of EAP instructors as first and foremost classroom teachers. Limitations of the study are duly noted.</em>

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Soua, Leila, Mohamed Koubaa, Francisco J. Barba, Jawhar Fakhfakh, Hanen Kolsi Ghamgui, and Semia Ellouz Chaabouni. "Water-Soluble Polysaccharides from Ephedra alata Stems: Structural Characterization, Functional Properties, and Antioxidant Activity." Molecules 25, no. 9 (May 8, 2020): 2210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25092210.

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In this study, the physicochemical characterization, functional properties, and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides extracted from Ephedra alata (EAP) were investigated. EAP were extracted in water during 3 h with a liquid/solid ratio of 5 in a water bath at 90 °C. The structure of the extracted EAP was examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The functional properties and biochemical activities of EAP were determined. The chemical analysis revealed that the contents of carbohydrates, uronic acid, and proteins were 73.24% ± 1.24%, 6.82% ± 0.57%, and 6.56% ± 0.36%, respectively. The results showed that the extracted EAP essentially contain three functional groups: C=O, C-H, and O-H. SEM images showed that EAP present numerous high porosity particles. The monosaccharide composition revealed a polymer composed of glucose (43.1%), galactose (36.4%), mannose (14.9%), arabinose (3.7%), and gluconic acid (1.7%). EAP showed interesting functional properties (solubility, oil holding capacity, foaming and emulsion properties). Finally, the results revealed that EAP displayed excellent antihypertensive and antioxidant activities. Overall, EAP present a promising natural source of food additives, antioxidants, and antihypertensive agents.

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Pawlowski, Marcin Piotr, Antonio J. Jara, and Maciej J. Ogorzalek. "Compact Extensible Authentication Protocol for the Internet of Things: Enabling Scalable and Efficient Security Commissioning." Mobile Information Systems 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/506284.

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Internet of Things security is one of the most challenging parts of the domain. Combining strong cryptography and lifelong security with highly constrained devices under conditions of limited energy consumption and no maintenance time is extremely difficult task. This paper presents an approach that combines authentication and bootstrapping protocol (TEPANOM) with Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) framework optimized for the IEEE 802.15.4 networks. The solution achieves significant reduction of network resource usage. Additionally, by application of EAP header compacting approach, further network usage savings have been reached. The EAP-TEPANOM solution has achieved substantial reduction of 42% in the number of transferred packets and 35% reduction of the transferred data. By application of EAP header compaction, it has been possible to achieve up to 80% smaller EAP header. That comprises further reduction of transferred data for 3.84% for the EAP-TEPANOM method and 10% for the EAP-TLS-ECDSA based methods. The results have placed the EAP-TEPANOM method as one of the most lightweight EAP methods from ones that have been tested throughout this research, making it feasible for large scale deployments scenarios of IoT.

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Haggar, Axana, Muzaffar Hussain, Helena Lönnies, Mathias Herrmann, Anna Norrby-Teglund, and Jan-Ingmar Flock. "Extracellular Adherence Protein from Staphylococcus aureus Enhances Internalization into Eukaryotic Cells." Infection and Immunity 71, no. 5 (May 2003): 2310–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.5.2310-2317.2003.

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ABSTRACT In this study we have shown that Eap (extracellular adherence protein) plays a role in the internalization process of Staphylococcus aureus into eukaryotic cells. Eap is a protein that is mostly extracellularly and to a lesser extent is bound to the bacterial surface as a result of rebinding. Eap is able to bind to several plasma proteins, such as fibronectin, fibrinogen, and prothrombin. It has the capacity to form oligomers and is able to agglutinate S. aureus. A mutant strain, Newman mAH12 (eap:: Eryr), with a deficient eap gene was used in the present study. We have demonstrated that (i) strain Newman mAH12 could adhere to and become internalized to a higher extent by eukaryotic cells than the isogenic mutant, (ii) strain Newman mAH12 complemented with the eap gene displayed restoration of the internalization level, (iii) externally added Eap enhanced the internalization of laboratory and clinical S. aureus strains as well as of S. carnosus (a coagulase-negative species devoid of proteins important for internalization), and (iv) antibodies against Eap were able to block the internalization process in strain Newman mAH12 and clinical isolates. Eap, with its broad binding capacity and its surface localization, thus seems to contribute to the internalization of S. aureus into eukaryotic cells. We therefore propose a novel internalization pathway for S. aureus in which Eap plays an enhancing role.

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Troncoso, Luzmila, Felio Palomino, Gisela Oliveira, Gudelia Escudero, Juana Flores, Carmen Aranda, and Yorita Vargas. "Niveles de hemoglobina y puntajes de ingreso, en los alumnos ingresantes 2011 de la Facultad de Medicina Humana de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos." Anales de la Facultad de Medicina 73 (May 7, 2013): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/anales.v73i1.2170.

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Objetivos: Determinar el nivel de hemoglobina y el puntaje de ingreso de los alumnos ingresantes 2011 de la Facultad de Medicina Humana de la UNMSM. Diseño: Descriptivo, observacional. Institución: Centro de Investigación de Bioquímica y Nutrición, Facultad de Medicina, UNMSM. Participantes: Alumnos de las EAP de Enfermería y Nutrición de la Facultad de Medicina de la UNMSM. Intervenciones: Participaron voluntariamente 45 alumnos de las EAP de Enfermería y Nutrición de la Facultad de Medicina de la UNMSM. Se les realizó la determinación de la hemoglobina en base al método de la cianometahemoglobina. Se identificó el puntaje de ingreso a la Facultad. Firmaron su consentimiento. Principales medidas de resultados: Nivel de hemoglobina y el puntaje de ingreso. Resultados: Los niveles de hemoglobina se encontraron dentro de los valores normales. Los alumnos de la EAP de Nutrición (16,7 g/dL) tuvieron mayores valores de hemoglobina que los alumnos de EAP de Enfermería (15,3 g/dL). En las alumnas, no existió diferencia significativa entre la EAP de Nutrición (13,5 g/dL) y la EAP de Enfermería (13,7 g/dL). Los alumnos de la EAP de Nutrición (1163) tuvieron ligeramente menores valores de puntaje de ingreso que los alumnos de EAP de Enfermería (1172). En las alumnas, existió una clara diferencia significativa (EAP de Nutrición 1191 y EAP de Enfermería 1122). Existió correlación entre los niveles de hemoglobina y el puntaje de ingreso. Conclusiones: Los niveles de hemoglobina y los puntajes de ingreso fueron mayores en los alumnos de la EAP de Nutrición, ingresantes 2011 a la UNMSM.

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Bruce, Ian. "Towards an EAP without borders: Developing knowledge, practitioners, and communities." International Journal of English for Academic Purposes: Research and Practice: Volume 2021, Issue Spring 2021, Spring (March 1, 2021): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/ijeap.2021.3.

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This paper presents a proposal for the future development of English for Academic Purposes (EAP) as a global academic field that involves pedagogy, theory, and research. The paper considers the future development of EAP in three areas: its knowledge base, EAP practitioner formation, and EAP communities. It calls for a broadening of understandings of how EAP is conceptualized and consideration of the different areas of knowledge that should contribute to the field. Particular theoretical and research lacunae are identified as potential areas for future study. It is hoped that the ideas presented here may stimulate discussions and motivate scholarship and research in new areas that meet the needs of students in the diverse contexts in which EAP is taught.

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He, Chunyan, and Xueyan Wei. "Study of Corpus’ Influences in EAP Research (2009-2018): A Bibliometric Analysis in CiteSpace." English Language Teaching 12, no. 12 (November 14, 2019): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v12n12p59.

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Using 328 papers published in SSCI (Social Science Citation Index) journals from the Web of Science between 2009 and 2018, this study analyzed corpus’ influences in EAP (English for Academic Purposes) research with mapping knowledge domains CiteSpace. This study found that the relationship between international EAP studies and corpus tends to increasingly tight in the past ten years. Corpus in EAP study mainly acts as the methodology that EAP is studied by means of self-building or existing corpora using retrieval software together with statistical analysis method. International scholars pay more attention to writing teaching, academic literacy and discourse/discourse analysis in EAP study, and the co-cited references mostly tend to the genres study of EAP.

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Kurlaender, Michal. "Assessing the Promise of California’s Early Assessment Program for Community Colleges." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 655, no. 1 (August 10, 2014): 36–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716214534609.

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This article focuses on California’s efforts to improve the alignment between K–12 and postsecondary schooling through the Early Assessment Program (EAP). Implemented in 2004, the EAP was designed to give high school students information about their academic preparedness for postsecondary education and to encourage teachers to teach for college readiness. I describe the EAP and its evolution and presence at California’s community colleges. I then match EAP and other test score data for California high school juniors to administrative data from California community colleges to investigate the extent to which high school student participation in the EAP predicts their college course placement and influences their academic performance. I find that very few students enter the California community college system ready for college-level work based on the EAP exam, but that the EAP can better serve community college campuses in their efforts to place students in developmental coursework.

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Khosravani, Mahboobeh, and Hooshang Khoshsima. "Investigating the Iranian EAP Stakeholders' Ideas Apropos of Applying the Internet in EAP Curriculum." International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) 12, no. 11 (November 16, 2017): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v12i11.6995.

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English for Academic Purposes (EAP) has become one of the most important fields in English Language Teaching (ELT) in Iran. Thus, researchers, syllabus designers, and EAP instructors are always in search of new materials and tools to enhance learning. The Internet is regarded as one of the most useful and practical tools which can be used in EAP pedagogical settings. As a result, becoming aware of the EAP stakeholders’ attitudes toward using the Internet is so necessary. To this aim, university students (Chabahar Maritime University) and EAP lecturers were given questionnaires. The analyzed data revealed that most EAP instructors and students have a positive attitude toward using the Internet as one of the main sources of EAP courses. However, there were few cases that a relatively significant number of participants had a negative attitude toward internet resources. These cases are discussed in detail and some solutions are suggested.

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Schulthess, Peter. "Rapport des rencontres EAP et du 23e congrès EAP à Belgrade." à jour! Psychotherapie-Berufsentwicklung 4, no. 2 (November 2018): 53–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.30820/8245.25.

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Crosthwaite, Peter. "A longitudinal multidimensional analysis of EAP writing: Determining EAP course effectiveness." Journal of English for Academic Purposes 22 (June 2016): 166–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2016.04.005.

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Saed, Amin, Krisztina Karoly, and Erika Kopp. "Hungarian EFL teacher trainees' perceptions of the efficiency of university EAP instruction: A case study." Journal of Adult Learning, Knowledge and Innovation 5, no. 2 (July 6, 2022): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2059.2022.00063.

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Abstract Informed by constructivism, the present qualitative case study first aimed to explore the effectiveness of English for Academic Purposes (EAP) instruction, as the case of the study, at a Hungarian university to understand the strengths, weaknesses, and difficulties that EFL teacher trainees (TTs) experience during their studies. Second, it aimed to investigate the perceived usefulness of EAP instruction in preparing EFL TTs for their future careers. This paper examines the case of five Hungarian EFL TTs' perceptions of EAP instruction with the help of semi-structured interviews to see the importance of EAP education in both the TTs' studies and in their future careers. To this end, through purposeful sampling, five fourth-year TTs were invited to participate in the study to obtain a deep understanding of EAP instruction from their points of view. The results revealed that EFL TTs recognize the purpose and importance of the university EAP instruction and hold favorable views towards the teacher training program in general and EAP instruction in particular. Moreover, they considered the EAP courses as crucial in their future success as EFL teachers. However, they complained about several issues such as lack of practice opportunities, clear-cut standards, and EAP-specific materials. Hopefully, the results will provide valuable insights into the Hungarian EFL TT program's success in preparing competent future teachers.

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Yin, Xiaoxue, Lian-Tong Zhou, and Jingliang Huangfu. "Weakened Connection between East China Summer Rainfall and the East Asia-Pacific Teleconnection Pattern." Atmosphere 12, no. 6 (May 30, 2021): 704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12060704.

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The interdecadal change in the relationship between the East Asia-Pacific (EAP) teleconnection pattern and rainfall over East China during boreal summer (June–August) was investigated using observation and reanalysis datasets during 1951–2018. As proposed in a previous study, summer rainfall in the Yangtze-Huaihe River (YH-R) valley is below (above) normal when a positive (negative) EAP event occurs. Based on the close relationship with the rainfall anomalies, the EAP teleconnection pattern has been widely used in the prediction of summer rainfall variations in the YH-R valley. However, we found that the rainfall anomalies in the YH-R basin associated with the EAP pattern were weaker and less evident after the late 1980s. This finding indicates a decreased relationship between the EAP pattern and YH-R basin summer rainfall after the late 1980s, and a decrease in the quality and skill of seasonal predictions of YH-R basin summer rainfall related to the EAP pattern. This pronounced weakening in the YH-R summer rainfall-EAP pattern connection is attributed to the northeastward displacement of the Japanese action center of the EAP pattern after the late 1980s, which caused weaker anomalous vertical motion and moisture transportation over the YH-R valley. The present research reveals that the interdecadal expansion in the size of the Indo-Pacific warm pool in the late 1980s is likely responsible for the northeastward shift in the Japanese action center of the EAP teleconnection pattern by modulating anomalous convective activities and the northward propagation of the EAP pattern.

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Van Gompel, Jamie J., Puya Alikhani, Mark H. Tabor, Harry R. van Loveren, Sivero Agazzi, Sebastien Froelich, and A. Samy Youssef. "Anterior inferior petrosectomy: defining the role of endonasal endoscopic techniques for petrous apex approaches." Journal of Neurosurgery 120, no. 6 (June 2014): 1321–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2014.2.jns131773.

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Object Historically, surgery to the petrous apex has been addressed via craniotomy and open microscopic anterior petrosectomy (OAP). However, with the popularization of endoscopic approaches, the petrous apex can further be approached endonasally by way of an endoscopic endonasal anterior petrosectomy (EAP). Endonasal anterior petrosectomy is a relatively new procedure and has not been compared anatomically with OAP. The authors hypothesized that the EAP and OAP techniques approach different portions of the petrous apex and therefore may have different applications. Methods Four cadaveric heads were used. An OAP was performed on one side and an EAP was performed on the contralateral side; the limits of bony resection were defined. The extent of bony resection was then evaluated using predissection and postdissection thin-slice CT scans. The comparative resection was then reconstructed using 3D modeling on Brainlab workstations. Results The average resection volumes for EAP and OAP were 0.297 cm3 and 0.649 cm3, respectively, representing a comparative percentage of 46% (EAP/OAP). An EAP and OAP achieved resection of 29% and 64% of the total petrous apex volume, respectively. Indeed, EAP addressed the inferior portion of the petrous apex located adjacent to the petroclival suture more completely than OAP, where 45% of the bone overlying the petroclival suture (petroclival angle to the jugular foramen) was resected with the EAP, while 0% was resected with the OAP. Conclusions In anatomically normal cadavers, OAP achieved nearly a 50% larger volumetric resection than EAP. Furthermore, while OAP appears to completely address the superior portion of the petrous apex, EAP appears to have a niche in approaches to lesions in the inferior petrous apex. Given these results, the authors propose that OAP be redefined as the “superior anterior petrosectomy,” while EAP be referred to as the “inferior anterior petrosectomy,” which more clearly defines the role of each approach in anterior petrosectomy.

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Tweedie, M. Gregory, and Marcia Kim. "EAP Curriculum Alignment and Social Acculturation: Student Perceptions." TESL Canada Journal 33, no. 1 (May 22, 2016): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18806/tesl.v33i1.1226.

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The role of English as a second language (ESL) teachers and instruction as fac- tors in student social and psychological acculturation is widely acknowledged. However, the function of English for Academic Purposes (EAP) is less well known in this regard, because research has focused largely on academic acculturation. This qualitative study investigated the perceptions of curriculum alignment with undergraduate study by post-EAP learners (students who had successfully completed EAP and were registered in mainstream university programs). Semistructured interviews were conducted with 7 former EAP students from a range of faculties at a large Canadian university. Analysis of interview data highlighted social acculturation as a perceived need in EAP curriculum, as participants remarked on linguistic and cultural barriers faced while participating in university life post-EAP. The researchers argue that social acculturation is typically underrepresented in EAP curriculum, and may be inadvertently overlooked by instructors, curriculum planners, and program providers. Il est largement reconnu que les enseignants d’anglais langue seconde et l’enseignement linguistique représentent des facteurs importants dans l’acculturation sociale et psychologique des étudiants. Toutefois, on connait moins bien le rôle de l’anglais académique (EAP) dans ce contexte, la recherche ayant surtout visé l’acculturation académique. Ce e étude qualitative a interrogé des nissants d’un programme d’anglais académique qui suivaient des cours réguliers à l’université pour connaitre leurs perceptions de l’harmonisation du programme EAP avec les cours réguliers du premier cycle à l’université. Des entrevues semi-structurées ont eu lieu auprès de 7 nissants du programme EAP actuellement inscrits dans di érentes facultés d’une grande université canadienne. L’analyse des données d’entrevue a indiqué que les nissants trouvaient que le programme EAP devait toucher l’acculturation sociale car ils a rontaient des barrières linguistiques et culturelles lors de leur participation à la vie universitaire après avoir terminé le programme. Les chercheurs affirment que l’acculturation sociale est généralement sous-représentée dans le curriculum EAP et que ce e composante peut, par mégarde, être négligée par les enseignants et par les planificateurs et fournisseurs du programme.

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Song, L., M. Ye, M. Troyanovskaya, E. Wilk, S. Wilk, and D. P. Healy. "Rat kidney glutamyl aminopeptidase (aminopeptidase A): molecular identity and cellular localization." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 267, no. 4 (October 1, 1994): F546—F557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1994.267.4.f546.

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Glutamyl aminopeptidase [aminopeptidase A (EAP), EC 3.4.11.7] is an ectoenzyme that selectively hydrolyzes acidic amino acid residues from the amino terminus of oligopeptides. EAP activity is highest within the kidney and small intestine. The murine pre-B cell BP-1/6C3 and the human kidney glycoprotein gp160 differentiation antigens have been reported to have biochemical properties indistinguishable from EAP. It is not known, however, if rat kidney EAP is a homologue of these antigens or molecularly distinct. Using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction method with oligonucleotide primers based on the BP-1/6C3 nucleotide sequence, we isolated a 450-bp partial cDNA from rat kidney poly(A)+ RNA. The partial cDNA encoded a predicted protein that was 92% and 86% identical to the murine BP-1/6C3 and human gp160 antigens, respectively; the amino acid sequence within the zinc-binding domain was completely conserved. Purification of EAP from rat kidney and microsequence analysis of a tryptic digest peptide fragment (18-mer) indicated that the fragment was highly similar to a region within the BP-1/6C3 and gp160 proteins. Northern blot hybridization and immunoblot analyses were also consistent with labeling of products the same size as reported for the BP-1/6C3 and gp160 antigens. There was a good correlation between the cellular distribution of EAP mRNA and EAP immunoreactivity, with proximal tubules and glomerular mesangial cells having the highest densities. These results indicate that rat kidney EAP is a species homologue of the murine BP-1/6C3 and human gp160 antigens. Furthermore, on the basis of its cellular localization, rat kidney EAP is likely to be involved in degradation of oligopeptides within the glomerulus and the glomerular filtrate. Since cells that express EAP also express receptors for angiotensin II, an intrarenal vasoactive hormone that is a substrate for EAP, these results further suggest that EAP may play a role in modulating the activity of intrarenal angiotensin II.

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Yan, Xiaoqin, and Fangfang Zou. "A Survey on Needs for English Academic Course for Doctoral Candidates." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1101.07.

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Teaching of English for Academic Purpose (EAP) has caught great attention to developing the academic literacy of doctoral candidates. Therefore, it is a necessity to investigate their learning needs towards EAP courses. The paper did a survey on 105 doctoral candidates from 9 dimensions to investigate their overall situation of EAP learning needs. Teaching implications on EAP course concern teacher qualities, curriculum design and teaching practice.

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Kelsen, D., O. T. Atiq, L. Saltz, D. Niedzwiecki, D. Ginn, D. Chapman, R. Heelan, C. Lightdale, V. Vinciguerra, and M. Brennan. "FAMTX versus etoposide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin: a random assignment trial in gastric cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 10, no. 4 (April 1992): 541–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.1992.10.4.541.

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PURPOSE The chemotherapy regimens of high-dose methotrexate, high-dose fluorouracil (FU), Adriamycin (doxorubicin; Adria Laboratories, Columbus, OH), and leucovorin (FAMTX) and etoposide, Adriamycin, and cisplatin (EAP) have both been reported in nonrandom assignment trials to have high overall response rates and substantial complete response rates in patients with gastric cancer, as well as major toxicities of myelosuppression. Here we report a prospective, stratified, random-assignment comparison of the two combinations in previously untreated patients with advanced gastric cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Sixty patients were entered onto the trial, 30 receiving EAP and 30 FAMTX. All patients had measurable or assessable tumor masses. Patient entry was stopped at the point when significant toxicity differences were seen at interim analysis. RESULTS Response rates were similar between the two arms (FAMTX, 33% [95% confidence interval (CI), 16% to 50%]; EAP, 20% [95% Cl, 6% to 34%]). Three FAMTX and no EAP patients had complete remissions. The median survival for the two arms were similar (EAP, 6.1 months; FAMTX, 7.3 months). At 1 year, 7% of EAP and 17% of FAMTX patients were alive. EAP caused significantly more myelosuppression (leukopenia, P = .002; anemia, P = .03; thrombocytopenia, P = .0001) than did FAMTX. EAP also resulted in significantly longer hospitalizations per study month (8 v 5 days). Four EAP patients died of lethal toxicity, whereas no FAMTX patients died of treatment-related causes (P = .04). CONCLUSIONS FAMTX is at least as active as EAP and is significantly less toxic. Although both regimens remain investigational, the toxicities of FAMTX are more manageable. Further studies involving FAMTX in both the adjuvant and advanced disease setting are underway.

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Journal articles on the topic 'EAP'

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