Journal articles: 'E2ES'

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Chen, Shengyang, Weifeng Zhou, An-Shik Yang, Han Chen, Boyang Li, and Chih-Yung Wen. "An End-to-End UAV Simulation Platform for Visual SLAM and Navigation." Aerospace 9, no. 2 (January 19, 2022): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace9020048.

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Visual simultaneous localization and mapping (v-SLAM) and navigation of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are receiving increasing attention in both research and education. However, extensive physical testing can be expensive and time-consuming due to safety precautions, battery constraints, and the complexity of hardware setups. For the efficient development of navigation algorithms and autonomous systems, as well as for education purposes, the ROS-Gazebo-PX4 simulator was customized in-depth, integrated into our previous released research works, and provided as an end-to-end simulation (E2ES) solution for UAV, v-SLAM, and navigation applications. Unlike most other similar works, which can only stimulate certain parts of the navigation algorithms, the E2ES platform simulates all of the localization, mapping, and path-planning kits in one simulator. The navigation stack performs well in the E2ES test bench with the absolute pose errors of 0.3 m (translation) and 0.9 degree (rotation), respectively, for an 83 m length trajectory. Moreover, the E2ES provides an out-of-box, click-and-fly autonomy in UAV navigation. The project source code is opened for the benefit of the research community.

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Sgheri, Luca, Claudio Belotti, Maya Ben-Yami, Giovanni Bianchini, Bernardo Carnicero Dominguez, Ugo Cortesi, William Cossich, et al. "The FORUM end-to-end simulator project: architecture and results." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 15, no. 3 (February 3, 2022): 573–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-573-2022.

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Abstract. FORUM (Far-infrared Outgoing Radiation Understanding and Monitoring) will fly as the ninth ESA's Earth Explorer mission, and an end-to-end simulator (E2ES) has been developed as a support tool for the mission selection process and the subsequent development phases. The current status of the FORUM E2ES project is presented together with the characterization of the capabilities of a full physics retrieval code applied to FORUM data. We show how the instrument characteristics and the observed scene conditions impact on the spectrum measured by the instrument, accounting for the main sources of error related to the entire acquisition process, and the consequences on the retrieval algorithm. Both homogeneous and heterogeneous case studies are simulated in clear and cloudy conditions, validating the E2ES against appropriate well-established correlative codes. The performed tests show that the performance of the retrieval algorithm is compliant with the project requirements both in clear and cloudy conditions. The far-infrared (FIR) part of the FORUM spectrum is shown to be sensitive to surface emissivity, in dry atmospheric conditions, and to cirrus clouds, resulting in improved performance of the retrieval algorithm in these conditions. The retrieval errors increase with increasing the scene heterogeneity, both in terms of surface characteristics and in terms of fractional cloud cover of the scene.

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Zhou, Tianbiao, Hongyan Li, Hongzhen Zhong, Zhiqing Zhong, and Shujun Lin. "Association of apoE gene polymorphisms with lipid metabolism in renal diseases." African Health Sciences 20, no. 3 (October 7, 2020): 1368–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v20i3.43.

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Background and Objectives: Apolipoprotein E (apoE) plays a central role in the metabolism and homeostasis of lipids. ApoE gene encodes three major isoforms: ε2, ε3 and ε4 forming six phenotypes: Ε2Ε2, Ε2Ε3, Ε2Ε4, Ε3Ε3, Ε3Ε3 and Ε4Ε4 . Disorders of the lipid metabolism and the homeostasis are frequently coexist in renal diseases. The association be- tween gene polymorphisms of apoE and lipid metabolism were not consistent. This meta-analysis was performed to assess the association between gene polymorphisms of apoE and lipid metabolism in renal diseases. Methods: A pre-defined literatures search and selection of eligible relevant investigations were performed to extract and collect data from electronic databases. Results: Sixteen articles were enrolled for the analysis of association between apoE gene polymorphisms and lipid metab- olism. Subjects with E3E4 had a higher total cholesterol (TC) than those with E3E3, and subjects with E2E3 had a lower TC than those with E3E3. Subjects with ε2, ε3 had a lower TC than those with ε2, ε3 or ε4 , and subjects with ε4 had a higher TC than those with ε2, ε3 . Subjects with E2E2, E2E3 or E4E4 had a higher triglyceride (TG) than those with E3E3. Subjects with ε4 had a higher TG than those with ε2, ε3 . Subjects with ε2, ε3 had a higher level of TG than those with non-ε2, ε3 . Subjects with E3E4 had a slightly lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) than those with E3E3. E3E4 appeared to be associated with lower levels of HDL. Subjects with E2E2, E2E3 had a notably lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL) than those with E3E3. Subjects with ε2, ε3 had a lower LDL than those with ε2, ε3 or ε4 ApoE gene polymorphisms were not associated with very low-density lipoprotein, and lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)]. Subjects with E2E3 or E2E4 had higher apoE levels than those with E3E3, and subjects with E4E4 had lower apoE levels than those with E3E3. Conclusion: ApoE gene polymorphisms are associated with the expression of TC, TG HDL, LDL, Lp(a) or apoE. Keywords: Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) ; gene polymorphism; total cholesterol (TC) ;triglyceride (TG), high-density lipopro- tein (HDL); low-density lipoprotein (LDL); very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL); lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] • Meta-analysis

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Hoover, Kacie E., John R. Mecikalski, Timothy J. Lang, Xuanli Li, Tyler J. Castillo, and Themis Chronis. "Use of an End-to-End-Simulator to Analyze CYGNSS." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 35, no. 1 (January 2018): 35–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-17-0036.1.

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AbstractTropical convection during the onset of two Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) events, in October and December of 2011, was simulated using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model. Observations from the Dynamics of the MJO (DYNAMO) field campaign were assimilated into the WRF Model for an improved simulation of the mesoscale features of tropical convection. The WRF simulations with the assimilation of DYNAMO data produced realistic representations of mesoscale convection related to westerly wind bursts (WWBs) as well as downdraft-induced gust fronts. An end-to-end simulator (E2ES) for the Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) mission was then applied to the WRF dataset, producing simulated CYGNSS near-surface wind speed data. The results indicated that CYGNSS could detect mesoscale wind features such as WWBs and gust fronts even in the presence of simulated heavy precipitation. This study has two primary conclusions as a consequence: 1) satellite simulators could be used to examine a mission’s capabilities for accomplishing secondary tasks and 2) CYGNSS likely will provide benefits to future tropical oceanic field campaigns that should be considered during their planning processes.

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Polge, Cécile, Julien Aniort, Andrea Armani, Agnès Claustre, Cécile Coudy-Gandilhon, Clara Tournebize, Christiane Deval, et al. "UBE2E1 Is Preferentially Expressed in the Cytoplasm of Slow-Twitch Fibers and Protects Skeletal Muscles from Exacerbated Atrophy upon Dexamethasone Treatment." Cells 7, no. 11 (November 16, 2018): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells7110214.

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Skeletal muscle mass is reduced during many diseases or physiological situations (disuse, aging), which results in decreased strength and increased mortality. Muscle mass is mainly controlled by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), involving hundreds of ubiquitinating enzymes (E2s and E3s) that target their dedicated substrates for subsequent degradation. We recently demonstrated that MuRF1, an E3 ubiquitin ligase known to bind to sarcomeric proteins (telethonin, α-actin, myosins) during catabolic situations, interacts with 5 different E2 enzymes and that these E2-MuRF1 couples are able to target telethonin, a small sarcomeric protein, for degradation. Amongst the E2s interacting with MuRF1, E2E1 was peculiar as the presence of the substrate was necessary for optimal MuRF1-E2E1 interaction. In this work, we focused on the putative role of E2E1 during skeletal muscle atrophy. We found that E2E1 expression was restricted to type I and type IIA muscle fibers and was not detectable in type IIB fibers. This strongly suggests that E2E1 targets are fiber-specific and may be strongly linked to the contractile and metabolic properties of the skeletal muscle. However, E2E1 knockdown was not sufficient for preserving the protein content in C2C12 myotubes subjected to a catabolic state (dexamethasone treatment), suggesting that E2E1 is not involved in the development of muscle atrophy. By contrast, E2E1 knockdown aggravated the atrophying process in both catabolic C2C12 myotubes and the Tibialis anterior muscle of mice, suggesting that E2E1 has a protective effect on muscle mass.

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Kurnianto, Aditya, Retnaningsih Retnaningsih, Dodik Tugasworo, Yovita Andhitara, Rahmi Ardhini, and Jethro Budiman. "Apolipoprotein E Polymorphism and Carotid Intima Medial Thickness Progression in Post Ischemic Stroke Patient." Medica Hospitalia : Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 2 (July 30, 2022): 154–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.36408/mhjcm.v9i2.750.

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Background : Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is believed to associate with cholesterol level, a risk factor of ischemic stroke. CIMT (carotid intima-media thickness) can be used to determine the degree of atherosclerosis. Increased CIMT may predict ischemic stroke recurrence. This study aimed to determine association between increased CIMT in post ischemic stroke patients and APOE genotype. Methods : This was an epidemiological prospective study involving 71 post ischemic stroke patients (1 month from onset), admitted from 2012 to 2013. CIMT was examined with carotid duplex ultrasound at 1st, 6th, and 12nd month after stroke onset. APOE gene polymorphism was examined using HRM (high-resolution melting) which is a simple method, accurate, and sensitive for genotyping. Results : We found 5 APOE gene variation categories, i.e. E2E3, E2E4, E3E3, E3E4, and E4E4. The most common allele was E3 and genotype groups E3E3 was the majority of the population. E2E4 allele had the highest CIMT level among others, in the 1st month, 6th month, and 12nd month after stroke, with no association with hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia. E3E3 allele was most often associated with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and hyperhomocysteinemia. Conclusion : The results showed that APOE genotype E2E4 may independently constitute risk factor for atherosclerosis progression (CIMT) in post ischemic stroke patients. While the E3E3 genotype was often associated with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and hyperhomocysteinemia. Our results suggest that APOE E4 was not an important risk factor for carotid atherosclerosis in post ischemic stroke patient.

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Kuo, Chia-Ling, Luke C. Pilling, George A. Kuchel, and David Melzer. "APOE2 AND AGING-RELATED OUTCOMES IN 261,000 UK BIOBANK OLDER ADULTS." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S221—S222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.811.

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Abstract ApoeE2 (e2) has both protective and adverse effects on health outcomes, which needs to be considered when targeting e2. We aimed to understand the role of e2 in aging via associations between e2 and a selection of aging traits using UK older adults of European descent. e2e3 (n=32,262) and e2e2 (n=1,629) were compared to e3e3 (n=153,567), adjusted for sex, age, genotyping arrays, assessment centers, and the first five genetic principal components. We found that e2 was associated with both parents top 10% survival (OR=1.14, 95% CI: 1.06-1.24), reduced risks of hypertension (OR=0.93, 95% CI: 0.91-0.96) and coronary heart disease (OR=0.86, 95% CI: 0.82-0.89), but red cell width distribution above the reference range (OR=1.17, 95% CI: 1.09-1.26). Additionally, e2 was minimally associated with frailty, cognitive function, and physical measures, suggesting that its association with parental extreme longevity may be controlled by mechanisms underlying diseases.

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de Oliveira, Johnatt Allan Rocha, Paula de Paula Menezes Barbosa, and Gabriela Alves Macêdo. "High Concentrate Flavonoids Extract from Citrus Pomace Using Enzymatic and Deep Eutectic Solvents Extraction." Foods 11, no. 20 (October 14, 2022): 3205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11203205.

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This paper evaluated methodologies for extracting phenolic compounds by DES (Deep eutectic solvents) associated with pectinlyase. Citrus pomace was characterized chemically, and seven DESs were formulated for extraction. Two groups of extractions were performed. Group 1 extractions were performed only with DESs, at 40 °C and 60 °C, with CPWP (Citrus pomace with pectin) and CPNP (Citrus pomace no pectin). In group 2, the DES was associated with pectinlyase and used only with CPWP at 60 °C in two ways of extraction: E1S (one-step extraction) and E2E (2-step extraction). The extracts were evaluated TPC (total phenolic compounds), individual phenolic compounds by HPLC, and antioxidant capacity by methodologies of DPPH and FRAP. The results of group 1 extractions for CPWP showed the highest phenolic compounds concentration (559.2 ± 2.79 mg/100 g DM) at 60 °C. Group 2 (E2S) showed high values of total phenolic compounds (615.63 ± 28.01 mg/100 g DM) and antioxidant activity (23,200 ± 721.69 µmol TE/g DM), with values higher than conventional extraction (545.96 ± 26.80 mg/100 g DM and 16,682.04 ± 2139 µmol TE/g DM). The study demonstrated the excellent extractive potential of DES for flavonoid extraction from citrus pomace. DES 1 and 5 by E2S showed the highest phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity values, mainly when associated with pectinlyase.

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Fajas, Lluis, Rebecca L. Landsberg, Yolande Huss-Garcia, Claude Sardet, Jacqueline A. Lees, and Johan Auwerx. "E2Fs Regulate Adipocyte Differentiation." Developmental Cell 3, no. 1 (July 2002): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1534-5807(02)00190-9.

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Gupta, Tushar, Maria Teresa Sáenz Robles, and James M. Pipas. "Cellular Transformation of Mouse Embryo Fibroblasts in the Absence of Activator E2Fs." Journal of Virology 89, no. 9 (February 25, 2015): 5124–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.03578-14.

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ABSTRACTThe E2F family of transcription factors, broadly divided into activator and repressor E2Fs, regulates cell cycle genes. Current models indicate that activator E2Fs are necessary for cell cycle progression and tumorigenesis and are also required to mediate transformation induced by DNA tumor viruses. E2Fs are negatively regulated by the retinoblastoma (RB) family of tumor suppressor proteins, and virus-encoded oncogenes disrupt the RB-E2F repressor complexes. This results in the release of activator E2Fs and induction of E2F-dependent genes. In agreement, expression of large tumor T antigens (TAg) encoded by polyomaviruses in mammalian cells results in increased transcriptional levels of E2F target genes. In addition, tumorigenesis induced by transgenic expression of simian virus 40 (SV40) TAg in choroid plexus or intestinal villi requires at least one activator E2F. In contrast, we show that SV40 TAg-induced transformation in mouse embryonic fibroblasts is independent of activator E2Fs. This work, coupled with recent studies showing that proliferation in stem and progenitor cells is independent of activator E2Fs, suggests the presence of parallel pathways governing cell proliferation and tumorigenesis.IMPORTANCEThe RB-E2F pathway is altered in many cancers and is also targeted by DNA tumor viruses. Viral oncoprotein action on RBs results in the release of activator E2Fs and upregulation of E2F target genes; thus, activator E2Fs are considered essential for normal and tumorigenic cell proliferation. However, we have observed that SV40 large T antigen can induce cell proliferation and transformation in the absence of activator E2Fs. Our results also suggest that TAg action on pRBs regulates both E2F-dependent and -independent pathways that govern proliferation. Thus, specific cell proliferation pathways affected by RB alterations in cancer may be a factor in tumor behavior and response to therapy.

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Mason, Steve. "Inhibiting E2s." Nature Structural & Molecular Biology 19, no. 3 (March 2012): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nsmb.2264.

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Eckardt, Nancy A. "Ins and Outs of E2Fs." Plant Cell 14, no. 12 (December 2002): 2977–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.141210.

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Weijts, B. G. M. W., B. Westendorp, B. T. Hien, L. M. Martínez-López, M. Zijp, I. Thurlings, R. E. Thomas, S. Schulte-Merker, W. J. Bakker, and A. de Bruin. "Atypical E2Fs inhibit tumor angiogenesis." Oncogene 37, no. 2 (September 18, 2017): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/onc.2017.336.

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Malik, Erum, David A. Phoenix, Timothy J. Snape, Frederick Harris, Jaipaul Singh, Leslie H. G. Morton, and Sarah R. Dennison. "Linearized esculentin-2EM shows pH dependent antibacterial activity with an alkaline optimum." Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 476, no. 10 (June 6, 2021): 3729–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11010-021-04181-7.

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AbstractHere the hypothesis that linearized esculentin 2EM (E2EM-lin) from Glandirana emeljanovi possesses pH dependent activity is investigated. The peptide showed weak activity against Gram-negative bacteria (MLCs ≥ 75.0 μM) but potent efficacy towards Gram-positive bacteria (MLCs ≤ 6.25 μM). E2EM-lin adopted an α-helical structure in the presence of bacterial membranes that increased as pH was increased from 6 to 8 (↑ 15.5–26.9%), whilst similar increases in pH enhanced the ability of the peptide to penetrate (↑ 2.3–5.1 mN m−1) and lyse (↑ 15.1–32.5%) these membranes. Theoretical analysis predicted that this membranolytic mechanism involved a tilted segment, that increased along the α-helical long axis of E2EM-lin (1–23) in the N → C direction, with − < µH > increasing overall from circa − 0.8 to − 0.3. In combination, these data showed that E2EM-lin killed bacteria via novel mechanisms that were enhanced by alkaline conditions and involved the formation of tilted and membranolytic, α-helical structure. The preference of E2EM-lin for Gram-positive bacteria over Gram-negative organisms was primarily driven by the superior ability of phosphatidylglycerol to induce α-helical structure in the peptide as compared to phosphatidylethanolamine. These data were used to generate a novel pore-forming model for the membranolytic activity of E2EM-lin, which would appear to be the first, major reported instance of pH dependent AMPs with alkaline optima using tilted structure to drive a pore-forming process. It is proposed that E2EM-lin has the potential for development to serve purposes ranging from therapeutic usage, such as chronic wound disinfection, to food preservation by killing food spoilage organisms.

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Moreno, Eva, Shusil K. Pandit, Mathilda J. M. Toussaint, Laura Bongiovanni, Liesbeth Harkema, Saskia C. van Essen, Elsbeth A. van Liere, Bart Westendorp, and Alain de Bruin. "Atypical E2Fs either Counteract or Cooperate with RB during Tumorigenesis Depending on Tissue Context." Cancers 13, no. 9 (April 23, 2021): 2033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13092033.

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E2F-transcription factors activate many genes involved in cell cycle progression, DNA repair, and apoptosis. Hence, E2F-dependent transcription must be tightly regulated to prevent tumorigenesis, and therefore metazoan cells possess multiple E2F regulation mechanisms. The best-known is the Retinoblastoma protein (RB), which is mutated in many cancers. Atypical E2Fs (E2F7 and −8) can repress E2F-target gene expression independently of RB and are rarely mutated in cancer. Therefore, they may act as emergency brakes in RB-mutated cells to suppress tumor growth. Currently, it is unknown if and how RB and atypical E2Fs functionally interact in vivo. Here, we demonstrate that mice with liver-specific combinatorial deletion of Rb and E2f7/8 have reduced life-spans compared to E2f7/8 or Rb deletion alone. This was associated with increased proliferation and enhanced malignant progression of liver tumors. Hence, atypical repressor E2Fs and RB cooperatively act as tumor suppressors in hepatocytes. In contrast, loss of either E2f7 or E2f8 largely prevented the formation of pituitary tumors in Rb+/− mice. To test whether atypical E2Fs can also function as oncogenes independent of RB loss, we induced long-term overexpression of E2f7 or E2f8 in mice. E2F7 and −8 overexpression increased the incidence of tumors in the lungs, but not in other tissues. Collectively, these data show that atypical E2Fs can promote but also inhibit tumorigenesis depending on tissue type and RB status. We propose that the complex interactions between atypical E2Fs and RB on maintenance of genetic stability underlie this context-dependency.

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Scheffler, Sarah, and Jonathan Mayer. "SoK: Content Moderation for End-to-End Encryption." Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2023, no. 2 (April 2023): 403–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.56553/popets-2023-0060.

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Popular messaging applications now enable end-to-end-encryption (E2EE) by default, and E2EE data storage is becoming common. These important advances for security and privacy create new content moderation challenges for online services, because services can no longer directly access plaintext content. While ongoing public policy debates about E2EE and content moderation in the United States and European Union emphasize child sexual abuse material and misinformation in messaging and storage, we identify and synthesize a wealth of scholarship that goes far beyond those topics. We bridge literature that is diverse in both content moderation subject matter, such as malware, spam, hate speech, terrorist content, and enterprise policy compliance, as well as intended deployments, including not only privacy-preserving content moderation for messaging, email, and cloud storage, but also private introspection of encrypted web traffic by middleboxes. In this work, we systematize the study of content moderation in E2EE settings. We set out a process pipeline for content moderation, drawing on a broad interdisciplinary literature that is not specific to E2EE. We examine cryptography and policy design choices at all stages of this pipeline, and we suggest areas of future research to fill gaps in literature and better understand possible paths forward.

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Jusino, Shirley, and Harold I. Saavedra. "Role of E2Fs and mitotic regulators controlled by E2Fs in the epithelial to mesenchymal transition." Experimental Biology and Medicine 244, no. 16 (October 1, 2019): 1419–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1535370219881360.

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The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complex cellular process in which epithelial cells acquire mesenchymal properties. EMT occurs in three biological settings: development, wound healing and fibrosis, and tumor progression. Despite occurring in three independent biological settings, EMT signaling shares some molecular mechanisms that allow epithelial cells to de-differentiate and acquire mesenchymal characteristics that confer cells invasive and migratory capacity to distant sites. Here we summarize the molecular mechanism that delineates EMT and we will focus on the role of E2 promoter binding factors (E2Fs) in EMT during tumor progression. Since the E2Fs are presently undruggable due to their control in numerous pivotal cellular functions and due to the lack of selectivity against individual E2Fs, we will also discuss the role of three mitotic regulators and/or mitotic kinases controlled by the E2Fs (NEK2, Mps1/TTK, and SGO1) in EMT that can be useful as drug targets. Impact statement The study of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an active area of research since it is one of the early intermediates to invasion and metastasis—a state of the cancer cells that ultimately kills many cancer patients. We will present in this review that besides their canonical roles as regulators of proliferation, unregulated expression of the E2F transcription factors may contribute to cancer initiation and progression to metastasis by signaling centrosome amplification, chromosome instability, and EMT. Since our discovery that the E2F activators control centrosome amplification and mitosis in cancer cells, we have identified centrosome and mitotic regulators that may represent actionable targets against EMT and metastasis in cancer cells. This is impactful to all of the cancer patients in which the Cdk/Rb/E2F pathway is deregulated, which has been estimated to be most cancer patients with solid tumors.

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Wang, Lili, Hanchen Chen, Chongyang Wang, Zhenjie Hu, and Shunping Yan. "Negative regulator of E2F transcription factors links cell cycle checkpoint and DNA damage repair." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 16 (April 2, 2018): E3837—E3845. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1720094115.

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DNA damage poses a serious threat to genome integrity and greatly affects growth and development. To maintain genome stability, all organisms have evolved elaborate DNA damage response mechanisms including activation of cell cycle checkpoints and DNA repair. Here, we show that the DNA repair protein SNI1, a subunit of the evolutionally conserved SMC5/6 complex, directly links these two processes in Arabidopsis. SNI1 binds to the activation domains of E2F transcription factors, the key regulators of cell cycle progression, and represses their transcriptional activities. In turn, E2Fs activate the expression of SNI1, suggesting that E2Fs and SNI1 form a negative feedback loop. Genetically, overexpression of SNI1 suppresses the phenotypes of E2F-overexpressing plants, and loss of E2F function fully suppresses the sni1 mutant, indicating that SNI1 is necessary and sufficient to inhibit E2Fs. Altogether, our study revealed that SNI1 is a negative regulator of E2Fs and plays dual roles in DNA damage responses by linking cell cycle checkpoint and DNA repair.

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Zhang, Chongli, Yong Cui, Guannan Wang, Wugan Zhao, Haiyu Zhao, Xuejie Huang, Min Zhang, and Wencai Li. "Comprehensive Analysis of the Expression and Prognosis for E2Fs in Human Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2021 (September 6, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5790416.

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Background. E2F transcription factors is a family of transcription factors, and lots of studies have shown that they play a key role in the occurrence and development of many tumors. However, the association between expression, prognostic value, and immune infiltration in the tumor microenvironment of the eight E2Fs members in ccRCC is still unclear. Methods. We used online databases, such as ONCOMINE, UALCAN, Kaplan–Meier plotter, GEPIA, Metascape, TIMER, and cBioPortal, to analyze the effect of mRNA expression of E2Fs family members in ccRCC on the prognosis of patients and the relationship with immune infiltration. Results. Except for E2F5, other seven members of the family of E2Fs mRNA expression levels in ccRCC tissues were significantly higher than control tissues. And the high expression of E2Fs mRNA in ccRCC patients was related to cancer stage and tumor grade. Survival analysis results suggested that elevated mRNA expression levels of E2F1/2/3/4/7/8 were significantly related to the shorter overall survival (OS) in ccRCC patients ( P = 3.9E – 06), while high mRNA expression of E2F6 is not related to OS ( P = 0.061). Mutations of E2Fs were correlated with shorter OS of ccRCC patients ( P = 7.094E – 5). In addition, mRNA expression of E2F1/2/3/4/7/8 was positively correlated with infiltration of six types of immune cells, including B cells, CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells. Conclusions. These results indicate that E2F1/2/3/4/7/8 may be used as a prognostic marker for the survival of ccRCC patients and laid the foundation for studying the immune infiltration role of E2Fs family members in tumors.

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Du, Xiaodi, Hongyu Song, Nengxing Shen, Ruiqi Hua, and Guangyou Yang. "The Molecular Basis of Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes (E2s) as a Potential Target for Cancer Therapy." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 7 (March 26, 2021): 3440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073440.

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Ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s) are one of the three enzymes required by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway to connect activated ubiquitin to target proteins via ubiquitin ligases. E2s determine the connection type of the ubiquitin chains, and different types of ubiquitin chains regulate the stability and activity of substrate proteins. Thus, E2s participate in the regulation of a variety of biological processes. In recent years, the importance of E2s in human health and diseases has been particularly emphasized. Studies have shown that E2s are dysregulated in variety of cancers, thus it might be a potential therapeutic target. However, the molecular basis of E2s as a therapeutic target has not been described systematically. We reviewed this issue from the perspective of the special position and role of E2s in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, the structure of E2s and biological processes they are involved in. In addition, the inhibitors and microRNAs targeting E2s are also summarized. This article not only provides a direction for the development of effective drugs but also lays a foundation for further study on this enzyme in the future.

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Huang, Wenlin, and S. J. Flint. "Unusual Properties of Adenovirus E2E Transcription by RNA Polymerase III." Journal of Virology 77, no. 7 (April 1, 2003): 4015–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.77.7.4015-4024.2003.

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ABSTRACT In adenovirus type 5-infected cells, RNA polymerase III transcription of a gene superimposed on the 5′ end of the E2E RNA polymerase II transcription unit produces two small (<100-nucleotide) RNAs that accumulate to low steady-state concentrations (W. Huang, R. Pruzan, and S. J. Flint, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:1265-1269, 1984). To gain a better understanding of the function of this RNA polymerase III transcription, we have examined the properties of the small E2E RNAs and E2E RNA polymerase III transcription in more detail. The accumulation of cytoplasmic E2E RNAs and the rates of E2E transcription by the two RNA polymerases during the infectious cycle were analyzed by using RNase T1 protection and run-on transcription assays, respectively. Although the RNA polymerase III transcripts were present at significantly lower concentrations than E2E mRNA throughout the period examined, E2E transcription by RNA polymerase III was found to be at least as efficient as that by RNA polymerase II. The short half-lifes of the small E2E RNAs estimated by using the actinomycin D chase method appear to account for their limited accumulation. The transcription of E2E sequences by RNA polymerase II and III in cells infected by recombinant adenoviruses carrying ectopic E2E-CAT (chloramphenicol transferase) reporter genes with mutations in E2E promoter sequences was also examined. The results of these experiments indicate that recognition of the E2E promoter by the RNA polymerase II transcriptional machinery in infected cells limits transcription by RNA polymerase III, and vice versa. Such transcriptional competition and the properties of E2E RNAs made by RNA polymerase III suggest that the function of this viral RNA polymerase III transcription unit is unusual.

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Kreiter, Serge, Rose-My Payet, Reham Abo-Shnaf, and Martial Douin. "New Phytoseiidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) of Mascareignes and Comoros Archipelagos (Indian Ocean): one new record, three new species groups and description of six new species and of six unknown males." Acarologia 61, no. 4 (October 21, 2021): 845–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.24349/krky-e23s.

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Faunas of Phytoseiidae of the Mascareignes Archipalago (Réunion, Mauritius and Rodrigues Islands) and of the Comoros Archipelago (Mayotte, Anjouan, Mohéli and Grande Comore Isands) were recently investigated by authors of this paper and results were published in seven already published papers. We described in this eighth paper six species new to science and six unknown males collected during these surveys.

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Meserve, Joy H., and Robert J. Duronio. "Atypical E2Fs drive atypical cell cycles." Nature Cell Biology 14, no. 11 (October 14, 2012): 1124–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncb2609.

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Ueberall, Manfred, Christoph Dorsch, Stefan Pfosser, Maximilian Röglinger, and Thomas Wolf. "E2E-Prozessverbesserung auf Betriebsmodellebene." Wirtschaftsinformatik & Management 7, no. 2 (March 31, 2015): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s35764-015-0520-2.

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Kim, So-Yeon, Sun-Woo Yun, Eun-Young Lee, So-Hyeon Bae, and Il-Gu Lee. "Fast Packet Inspection for End-To-End Encryption." Electronics 9, no. 11 (November 17, 2020): 1937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9111937.

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With the recent development and popularization of various network technologies, communicating with people at any time, and from any location, using high-speed internet, has become easily accessible. At the same time, eavesdropping, data interception, personal data leakage, and distribution of malware during the information transfer process have become easier than ever. Recently, to respond to such threats, end-to-end encryption (E2EE) technology has been widely implemented in commercial network services as a popular information security system. However, with the use of E2EE technology, it is difficult to check whether an encrypted packet is malicious in an information security system. A number of studies have been previously conducted on deep packet inspection (DPI) through trustable information security systems. However, the E2EE is not maintained when conducting a DPI, which requires a long inspection time. Thus, in this study, a fast packet inspection (FPI) and its frame structure for quickly detecting known malware patterns while maintaining E2EE are proposed. Based on the simulation results, the proposed FPI allows for inspecting packets approximately 14.4 and 5.3 times faster, respectively, when the inspection coverage is 20% and 100%, as compared with a DPI method under a simulation environment in which the payload length is set to 640 bytes.

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Kang, Jingu, Heejune Mo, Gee soo Ahn, and Hyuncheol Kim. "A study on network architecture to provide end-to-end video conferencing encryption service (E2EE)." Jouranl of Information and Security 21, no. 5 (December 31, 2021): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33778/kcsa.2021.21.5.061.

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Wang, Yuanyuan, Zemao Gong, Han Fang, Dongming Zhi, and Hu Tao. "The N-terminal 1–55 residues domain of pyruvate dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli assembles as a dimer in solution." Protein Engineering, Design and Selection 32, no. 6 (June 2019): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/protein/gzz044.

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Abstract The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHc) from Escherichia coli is a large protein complex consisting of multiple copies of the pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1ec), dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (E2ec) and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3ec). The N-terminal domain (NTD, residues 1–55) of E1ec plays a critical role in the interaction between E1ec and E2ec and the whole PDHc activity. Using circular dichroism, size-exclusion chromatography and dynamic light scattering spectroscopy, we show that the NTD of E1ec presents dimeric assembly under physiological condition. Pull-down and isothermal titration calorimetry binding assays revealed that the E2ec peripheral subunit-binding domain (PSBD) forms a very stable complex with the NTD, indicating the isolated NTD functionally interacts with PSBD and the truncated E1ec (E1ec∆NTD) does not interact with PSBD. These findings are important to understand the mechanism of PDHc and other thiamine-based multi-component enzymes.

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Wang, Lingshu, J. Oriol Sunyer, and Leonard J. Bello. "Fusion to C3d Enhances the Immunogenicity of the E2 Glycoprotein of Type 2 Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus." Journal of Virology 78, no. 4 (February 15, 2004): 1616–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.78.4.1616-1622.2004.

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ABSTRACT The use of DNA and protein subunit vaccines in animals provides an opportunity to introduce vaccines that are arguably the safest that can be developed. For that reason, considerable effort is under way to devise methods of enhancing the immunogenicity of such vaccines. Seven years ago it was shown that fusing complement fragment C3d to hen egg lysozyme (HEL) enhanced the immunogenicity of HEL 10,000-fold. Based on this observation, we decided to evaluate the effect of C3d on the immunogenicity of the E2 protein of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). E2 is the major target of neutralizing antibody during BVDV infection. To test the effect of C3d on E2 immunogenicity, expression cassettes encoding a secreted form of E2 alone (E2s) or E2 fused to three copies of murine C3d (E2s-C3d) were constructed. The proteins were purified from the supernatants of transfected cells and used to immunize mice. The immune response was monitored by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for E2s-specific antibody and by a virus neutralization test. The ELISA results indicated that the E2s-C3d protein is 10,000-fold more immunogenic than the E2s protein alone. The maximum primary immune response was elicited with <0.1 μg of E2s-C3d protein without an adjuvant. In addition, we have shown for the first time that high levels of anti-E2s and neutralizing antibodies can be elicited when this same low concentration of E2s-C3d is used to both prime and boost the immune response. We conclude that the E2s-C3d fusion protein has significant potential as a subunit vaccine against BVDV infection.

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Sato, Ikuro, Guoqing Liu, Kohta Ishikawa, Teppei Suzuki, and Masayuki Tanaka. "Does End-to-End Trained Deep Model Always Perform Better than Non-End-to-End Counterpart?" Electronic Imaging 2021, no. 10 (January 18, 2021): 240–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2021.10.ipas-240.

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It has been rigorously demonstrated that an end-to-end (E2E) differentiable formulation of a deep neural network can turn a complex recognition problem into a unified optimization task that can be solved by some gradient descent method. Although E2E network optimization yields a powerful fitting ability, the joint optimization of layers is known to potentially bring situations where layers co-adapt one to the other in a complex way that harms generalization ability. This work aims to numerically evaluate the generalization ability of a particular non-E2E network optimization approach known as FOCA (Feature-extractor Optimization through Classifier Anonymization) that helps to avoid complex co-adaptation, with careful hyperparameter tuning. In this report, we present intriguing empirical results where the non-E2E trained models consistently outperform the corresponding E2E trained models on three image-classification datasets. We further show that E2E network fine-tuning, applied after the feature-extractor optimization by FOCA and the following classifier optimization with the fixed feature extractor, indeed gives no improvement on the test accuracy. The source code is available at https://github.com/DensoITLab/FOCA-v1.

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Rowland, Benjamin D., and René Bernards. "Re-Evaluating Cell-Cycle Regulation by E2Fs." Cell 127, no. 5 (December 2006): 871–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2006.11.019.

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Alvarez-Fernandez, M., and M. Malumbres. "An Atypical Oncogene Within the Atypical E2Fs." JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 107, no. 9 (June 18, 2015): djv180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djv180.

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Yan, Guofeng, Yuxing Peng, Shuhong Chen, and Pengfei You. "QoS Evaluation of End-to-End Services in Virtualized Computing Environments." International Journal of Web Services Research 12, no. 1 (January 2015): 27–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijwsr.2015010103.

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Quality of service (QoS) optimization for end-to-end (e2e) services always depends on performance analysis in cloud-based service delivery industry. However, performance analysis of e2e services becomes difficult as the scale and complexity of virtualized computing environments increase. In this paper, the authors present a novel hierarchical stochastic approach to evaluate the QoS of e2e virtualized cloud services using Quasi-Birth Death structures, where jobs arrive according to a stochastic process and request virtual machines (VMs), which are specified in terms of resources, i.e., VM-configuration. To reduce the complexity of performance evaluation, the overall virtualized cloud services are partitioned into three sub-hierarchies. The authors analyze each individual sub-hierarchy using stochastic queueing approach. Thus, the key performance metrics of e2e cloud service QoS, such as acceptance probability and e2e response delay incurred on user requests, are obtained.

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Caprita, Horia V., and Dan Selisteanu. "Improvement of Automotive Sensors by Migrating AUTOSAR End-to-End Communication Protection Library into Hardware." Elektronika ir Elektrotechnika 28, no. 5 (October 26, 2022): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j02.eie.31154.

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This paper explores new methods to increase the level of safety of data transfer between sensors and electronic control units (ECUs) in automotive communication. A new model of basic sensors to be used in automotive electronics is proposed. This model contains hardware modules that implement the end-to-end communication protection (E2E) mechanism, as defined by the Automotive Open System Architecture (AUTOSAR) standard. By adding this feature inside the sensors, it is possible that, in addition to increasing the safety level, these sensors can be directly connected to the network ECUs via standard communication buses (e.g., Local Interconnect Network (LIN), Controller Area Network (CAN), Flexray, etc.). This paper describes the model, design, and mapping (in a Field Programmable Gate Array device (FPGA)) of the hardware E2E module capable of generating the Cyclic Redundancy Code (CRC) and counter signal for a customized message. This message represents the output of the new sensor E2E module used in a safety communication as requested by the automotive E2E standard. The model is validated also by comparing the data output of the E2E hardware with the data output of the AUTOSAR software E2E library. Finally, future needs and directions are suggested in this area.

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Strang, Blair L., Yasuhiro Takeuchi, Thomas Relander, Johan Richter, Ranbir Bailey, David A. Sanders, Mary K. L. Collins, and Yasuhiro Ikeda. "Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vectors with Alphavirus Envelope Glycoproteins Produced from Stable Packaging Cells." Journal of Virology 79, no. 3 (February 1, 2005): 1765–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.3.1765-1771.2005.

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ABSTRACT Alphavirus glycoproteins have broad host ranges. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vectors pseudotyped with their glycoproteins could extend the range of tissues that can be transduced in both humans and animal models. Here, we established stable producer cell lines for HIV vectors pseudotyped with alphavirus Ross River virus (RRV) and Semliki Forest virus (SFV) glycoproteins E2E1. RRV E2E1-stable clones could routinely produce high-titer pseudotyped vectors for at least 5 months. SFV E2E1-stable clones, however, produced relatively low titers. We examined the properties of RRV E2E1-pseudotyped vectors [HIV-1(RRV)] and compared them with amphotropic murine leukemia virus Env- and vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein G-pseudotyped vectors. HIV-1(RRV) displayed a number of characteristics which would be advantageous in ex vivo and in vivo experiments, including resistance to inactivation by heat-labile components in fresh human sera and thermostability at 37°C. Upon single-step concentration by ultracentrifugation of HIV-1(RRV), we could achieve vector stocks with titers up to 6 × 107 IU/ml. HIV-1(RRV) efficiently transduced cells from several different species, including murine primary dendritic cells, but failed to transduce human and murine T cells as well as human hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). These results indicate that HIV-1(RRV) could be used in a number of applications including animal model experiments and suggest that expression of RRV cellular receptors is limited or absent in certain cell types such as T cells and human HSC.

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Fadhil, Diyar, and Rodolfo Oliveira. "Estimation of 5G Core and RAN End-to-End Delay through Gaussian Mixture Models." Computers 11, no. 12 (December 12, 2022): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computers11120184.

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Network analytics provide a comprehensive picture of the network’s Quality of Service (QoS), including the End-to-End (E2E) delay. In this paper, we characterize the Core and the Radio Access Network (RAN) E2E delay of 5G networks with the Standalone (SA) and Non-Standalone (NSA) topologies when a single known Probability Density Function (PDF) is not suitable to model its distribution. To this end, multiple PDFs, denominated as components, are combined in a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) to represent the distribution of the E2E delay. The accuracy and computation time of the GMM is evaluated for a different number of components and a number of samples. The results presented in the paper are based on a dataset of E2E delay values sampled from both SA and NSA 5G networks. Finally, we show that the GMM can be adopted to estimate a high diversity of E2E delay patterns found in 5G networks and its computation time can be adequate for a large range of applications.

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Bertino, Joseph R., Zoltan Szekely, and Kathleen W. Scotto. "Studies of a novel modified E2F-targeted peptide with activity against castration-resistant prostate cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 6_suppl (February 20, 2017): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.6_suppl.205.

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205 Background: The E2F family of genes encodes transcription factors that are key to the regulation of a number of target genes, including those encoding cyclins , CDKs , checkpoints regulators, and DNA repair and replication proteins. One of the primary functions of the E2Fs is to control the cell cycle, playing a major role in regulating the G1/S transition. One of the primary regulators of E2F expression is the retinoblastoma gene, RB, a chromatin associated protein that, in its unphosphorylated state, binds to and negatively regulates E2F; hyperphosphorylation of RB releases E2F, allowing cell cycle progression. Many tumor cells have mutant or dysfunctional RB, allowing the aberrant overexpression of the E2Fs and tumor cell proliferation; this aberrant overexpression is better tolerated when p53 is mutated, suppressing subsequent apoptosis. Overexpression of E2F, particularly E2F1, has thus been an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. However, this approach has not yet been successful, most likely due to the redundancy of the E2Fs and the lack of biomarkers for sensitivity. Methods: Using phage display, we have previously identified a novel peptide that, when coupled with penetratin (PEP) to enhance uptake), targets the E2F consensus site in E2F1,2 and 3a, leading to the downregulation of the activating E2Fs and their downstream targets. We have recently enhanced the stability and potency of this peptide by substituting L-Arg within the peptide with D-Arg. Results: Castrate resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cells, DU-145, lack functional RB, have mutant p53, and are more sensitive to the D-Arg PEP than LnCap or PC-3 cells, with functional RB. Xenograft studies in mice show that the PEP, when encapsulated in PEGylated liposomes (PL-D-Arg PEP) , regresses DU-145 tumors without toxicity. Current studies are examining the combination of the (PL-D-Arg PEP) with taxotere, cisplatin and irradiation in prostate cancer xenografts and organoids from patients. Conclusions: A peptide that inhibits transcription of the activating E2Fs has promise to treat CRPC.

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NISHI, Toshimichi. "Pharmacovigilance based on ICH E2E." Japanese Journal of Pharmacoepidemiology/Yakuzai ekigaku 13, no. 1 (2008): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3820/jjpe.13.39.

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Vu, Duy-Son, Thi-Nga Dao, and Seokhoon Yoon. "DDS: A Delay-Constrained Duty-Cycle Scheduling Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks." Electronics 7, no. 11 (November 7, 2018): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics7110306.

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Since sensor nodes usually have a large duty cycle interval to prolong network lifetime, duty-cycled wireless sensor networks (WSNs) can suffer from a long end-to-end (E2E) delay. Because delay-sensitive applications have a certain E2E delay requirement, a lot of studies have tried to tackle the long E2E delay problem. However, most existing studies focused on simply reducing the E2E delay rather than considering the delay bound requirement, which makes it hard to achieve balanced performance between E2E delay and energy efficiency. Although a few studies took into consideration both the delay bound requirement and energy consumption, they required specific node deployment or strict time synchronization between nodes in the network. In order to address the limitations of the existing studies, we propose a delay-constrained duty-cycle scheduling (DDS) algorithm. The objective of DDS is to achieve low energy consumption while satisfying the delay bound requirement in various node deployment scenarios depending on user demands. First, based on network topology information collected by the sink, one-hop delay distribution is derived as a function of the duty cycle interval. Then, the E2E delay distribution is estimated using the Lyapunov central limit theorem, which allows each node group to have a different delay distribution. Finally, the duty cycle interval is determined using the estimated E2E delay distribution such that energy consumption is minimized while meeting the delay bound requirement. Practical WSN deployment scenarios are considered to evaluate the proposed algorithm. The simulation results show that DDS can guarantee the given delay bound requirement and outperform existing algorithms in terms of energy efficiency.

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Yarbrough, Wendell G., and Benjamin J. Copeland. "Oncogenic induction of ARF tumor suppressor by E2Fs." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 121, no. 2_suppl (August 1999): P215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-5998(99)80415-x.

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Chen, Longbin, Meikang Qiu, Jeungeun Song, Zenggang Xiong, and Houcine Hassan. "E2FS: an elastic storage system for cloud computing." Journal of Supercomputing 74, no. 3 (August 27, 2016): 1045–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11227-016-1827-3.

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Chen, Hui-Zi, Madhu M. Ouseph, Jing Li, Thierry Pécot, Veda Chokshi, Lindsey Kent, Sooin Bae, et al. "Canonical and atypical E2Fs regulate the mammalian endocycle." Nature Cell Biology 14, no. 11 (October 14, 2012): 1192–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncb2595.

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Zhan, Lei, Cheng Huang, Xiao Ming Meng, Yang Song, Xiao Qin Wu, Cheng Gui Miu, Xiang Shu Zhan, and Jun Li. "Promising roles of mammalian E2Fs in hepatocellular carcinoma." Cellular Signalling 26, no. 5 (May 2014): 1075–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.01.008.

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Lukas, J., B. O. Petersen, K. Holm, J. Bartek, and K. Helin. "Deregulated expression of E2F family members induces S-phase entry and overcomes p16INK4A-mediated growth suppression." Molecular and Cellular Biology 16, no. 3 (March 1996): 1047–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.16.3.1047.

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The E2F family of transcription factors regulate genes, whose products are essential for progression through the mammalian cell cycle. The transcriptional activity of the E2Fs is inhibited through the specific binding of the retinoblastoma protein, pRB, and the pRB homologs p107 and p130 to their transactivation domains. Seven members of the E2F transcription factor family have been isolated so far, and we were interested in investigating the possible contribution of the various E2Fs to cell cycle control. By presenting the results of the generation of cell lines with tetracycline-controlled expression of E2F-1 and E2F-4 and microinjection of expression plasmids for all members of the E2F family, we demonstrate here that the pRB-associated ED2Fs (E2F-1, E2F-2, and E2F-3) all induce S phase in quiescent rate fibroblasts when expressed alone. In contrast, the p107/p130-associated E2Fs require the coexpression of the heterodimeric partner DP-1 to promote S-phase entry and accelerate G1 progression. Furthermore, the pRB-associated E2Fs were all able to overcome a G1 arrest mediated by the p16INK4 tumor suppressor protein, and E2F-1 was shown to override a G1 block mediated by a neutralizing antibody to cyclin D1. The p16INK4-induced G1 arrest was not affected by expression of E2F-4, E2F-5, or DP-1 alone, but simulataneous expression of E2F-4 and DP-1 could overcome this block. Our results demonstrate that the generation of E2F activity is rate limiting for G1 progession, is sufficient to induce S-phase entry, and overcomes a p16-mediated G1 block, and since E12F-1, E2F-2, and E2F-3 are associated with pRB, they are the most likely downstream effectors in the p126-cyclin D-pRB pathway. Furthermore, our date suggest that the two subsets of E2Fs are regulated by distinct mechanisms and/or that they have distinct functions in cell cycle control. Since E2F-4 and E2F-5 cannot promote S-phase entry by themselves, our results may provide an explanation for the apparent lack of aberrations in p107 or p130 in human cancer.

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Navarro, Pedro J., Leanne Miller, Francisca Rosique, Carlos Fernández-Isla, and Alberto Gila-Navarro. "End-to-End Deep Neural Network Architectures for Speed and Steering Wheel Angle Prediction in Autonomous Driving." Electronics 10, no. 11 (May 25, 2021): 1266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10111266.

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The complex decision-making systems used for autonomous vehicles or advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) are being replaced by end-to-end (e2e) architectures based on deep-neural-networks (DNN). DNNs can learn complex driving actions from datasets containing thousands of images and data obtained from the vehicle perception system. This work presents the classification, design and implementation of six e2e architectures capable of generating the driving actions of speed and steering wheel angle directly on the vehicle control elements. The work details the design stages and optimization process of the convolutional networks to develop six e2e architectures. In the metric analysis the architectures have been tested with different data sources from the vehicle, such as images, XYZ accelerations and XYZ angular speeds. The best results were obtained with a mixed data e2e architecture that used front images from the vehicle and angular speeds to predict the speed and steering wheel angle with a mean error of 1.06%. An exhaustive optimization process of the convolutional blocks has demonstrated that it is possible to design lightweight e2e architectures with high performance more suitable for the final implementation in autonomous driving.

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Li, Zhen, Dan Qu, Yanxia Li, Chaojie Xie, and Qi Chen. "A Position Weighted Information Based Word Embedding Model for Machine Translation." International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 29, no. 07n08 (November 30, 2020): 2040005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218213020400059.

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Deep learning technology promotes the development of neural network machine translation (NMT). End-to-End (E2E) has become the mainstream in NMT. It uses word vectors as the initial value of the input layer. The effect of word vector model directly affects the accuracy of E2E-NMT. Researchers have proposed many approaches to learn word representations and have achieved significant results. However, the drawbacks of these methods still limit the performance of E2E-NMT systems. This paper focuses on the word embedding technology and proposes the PW-CBOW word vector model which can present better semantic information. We apply these word vector models on IWSLT14 German-English, WMT14 English-German, WMT14 English-French corporas. The results evaluate the performance of the PW-CBOW model. In the latest E2E-NMT systems, the PW-CBOW word vector model can improve the performance.

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Nashwan, Shadi, and Imad I. H. Nashwan. "An Analytic Model for Reducing Authentication Signaling Traffic in an End-to-End Authentication Scheme." Sensors 21, no. 15 (July 22, 2021): 4980. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21154980.

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In an end-to-end authentication (E2EA) scheme, the physician, patient, and sensor nodes authenticate each other through the healthcare service provider in three phases: the long-term authentication phase (LAP), short-term authentication phase (SAP), and sensor authentication phase (WAP). Once the LAP is executed between all communication nodes, the SAP is executed (m) times between the physician and patient by deriving a new key from the PSij key generated by healthcare service provider during the LAP. In addition, the WAP is executed between the connected sensor and patient (m + 1) times without going back to the service provider. Thus, it is critical to determine an appropriate (m) value to maintain a specific security level and to minimize the cost of E2EA. Therefore, we proposed an analytic model in which the authentication signaling traffic is represented by a Poisson process to derive an authentication signaling traffic cost function for the (m) value. wherein the residence time of authentication has three distributions: gamma, hypo-exponential, and exponential. Finally, using the numerical analysis of the derived cost function, an optimal value (m) that minimizes the authentication signaling traffic cost of the E2EA scheme was determined.

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Liban, Tyler J., Edgar M. Medina, Sarvind Tripathi, Satyaki Sengupta, R. William Henry, Nicolas E. Buchler, and Seth M. Rubin. "Conservation and divergence of C-terminal domain structure in the retinoblastoma protein family." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 19 (April 24, 2017): 4942–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1619170114.

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The retinoblastoma protein (Rb) and the homologous pocket proteins p107 and p130 negatively regulate cell proliferation by binding and inhibiting members of the E2F transcription factor family. The structural features that distinguish Rb from other pocket proteins have been unclear but are critical for understanding their functional diversity and determining why Rb has unique tumor suppressor activities. We describe here important differences in how the Rb and p107 C-terminal domains (CTDs) associate with the coiled-coil and marked-box domains (CMs) of E2Fs. We find that although CTD–CM binding is conserved across protein families, Rb and p107 CTDs show clear preferences for different E2Fs. A crystal structure of the p107 CTD bound to E2F5 and its dimer partner DP1 reveals the molecular basis for pocket protein–E2F binding specificity and how cyclin-dependent kinases differentially regulate pocket proteins through CTD phosphorylation. Our structural and biochemical data together with phylogenetic analyses of Rb and E2F proteins support the conclusion that Rb evolved specific structural motifs that confer its unique capacity to bind with high affinity those E2Fs that are the most potent activators of the cell cycle.

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Kherrouche, Zoulika, Alexandre Blais, Elisabeth Ferreira, Yvan De Launoit, and Didier Monté. "ASK-1 (apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1) is a direct E2F target gene." Biochemical Journal 396, no. 3 (May 29, 2006): 547–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20051981.

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In the present study, we show that E2Fs (E2 promoter-binding factors) regulate the expression of ASK-1 (apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1), which encodes a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase, also known as MAP3K5. Its mRNA expression is cell-cycle-regulated in human T98G cells released from serum starvation. Moreover, overexpression and RNA interference experiments support the requirement of endogenous E2F/DP (E2F dimerization partner) activity for ASK-1 expression. Characterization of the human ASK-1 promoter demonstrates that the −95/+11 region is critical for E2F-mediated up-regulation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays show that E2F1–E2F4 are bound in vivo to the ASK-1 promoter in cycling cells, probably through a non-consensus E2F-binding site located 12 bp upstream of the transcription start site. Mutation of this site completely abolishes the ASK-1 promoter response to E2Fs as well as the E2F1 binding in electrophoretic mobility-shift experiments. Our results indicate that E2Fs modulate the expression of ASK-1 and suggest that some of the cellular functions of ASK-1 may be under the control of E2F transcription factors. Moreover, the up-regulation of ASK-1 may also favour the p53-independent E2F1 apoptotic activity.

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Krosl, Jana, Aline Mamo, Jalila Chagraoui, Brian T. Wilhelm, Simon Girard, Isabelle Louis, Julie Lessard, Claude Perreault, and Guy Sauvageau. "A mutant allele of the Swi/Snf member BAF250a determines the pool size of fetal liver hemopoietic stem cell populations." Blood 116, no. 10 (September 9, 2010): 1678–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2010-03-273862.

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Abstract It is believed that hemopoietic stem cells (HSC), which colonize the fetal liver (FL) rapidly, expand to establish a supply of HSCs adequate for maintenance of hemopoiesis throughout life. Accordingly, FL HSCs are actively cycling as opposed to their predominantly quiescent bone marrow counterparts, suggesting that the FL microenvironment provides unique signals that support HSC proliferation and self-renewal. We now report the generation and characterization of mice with a mutant allele of Baf250a lacking exons 2 and 3. Baf250aE2E3/E2E3 mice are viable until E19.5, but do not survive beyond birth. Most interestingly, FL HSC numbers are markedly higher in these mice than in control littermates, thus raising the possibility that Baf250a determines the HSC pool size in vivo. Limit dilution experiments indicate that the activity of Baf250aE2E3/E2E3 HSC is equivalent to that of the wild-type counterparts. The Baf250aE2E3/E2E3 FL-derived stroma, in contrast, exhibits a hemopoiesis-supporting potential superior to the developmentally matched controls. To our knowledge, this demonstration is the first that a mechanism operating in a cell nonautonomous manner canexpand the pool size of the fetal HSC populations.

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Rabaglino, Maria Belen, Elaine Richards, Nancy Denslow, Maureen Keller-Wood, and Charles E. Wood. "Genomics of estradiol-3-sulfate action in the ovine fetal hypothalamus." Physiological Genomics 44, no. 13 (July 1, 2012): 669–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00127.2011.

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In fetal sheep during late gestation sulfoconjugated estrogens in plasma reach a concentration 40–100 times greater than unconjugated estrogens. The objective of the present study was to determine the genomics of estradiol-3-sulfate (E2S) action in the ovine fetal brain. The hypothesis was that E2S stimulates genes involved in the neuroendocrine pathways that direct or facilitate fetal development at the end of gestation. Four sets of chronically catheterized ovine twin fetuses were studied (gestational age: 120–127 days gestation) with one infused with E2S intracerebroventricularly (1 mg/day) and the other remaining untreated (control). After euthanasia, mRNA samples were extracted from fetal brains. Only hypothalamic samples were employed for this study given the important function of this brain region in the control of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. Microarray analysis was performed following the Agilent protocol for one-color 8 × 15 microarrays, designed for Ovis aries. A total of 363 known genes were significantly upregulated by the E2S treatment ( P < 0.05). Network and enrichment analyses were performed using the Cytoscape/Bingo software, and the results validated by quantitative real-time PCR. The main overrepresented biological processes resulting from this analysis were feeding behavior, hypoxia response, and transforming growth factor signaling. Notably, the genes involved in the feeding behavior (neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein) were the most strongly induced by the E2S treatment. In conclusion, E2S may be an important component of the mechanism for activating orexigenic, hypoxia responsiveness and neuroprotective pathways in the lamb as it approaches postnatal life.

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Journal articles on the topic 'E2ES'

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