Relevant bibliographies by topics / Eagles

Academic literature on the topic 'Eagles'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Eagles"

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Annisa, Mariana Fikriyanti, and Susanti Withaningsih. "DNA sexing for gender determination of Changeable Hawk-Eagle (Nisaetus cirrhatus, Gmelin, 1788)." E3S Web of Conferences 249 (2021): 03012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124903012.

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The Changeable hawk-eagle (Brontok eagle) is a protected bird species. It is one of the most frequently hunted and traded birds in Indonesia. The processes of being traded changes this bird natural behaviour. Therefore, a rehabilitation effort to return the eagle’s behaviour to conform to its natural habits is needed. The ultimate goal of rehabilitation is to release the changeable hawk-eagle back into its natural habitat. In conservation and breeding programs, efforts to determine the sex of eagles to be released are very important to help increase the population of changeable hawk-eagles in their habitat by looking at the sex ratio. At the present, sex determination at the Kamojang Conservation Eagle Center (Pusat Konservasi Elang Kamojang or PKEK) uses the morphometric method. This research used the DNA sexing method with primers 2550F and 2718R to determine the sex of Changeable hawk-eagles in PKEK by extracting DNA from blood samples of 30 eagles. Comparison of DNA sexing results and morphometric data showed differences. This proves that DNA sexing, is suitable in determining changeable hawk-eagles’ sex.
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Mayrose, A. "Does the Release of Bonelli’s Eagles from Captive Breeding Nucleus Contribute to Population Rehabilitation?" Raptors Conservation, no. 2 (2023): 78–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.19074/1814-8654-2023-2-78-79.

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During the late 1960s, the Bonelli’s Eagle (Aquila fasciata) population in Israel was brought to the brink of extinction, due to a combination of factors. A rehabilitation program set in 2000 included few measures, among them the release of eaglets from a captive breeding nucleus, producing two to seven eaglets yearly. In recent years there is an apparent increase in the number of Bonelli’s Eagle pairs breeding in the wild, including the reoccupation of territories that were abandoned for many years. Yet, there is only little evidence for the recruitment of captive-born eagles into the wild population, and their contribution to its growth is unclear. These subjects are now being examined by a telemetry study, comparing dispersal patterns and survival rates of captive versus nature hatched eagles. The results from the first five years of study show significant differences between these two groups, with captive hatched eagles dispersing much farther away from their natal site compared to the dispersal of wild eagles. The different dispersal patterns may be the reason for the lower survival rates exhibited by the captive hatched eagles, as many of them wander to neighboring countries where they are subjected to shooting and trapping. Moreover, these birds also have a higher tendency to being electrocuted on power lines. Genetic analysis and alteration of the releasing methods are being used in order to check whether the different movement and behavior attributes of the captive-hatched eagles are linked to genetic properties or behaviorally mechanisms during their growth.
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Dixon, A., N. Batbayar, B. Bold, G. Purev-Ochir, A. Gunga, and M. Virani. "Electrocution of Eagles in Mongolia." Raptors Conservation, no. 2 (2023): 400–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.19074/1814-8654-2023-2-400-402.

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Steppe Eagles (Aquila nipalensis) and Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) are species of conservation and cultural importance in Mongolia. Electrocution at electricity distribution lines is a threat faced by both species across Central Asia. We present the results of power line surveys conducted in the Mongolian steppe region to elucidate temporal patterns of electrocution and specific danger points on power poles for eagles. There was spatial and temporal variation in electrocution rates for Steppe Eagles and Golden Eagles. Autumn surveys across Mongolia recorded the electrocuted carcasses of 18 Steppe Eagles and 9 Golden Eagles. The distribution of electrocutions revealed that Steppe Eagles are mainly killed at power lines in the central steppe zone; in contrast, only Golden Eagles were found at power lines in the southern ‘gobi’ desert zone. Daily surveys conducted for a year at a single power line in the eastern steppe detected 8 Golden Eagles and 6 Steppe Eagles. All Steppe Eagle electrocutions occurred between April and September as they are predominantly summer visitors in Mongolia, whereas six of the eight Golden Eagle electrocutions occurred in winter indicating that Golden Eagles can range over predominantly flat, open steppe landscapes at this time. Significantly more electrocutions occurred at poles with no crossarm mitigation compared to poles with deflectors, deterrents or covers, indicating that mitigation on the crossarm can reduce eagle electrocution rates. Furthermore, the absence of eagle carcasses at poles with crossarm mitigation suggests that crossarms are the main site of electrocution for eagles in Mongolia. Country-scale retrofitting of insulation to crossarms and pole tops significantly reduced eagle electrocution events.
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Sidiropoulos, Lavrentis, D. Philip Whitfield, Christos Astaras, Dimitris Vasilakis, Haralambos Alivizatos, and Vassiliki Kati. "Pronounced Seasonal Diet Diversity Expansion of Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in Northern Greece during the Non-Breeding Season: The Role of Tortoises." Diversity 14, no. 2 (February 14, 2022): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14020135.

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Golden Eagles are resident in Greece and known to feed mainly on tortoises when breeding. However, information on alternative prey is scarce, especially during the tortoise brumation, that roughly coincides with the eagles’ non-breeding season. We analyzed 827 prey items collected from 12 territories over five territory years and 84 records of eagles hunting or feeding behavior. Tortoises dominated the breeding season diet (71% of prey categories on average) and over half of all hunting/feeding observations. While no spatial structure was evident, habitat variables such as forest canopy cover were important associates in golden eagle diet seasonally. A significant seasonal pattern emerged in diet diversity, using a subset of six territories with at least 10 samples per season. Eagles shifted from a narrow, reptile- based breeding season diet dominated by tortoises to a broader non-breeding season diet, that included more carrion, mammals and birds. Breeding season specialization on ectothermic prey is a trait usually associated with migratory raptors in the Western Palearctic. The observed dietary diversity expansion accompanied by residency in the absence of ectothermic prey, highlights the adaptability of the golden eagle, a generalist predator. Tortoise populations in Greece are of conservation concern and land use changes as well as climate change, such as development and land abandonment may increase the prevalence of catastrophic megafires, exacerbating the threats to the golden eagle’s main prey when breeding. We discuss this and other diet related conservation implications for the species in northern Greece.
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Harvey, C. J., T. P. Good, and S. F. Pearson. "Top–down influence of resident and overwintering Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) in a model marine ecosystem." Canadian Journal of Zoology 90, no. 7 (July 2012): 903–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z2012-059.

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Conservation of predators presents challenges when predators affect prey populations that provide ecosystem services. Near Puget Sound, resident and overwintering populations of Bald Eagle ( Haliaeetus leucocephalus (L., 1766)) have expanded in recent decades. We modeled the potential impact of Bald Eagles on marine food-web structure. Bald Eagles caused trophic cascade dynamics through mid-level predators (seabirds) to lower trophic levels (fishes, benthic invertebrates), particularly when seabirds were more abundant in eagle diets. Resident Bald Eagles affected food-web structure more than overwintering eagles, despite the latters’ greater abundance. Predator avoidance behavior by nearshore diving birds and herbivorous birds exacerbated trophic cascade effects, but only in a narrow range of species. Variability in the number of overwintering Bald Eagles, which come to the area to feed on salmon carcasses (primarily chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum in Artedi, 1792)), had little effect on the food web. Our results indicate that Bald Eagles are important to marine food-web structure, owing to their high consumption rates and the high consumption rates of their seabird prey, but uncertainty about eagle diets limits our full understanding of their impact. In systems where Bald Eagles affect large seabird breeding colonies, their role in food-web structure is likely greater.
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Jones, I. M., R. W. Butler, and R. C. Ydenberg. "Recent switch by the Great Blue Heron Ardea herodias fannini in the Pacific northwest to associative nesting with Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) to gain predator protection." Canadian Journal of Zoology 91, no. 7 (July 2013): 489–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2012-0323.

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The Great Blue Heron Ardea herodias fannini Chapman, 1901 in the Pacific northwest appears to have modified nesting behaviour in response to the strong recent recovery of the Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus (L., 1766)) population. Previously undescribed, herons now often nest in close association with some breeding eagles, even though eagles depredate heron nestlings, are implicated in the recent reproductive decline of herons, and may induce abandonment of heron breeding colonies. We tested the hypothesis that breeding herons gain protection from the territorial behaviour of eagles. Natural observations and simulated incursions showed that nesting eagles actively repel other eagles within at least 250 m around the nest site, thereby establishing a relatively safe place for herons to nest. Surveys showed that 70% of heron nests and 19% of heron colonies were located within 200 m of eagle nests with high reproductive success. These herons had greater reproductive success than those nesting far from eagle nests.
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LERNER, HEATHER, LES CHRISTIDIS, ANITA GAMAUF, CAROLE GRIFFITHS, ELISABETH HARING, CHRISTOPHER J. HUDDLESTON, SONIA KABRA, et al. "Phylogeny and new taxonomy of the Booted Eagles (Accipitriformes: Aquilinae)." Zootaxa 4216, no. 4 (January 9, 2017): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4216.4.1.

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We present a phylogeny of all booted eagles (38 extant and one extinct species) based on analysis of published sequences from seven loci. We find molecular support for five major clades within the booted eagles: Nisaetus (10 species), Spizaetus (4 species), Clanga (3 species), Hieraaetus (6 species) and Aquila (11 species), requiring generic changes for 14 taxa. Additionally, we recommend that the Long-crested Eagle (Lophaetus occipitalis) and the Black Eagle (Ictinaetus malaiensis) remain in their monotypic genera, due to their distinctive morphology. We apply the recently resurrected genus Clanga for the spotted eagles (previously Aquila spp.) to resolve the paraphyly of the genus Aquila such that the clade including the Booted Eagle (H. pennatus), Little Eagle (H. morphnoides), Pygmy Eagle (H. weiskei), Ayres’s Eagle (H. ayresii) and Wahlberg’s Eagle (H. wahlbergi) can remain in the genus Hieraaetus. The Rufous-bellied Eagle should be retained in the genus Lophotriorchis. For consistency in English names, we recommend that the term “hawk-eagles” be used only for the species in the genera Nisaetus and Spizaetus. We suggest following new or modified English names: Cassin’s Eagle (Aquila africana), Bonaparte’s Eagle (A. spilogaster), Ayres’s Eagle (Hieraaetus ayresii), and Black-and-chestnut Hawk-Eagle (Spizaetus isidori).
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Supratman, Lilis, Rita Istiana, Rania Dhania, and Hafidz Zufitrianto. "Behavioral Study of Crested Serpent-eagle (Spilornis cheela) as Conservation Education in Pusat Suaka Satwa Elang Jawa." Journal of Tropical Ethnobiology 6, no. 1 (January 31, 2023): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.46359/jte.v6i1.163.

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One of the raptors commonly found in Indonesian forests is Crested Serpent-eagle (Spilornis cheela). However, its population in its natural habitat is hampered due to habitat loss, illegal trade, and hunted for pets. Pusat Suaka Satwa Elang Jawa (PSSEJ) is a rehabilitation center specialized for mountain eagles, focused on rehabilitation and releasing the eagles to their original habitat. Eagles taken care of in PSSEJ were handed over from the public, Nature Conservation Agency (BKSDA), or other conservation institutions. Other than as a rehabilitation center, PSSEJ became an education and conservation center for raptors as a continuous effort to manage natural resources and biodiversity. Crested Serpent-eagle that are not eligible to be released based on observation in the rehabilitation stage would be kept in a display cage. The display cage is purposed as a conservation education facility for PSSEJ visitors. This study aimed to find daily activity frequency of Crested Serpent-eagle in PSSEJ display cage as information that supports conservation education. The observation was conducted for five days from 08.00 am - 04.00 pm using ad libitum sampling and focal animal sampling methods. Based on the results, it could be concluded that the biggest percentage of Crested Serpent-eagle’s daily activity in the display cage is perching at 71.6%. This percentage is similar to the percentage of eagle perching activity in nature. Although the percentage of its activity is similar, the Crested Serpent-eagle in this study has a very small possibility of being released into the wild because, after more than one year of rehabilitation, its dependency on humans has not disappeared.
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Ostashchenko, A. N., and A. Yu Zakharov. "About the population of the Golden Eagle in the Eastern part of the Kyrgyz Range, Northern Tian Shan, Kyrgyzstan." Raptors Conservation, no. 2 (2023): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.19074/1814-8654-2023-2-22-25.

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The material for this paper is based on occasional observations of the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) over a 30-year period and on breeding data collected from March 21 to April 14, and from May 21 to June 14, 2019, in the foothills and middle mountains of the northern macro slope of the Kyrgyz Range, from the Boom Valley in the east to the Kara-Balta area in the west. This territory is stretching on 170 km. The main goal of the fieldwork was to search for Saker Falcon’s (Falco cherrug) nests, thus information about the Golden Eagle’s nests was collected mostly occasionally. Nevertheless, these data objectively reflect the current state of the population. During the survey period, six active nests of the Golden Eagle were discovered. One nest was located on a rock ledge, two nests were built within niches in conglomerate cliffs, and three nests were found on clay cliffs. In the latter case, the nests were built on the basis of shrubs growing on the cliffs. Usually, the contents of the nests were not observed. Only in one nest an egg was seen on March 26, and on May 23 the nest contained a fledgling with growing flight feathers. In total, during the field trip, 11 adult and two juvenile Golden Eagles were encountered, excluding territorial birds observed near the nests. The Golden Eagle is present in the Kyrgyz Range all year round. It appears that a pair consistently maintains its nesting territory, driving all other large eagles away. For instance, on December 3, 2018, in the foothills of the Kyrgyz Range, we observed two Golden Eagles relentlessly chase and attack an Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca). Breeding displays were observed near the Orto-Tokoy Reservoir on January 22, 2010. Young eagles spend the winter with their parents, who continue to feed them occasionally. In various locations within the Tien Shan range, groups of three birds, including one juvenile, are encountered throughout the winter. Presumably, during the incubation period, parents drive young birds away from themselves, at least from the vicinity of the breeding territory. For instance, on April 7, 2019, in the Beyisheke area, a pair of adults persistently chased a juvenile away from their nest. However, even during this time, it is possible to observe both adult and young Golden Eagles soaring together. Actually, the main mystery of the ecology of Golden Eagles nesting in the foothills is the structure of their spring-summer diet. There are no marmots (Marmota sp.) here, the desert hare (Lepus tibetanus) is rare in most of the area, as well as the chukar (Alectoris chukar) and the pheasant (Phasianus colchicus). Perhaps snakes play a significant role in its summer diet, since we have seen Golden Eagles carrying a snake several times. The earliest case of carrying a snake was noted as early as March 21. The local people’s attitude towards this species is mostly favorable. Three nests were located near roads and were clearly visible from them. Two nests were situated no more than a kilometer away from residential livestock enclosures, where domestic chickens and turkeys were kept alongside sheep. However, Golden Eagles do not attack domestic birds or lambs. This behavior allows them to peacefully coexist with livestock farmers for many years. Generally, the human attitude towards the Golden Eagle in the Kyrgyz Range is mostly neutral. Occasionally, it is kept for falconry purposes, but there are few enthusiasts left, and nowadays it is more of a show than a substantial practice. As a result, Golden Eagle’s population is not significantly impacted by falconers. The trend of making stuffed animals, which was very popular in the late 20th and early 21st centuries has almost disappeared. Occasionally, Golden Eagles die in traps set on other animals. There is a known case of a car accident with a Golden Eagle in the Boom Valley. As a result, the bird lost its sight. In May 2019, a dried-up carcass of a Golden Eagle was found beneath the aerial power line. Upon examination, it was discovered that half of its wing was severed with a very clean cut along the ulna and radius bones. This undoubtedly indicates a high speed collision. Most likely, the bird dived for prey and did not notice a conductor at least 10 centimeters thick against the background of the mountains. In total, the number of discovered nests, their location in areas of high human activity, and the attitude of the local population are driving us to the conclusion that the population of the Golden Eagle in the eastern part of the northern macro slope of the Kyrgyz Range is in a favorable state.
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Debus, S. J. S., Jerry Olsen, Susan Trost, and Esteban Fuentes. "Breeding diets of the Little Eagle Hieraaetus morphnoides and Wedge-tailed Eagle Aquila audax in the Australian Capital Territory in 2011–2019." Australian Field Ornithology 38 (2021): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.20938/afo38019028.

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The diets of the Little Eagle Hieraaetus morphnoides and Wedge-tailed Eagle Aquila audax breeding sympatrically in the Australian Capital Territory during 2011–2019 were compared by analysis of pellets and prey remains (six Little Eagle territories and 13 Wedge-tailed Eagle territories; 69 and 49 collections for a total of 232 and 256 prey items, respectively). Little Eagles took 33% mammals (29% European Rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus), 44% birds, 6% reptiles and 17% insects by number, and 65% mammals (62% Rabbits), 27% birds, 8% reptiles and <1% insects by biomass. Wedge-tailed Eagles took 59% mammals (23% Rabbits and 19% macropods), 38% birds, 1% reptiles, <1% fish and 1% insects by number, and 89% mammals (20% Rabbits, 38% macropods), 10% birds, and <1% reptiles, fish and insects by biomass. Indices of dietary diversity (Shannon Index and Standardised Food Niche Breadth) were 2.57 vs 3.07 and 0.19 vs 0.24, respectively; Geometric Mean Prey Weights (GMPW) were 164 vs 1392 g, but discounting a biased sample of insects in many pellets from two fledglings, Little Eagle GMPW was more like 340 g. Dietary proportions and some metrics for both species appear to have changed little since the preceding decade, although Wedge-tailed Eagle dietary diversity increased slightly and dietary overlap (80%) increased greatly, concomitantly with some pairs of Wedge-tailed Eagles replacing pairs of Little Eagles. Intraguild predation occurred, including Wedge-tailed Eagle predation on Little Eagles.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Eagles"

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Sabine, Neil B. "Aspects of bald eagle winter behavior in Rush Valley Utah: A Telemetry study." BYU ScholarsArchive, 1987. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7863.

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The diurnal behavior and nocturnal roosting patterns of 28 bald eagles outfitted with tail-mounted radios were investigated in Rush Valley, Utah between January and March 1982-1984. Casting analysis and feeding observations indicated the principal food source was jackrabbit carrion. Jackrabbit availability declined from 1982 to 1984 and eagles responded by; 1) roosting closer to feeding sites, 2) shifting from canyon to valley roosts, 3) arriving later at and departing earlier from roosts, 4) decreasing diurnal activity, and 5) decreasing residence time. Foraging efficiency appeared to be maximized by experienced eagles using familiar feeding areas and by naive birds monitoring their activity. There appeared to be a slight (8.6%) energetic advantage to roosting at valley sites because of their proximity to feeding areas. This saving was presumably dissipated under adverse weather conditions when eagles selected the sheltered microclimate of canyon slopes. Twelve eagles were tracked during spring migration and all followed northward routes.
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Swanson, Cindy S. "Economics of non-game management : bald eagles on the Skagit River Bald Eagle Natural Area, Washington /." The Ohio State University, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487842372894759.

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Parry, Steven James. "The booted eagles : perspectives in evolutionary biology." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289873.

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Wagner, Allison B. "Four Eagles Lake Management Plan: A Practicum Report." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1398896623.

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Smith, Timothy John. "The effect of human activities on the distribution and abundance of the Jordan Lake - Falls Lake bald eagles." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45186.

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I studied the effect of human activities on bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephahus) distribution and abundance at Jordan Lake and Falls Lake, North Carolina in 1986 and 1981. Eagles used most of the area available on Jordan Lake, but 63% of the use occurred in the northern 25% of the lake. Eagle use at Falls Lake was restricted to a few areas in the northern section of the lake. Jordan Lake had 1.2 times as many eagle observations as did Falls Lake. Data from radio-tagged eagles and timing of population fluctuations suggest that eagle populations at Jordan and Falls Lakes were principally migrating eagles from southern states. The peak in eagle numbers in May 1981 may have represented a migratory wave, whereas the decrease in June and July may have been the result of some eagles continuing northward. Eagles returning south from the Chesapeake Bay and other northern areas may account for the slight increase observed in August. Two eagle roosts were located and monitored throughout the study at Jordan Lake. Human activities at both lakes peaked during summer months. Boating was the predominant activity during summer. Sixty-three intentional disturbances by motor boats produced a mean eagle flush distance of 131.2 m. Only 8% of the eagles flushed when the approaching boat was > 250 m from shore. Loglinear analysis revealed that human use of the shoreline and eagle use of the shoreline were related. Shoreline segments (250 m) used by humans were used less frequently by eagles than would be expected under a model of complete independence. I saw more eagles and fewer humans on weekdays than on weekends during boat surveys of selected Jordan Lake sections, suggesting that human use in certain sections on weekends displaced eagles. The lake section north of the Farrington Bridge showed the largest difference between eagle numbers on weekdays versus weekends. I developed a regression model that predicted the threshold density of disturbance Within this section to be 0.5 boats/km². On most days during the summer, this threshold level of boating traffic is surpassed in lake sections south of the Farrington Bridge. Primary management objectives should be to reduce human activities within high-eagle use areas, specifically the northern end of Jordan Lake, and to promote the bald eagle as a recreational benefit rather than a management problem.
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Clark, Kennedy H. "Shoreline Habitat Selection by Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) in a Non-Breeding Eagle Concentration-Area on the James River, Virginia." W&M ScholarWorks, 1992. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625732.

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Chester, Dennis Nathan. "Bald eagle habitat use on B. Everett Jordan Lake and Falls Lake, North Carolina." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43385.

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Losee, Michele J. "Habitat Characteristics and Nesting Ecology of Golden Eagles in Arizona." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1563035697672681.

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Kingdon, Lorraine B. "When the Bald Eagles Cried in Arizona, Wade Eakle Listened." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/295498.

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Gillies, James A. "Soaring flight in the steppe eagle (Aquila nipalensis)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.572648.

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Avian flight cannot fail to impress; from the huge migratory distances covered by albatrosses to the dexterity shown by a feeding hummingbird, the performance of birds in flight is remarkable. Until now research into free flight (i.e. not in a wind tunnel or other artificial environment) has been limited to observations from the ground. Here I use a collection of novel techniques, based on the use of onboard instrumentation carried by the bird, to explore if and how this performance might be underpinned by their flexible flight configuration. In the Introduction (chapter 1) to the thesis I investigate previous work into the stability and control of birds in flight. In chapter 2 I investigate a selection of manoeuvres seen commonly in flight, and describe the ways in which they exploit the flexible configuration of the eagle. Then (chapter 3), using an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) containing an integrated camera and Pilot-tube I measure the forces acting on the body of the bird in flight, the airspeed of the bird, and using custom-written software, I extract the configuration of the tail from the video. Using the measured configuration of the tail I estimate the lift generated by the tail according to a series of simple aerodynamic models. These are good predictors of the variation in the normal load factor acting on the bird. This suggests that the tail of the eagle is used primarily in soaring flight to balance the bird along the pitch axis. In chapter 4 I further investigate the configuration of the tail, I find that the spread and angle of attack of the tail covary, but that the twist of the tail is adjusted independently. In chapter 5 I explore one manoeuvre, the wing tuck, in more detail. With reference to a 'mean wing tuck' of the key variables I suggest that it is a response to a drop in wing loading, which suggests that it may be a response to atmospheric turbulence. I then investigate the frequency of wing tucking and our principal finding is that it is increased on days when the wind speed is greater, further suggesting that it is a response to atmospheric turbulence. Finally in the Discussion (chapter 6) I summarise the thesis. I also consider future avenues for research into the control and stability of avian flight and discuss some of the limitations of the methods used in this thesis.
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Books on the topic "Eagles"

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Wildlife, Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and. Eagles in Massachusetts. Boston]: Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, 1987.

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Wormer, Joe Van. Eagles. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1985.

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Wormer, Joe Van. Eagles. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1985.

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Dudley, Karen. Bald eagles. Austin, Tex: Raintree Steck-Vaughn, 1998.

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Lee, Sandra. Bald eagles. [Mankato, MN]: Child's World, 1991.

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Wilcox, Charlotte. Bald eagles. Minneapolis, MN: Carolrhoda Books Inc., 2003.

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Patent, Dorothy Hinshaw. Eagles of America. New York: Holiday House, 1995.

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Gieck, Charlene. Eagles for kids. Minocqua, WI: NorthWord Press, 1991.

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Lepthien, Emilie U. Bald eagles. Chicago: Childrens Press, 1989.

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Gerrard, Jonathan M. The bald eagle: Haunts and habits of a wilderness monarch. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Eagles"

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Campbell, Michael O’Neal. "Eagles and Their Competitors." In The Great Eagles, 347–63. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b21921-8.

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Campbell, Michael O’Neal. "Systematic List of the “True Eagles” (Subfamily Aquilinae; Genus Aquila)." In The Great Eagles, 17–72. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b21921-2.

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Campbell, Michael O’Neal. "Eagles and Cultural Landscapes." In The Great Eagles, 389–403. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b21921-11.

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Campbell, Michael O’Neal. "Eagles as Individuals and Free Spatial Agents." In The Great Eagles, 451–61. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b21921-14.

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Campbell, Michael O’Neal. "Systematic List of the “Booted Eagles” (Subfamily Aquilinae; Genera Hieraaetus, Spizaetus, Nisaetus, Lophaetus, Clanga, Ictinaetus, Stephanoaetus, Polemaetus and Lophotriorchis)." In The Great Eagles, 73–186. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b21921-3.

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Campbell, Michael O’Neal. "Systematic List of the Harpy Eagles Subfamily Harpiinae; Genera Harpia, Morphnus, Harpyopsis, and Buteogallus (formerly Harpyhaliaetus)." In The Great Eagles, 317–42. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b21921-6.

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Campbell, Michael O’Neal. "Systematic List of the Serpent Eagles Circaetinae: Genera Circaetus, Eutriorchis, Pithecophaga, Spilornis and Terathopius." In The Great Eagles, 187–253. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b21921-4.

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Campbell, Michael O’Neal. "Eagle Ecology and Geomatics-Based Research." In The Great Eagles, 424–50. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b21921-13.

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Campbell, Michael O’Neal. "Systematic List of the Sea Eagles Subfamily Haliaeetinae; Genus Haliaeetus." In The Great Eagles, 254–316. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b21921-5.

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Campbell, Michael O’Neal. "Eagles in Social History and Conservation." In The Great Eagles, 462–81. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b21921-15.

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Conference papers on the topic "Eagles"

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Winski, Richard, Roger K. Moore, and Dafydd Gibbon. "Eagles spoken language working group: overview and results." In 4th European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology (Eurospeech 1995). ISCA: ISCA, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/eurospeech.1995-192.

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Трейстер, М. Ю. "Phalerae of horse harness from the illicit excavations of 1930-s near the Cossack village Dakhovskaya in the Trans-Kuban region." In Древности Боспора. Crossref, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.2022.978-5-94375-372-5.298-314.

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Our attention is attracted by the lost phalerae from the illicit excavations of 1934–1936 in the area of cossack village Dakhovskaya in the Trans-Kuban region, known after the brief description by B. V. Lunin, judging by which, one of them, with the image of a lion’s head en face, may be compared with a pair of phalerae from the Fedulov hoard, and the other – a phalera with the head of a gorgon – with the piece from the hoard found near cossack village Akhtanizovskaya. Much more information is provided by the phalera “with the image of an eagle and a serpent”. The photograph and dimensions of this phalera were published in 1937 in a short popular article by B. V. Lunin, which remained out of sight of the modern scholars. This pha lera has an oval shape and, it is quite obvious that this is a prometopidion – the forehead deco ration of a horse. On this frontlet in relief, there is shown en face an image of an eagle, with its wings lowered and its head turned to the right, in a fight with a snake. The prometopidion from Dakhovskaya belongs to the type of oval frontlets, which are known from rather rare finds from the Kuban and Don regions, dating back to the 3rd–2nd centuries BC. In terms of shape and size, the closest parallel among the finds from the North Pontic area is an object from the Fedulov hoard – this piece, depicting a scene of Gigantomachy, is smaller in size, and also has rivets located in a similar way on the front side, and on the back – the remains of wide bronze transverse loops. If the oval prometopidia known to us were most often decorated with the image of Nike and scenes of Gigantomachy, then the frontlet from Dakhovskaya represents a still unknown motif for this category of horse bridle phalerae – an eagle in a combat with a snake. In Greek art, this motif plot has been known since the Archaic period, when, in particular, it was used to decorate the shield emblems, although in the Archaic and early Classical Greek art, the eagle was usually depicted flying with a snake in its claws. Also, with widely spread wings, eagles are represented in scenes of a fight with a snake on the reliefs of the late Classical – early Hellenistic period from Attica and Asia Minor. Scenes with images of the combat of an eagle with a snake became widespread in the late Hellenistic period, especially in Asia Minor after 200 BC. On the other hand, such images are completely unusual for the Bosporan steles. It would seem that the fact that the eagle’s wings on the frontlet from Dakhovskaya were lowered, was due to the oval-vertical form of the prometopidion itself, however, it is worth noting that we find images of eagles with their wings lowered down exactly on the grave stele from Asia Minor and Thessaly. The author comes to the conclusion that the prometopidion from Dakhovskaya should be attributed to the early group of phalerae, also represented by finds from the Fedulov hoard and Uspenskaya, and dated within the last quarter of the 3rd – first quarter of the 2nd century BC. The spread of the motif of the combat between the eagle and the snake in the decoration of grave stele from Asia Minor of the Hellenistic period and the absence of such images in the time in question in the Cimmerian Bosporus are indirect arguments in favor of the possible origin of the early phalerae of the horse harness found in the Kuban and Don regions from Asia Minor.
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Calzolari, Nicoletta, Alessandro Lenci, Francesca Bertagna, and Antonio Zampolli. "Broadening the scope of the EAGLES/ISLE lexical standardization initiative." In the 3rd workshop. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/1118759.1118763.

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Kern, Michael. "Striking Eagles: Innovation and the U.S. Navy Fighter Force, 1942-1945." In AIAA Centennial of Naval Aviation Forum "100 Years of Achievement and Progress". Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2011-7035.

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Redig, Patrick. "Potential Sources of Lead Exposure for Bald Eagles: a Retrospective Study." In Ingestion of Spent Lead Ammunition: Implications for Wildlife and Humans. The Peregrine Fund, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4080/ilsa.2009.0208.

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Domenech, Robert. "Blood-lead Levels of Fall Migrant Golden Eagles in West-central Montana." In Ingestion of Spent Lead Ammunition: Implications for Wildlife and Humans. The Peregrine Fund, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4080/ilsa.2009.0210.

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Hanrieder, Gerhard, Paul Heisterkamp, and Thomas Brey. "Fly with the EAGLES: evaluation of the "ACCeSS" spoken language dialogue system." In 5th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP 1998). ISCA: ISCA, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/icslp.1998-75.

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Carruthers, Anna, Graham Taylor, Simon Walker, and Adrian Thomas. "Use and Function of a Leading Edge Flap on the Wings of Eagles." In 45th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2007-43.

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Faridul, Hasan Sheikh, and Gwenael Doerr. "A population of eagles, horses, and moles: Perceptual sensitivity to watermark disparity coherence." In 2015 IEEE International Workshop on Information Forensics and Security (WIFS). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wifs.2015.7368562.

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Krone, Oliver. "Lead Poisoning in White-tailed Sea Eagles: Causes and Approaches to Solutions in Germany." In Ingestion of Spent Lead Ammunition: Implications for Wildlife and Humans. The Peregrine Fund, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4080/ilsa.2009.0207.

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Reports on the topic "Eagles"

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Caine, Philip D. Eagles of the RAF. The World War II Eagle Squadrons. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada264356.

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Galipeau, Douglas A. ISSODUN; The Making of America's First Eagles. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada397847.

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Marr, Jeffrey, Edward Walsh, JoAnn McGee, Julia Ponder, Peggy Nelson, Lori Arent, Christopher Milliren, Christopher Feist, and Pat Redig. Detection and Perception of Sound by Eagles and Surrogate Raptors. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1763993.

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Marr, W. W. User`s guide to EAGLES Version 1.1: An electric- and gasoline-vehicle fuel-efficiency software package. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/82516.

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Hunt, W. G., R. E. Jackman, T. L. Hunt, D. E. Driscoll, and L. Culp. A Population Study of Golden Eagles in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area: Population Trend Analysis, 1994-1997. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/12148.

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Crenshaw, John G. Effects of the Cabinet Gorge Kokanee Hatchery on Wintering Bald Eagles in the Lower Clark Fork River and Lake Pend, Oreille, Idaho: 1986 Final Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6628427.

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McNeil, D. H., J. Dixon, and K. M. Bell. The age, foraminifera, and palynology of the Upper Cretaceous Eagle Plain Group, northern Yukon. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328237.

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A re-evaluation of the age of the formations comprising the Eagle Plain Group of northern Yukon was necessitated by widely disparate age determinations in recent years from various authors. Maximum age estimates for the base of the group have varied from middle Albian to Cenomanian, and age estimates for the uppermost strata varied by an even greater range, from Cenomanian to late Maastrichtian. A re-examination of new and archival foraminiferal and palynological data indicates an age range of Cenomanian to late Maastrichtian for the Eagle Plain Group. The late Maastrichtian age is derived from palynology from the northeasternmost area of Eagle Plain. However, the stratigraphic relationship of these youngest beds within Eagle Plain Group remains uncertain. Marine strata of the Eagle Plain Group contain foraminiferal indices that correlate with long-established regional foraminiferal zones from the Mackenzie Delta area. The Cenomanian Zone of Trochammina superstes occurs in the Parkin and Boundary Creek formations of Eagle Plain and Mackenzie Delta, respectively. The Haplophragmoides bilobatus and overlying Glaphyrammina spirocompressa zones occur in the Burnthill Creek and Smoking Hills formations of Eagle Plain and Mackenzie Delta, respectively. Reworked microfossils are a conspicuous feature of strata within the Eagle Plain Group. The basal sandstone of the Parkin Formation, for example, contains an assemblage of foraminifera that is entirely reworked. Palynomorph assemblages through the Eagle Plain Group have been estimated at as much as 99% reworked in some strata.
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Hoover, S. Response of Red-Tailed Hawks and Golden Eagles to Topographical Features, Weather, and Abundance of a Dominant Prey Species at the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area, California: April 1999-December 2000. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15000694.

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Clark, Patrick K., Todd Carrico, and John DiPasquale. Eagle View. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada387448.

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Karanja, Dennis, and Carolyne Wanza Nthiwa. Eagle View Camp. Landscape Architecture Foundation, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31353/cs1520.

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