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Rondanelli, Mariangela, Gabriella Peroni, Clara Gasparri, Vittoria Infantino, Mara Nichetti, Giovanni Cuzzoni, Daniele Spadaccini, and Simone Perna. "Is a Combination of Melatonin and Amino Acids Useful to Sarcopenic Elderly Patients? A Randomized Trial." Geriatrics 4, no. 1 (December 24, 2018): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics4010004.
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This study evaluated the effectiveness of a 4-week intervention of melatonin and essential aminoacid supplementation on body composition, protein metabolism, strength and inflammation in 159 elderly sarcopenic patients (42/117, men/women), assigned to four groups: isocaloric placebo (P, n = 44), melatonin (M, 1 mg/daily, n = 42), essential amino acids (eAA 4 g/daily, n = 40) or eAA plus melatonin (eAAM, 4 g eAA and 1 mg melatonin/daily, n = 30). Data from body composition (dual X-ray absortiometry (DXA)), strength (handgrip test) and biochemical parameters for the assessment of protein metabolism (albumin) and inflammation (CRP) were collected at baseline and after the 4-week intervention. Compared with P and M, supplementation with eAA plus M increased total fat-free mass (vs. P: +2190 g; p < 0.01; vs. M: +2107 g; p < 0.05). M alone lowered albumin levels (vs. P: −0.39 g; p < 0.01; vs. eAA: −0.47 g; p < 0.01). This data on albumin was confirmed by within-group analysis (M −0.44g; p < 0.001; eAAM: −0.34 p < 0.05). M and eAA seemed to lower the percentage of gynoid fat (p < 0.05) and android fat (p < 0.01). No significant changes in inflammation or strength were reported. A 4-week intervention with eAA plus M together may be effective in enhancing fat-free-mass compared to M and P but not versus eAA. M alone demonstrates a negative effect on albumin level.
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Asuke, Soichiro, Shuko Nishimi, and Yukio Tosa. "At Least Five Major Genes Are Involved in the Avirulence of an Eleusine Isolate of Pyricularia oryzae on Common Wheat." Phytopathology® 110, no. 2 (February 2020): 465–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-07-19-0278-r.
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Pyricularia oryzae is composed of pathotypes that show host specificity at the plant genus level. To elucidate the genetic mechanisms of the incompatibility between the Eleusine pathotype (pathogenic on finger millet) and common wheat, an Eleusine isolate (MZ5-1-6) was crossed with a Triticum isolate (Br48) pathogenic on wheat, and resulting F1 cultures were sprayed onto common wheat cultivars Hope, Norin 4 (N4), and Chinese Spring (CS). On Hope, avirulent and virulent cultures segregated in a 3:1 ratio, suggesting that two avirulence genes are involved. They were tentatively designated as eA1 and eA2. On N4 and CS, the segregation ratio was not significantly deviated from the 7:1, 15:1, or 31:1 ratios, suggesting that three or more genes are involved. A comparative analysis of the segregation patterns suggested that two of these genes were eA1 and eA2. A complementation test indicated that the third gene (tentatively designated as eA3) was the Ao9 type of the PWT3 gene controlling the avirulence of Avena and Lolium isolates on wheat. The fourth gene (tentatively designated as eA4) was detected by backcrossing 200R72, an F1 culture lacking eA1, eA2, and eA3, with Br48. Comparative analyses of phenotypes and the presence and/or absence of molecular markers in the F1 population revealed that some cultures were avirulent on N4/CS in spite of lacking eA1, eA2, eA3, and eA4, indicating the presence of the fifth gene (tentatively designated as eA5). Taken together, we conclude that at least five avirulence genes are involved in the incompatibility between MZ5-1-6 and N4/CS.
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Cheng, XiaoDong, XiaoYang Kong, Yongzhao Fan, XiangYu Wang, ZiHao Li, and Hao Wu. "Effects of Equine-Assistant Activity on Gross Motor Coordination in Children Aged 8 to 10 Years." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2022 (January 15, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3623686.
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Generally, adequate motor coordination (MC) ability is one among the critical factors for the overall development of children. In this paper, we have thoroughly analyzed the effects of equine-assistant activity (EAA) training on MC in children. For this purpose, MC test, specifically for children, was used to the Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder (KTK), and a total of 100 children, particularly those in 8 to 10 age, were equally separated into equine-assistant activity group (EAAG) and control group (CG), respectively. The EAAG group has attended a 14-week EAA training program, while the CG joined in physical education activity once per week. The experimental results have indicated that four indices of KTK test (i.e., backward walk [WB], height jump [HH], jumping sideways [JS] and moving sideways [MS], and motor quotient [MQ] score) showed significant differences ( ∗ P < 0.05 ) after a 14-week EAA training. Furthermore, the indices of physical fitness test, standing long jump (SLJ), and sit and reach (SAR) showed significant differences ( ∗ P < 0.05 ), but the handgrip (HG) increased slightly without significant difference ( P > 0.05 ) after a 14-week EAA training. In conclusion, there were improvements in MC, lower limb strength, and flexibility by EAAG for those who participated in a 14-week EAA training, and this study has demonstrated the effectiveness of the KTK assessment of MC in children 8 to 10 years.
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Komathy Vanitha, K., and S. Anila. "Energy efficient high-performance approximate adders for imprecision-tolerant signal processing applications." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2107, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2107/1/012065.
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Abstract The trade-off between Delay and Power consumption has become a major concern as process technology reached less than 10 nm proximity in the modern Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) technology. This trade-off can be compensated with accuracy and is vanquished by the development of Approximate Computing (AC). In this paper, six diverse Approximate Adders (AAs) have been proposed based on logic complexity reduction at the transistor level. Simulation results reveal that the Proposed AAs has a significant amount of Power and Delay savings, lesser Power-Delay Product (PDP). The Proposed AAs:PA1, PA3, PA5, PA3 exhibits 12.85 %, 41.59%, 72.05 %, 1.91% lesser power than the Existing AAs EAA1, EAA5, EAA6, EAA9 respectively. The Proposed AAs: PA2, PA3 incorporates 37.5 %, 54.5%, of lesser number of transistors compared to Existing AAs: EAA5, EAA9 whereas PA4, PA5 incorporates 40 % of reduction in the number of transistors compared to Existing AAs: EAA6, EAA8. These results are promising for high performance and energy efficient systems for error-resilient applications such as multimedia and signal processing where a slightly degraded output quality is acceptable, which could lead to significant power reduction.
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Tlak Gajger, Ivana, Lidija Svečnjak, Dragan Bubalo, and Tomislav Žorat. "Control of Varroa destructor Mite Infestations at Experimental Apiaries Situated in Croatia." Diversity 12, no. 1 (December 25, 2019): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12010012.
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Experimental varroacidal treatments of honey bee colonies were conducted on five apiaries (EA1–EA5) situated at five different geographical and climatic locations across Croatia. The aim of this study was to assess the comparative efficacy of CheckMite+ (Bayer, Germany), Apiguard (Vita Europe Ltd.; England), Bayvarol, C, (Bayer, Germany), Thymovar, (Andrma BioVet GmbH, Germany), and ApiLife Var, (Chemicals Laif SPA; Vigonza, Italy) for controlling the honey bee obligatory parasitic mite Varroa destructor in different conditions in the field during summer treatment. The relative varroa mite mortality after treatments with applied veterinary medicinal products were EA1 (59.24%), EA2 (47.31%), EA3 (36.75%), EA4 (48.33%), and EA5 (16.78%). Comparing the relative efficacy of applied varroacides, the best effect was achieved with CheckMite+, and the lowest for honey bee colonies treated with Apiguard (statistically significant difference was confirmed; p < 0.05). Considering the lower efficacy of thymol-based veterinary medicinal products observed on all EA in these study conditions, it may be concluded that their use is limited under different treatment regimes. Despite unfavourable weather and environmental conditions, with exceptions of EA5/EA5′ and EA1, the relative varroacidal efficacy of authorized veterinary medicinal product treatments in moderately infested honey bee colonies ensured normal overwintering and colony development during next spring.
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Ouyang, Chun Fa, Chun Ye Xu, Qun Gao, Wei Li Xue, Wei Gang Yang, and Kang Sheng Zheng. "Asphalt Modified by Ethylene-Acrylic Acid Copolymer Ionomers: Fundamental Investigations of Mechanical and Rheological Properties." Key Engineering Materials 871 (January 2021): 371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.871.371.
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Ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer (EAA) has been demonstrated to be a suitable additive for modifying the properties of asphalt. EAA mixed with metal hydroxides/oxides form EAA-M ionomers, which increase the polarity of EAA, improving its adhesive properties and affecting its mechanical and rheological characteristics. The present work investigates the mechanical and rheological characteristics of asphalt modified by EAA in conjunction with either Ca (OH)2, NaOH, or ZnO. The high-temperature properties of the modified asphalts, including the softening point, and needle penetration, were evaluated. Rheological characteristics of modified asphalts were investigated by rotary rheometer. Moreover, the storage stability at high temperature, morphology and chemical structure were also analyzed. Results indicate that a 4wt% EAA-M ionomer concentration in the base asphalt is adequate for providing the enhanced properties studied. For an equivalent concentration of EAA, the properties of modified asphalts were affected by very small additions of the metal hydroxides/oxides. The best overall mechanical and rheological performance was obtained for EAA-Ca modified asphalt with 4wt% EAA and 2.5wt‰ Ca (OH)2. EAA-Zn modified asphalt provided the most stable high-temperature storage. Compared with 6wt% pure EAA-modified asphalt, which is not stable, the EAA-Zn modified asphalt (2.7wt‰ ZnO) demonstrated reasonable high-temperature storage stability. Compared with asphalt modified with 6wt% pure EAA, the softening point increased from 55.81 °C to 58.05 °C with the addition of 2.7wt‰ NaOH. However, while the mechanical and rheological properties of EAA-Na modified asphalt were very good, its high-temperature storage stability due to the strong reactivity of NaOH, which led to the crosslinking of EAA-Na ionomers, making it difficult to disperse.
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Childers, W. E. Jr, M. A. Abou-Gharbia, J. A. Moyer, and M. M. Zaleska. "EAA-090." Drugs of the Future 27, no. 7 (2002): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1358/dof.2002.027.07.685790.
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Kurajica, Stanislav, Gregor Mali, Vilko Mandić, and Iva Minga. "Multinuclear Magnetic Resonance Study on Aluminium Sec-butoxide Chelated with Ethyl Acetoacetate in Various Amounts." Croatica chemica acta 92, no. 1 (2019): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5562/cca3426.
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Reactive aluminum alkoxide (ASB, aluminium sec-butoxide) was chelated using β-diketone (EAA, ethyl acetoacetate) in order to gain control over rapid hydrolysis in the course of the sol-gel process. Derived chelates were analysed using several NMR spectroscopic techniques: one-dimensional 1H, 13C, 27Al NMR and two-dimensional COSY, HSQC and DOSY. The NMR analysis enabled identification of the formed chelate species, as well as determination of their quantitative relationships. Several complexation products were observed: tris-chelated monomer, Al(EAA)3, bis-chelated dimmer, Al2(OnBu)4(EAA) 2, tris-chelated dimmer, Al2(OnBu)3(EAA)3, tetra-chelated dimmer, Al2(OnBu)2(EAA)4, and monochelated trimer, Al3(OnBu)8(EAA). Of the formed oligomer compounds, this is the first evidence of Al2(OR)3L3 in any alkoxide and β-ketoester or β-diketone combination. Aluminium sec-butoxide and ethyl acetoacetate complexes Al2(OnBu)4(EAA) 2 and Al2(OnBu)2(EAA)4 were also observed for the first time. With the increase of the EAA/ASB ratio the coordination of aluminium shifts towards six, whereas above the EAA/ASB ratio of 2.5 solely six-coordinated aluminium exists.
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Kuo, Chi-Chung, Huei-Yann Tsai, Jaung-Geng Lin, Hong-Lin Su, and Yuh-Fung Chen. "Spinal Serotonergic and Opioid Receptors Are Involved in Electroacupuncture-Induced Antinociception at Different Frequencies on ZuSanLi (ST 36) Acupoint." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/291972.
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The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of electroacupuncture-(EAc-) induced antinociception (EAA) at different currents and frequencies in rat spinal cord. We found that naloxone (0.05 μg i.t.) blocked EAA at different frequencies. Naltrindole (0.05 μg i.t.) blocked EAA on the 7th day after EAc of 100 Hz. 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine (100 μg i.t.) significantly inhibited EAA at different frequencies on the 7th day after EAc. Pindobind (0.5μg i.t.), a 5-HT1Aantagonist, notably attenuated EAA at different frequencies. Ketanserin (0.5 μg i.t.), inhibited EEA at a lower frequency (<10 Hz) than at a higher frequency (100 Hz). LY-278584 (0.5 μg i.t.) significantly inhibited EAA at a higher frequency (100 Hz) on the 7th day after EAc. The direction of effect of 8-OH-DPAT, on EAA was dependent on dosage. It had an inhibitory effect at a low dose (0.5 μg i.t.) and a high frequency (100 Hz) but enhanced EAA at a higher dose at lower frequencies (<10 Hz). DOI (10 μg, i.t.), did not affect EAA. These data indicate that the mechanism of EAA involves opioid receptors, and the serotonergic system, particularly,μ-,δ-opioid and 5-HT1A, 5-HT3receptors and it is also dependent on the EAc frequency.
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Rani, Neerja, Surendra Kumar Sharma, and Neeru Vasudeva. "Assessment of Antiobesity Potential ofAchyranthes asperaLinn. Seed." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/715912.
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The present study was designed to evaluate the quality control parameters, quantitative phytochemical analysis (total phenols, total flavonoids, and total saponin content), and the antiobesity effect of ethanol extract ofAchyranthes asperaLinn. seed (EAA) by employingin vitroandin vivomodels. Inin vitrostudy, the inhibitory activity of EAA on pancreatic amylase and lipase was measured. Thein vivopancreatic lipase activity was evaluated by measurement of plasma triacylglycerol levels after oral administration of EAA along with lipid emulsion to Swiss albino mice. The EAA inhibited pancreatic amylase and lipase activity in vitro and elevations of plasma triacylglycerol level in mice. Furthermore, the antiobesity effect of EAA (900 mg/kg) was assessed in mice fed a high-fat diet with or without EAA for 6 weeks. EAA significantly suppressed the increase in body,retroperitoneal adiposetissue, liver weights, and serum parameters, namely; total cholesterol, total triglyceride, and LDL-cholesterol level. The anti obesity effects of EAA in high-fat-diet-treated mice may be partly mediated through delaying the intestinal absorption of dietary fat by inhibiting pancreatic amylase and lipase activity. Histopathological effects of EAA on the liver of mice were also assessed.
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Westreicher-Kristen, Edwin, Ralf Blank, Monika Paschke-Beese, Wiebke Kühl, Siegfried Wolffram, Cornelia C. Metges, and Andreas Susenbeth. "Diets for Dairy Cows with Different Proportions of Crude Protein Originating from Red Clover Silage versus Soybean Meal: Ruminal Degradation and Intestinal Digestibility of Amino Acids." Animals 11, no. 8 (July 23, 2021): 2177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11082177.
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The purpose was to assess the effect of exchanging crude protein (CP) of soybean meal (SBM) with red clover silage (RCS) in total mixed rations (TMR) on ruminal degradation and intestinal digestibility (ID) of essential amino acids (EAA). Four TMR and their individual feed components were studied. The TMR were composed of forage and concentrates (75:25), with proportions of RCS in TMR of 0.15, 0.30, 0.45, and 0.60 on a dry matter basis, resulting in diet groups RCS15, RCS30, RCS45, and RCS60, respectively. The ruminal degradation of EAA was determined using the nylon bag technique. For this, samples of TMR and their individual feed components were ruminally incubated for 16 h. The feed residues of TMR obtained after 16 h of incubation were used for the determination of ID of EAA using the mobile-bag technique. Increasing RCS and reducing SBM proportions linearly increased (p < 0.01) the in situ ruminal degradation of individual EAA from 75.5% to 83.5%. The degradation of EAA followed the trend of CP degradation among TMR, except for Cys that was lower (p < 0.05) than that of CP in RCS60 (79.7% vs. 86.3%). The degradation of EAA in individual feed ingredients not always corresponded to the degradation of CP and was feed dependent. Increasing the proportions of RCS in the TMR linearly reduced (p < 0.001) the ID of EAA (except for Ile) from 78.2% to 67.3%. However, the ID of EAA did not always reflect the ID of CP, and in general, the differences between the ID of CP and EAA increased as RCS increased in the TMR. The ID values of most of the EAA were similar (p > 0.05) to ID of CP in RCS15 and RCS30, while they mostly differed (p < 0.05) in RCS45 and RCS60, and being higher for EAA than CP (except for Cys that was lower than CP, p < 0.05). Similar trends were observed for intestinal absorbable AA, resulting in higher values (p < 0.05) of intestinal absorbable for all EAA than of CP in diet RCS60. In conclusion, increasing levels of RCS in TMR reduced the extent of EAA flow into the small intestine, the ID of EAA, and consequently the intestinal absorbable EAA. Therefore, accurate determination of metabolizable AA must be considered for optimal diet formulation when including high proportions of RCS in diets of high-producing dairy cows.
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Church, David D., Katie R. Hirsch, Sanghee Park, Il-Young Kim, Jess A. Gwin, Stefan M. Pasiakos, Robert R. Wolfe, and Arny A. Ferrando. "Essential Amino Acids and Protein Synthesis: Insights into Maximizing the Muscle and Whole-Body Response to Feeding." Nutrients 12, no. 12 (December 2, 2020): 3717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12123717.
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Ingesting protein-containing supplements and foods provides essential amino acids (EAA) necessary to increase muscle and whole-body protein synthesis (WBPS). Large variations exist in the EAA composition of supplements and foods, ranging from free-form amino acids to whole protein foods. We sought to investigate how changes in peripheral EAA after ingesting various protein and free amino acid formats altered muscle and whole-body protein synthesis. Data were compiled from four previous studies that used primed, constant infusions of L-(ring-2H5)-phenylalanine and L-(3,3-2H2)-tyrosine to determine fractional synthetic rate of muscle protein (FSR), WBPS, and circulating EAA concentrations. Stepwise regression indicated that max EAA concentration (EAACmax; R2 = 0.524, p < 0.001), EAACmax (R2 = 0.341, p < 0.001), and change in EAA concentration (ΔEAA; R = 0.345, p < 0.001) were the strongest predictors for postprandial FSR, Δ (change from post absorptive to postprandial) FSR, and ΔWBPS, respectively. Within our dataset, the stepwise regression equation indicated that a 100% increase in peripheral EAA concentrations increases FSR by ~34%. Further, we observed significant (p < 0.05) positive (R = 0.420–0.724) correlations between the plasma EAA area under the curve above baseline, EAACmax, ΔEAA, and rate to EAACmax to postprandial FSR, ΔFSR, and ΔWBPS. Taken together our results indicate that across a large variety of EAA/protein-containing formats and food, large increases in peripheral EAA concentrations are required to drive a robust increase in muscle and whole-body protein synthesis.
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Nishioka, Toshikatsu, Tatsuhiko Nakano, and Norio Teramae. "Analysis of the Coated Interface Using Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy." Applied Spectroscopy 46, no. 12 (December 1992): 1904–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702924123584.
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Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy was applied in order to analyze the interaction of the coated interface between two different polymers. The samples investigated were prepared by coating urethane paint on an ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer (EAA) and on an ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymer whose ethylester group had been partially hydrolyzed (EAA/EEA). It was demonstrated that a mixed phase was formed along the coated interface between the urethane paint and the EAA and between the paint and the EAA/EEA. The interaction between molecules of the polyurethane and the EAA was observed.
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Horne, Shelley M., Angel Ugrinov, and Birgit M. Prüβ. "The Food Anti-Microbials β-Phenylethylamine (-HCl) and Ethyl Acetoacetate Do Not Change during the Heating Process." Antibiotics 10, no. 4 (April 10, 2021): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10040418.
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β-Phenylethylamine hydrochloride (PEA-HCl) and ethyl acetoacetate (EAA) are anti-microbials with applications in food processing. As food anti-microbials, the compounds will have to withstand the cooking process without changing to toxic compounds. With this Communication, we address the question of whether PEA and EAA are altered when heated to 73.9 °C or 93.3 °C. A combination of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry was used to analyze solutions of PEA(-HCl) or EAA in beef broth or water. In addition, the anti-microbial activity of PEA-HCl and EAA was compared between heated and unheated samples at a range of concentrations. The gas chromatograms of PEA(-HCl) and EAA showed one peak at early retention times that did not differ between the heated and unheated samples. The mass spectra for PEA and EAA were near identical to those from a spectral database and did not show any differences between the heated and unheated samples. We conclude that PEA(-HCl) and EAA formed pure solutions and were not altered during the heating process. In addition, the anti-microbial activity of PEA-HCl and EAA did not change after the heating of the compounds. Regardless of temperature, the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for PEA-HCl were 20.75 mmol mL−1 for Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium. For EAA, the MICs were 23.4 mmol mL−1 for E. coli and 15.6 mmol mL−1 for S. enterica.
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Ayayee, Paul A., Thomas Larsen, and Zakee Sabree. "Symbiotic essential amino acids provisioning in the American cockroach,Periplaneta americana(Linnaeus) under various dietary conditions." PeerJ 4 (May 18, 2016): e2046. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2046.
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Insect gut microbes have been shown to provide nutrients such as essential amino acids (EAAs) to their hosts. How this symbiotic nutrient provisioning tracks with the host’s demand is not well understood. In this study, we investigated microbial essential amino acid (EAA) provisioning in omnivorous American cockroaches (Periplaneta americana), fed low-quality (LQD) and comparatively higher-quality dog food (DF) diets using carbon stable isotope ratios of EAAs (δ13CEAA). We assessed non-dietary EAA input, quantified as isotopic offsets (Δ13C) between cockroach (δ13CCockroach EAA) and dietary (δ13CDietary EAA) EAAs, and subsequently determined biosynthetic origins of non-dietary EAAs in cockroaches using13C-fingerprinting with dietary and representative bacterial and fungalδ13CEAA. Investigation of biosynthetic origins ofde novonon-dietary EAAs indicated bacterial origins of EAA in cockroach appendage samples, and a mixture of fungal and bacterial EAA origins in gut filtrate samples for both LQD and DF-fed groups. We attribute the bacteria-derived EAAs in cockroach appendages to provisioning by the fat body residing obligate endosymbiont,Blattabacteriumand gut-residing bacteria. The mixed signatures of gut filtrate samples are attributed to the presence of unassimilated dietary, as well as gut microbial (bacterial and fungal) EAAs. This study highlights the potential impacts of dietary quality on symbiotic EAA provisioning and the need for further studies investigating the interplay between host EAA demands, host dietary quality and symbiotic EAA provisioning in response to dietary sufficiency or deficiency.
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Lunding, Lars P., Damaris B. Skouras, Christina Vock, Charles A. Dinarello, and Michael Wegmann. "The NLRP3 Inflammasome Inhibitor OLT1177® Ameliorates Experimental Allergic Asthma in Mice." Journal of Immunology 208, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2022): 109.02. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.208.supp.109.02.
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Abstract Background The symptoms of asthma arise on the basis of a chronic inflammation of the airways. The NLRP3 inflammasome plays a central role in regulating inflammation e.g. by activating interleukin (IL) 1 cytokines, which in turn promote allergic inflammation. This study aims to evaluate the therapeutic potential of the specific NLRP3 inhibitor OLT1177® on experimental allergic asthma (EAA) in mice. Methods The impact of OLT1177® on NLRP3 expression, caspase-1 activation, and IL-1β release were assessed in vivo and in allergen-restimulated mononuclear cells (MNC) from ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized mice. The effect of intra-peritoneal OLT1177®-treatment on OVA- and house dust mite (HDM) EAA and on poly(I:C)-triggered exacerbation of EAA were assessed. Furthermore, the effect of oropharyngeal aspiration of OLT1177® and oral OLT1177® via an enriched diet were also evaluated in mice with OVA-induced EAA. Results OLT1177® reduced NLRP3 expression, caspase-1 activation, and levels of activated IL-1β in vitro and in mice with OVA-induced EAA. Intra-peritoneal treatment with OLT1177® significantly diminished allergic airway inflammation, mucus hyperproduction, and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in mice with OVA- and HDM-induced EAA as well as in mice with poly(I:C)-triggered exacerbation of EAA. While oropharyngeal aspiration of OLT1177® had no effect on EAA, oral OLT1177® via feeding an enriched diet markedly reduced all pathophysiologic hallmarks of EAA in mice. Conclusion Intra-peritoneal and oral delivery of OLT1177® is effective to inhibit the NLRP3 inflammasome in vivo and to treat EAA in mice. This study was mainly supported by the German Center for Lung Research (DZL). The study was also supported by Olatec Therapeutics LLC and the Interleukin Foundation.
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Sekido, Reina, Keisou Ishimaru, and Masakazu Sakita. "Differences of Electroacupuncture-induced Analgesic Effect in Normal and Inflammatory Conditions in Rats." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 31, no. 06 (January 2003): 955–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x03001491.
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It has been reported by Stein et al. that the immune system and peripheral opioid receptors are involved in the control of pain accompanying inflammation. Electroacupuncture (EA) is used to relieve various kinds of pain. However, little is known about the effect of electroacupuncture analgesia (EAA) during hyperalgesia elicited by inflammation. The aim of the present study was to compare (1) the individual variation of EAA, (2) the durability of EAA, and (3) the effect of naloxone on EAA between normal rats and rats subjected to acute inflammatory pain. Carrageenan was subcutaneously administered by intraplantar (i.pl.) injection of the left hind paw to induce a nociceptive response. Nociceptive thresholds were measured using the paw pressure threshold (PPT). Rats received EA at 3 Hz in the left anterior tibial muscles for 1 hour after carrageenan injection. Naloxone was administered by intraperitoneal (i.p.) or i.pl. injection just before EA. EAA was elicited in 15 of 29 normal rats. These rats were divided into responders and non-responders. EAA in the responder group was almost completely antagonized by i.p. injection of naloxone. In contrast, in all the rats with carrageenan-induced inflammation, EAA was elicited, lasted for at least 24 hours after carrageenan injection, and was dose-dependently antagonized by i.pl. injection, but not significantly by i.p. injection of naloxone. It seems likely that the EAA in the rats with carrageenan-induced inflammation differs from that in normal rats, and these findings suggest that peripheral opioid receptors are involved in EAA during inflammatory conditions.
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Eaton, Tom R., Aaron Potter, François Billaut, Derek Panchuk, David B. Pyne, Christopher J. Gore, Ting-Ting Chen, Leon McQuade, and Nigel K. Stepto. "A Combination of Amino Acids and Caffeine Enhances Sprint Running Capacity in a Hot, Hypoxic Environment." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 26, no. 1 (February 2016): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2015-0108.
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Heat and hypoxia exacerbate central nervous system (CNS) fatigue. We therefore investigated whether essential amino acid (EAA) and caffeine ingestion attenuates CNS fatigue in a simulated team sport–specific running protocol in a hot, hypoxic environment. Subelite male team sport athletes (n = 8) performed a repeat sprint running protocol on a nonmotorized treadmill in an extreme environment on 4 separate occasions. Participants ingested one of four supplements: a double placebo, 3 mg.kg-1 body mass of caffeine + placebo, 2 × 7 g EAA (Musashi Create)+placebo, or caffeine + EAA before each exercise session using a randomized, double-blind crossover design. Electromyography (EMG) activity and quadriceps evoked responses to magnetic stimulation were assessed from the dominant leg at preexercise, halftime, and postexercise. Central activation ratio (CAR) was used to quantify completeness of quadriceps activation. Oxygenation of the prefrontal cortex was measured via near-infrared spectroscopy. Mean sprint work was higher (M = 174 J, 95% CI [23, 324], p < .05, d = 0.30; effect size, likely beneficial) in the caffeine + EAA condition versus EAAs alone. The decline in EMG activity was less (M = 13%, 95% CI [0, 26]; p < .01, d = 0.58, likely beneficial) in caffeine + EAA versus EAA alone. Similarly, the pre- to postexercise decrement in CAR was significantly less (M = −2.7%, 95% CI [0.4, 5.4]; p < .05, d = 0.50, likely beneficial) when caffeine + EAA were ingested compared with placebo. Cerebral oxygenation was lower (M = −5.6%, 95% CI [1.0, 10.1]; p < .01, d = 0.60, very likely beneficial) in the caffeine + EAA condition compared with LNAA alone. Coingestion of caffeine and EAA appears to maintain muscle activation and central drive, with a small improvement in running performance.
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Fujita, Satoshi, Hans C. Dreyer, Micah J. Drummond, Erin L. Glynn, Elena Volpi, and Blake B. Rasmussen. "Essential amino acid and carbohydrate ingestion before resistance exercise does not enhance postexercise muscle protein synthesis." Journal of Applied Physiology 106, no. 5 (May 2009): 1730–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.90395.2008.
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Ingestion of an essential amino acid-carbohydrate (EAA + CHO) solution following resistance exercise enhances muscle protein synthesis during postexercise recovery. It is unclear whether EAA + CHO ingestion before resistance exercise can improve direct measures of postexercise muscle protein synthesis (fractional synthetic rate; FSR). We hypothesized that EAA + CHO ingestion before a bout of resistance exercise would prevent the exercise-induced decrease in muscle FSR and would result in an enhanced rate of muscle FSR during postexercise recovery. We studied 22 young healthy subjects before, during, and for 2 h following a bout of high-intensity leg resistance exercise. The fasting control group ( n = 11) did not ingest nutrients, and the EAA + CHO group ( n = 11) ingested a solution of EAA + CHO 1 h before beginning the exercise bout. Stable isotopic methods were used in combination with muscle biopsies to determine FSR. Immunoblotting procedures were utilized to assess cell signaling proteins associated with the regulation of FSR. We found that muscle FSR increased in the EAA + CHO group immediately following EAA + CHO ingestion ( P < 0.05), returned to basal values during exercise, and remained unchanged at 1 h postexercise. Muscle FSR decreased in the fasting group during exercise and increased at 1 h postexercise ( P < 0.05). However, the 2 h postexercise FSR increased by ∼50% in both groups with no differences between groups ( P > 0.05). Eukaryotic elongation factor 2 phosphorylation was reduced in both groups at 2 h postexercise (EAA + CHO: 39 ± 7%; fasting: 47 ± 9%; P < 0.05). We conclude that EAA + CHO ingestion before resistance exercise does not enhance postexercise FSR compared with exercise without nutrients.
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Moberg, Marcus, William Apró, Inger Ohlsson, Marjan Pontén, Antonio Villanueva, Björn Ekblom, and Eva Blomstrand. "Absence of leucine in an essential amino acid supplement reduces activation of mTORC1 signalling following resistance exercise in young females." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 39, no. 2 (February 2014): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2013-0244.
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The purpose of the study was to investigate the specific effect of leucine on mTORC1 signalling and amino acid metabolism in connection with resistance exercise. Comparisons were made between ingestion of supplements with and without leucine. Eight young women performed leg press exercise on 2 occasions. In randomized order they received either an aqueous solution of essential amino acids with leucine (EAA) or without leucine (EAA-Leu), given as small boluses throughout the experiment. Muscle biopsies were taken after an overnight fast before exercise and 1 and 3 h postexercise and samples of blood were taken repeatedly during the experiment. Plasma and muscle concentrations of leucine rose 60%–140% (p < 0.05) with EAA and fell 35%–45% (p < 0.05) with the EAA-Leu supplement. In the EAA-trial, plasma and muscle levels of tyrosine (not present in the supplement) and the sum of the EAA were 15%–25% (p < 0.05) lower during recovery. Phosphorylation of mTOR and p70S6k was elevated to a larger extent following 1 h of recovery with leucine in the supplement (120% vs. 49% (p < 0.05) and 59- vs. 8-fold (p < 0.05) for EAA and EAA-Leu, respectively). The levels of MAFbx and MuRF-1 mRNA and of the corresponding proteins were not significantly altered after 3 h recovery from exercise. In conclusion, the presence of leucine in the supplement enhances the stimulatory effect on mTORC1 signalling and reduces the level of tyrosine and the sum of the EAA in muscle and plasma, suggesting a stimulation of protein synthesis and (or) inhibition of breakdown, leading to improvement in net protein balance.
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Dreyer, Hans C., Micah J. Drummond, Bart Pennings, Satoshi Fujita, Erin L. Glynn, David L. Chinkes, Shaheen Dhanani, Elena Volpi, and Blake B. Rasmussen. "Leucine-enriched essential amino acid and carbohydrate ingestion following resistance exercise enhances mTOR signaling and protein synthesis in human muscle." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 294, no. 2 (February 2008): E392—E400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00582.2007.
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We recently showed that resistance exercise and ingestion of essential amino acids with carbohydrate (EAA+CHO) can independently stimulate mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling and muscle protein synthesis in humans. Providing an EAA+CHO solution postexercise can further increase muscle protein synthesis. Therefore, we hypothesized that enhanced mTOR signaling might be responsible for the greater muscle protein synthesis when leucine-enriched EAA+CHOs are ingested during postexercise recovery. Sixteen male subjects were randomized to one of two groups (control or EAA+CHO). The EAA+CHO group ingested the nutrient solution 1 h after resistance exercise. mTOR signaling was assessed by immunoblotting from repeated muscle biopsy samples. Mixed muscle fractional synthetic rate (FSR) was measured using stable isotope techniques. Muscle protein synthesis and 4E-BP1 phosphorylation during exercise were significantly reduced ( P < 0.05). Postexercise FSR was elevated above baseline in both groups at 1 h but was even further elevated in the EAA+CHO group at 2 h postexercise ( P < 0.05). Increased FSR was associated with enhanced phosphorylation of mTOR and S6K1 ( P < 0.05). Akt phosphorylation was elevated at 1 h and returned to baseline by 2 h in the control group, but it remained elevated in the EAA+CHO group ( P < 0.05). 4E-BP1 phosphorylation returned to baseline during recovery in control but became elevated when EAA+CHO was ingested ( P < 0.05). eEF2 phosphorylation decreased at 1 and 2 h postexercise to a similar extent in both groups ( P < 0.05). Our data suggest that enhanced activation of the mTOR signaling pathway is playing a role in the greater synthesis of muscle proteins when resistance exercise is followed by EAA+CHO ingestion.
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Jamal, Megawati, Andi Muhibuddin, and Erni Indrawati. "IDENTIFIKASI POTENSI DAN STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN BUDIDAYA IKAN BANDENG (Chanos chanos Forskall) DI DESA PANAIKANG KECAMATAN SINJAI TIMUR KABUPATEN SINJAI." Journal of Aquaculture and Environment 1, no. 1 (March 13, 2019): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.35965/jae.v1i1.34.
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Efforts to anticipate the challenges and threats posed from aquaculture activities, it is necessary the application of the basic principles of responsible aquaculture. For example by applying environmental approach in the development of aquaculture. The purpose of this study is overview of the application of the principles of Ecosystem Approach to Aquaculture (EAA) in cultivation and analyze the development strategy of cultivating fish. Implemented in January to March 2016. Technical analysis is conducted using the method of assessment indicators composite index in the EAA. Simple approach to engineering composites Flag Modeling multi-criteria analysis. Research shows that the institutional dimension of good in implementing the EAA, the economic dimension enough in implementing the EAA, and the dimensions of ecology, sustainability, and social activities less apply EAA.
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MacRae, John C., Les A. Bruce, David S. Brown, and A. Graham Calder. "Amino acid use by the gastrointestinal tract of sheep given lucerne forage." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 273, no. 6 (December 1, 1997): G1200—G1207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1997.273.6.g1200.
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Essential amino acid (EAA) utilization by gastrointestinal tract (GIT) tissues has been investigated in sheep given 800 and 1,200 g/day lucerne pellets. Animals prepared with indwelling catheters into the aorta and the portal drained viscera plus cannulas into the small intestine were infused with mixed U-13C-labeled amino acid or [1-13C]leucine tracers into the jugular vein or directly into the small intestine. GIT sequestration of EAA from arterial and luminal AA pools was determined from tracer and tracee arterioportal concentration differences at both levels of intake. Proportional tracer13C-labeled EAA extraction of the arterial supply, on first pass across the GIT during jugular infusion, ranged from 0.063 for histidine to 0.126 for leucine. Recovery of intestinally infused tracer13C-EAA at the portal vein ranged from 0.61 for histidine to 0.83 for valine. These data were independent of intake. Calculated rates of tracee sequestration by GIT tissues represented 0.45–0.65 of whole body EAA flux, except for histidine, for which the values were much lower (0.25–0.32). With the exception of phenylalanine, more than 0.8 of the EAA used by the GIT was extracted from circulating blood, thus calling into question the theory that GIT tissues make preferential use of EAA during absorptive metabolism, restricting supply to peripheral tissues such as skeletal muscle (growth) or mammary glands (lactation). Instead the GIT seems to compete very successfully with these tissues for circulating blood EAA.
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Cheung, Susan, Stefan Pasiakos, Harris Lieberman, Victor Fulgoni, and Claire Berryman. "Associations between Essential Amino Acids and Functional Health Outcomes in Older Adults: Analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2018." Current Developments in Nutrition 6, Supplement_1 (June 2022): 891. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzac067.011.
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Abstract Objectives Little is known about the relationships between habitual essential amino acid (EAA) intake and functional health in older US adults. This cross-sectional study investigates associations between usual EAA intakes and body composition, muscle strength, and physical function in US adults ≥65 y. Methods The Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies (FNDDS) 2001–2018 was linked to USDA FoodData Central to access existing EAA composition data for FNDDS ingredients. FNDDS ingredients without existing EAA data were matched to similar ingredient codes with available EAA data. Usual intakes of EAA, leucine, lysine, and sulfur-containing AAs (SAA; methionine + cysteine) from NHANES 2001–2018 were calculated as relative [mg/kg ideal body weight (IBW)/d] and absolute (g/d) intakes for individuals ≥65 y (n = 10,843). Dependent variables were muscle strength measured by isometric grip test, BMI, waist circumference (WC), DXA-measured appendicular lean mass and whole-body fat mass, and self-reported physical function. Regression analyses were used to determine covariate-adjusted relationships between EAA, leucine, lysine, and SAA intake and functional health outcomes. P < 0.0013 was considered significant. Results Absolute and relative EAA, leucine, lysine, and SAA intakes were not associated with muscle strength or self-reported physical function in males or females or with body composition in males. Absolute EAA intakes (per g) were associated with WC in females (β ± SEM, 2.1 ± 0.6 cm, P = 0.0007). Absolute lysine intakes (per g) were associated with BMI (3.0 ± 0.7 kg/m2, P < 0.0001) and WC (7.0 ± 1.7 cm, P = 0.0001) in females. Relative EAA, leucine, and lysine intakes (per mg/kg IBW) were associated with BMI (0.07 ± 0.02, 0.26 ± 0.07, and 0.25 ± 0.04 kg/m2, respectively; P ≤ 0.0004 for all) and WC (0.18 ± 0.03, 0.81 ± 0.17, and 0.64 ± 0.10 cm, respectively; P < 0.0001 for all) in females. Relative lysine intakes (per mg/kg IBW) were associated with whole body fat mass (0.24 ± 0.07 kg, P = 0.0006) in females. Conclusions EAA intakes, particularly lysine, were positively associated with measures of adiposity in women ≥65 y. Investigating sources of lysine intake may provide insight about which foods or food groups are driving this relationship. Funding Sources IAFNS Protein Committee, USAMRDC, DoD Center Alliance for Nutrition and Dietary Supplements Research.
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Ruiz-Cortés, Zulma Tatiana, Peter Yoder, and Mark D. Hanigan. "Effects of Essential Amino Acid Deficiency on General Control Nonderepressible 2/Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2 Signaling and Proteomic Changes in Primary Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells." Current Issues in Molecular Biology 44, no. 3 (February 25, 2022): 1075–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cimb44030071.
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We hypothesized that the general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2)/eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2) signaling pathway and intracellular protein synthesis (PS) are regulated to maintain milk PS in primary bovine mammary epithelial cells (MECs) under essential amino acid (EAA) starvation conditions. We cultured MECs with 0%, 2% (depletion), and 100% (control) EAA for two exposure times (8 and 24 h), followed by three refeeding (RF) times with 100% EAA (0, 8, and 24 h). Subsequently, we measured cell viability, total protein concentration, and proliferation. Western blotting was used to quantify the levels of casein and the expression of total GCN2 and eIF2, as well as phosphorylated GCN2 (GCN2P) and eIF2 (eIF2P). The ISOQuant method was used to assess MEC proteomes, and the resultant data were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test, nonpaired Wilcoxon rank post-hoc test, and ANOVA–Tukey test, as well as principal component analyses and multiple regressions models. Differences in cell viability were observed between the control versus the depleted and repleted MECs, respectively, where 97.2–99.8% viability indicated low cell death rates. Proliferation (range, 1.02–1.55 arbitrary units (AU)) was affected by starvation for 12 and 24 h and repletion for 24 h, but it was not increased compared with the control. Total protein expression was unaffected by both depletion and repletion treatments (median 3158 µg/mL). eIF2P expression was significantly increased (p < 0.05) after treatment with 2% EAA for 8 and 24 h compared with 2% EAA with 8 h + 24 h RF and 2% EAA with 24 h + 8 h RF. GCN2P also showed significantly increased expression (p < 0.05) after treatment with 2% EAA for 24 h compared with the control and 2% EAA with 24 h + 8 h RF. Intracellular casein/α-tubulin expression was unaffected by 2% EAA compared with control (0.073 ± 0.01 AU versus 0.086 ± 0.02 AU, respectively). We studied 30 of the detected 1180 proteins, 16 of which were differentially expressed in starved and refed MECs. Cells faced with EAA deficiency activated the GCN2P/eIF2P pathway, and the lack of change in the levels of casein and other milk proteins suggested that the EAA deficit was mitigated by metabolic flexibility to maintain homeostasis.
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Jang, Jiwoong, Jin-Ho Koh, Yeongmin Kim, Hee-Joo Kim, Sanghee Park, Yewon Chang, Jiyeon Jung, Robert R. Wolfe, and Il-Young Kim. "Balanced Free Essential Amino Acids and Resistance Exercise Training Synergistically Improve Dexamethasone-Induced Impairments in Muscle Strength, Endurance, and Insulin Sensitivity in Mice." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 17 (August 27, 2022): 9735. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23179735.
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Our previous study shows that an essential amino acid (EAA)-enriched diet attenuates dexamethasone (DEX)-induced declines in muscle mass and strength, as well as insulin sensitivity, but does not affect endurance. In the present study, we hypothesized that the beneficial effects will be synergized by adding resistance exercise training (RET) to EAA, and diet-free EAA would improve endurance. To test hypotheses, mice were randomized into the following four groups: control, EAA, RET, and EAA+RET. All mice except the control were subjected to DEX treatment. We evaluated the cumulative rate of myofibrillar protein synthesis (MPS) using 2H2O labeling and mass spectrometry. Neuromuscular junction (NMJ) stability, mitochondrial contents, and molecular signaling were demonstrated in skeletal muscle. Insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism using 13C6-glucose tracing during oral glucose tolerance tests were analyzed. We found that EAA and RET synergistically improve muscle mass and/or strength, and endurance capacity, as well as insulin sensitivity, and glucose metabolism in DEX-treated muscle. These improvements are accomplished, in part, through improvements in myofibrillar protein synthesis, NMJ, fiber type preservation, and/or mitochondrial biogenesis. In conclusion, free EAA supplementation, particularly when combined with RET, can serve as an effective means that counteracts the adverse effects on muscle of DEX that are found frequently in clinical settings.
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Lu, Yi, and Guohua Li. "Auricular acupuncture induces FNDC5/irisin and attenuates obese inflammation in mice." Acupuncture in Medicine 38, no. 4 (March 20, 2020): 264–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/acupmed-2017-011405.
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Objective: To investigate whether auricular acupuncture (AA) attenuates bodyweight and obese inflammation through the release of irisin from muscle tissue in mice. Methods: Sixty 4-week-old mice were fed a high fat diet (HFD) for 4 weeks. These animals were divided into six groups that remained untreated (HFD) or underwent electrical AA (HFD+EAA), sham EAA (HFD+SEAA), adrenalectomy (HFD+AD), adrenalectomy and EAA (HFD+AD+EAA), or adrenalectomy and injection of recombinant lentivirus expressing fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (rFNDC) (HFD+AD+rFNDC) in the ninth week. The EAA and SEAA were performed at two traditional auricular acupuncture points daily for 4 weeks. An additional 10 mice fed a control diet were included as a normal control (NC) group. At the end of the study, norepinephrine (NE) in the serum, tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) in the serum and white adipose tissue, irisin in the serum and muscle, uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) in the brown adipose tissue (BAT), and FNDC5 in the muscle, were analysed. Results: The AD+EAA group exhibited better control of bodyweight and inflammation compared with the AD+SEAA and untreated HFD model groups (P<0.05), especially regarding the increased expression of NE, FNDC5, irisin and UCP-1 (P<0.05). After adrenalectomy, mice receiving EAA had less NE, FNDC5, irisin and UCP-1 as well as greater expression of inflammatory cytokines and bodyweight. However, lentiviral overexpression of rFNDC successfully reversed this situation in the AD mice and mimicked the effects of EAA on bodyweight, inflammation and expression of FNDC5, irisin and UCP-1, although it did not impact NE. Conclusions: EAA promoted NE release from the adrenal gland leading to further expression of FNDC5, irisin and UCP-1, which contributed to weight management and inflammatory inhibition.
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BEDFORD, M. R., and J. D. SUMMERS. "THE EFFECT OF THE ESSENTIAL TO NONESSENTIAL AMINO ACID RATIO ON TURKEY PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS COMPOSITION." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 68, no. 3 (September 1, 1988): 899–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas88-099.
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The effect of altering the proportion of dietary protein supplied as essential amino acids (EAA) on the performance and carcass characteristics of young turkeys (to 3 wk of age) was investigated at three dietary protein levels (22, 26 and 30%) using semipurified diets. Four ratios of EAA to nonessential amino acids (NEAA) were employed (70:30, 60:40, 50:50 and 40:60) at each dietary protein level. Maxima in weight gain, percent and total carcass protein and feed intake were observed when EAA supplied 60% of total protein (i.e., the 60:40 ratio) at each protein level. The differences in weight gain and total carcass protein were largely attributed to differences in feed intake, since feed conversion efficiency was relatively unaffected by altering the EAA: NEAA ratio. More specifically, weight gain was shown to be limited by total protein intake. Since weight gain was maximized at the 60:40 ratio diets (in which all EAA are supplied at 128% of requirement) at least one of the EAA requirement values is incorrect. Key words: Turkeys, essential amino acids, protein requirement
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Waskiw-Ford, Marcus, Nathan Hodson, Hugo J. W. Fung, Daniel W. D. West, Philip Apong, Raza Bashir, and Daniel R. Moore. "Essential Amino Acid Ingestion Facilitates Leucine Retention and Attenuates Myofibrillar Protein Breakdown following Bodyweight Resistance Exercise in Young Adults in a Home-Based Setting." Nutrients 14, no. 17 (August 27, 2022): 3532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14173532.
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Home-based resistance exercise (RE) has become increasingly prevalent, but its effects on protein metabolism are understudied. We tested the effect of an essential amino acid formulation (EAA+: 9 g EAAs, 3 g leucine) and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs: 6 g BCAAs, 3 g leucine), relative to a carbohydrate (CHO) placebo, on exogenous leucine retention and myofibrillar protein breakdown following dynamic bodyweight RE in a home-based setting. Twelve recreationally active adults (nine male, three female) participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study with four trial conditions: (i) RE and EAA+ (EX-EAA+); (ii) RE and BCAAs (EX-BCAA); (iii) RE and CHO placebo (EX-CHO); and (iv) rest and CHO placebo (REST-CHO). Total exogenous leucine oxidation and retention (estimates of whole-body anabolism) and urinary 3-methylhistidine:creatinine ratio (3MH:Cr; estimate of muscle catabolism) were assessed over 5 h post-supplement. Total exogenous leucine oxidation and retention in EX-EAA+ and EX-BCAA did not significantly differ (p = 0.116) but were greater than EX-CHO (p < 0.01). There was a main effect of condition on urinary 3MH:Cr (p = 0.034), with post hoc analysis revealing a trend (p = 0.096) for reduced urinary 3MH:Cr with EX-EAA+ (32%) compared to EX-CHO. By direct comparison, urinary 3MH:Cr was significantly lower (23%) in EX-EAA+ than EX-BCAA (p = 0.026). In summary, the ingestion of EAA+ or BCAA provided leucine that was ~60% retained for protein synthesis following home-based bodyweight RE, but EAA+ most effectively attenuated myofibrillar protein breakdown.
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Witard, Oliver C., Tara L. Cocke, Arny A. Ferrando, Robert R. Wolfe, and Kevin D. Tipton. "Increased net muscle protein balance in response to simultaneous and separate ingestion of carbohydrate and essential amino acids following resistance exercise." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 39, no. 3 (March 2014): 329–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2013-0264.
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Relative to essential amino acids (EAAs), carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion stimulates a delayed response of net muscle protein balance (NBAL). We investigated if staggered ingestion of CHO and EAA would superimpose the response of NBAL following resistance exercise, thus resulting in maximal anabolic stimulation. Eight recreationally trained subjects completed 2 trials: combined (COMB — drink 1, CHO+EAA; drink 2, placebo) and separated (SEP — drink 1, CHO; drink 2, EAA) post-exercise ingestion of CHO and EAA. Drink 1 was administered 1 h following an acute exercise bout and was followed 1 h later by drink 2. A primed, continuous infusion of l-[ring-13C6]-phenylalanine was combined with femoral arteriovenous sampling and muscle biopsies for the determination of muscle protein kinetics. Arterial amino acid concentrations increased following ingestion of EAA in both conditions. No difference between conditions was observed for phenylalanine delivery to the leg (COMB: 167 ± 23 μmol·min−1·(100 mL leg vol)−1 × 6 h; SEP: 167 ± 21 μmol·min−1·(100 mL leg vol)−1 × 6 h, P > 0.05). In the first hour following ingestion of the drink containing EAA, phenylalanine uptake was 50% greater for the SEP trial than the COMB trial. However, phenylalanine uptake was similar for COMB (110 ± 19 mg) and SEP (117 ± 24 mg) over the 6 h period. These data suggest that whereas separation of CHO and EAA ingestion following exercise may have a transient physiological impact on NBAL, this response is not reflected over a longer period. Thus, separation of CHO and EAA ingestion is unnecessary to optimize post-exercise muscle protein metabolism.
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Katsanos, Christos S., Hisamine Kobayashi, Melinda Sheffield-Moore, Asle Aarsland, and Robert R. Wolfe. "A high proportion of leucine is required for optimal stimulation of the rate of muscle protein synthesis by essential amino acids in the elderly." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 291, no. 2 (August 2006): E381—E387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00488.2005.
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This study was designed to evaluate the effects of enriching an essential amino acid (EAA) mixture with leucine on muscle protein metabolism in elderly and young individuals. Four (2 elderly and 2 young) groups were studied before and after ingestion of 6.7 g of EAAs. EAAs were based on the composition of whey protein [26% leucine (26% Leu)] or were enriched in leucine [41% leucine (41% Leu)]. A primed, continuous infusion of l-[ ring-2H5]phenylalanine was used together with vastus lateralis muscle biopsies and leg arteriovenous blood samples for the determinations of fractional synthetic rate (FSR) and balance of muscle protein. FSR increased following amino acid ingestion in both the 26% (basal: 0.048 ± 0.005%/h; post-EAA: 0.063 ± 0.007%/h) and the 41% (basal: 0.036 ± 0.004%/h; post-EAA: 0.051 ± 0.007%/h) Leu young groups ( P < 0.05). In contrast, in the elderly, FSR did not increase following ingestion of 26% Leu EAA (basal: 0.044 ± 0.003%/h; post-EAA: 0.049 ± 0.006%/h; P > 0.05) but did increase following ingestion of 41% Leu EAA (basal: 0.038 ± 0.007%/h; post-EAA: 0.056 ± 0.008%/h; P < 0.05). Similar to the FSR responses, the mean response of muscle phenylalanine net balance, a reflection of muscle protein balance, was improved ( P < 0.05) in all groups, with the exception of the 26% Leu elderly group. We conclude that increasing the proportion of leucine in a mixture of EAA can reverse an attenuated response of muscle protein synthesis in elderly but does not result in further stimulation of muscle protein synthesis in young subjects.
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Pichon-Riviere, Andres, Flávia Tavares Silva Elias, Verónica Gallegos Rivero, and Claudia P. Vaca. "EARLY AWARENESS AND ALERT ACTIVITIES IN LATIN AMERICA: CURRENT SITUATION IN FOUR COUNTRIES." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 28, no. 3 (July 2012): 315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462312000311.
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Objectives: The aim of this study was to briefly describe the current state of early awareness and alert (EAA) activities and systems in four Latin-American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico).Methods: Key informants were selected and completed an open questionnaire that included the following domains: current state of EAA activities and systems in each country, potential role for EAA systems in the health system, and future EAA projects that are currently being considered.Results: In all four countries, health technology assessment (HTA) processes are used to prioritize the use of health resources, albeit at varying degrees and with different mechanisms and methodologies. EAA activities are still limited and there are virtually no institutions or units with specific functions explicitly devoted to EAA activity. However, most countries have developed some initial forms of EAA systems. Being in its initial stages there is no clear differentiation between these early awareness activities and other HTA functions, and no specific methodologies or processes are used to anticipate the emergence of new technologies. Consequently, early evaluation of technologies generally occurs in a reactive manner, after they have been introduced in the market and under the pressure of different stakeholders.Conclusions: There is growing awareness that the early identification and assessment of emerging technologies should be an integral part of HTA and the decision-making process. Many initiatives are currently focusing on building partnerships between the various regulatory bodies involved in the incorporation of technologies at national levels. It is reasonable to foresee that EAA activities will continue to develop and expand in the region.
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Markofski, Melissa M., Kristofer Jennings, Kyle L. Timmerman, Jared M. Dickinson, Christopher S. Fry, Michael S. Borack, Paul T. Reidy, et al. "Effect of Aerobic Exercise Training and Essential Amino Acid Supplementation for 24 Weeks on Physical Function, Body Composition, and Muscle Metabolism in Healthy, Independent Older Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial." Journals of Gerontology: Series A 74, no. 10 (May 10, 2018): 1598–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/gly109.
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Abstract Background Essential amino acids (EAA) and aerobic exercise (AE) acutely and independently stimulate skeletal muscle protein anabolism in older adults. Objective In this Phase 1, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial, we determined if chronic EAA supplementation, AE training, or a combination of the two interventions could improve muscle mass and function by stimulating muscle protein synthesis. Methods We phone-screened 971, enrolled 109, and randomized 50 independent, low-active, nonfrail, and nondiabetic older adults (age 72 ± 1 years). We used a 2 × 2 factorial design. The interventions were: daily nutritional supplementation (15 g EAA or placebo) and physical activity (supervised AE training 3 days/week or monitored habitual activity) for 24 weeks. Muscle strength, physical function, body composition, and muscle protein synthesis were measured before and after the 24-week intervention. Results Forty-five subjects completed the 24-week intervention. VO2peak and walking speed increased (p < .05) in both AE groups, irrespective of supplementation type, but muscle strength increased only in the EAA + AE group (p < .05). EAA supplementation acutely increased (p < .05) muscle protein synthesis from basal both before and after the intervention, with a larger increase in the EAA + AE group after the intervention. Total and regional lean body mass did not change significantly with any intervention. Conclusions In nonfrail, independent, healthy older adults AE training increased walking speed and aerobic fitness, and, when combined with EAA supplementation, it also increased muscle strength and EAA-stimulated muscle protein synthesis. These increases occurred without improvements in muscle mass.
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Marquis, Bryce J., Eugenia Carvahlo, Nicholas Hurren, Robert R. Wolfe, and Elisabet Borsheim. "2275." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 1, S1 (September 2017): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2017.33.
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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: This study will assess the effect of essential amino acid (EAA) supplementation on plasma triglyceride (TG) in elderly adults. We will also explore the mechanisms mediating EAA mediated changes in fat metabolism and to suggest promising routes to refine therapy of hypertriglyceridemia. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: In total, 7 nondiabetic male and female subjects ages 50–75 years with elevated plasma TG levels (130–500 mg/dL) were recruited to participate in an acute (5 h) and long-term (8 wk) EAA supplementation study. We measured changes in regional and whole body fat metabolism, including changes in body composition, plasma TG levels, whole body fat metabolic rates, tissue mitochondrial respiratory capacity, and metabolomic profiles before and after supplementation. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Long-term EAA supplementation decreased fasted plasma TG levels by 19% (p<0.01). Metabolomics of skeletal muscle found acute EAA supplementation resulted in increased EAA metabolic products while long-term supplementation resulted in increased anaplerosis [flux into the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) intermediate pool] and anaplerotic substrates [propionyl (p<0.01) and succinyl (p<0.01) carnitine] and intermediates of long-chain fatty acid metabolism [stearoyl (p<0.01) and myristoyl (p<0.05) carnitine]. However, tissue level respiratory capacity appeared to be unaffected by EAA supplementation. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: EAA supplementation has potential to improve lipid metabolism and plasma TG levels in non-diabetic older adults. Mitochondrial metabolomics suggest that insufficient TCA pool size may limit tissue fatty acid oxidation and may provide an additional route for nutritional therapy.
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Matusiewicz, SP, IJ Williamson, PJ Sime, PH Brown, PR Wenham, GK Crompton, and AP Greening. "Plasma lactate dehydrogenase: a marker of disease activity in cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis and extrinsic allergic alveolitis?" European Respiratory Journal 6, no. 9 (October 1, 1993): 1282–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.93.06091282.
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Total plasma lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity may be elevated in cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis (CFA) and extrinsic allergic alveolitis (EAA), and may be a useful monitor of disease progress. In a retrospective, primary referral centre study, we compared LDH at presentation, prior to bronchoalveolar lavage BAL, and after treatment and follow-up with changes in pulmonary function, in patients with CFA, EAA and pulmonary sarcoidosis. Plasma levels of LDH at presentation in CFA (n = 47) and EAA (n = 10) were significantly higher than in patients with sarcoidosis (n = 36). LDH activity decreased in patients with improving lung function (EAA, p = 0.008; CFA, p = 0.02), whereas it increased in CFA patients with deteriorating lung function (p = 0.015). Total plasma LDH is a simple, though nonspecific test, which appears to reflect changes of disease activity in patients with CFA and EAA.
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Lees, Matthew J., Oliver J. Wilson, Erin K. Webb, Daniel A. Traylor, Todd Prior, Antonis Elia, Paul S. Harlow, et al. "Novel Essential Amino Acid Supplements Following Resistance Exercise Induce Aminoacidemia and Enhance Anabolic Signaling Irrespective of Age: A Proof-of-Concept Trial." Nutrients 12, no. 7 (July 12, 2020): 2067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12072067.
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We investigated the effects of ingesting a leucine-enriched essential amino acid (EAA) gel alone or combined with resistance exercise (RE) versus RE alone (control) on plasma aminoacidemia and intramyocellular anabolic signaling in healthy younger (28 ± 4 years) and older (71 ± 3 years) adults. Blood samples were obtained throughout the three trials, while muscle biopsies were collected in the postabsorptive state and 2 h following RE, following the consumption of two 50 mL EAA gels (40% leucine, 15 g total EAA), and following RE with EAA (combination (COM)). Protein content and the phosphorylation status of key anabolic signaling proteins were determined via immunoblotting. Irrespective of age, during EAA and COM peak leucinemia (younger: 454 ± 32 µM and 537 ± 111 µM; older: 417 ± 99 µM and 553 ± 136 µM) occurred ~60–120 min post-ingestion (younger: 66 ± 6 min and 120 ± 60 min; older: 90 ± 13 min and 78 ± 12 min). In the pooled sample, the area under the curve for plasma leucine and the sum of branched-chain amino acids was significantly greater in EAA and COM compared with RE. For intramyocellular signaling, significant main effects were found for condition (mTOR (Ser2481), rpS6 (Ser235/236)) and age (S6K1 (Thr421/Ser424), 4E-BP1 (Thr37/46)) in age group analyses. The phosphorylation of rpS6 was of similar magnitude (~8-fold) in pooled and age group data 2 h following COM. Our findings suggest that a gel-based, leucine-enriched EAA supplement is associated with aminoacidemia and a muscle anabolic signaling response, thus representing an effective means of stimulating muscle protein anabolism in younger and older adults following EAA and COM.
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Moberg, Marcus, William Apró, Björn Ekblom, Gerrit van Hall, Hans-Christer Holmberg, and Eva Blomstrand. "Activation of mTORC1 by leucine is potentiated by branched-chain amino acids and even more so by essential amino acids following resistance exercise." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 310, no. 11 (June 1, 2016): C874—C884. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00374.2015.
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Protein synthesis is stimulated by resistance exercise and intake of amino acids, in particular leucine. Moreover, activation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling by leucine is potentiated by the presence of other essential amino acids (EAA). However, the contribution of the branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) to this effect is yet unknown. Here we compare the stimulatory role of leucine, BCAA, and EAA ingestion on anabolic signaling following exercise. Accordingly, eight trained volunteers completed four sessions of resistance exercise during which they ingested either placebo, leucine, BCAA, or EAA (including the BCAA) in random order. Muscle biopsies were taken at rest, immediately after exercise, and following 90 and 180 min of recovery. Following 90 min of recovery the activity of S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) was greater than at rest in all four trials (Placebo<Leucine<BCAA<EAA; P < 0.05 time × supplement), with a ninefold increase in the EAA trial. At this same time point, phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E)-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) at Thr37/46 was unaffected by supplementation, while that of Thr46 alone exhibited a pattern similar to that of S6K1, being 18% higher with EAA than BCAA. However, after 180 min of recovery this difference between EAA and BCAA had disappeared, although with both these supplements the increases were still higher than with leucine (40%, P < 0.05) and placebo (100%, P < 0.05). In summary, EAA ingestion appears to stimulate translation initiation more effectively than the other supplements, although the results also suggest that this effect is primarily attributable to the BCAA.
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Ramos, Leandro Martins, and Douglas Pereira Castro. "Percepção de alunos do Ensino Médio de uma escola pública do interior de Minas Gerais quanto ao uso de anabolizantes." Revista Insignare Scientia - RIS 4, no. 6 (October 8, 2021): 42–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.36661/2595-4520.2021v4i6.12073.
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A busca dos jovens pelo corpo perfeito influi para o consumo de esteroides anabólicos androgênicos (EAA), entretanto o consumo desses sem prescrição médica pode acarretar efeitos colaterais graves. O objetivo do estudo foi averiguar o conhecimento de adolescentes do Ensino Médio de uma escola pública sobre os EAA. Selecionou-se 31 alunos entre 15 e 17 anos (17 homens e 14 mulheres). O instrumento utilizado se tratou de um questionário. A maioria dos alunos não havia utilizado EAA e sabiam dos possíveis efeitos colaterais (90,3%), dos que usaram os meios foram: injetáveis (3,2%), ingestão (3,2%) e ambas (3,2%). Acerca da tratativa do assunto em casa 60% responderam de forma negativa. Todos os alunos disseram conhecer sobre os EAA. Sobre a indicação dos EAA a outra pessoa, 3% responderam de forma afirmativa, enquanto 97% não indicariam o uso. Diante do uso por motivos estéticos 16% relataram o interesse e 84% responderam que não usariam. Em relação à abordagem em sala de aula 58% afirmaram terem tido aulas a esse respeito e 90% julgam necessário à presença do assunto na grade curricular. Conclui-se então a relevância da atuação docente na abordagem sobre os EAA em sala de aula.
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Maciel, Gyl Everson de Souza, Carina Scanoni Maia, Leucio Duarte Vieira Filho, José Reginaldo Alves de Queiroz Júnior, Lucas Vinnicio de Araújo Santana, Jarson Pedro da Costa Pereira, Marcelo Weinstein Texeira, and Anísio Francisco Soares. "Aspectos relacionados com o uso de esteroides androgênicos anabolizantes e seus impactos em desportistas." Revista Brasileira de Educação Física e Esporte 36 (July 25, 2022): e36183189. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1981-4690.2022e36183189.
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Objetivo. Descrever o perfil de praticantes de musculação de Pernambuco que fazem uso de esteroides (EAA). Método. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo transversal de natureza quantitativa, realizado em 14 academias localizadas na região metropolitana de Recife, Pernambuco. Foram aplicados 358 questionários com 15 itens referentes a dados sociodemográficos; tempo de prática atividade física; consumo de suplementos dietéticos; adesão a dietas; dosagem e tempo de utilização do anabolizante administrado; conhecimento sobre os efeitos nocivos dos EAA; potenciais efeitos benéficos oriundos do uso dos anabolizantes; responsável pela indicação e aplicação dos EAA. Resultados. 30,2% da amostra foi composta por usuários de EAA. Nesse grupo, verificou-se o predomínio do sexo masculino e da faixa etária entre 26 e 35 anos. Foram encontradas correlações positivas e fortes entre o uso de EAA e o surgimento de efeitos colaterais (r = 0,991; p = 0,0001), tempo de uso (r = 0,983; p = 0,0001), com quem indicou o uso dos anabolizantes (r = 0,983; p = 0,0001) e com quem aplicou (r = 0,984; p = 0,0001). Conclusão. O elevado índice de usuários desportistas que realizam o consumo de EAA é algo que precisa ser contornado, tendo em vista o impacto negativo na saúde, quando não prescrito adequadamente.
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Chervova, Olga, Elizabeth Chernysheva , Kseniia Panteleeva , Tyas Arum Widayati , Natalie Hrbkova, Jadesada Schneider , Vladimir Maximov , et al. "Evaluation of Epigenetic Age Acceleration Scores and Their Associations with CVD-Related Phenotypes in a Population Cohort." Biology 12, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12010068.
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We evaluated associations between nine epigenetic age acceleration (EAA) scores and 18 cardiometabolic phenotypes using an Eastern European ageing population cohort richly annotated for a diverse set of phenotypes (subsample, n = 306; aged 45–69 years). This was implemented by splitting the data into groups with positive and negative EAAs. We observed strong association between all EAA scores and sex, suggesting that any analysis of EAAs should be adjusted by sex. We found that some sex-adjusted EAA scores were significantly associated with several phenotypes such as blood levels of gamma-glutamyl transferase and low-density lipoprotein, smoking status, annual alcohol consumption, multiple carotid plaques, and incident coronary heart disease status (not necessarily the same phenotypes for different EAAs). We demonstrated that even after adjusting EAAs for sex, EAA–phenotype associations remain sex-specific, which should be taken into account in any downstream analysis involving EAAs. The obtained results suggest that in some EAA–phenotype associations, negative EAA scores (i.e., epigenetic age below chronological age) indicated more harmful phenotype values, which is counterintuitive. Among all considered epigenetic clocks, GrimAge was significantly associated with more phenotypes than any other EA scores in this Russian sample.
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Frandsen, Aa, and A. Schousboe. "EAA antagonists conserve functional properties of neurons exposed to EAAS." Neurochemistry International 21 (January 1992): O2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0197-0186(92)92194-9.
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Artar, Engin, and İlkan Ali Olgunoğlu. "The Amino Acid Composition of Blue Swimming Crab (Portunus Segnis, Forskal, 1775) from The North Eastern Mediterranean Sea of Turkey." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 6, no. 4 (April 10, 2018): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v6i4.490-494.1805.
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This study was carried out to detect the content of amino acid in female and male specimens of blue swimming crab (Portunus segnis) obtained from (including 12 male crab and also 12 female crab) North Eastern Mediterranean Sea, Turkey. The protein was identified as 17.63% and 18.13% for female and male crab respevtively. Totally 9 essential amino acids were recorded in the present study. Lysine and leucine constituted the highest essential amino acid (EAA) concentrations in P. segnis. This species was found to be in good score in terms of the level of EAA and the EAA/Non-EAA ratios when compared with other economical crab species.
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Soltis, R. P., and J. A. DiMicco. "Hypothalamic excitatory amino acid receptors mediate stress-induced tachycardia in rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 262, no. 4 (April 1, 1992): R689—R697. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1992.262.4.r689.
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The role of hypothalamic excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptors in mediating the cardiovascular response to stress was examined using conscious chronically instrumented rats. Microinjection of the EAA agonists N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA; 1-10 pmol), alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isooxazolepropionic acid (AMPA; 0.3-3.0 pmol), or kainic acid (0.1-1.0 pmol) into the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) elicited dose-related increases in heart rate and modest elevations in arterial pressure. Local microinjection of the NMDA antagonist 2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (AP5; 100 pmol) selectively blocked NMDA-induced cardiovascular changes, whereas the non-NMDA EAA antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX; 50 pmol) selectively blocked the responses to AMPA and kainic acid. In the stress trials, microinjection of the nonselective EAA antagonist kynurenic acid (1-10 nmol) into the DMH blocked air stress-induced tachycardia in a dose-related manner. Similar injection of kynurenic acid at sites lateral or posterior to the DMH or injection of xanthurenic acid (a structural analogue of kynurenic acid with no antagonistic properties at EAA receptors) into the DMH failed to influence air stress-induced cardiovascular changes. Injection of either AP5 or CNQX into the DMH at doses shown to be selective for their respective EAA receptor subtypes also attenuated air stress-induced tachycardia. Thus activity at EAA receptors in the DMH appears to be necessary for the generation of stress-induced changes in heart rate.
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Glass, J. D., U. E. Hauser, J. L. Blank, M. Selim, and M. A. Rea. "Differential timing of amino acid and 5-HIAA rhythms in suprachiasmatic hypothalamus." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 265, no. 3 (September 1, 1993): R504—R511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1993.265.3.r504.
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In vivo brain microdialysis was used to characterize the daily pattern of extracellular excitatory amino acids (EAA; glutamate and aspartate), glutamine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the region of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in freely behaving male Syrian hamsters. Diurnal variations in the extracellular concentrations of EAA and 5-HIAA observed under 14:10-h light-dark (LD) photoperiod were confirmed by cosinor analysis. Peak levels occurred during the night, with the mean acrophasis for 5-HI-AA concentration preceding that for EAA by 1-2 h. Release of EAA was stimulated by K(+)-induced depolarization in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner and was not affected by tetrodotoxin. In the absence of light cues (constant dim red light, < 0.4 lx; DD) there was a significant time-of-day effect in peak glutamate concentration (occurring during subjective night), but the rhythmic pattern of 5-HIAA output was lost. There was no apparent direct temporal linkage between peaks in extracellular EAA or 5-HIAA and bouts of wheel-running activity under LD or DD. These results are evidence that 1) the daily release pattern of extracellular glutamate, but not 5-HIAA, is circadian in nature; and 2) this rhythm in glutamate is not based on Na+ channel-dependent action potentials. Finally, a discordance in the timing of peak nocturnal extracellular 5-HIAA and EAA concentrations was evident, possibly reflecting an interplay between serotonergic and EAA pathways in the SCN.
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Fromentin, Gilles, Dorothy W. Gietzen, and Stylianos Nicolaidis. "Aversion-preference patterns in amino acid- or protein-deficient rats: a comparison with previously reported responses to thiamin-deficient diets." British Journal of Nutrition 77, no. 2 (February 1997): 299–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19970031.
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The purpose of the present experiments was to extend previous data on the strategy used by adult rats to select feed appropriately when faced with diets devoid of protein or an essential amino acid (EAA), and to compare this strategy with that used when facing vitamin (thiamin) deficiency. Rats fed on either balanced or deficient (EAA or protein) diets were offered a choice between a novel deficient and a familiar (deficient or corrected) diet and their choice was monitored. It was shown that protein- and EAA-deficient rats acquired an aversion for their corresponding familiar devoid diet, which by itself promoted a neophilia for the novel diet. This neophilia was not non-specific because protein-deficient rats facing a choice between a protein-devoid and an EAA-devoid diet did exhibit neophilia but only in the short term (less than 5h), and then switched to a preference for the familiar protein-devoid diet. These results show that, in contrast to the case of vitamin deficiency, the protein- or EAA-devoid diet-induced neophilia can be rapidly reversed if the novel feed happens to be more deleterious than the familiar, inappropriate one. This behaviour suggests the existence of sensitive mechanisms able to reveal within a short time the EAA inadequacy of the ingested feed and to adapt the choice for the most appropriate feeds more promptly than in the face of thiamin deficiency. Thus it appears that balancing EAA is more urgent than balancing thiamin.
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Iacone, Roberto, Clelia Scanzano, Lidia Santarpia, Lucia Alfonsi, Maurizio Marra, Maria Pagano, Anna D’Isanto, et al. "Essential Amino Acid Profile in Parenteral Nutrition Mixtures: Does It Meet Needs?" Nutrients 10, no. 12 (December 6, 2018): 1937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10121937.
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Background and Aims: The study compares the essential amino acid (EAA) composition of different parenteral nutrition (PN) mixtures with whey protein EAA profile and the theoretical daily EAA requirements (set by WHO/FAO/UNU or IAAO method). According to the individual EAA profile, the potential effect of several PN mixtures was evaluated on the skeletal muscle mass (SMM) of patients on home PN. Methods: Eight AA solutions and fifteen complete PN mixtures were considered. Twenty-nine clinically stable patients with short bowel syndrome on home total PN were retrospectively evaluated. SMM was estimated by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Results: The prescribed doses of EAA that showed a significant increase in home PN patients muscle mass were considerably greater than the theoretical ones, showing an EAA profile similar to whey protein. At the daily dose of 1 g of total AA s/kg body weight (BW), the considered PN mixtures mostly failed to improve SMM. Only prescribed doses which included more than 0.25 g/kg BW of total BCAA with at least 0.10 g/kg BW leucine, 0.08 g/kg BW isoleucine, and 0.06 g/kg BW methionine showed a significant increase in SMM. Conclusions: The theoretical daily requirement for each EAA was met by all considered PN solutions when the prescribed daily dose of total AAs was set at 1 g/kg BW. Nevertheless, our data suggest that only an increase in total BCAA, also richer in single AA leucine, isoleucine, and methionine, is associated with the maintenance and/or increase of SMM. According to these preliminary observations, we support the prescription of an EAA composition of PN mixtures close to that of whey protein for the preservation of SMM in patients on long-term total PN.
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Abrahin, Odilon Salim Costa, Naicha Stefanie Félix Souza, Evitom Corrêa de Sousa, Josiana Kely Rodrigues Moreira, and Vanderson Cunha do Nascimento. "Prevalência do uso e conhecimento de esteroides anabolizantes androgênicos por estudantes e professores de educação física que atuam em academias de ginástica." Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 19, no. 1 (February 2013): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1517-86922013000100005.
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INTRODUÇÃO: Os esteroides anabólicos androgênicos (EAA) são substâncias, quimicamente semelhantes à testosterona, utilizadas para o tratamento/controle de diversas doenças. Contudo, tais substâncias estão sendo empregadas de forma não terapêutica e indiscriminada com finalidades de melhora da performance esportiva e principalmente estética. OBJETIVO: analisar a prevalência do uso e o conhecimento de EAA por estudantes e professores de educação física que atuam em academias de ginástica de Belém, PA. Utilizou-se para a coleta de dados um questionário fechado e anônimo, aplicado a 117 pesquisados. A comparação da prevalência do uso e o grau de conhecimento dos pesquisados sobre EAA foi realizada através de estatística não paramétrica, prova de X² (Qui-quadrado), considerando o intervalo de confiança de 95% e p < 0,05. A média de idade dos participantes da pesquisa foi de 28,0 ± 6,3 anos e a prevalência do uso de EAA foi de 31,6% do total de sujeitos pesquisados. A prevalência maior foi entre os profissionais especialistas (39,3%), tendo como principal motivação para o uso de EAA a estética com 75,6%. Em relação ao conhecimento, verificou-se que as drogas classificadas como EAA foram: Durateston®, Deca-Durabolin®, oxandrolona/Winstrol®. Entretanto, estes profissionais confundiram-se ao apontar outras substâncias como sendo EAA, entre elas: hormônio do crescimento e óleos localizados. Entre os efeitos colaterais, os mais citados foram: acne, engrossamento da voz e agressividade; contudo, efeitos colaterais mais prejudiciais como câncer e aromatização foram menos assinalados. RESULTADOS: Demonstraram que a prevalência de uso de EAA foi significativa (p < 0,03) entre os estudantes e professores de educação física que atuam em academias de Belém, PA, revelando assim prováveis desconhecimentos destes sobre alguns dos efeitos colaterais, podendo implicar no uso indiscriminado destas drogas.
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Almeida Neto, Antônio Francisco de, Alex Castro, Luciano Fernandes Crozara, Márcio Fagundes Goethel, Pedro Vieira Sarmet Moreira, Mauro Gonçalves, and Adalgiso Coscrato Cardozo. "Análise do COP e sentido de posição em jogadores universitários de futebol com e sem instabilidade de tornozelo." Revista Brasileira de Educação Física e Esporte 30, no. 3 (September 2016): 591–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-55092016000300591.
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Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi comparar o comportamento do COP e do sentido de posição articular passivo em indivíduos com e sem instabilidade de tornozelo, e correlacionar as variáveis de COP e sentido de posição articular passivo. Participaram 20 indivíduos, divididos em dois grupos: grupo estável (GE) e grupo instável (GI). A avaliação do COP foi feita com o teste de apoio unipodal, com olhos abertos e fechados sobre uma plataforma de força. O teste de reposicionamento articular passivo foi realizado com os olhos vendados. O tornozelo foi posicionado em um ângulo alvo (10° e 20°) e o dinamômetro movia passivamente o tornozelo, então os participantes eram instruídos a apertar o botão para parar o movimento quando sentissem que o tornozelo estava no ângulo alvo, obtendo assim o erro angular absoluto (EAA). Foram obtidas as variáveis: deslocamento total (DT); desvio padrão ântero-posterior (DPap) e médio-lateral (DPml); velocidade média total (VMT); velocidade média ântero-posterior (VMap) e médio-lateral (VMml). A comparação entre dados que apresentaram distribuição normal foi feita com o teste t de Student, enquanto que para DT e DPml foi utilizado o teste de Mann-Whitney. Da mesma forma, foram usados os testes de Pearson e Spearman para correlacionar as variáveis. Foi adotado α < 0,05. Houve diferença entre EAA-10° (p < 0,05). Foram encontradas fortes correlações entre: EAA-10° e VMT (p < 0,01 r = −0,867); EAA-10° e VMap (p < 0,01 r = −0,854); EAA-10° e VMml (p < 0,01 r = −0,771), na condição olhos abertos, e EAA-10° e DT (p < 0,05 r = −0,666); EAA-10° e DPap (p < 0,05 r = −0,685) e EAA-10° e VMml (p < 0,05 r = −0,766) na condição olhos fechados. Entorses de tornozelo prejudicam o sentido de posição, sem afetar o equilíbrio.
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Drummond, Micah J., Erin L. Glynn, Christopher S. Fry, Kyle L. Timmerman, Elena Volpi, and Blake B. Rasmussen. "An increase in essential amino acid availability upregulates amino acid transporter expression in human skeletal muscle." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 298, no. 5 (May 2010): E1011—E1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00690.2009.
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Essential amino acids (EAA) stimulate skeletal muscle mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling and protein synthesis. It has recently been reported that an increase in amino acid (AA) transporter expression during anabolic conditions is rapamycin-sensitive. The purpose of this study was to determine whether an increase in EAA availability increases AA transporter expression in human skeletal muscle. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis of seven young adult subjects (3 male, 4 female) before and 1–3 h after EAA ingestion (10 g). Blood and muscle samples were analyzed for leucine kinetics using stable isotopic techniques. Quantitative RT-PCR, and immunoblotting were used to determine the mRNA and protein expression, respectively, of AA transporters and members of the general AA control pathway [general control nonrepressed (GCN2), activating transcription factor (ATF4), and eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF2) α-subunit (Ser52)]. EAA ingestion increased blood leucine concentration, delivery of leucine to muscle, transport of leucine from blood into muscle, intracellular muscle leucine concentration, ribosomal protein S6 (Ser240/244) phosphorylation, and muscle protein synthesis. This was followed with increased L-type AA transporter (LAT1), CD98, sodium-coupled neutral AA transporter (SNAT2), and proton-coupled amino acid transporter (PAT1) mRNA expression at 1 h ( P < 0.05) and modest increases in LAT1 protein expression (3 h post-EAA) and SNAT2 protein expression (2 and 3 h post-EAA, P < 0.05). Although there were no changes in GCN2 expression and eIF2α phosphorylation, ATF4 protein expression reached significance by 2 h post-EAA ( P < 0.05). We conclude that an increase in EAA availability upregulates human skeletal muscle AA transporter expression, perhaps in an mTORC1-dependent manner, which may be an adaptive response necessary for improved AA intracellular delivery.
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Hong, S.-M., D. Jung, and S.-J. You. "PSIX-37 Evaluation of reducing dietary crude protein concentrations coupled with increasing essential amino acids on growth performance in fattening pigs." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 351–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.700.
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Abstract A body of evidence suggests that low-protein diets in swine have benefits in view of environmental stewardship and economic returns. The present study was performed to evaluate essential amino acid (EAA) supplementation in the diets with reducing crude protein (CP) concentrations on growth performance in fattening pigs. We hypothesized that a low-CP diet with elevated EAA concentrations would result in similar growth performance in fattening pigs compared with a normal CP diet. Eighty finishing pigs with initial body weight (BW) of 72.0 ± 5.34 kg were assigned in a randomized complete block design with 5 replicates to test 4 dietary treatments: 1) 15.5% CP with EAA concentration at 109% of NRC requirement (control); 2) 14.0% CP with EAA concentration at 111% of NRC requirement (EAA111); 3) 14.0% CP with EAA concentration at 113% of NRC requirement (EAA113); and 14.0% CP with EAA concentration at 115% of NRC requirement (EAA115). The diets were isocaloric, whereas crystalline amino acids, L-Lys, L-Met, L-Thr, L-Trp, and L-Val were added to the diets to achieve the varying levels of EAA in the treatments. The Lys-to-net energy ratio in the diets was maintained at 3.06, 3.12, 3.18, and 3.24 to the control, EAA111, EAA113, and EAA115, respectively. Dietary treatments did not affect final BW. Additionally, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were similar across the treatments. On average, pigs fed the control and EAA111 numerically decreased FCR compared to those fed EAA113 and 115 (3.21 vs. 3.35, respectively; P = 0.46). Total feed cost throughout the experiment was $9.0/head lessen in EAA111 relative to the control; however, total feed costs to EAA113 and EAA115 were greater than the control. In summary, a low-CP diet with increased EAA supplementations did not have any negative impact on growth performance of fattening pigs.