Relevant bibliographies by topics / E1 and E2

Academic literature on the topic 'E1 and E2'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "E1 and E2"

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Mu, Yu, Birke Andrea Tews, Christine Luttermann, and Gregor Meyers. "Interaction of Pestiviral E1 and E2 Sequences in Dimer Formation and Intracellular Retention." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 14 (July 6, 2021): 7285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147285.

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Pestiviruses contain three envelope proteins: Erns, E1, and E2. Expression of HA-tagged E1 or mutants thereof showed that E1 forms homodimers and -trimers. C123 and, to a lesser extent, C171, affected the oligomerization of E1 with a double mutant C123S/C171S preventing oligomerization completely. E1 also establishes disulfide linked heterodimers with E2, which are crucial for the recovery of infectious viruses. Co-expression analyses with the HA-tagged E1 wt/E1 mutants and E2 wt/E2 mutants demonstrated that C123 in E1 and C295 in E2 are the critical sites for E1/E2 heterodimer formation. Introduction of mutations preventing E1/E2 heterodimer formation into the full-length infectious clone of BVDV CP7 prevented the recovery of infectious viruses, proving that C123 in E1 and C295 in E2 play an essential role in the BVDV life cycle, and further support the conclusion that heterodimer formation is the crucial step. Interestingly, we found that the retention signal of E1 is mandatory for intracellular localization of the heterodimer, so that absence of the E1 retention signal directs the heterodimer to the cell surface even though the E2 retention signal is still present. The covalent linkage between E1 and E2 plays an essential role for this process.
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Majid, Ayaz M., Heather Ezelle, Sangeeta Shah, and Glen N. Barber. "Evaluating Replication-Defective Vesicular Stomatitis Virus as a Vaccine Vehicle." Journal of Virology 80, no. 14 (July 15, 2006): 6993–7008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00365-06.

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ABSTRACT We have generated replication-competent (VSV-C/E1/E2) and nonpropagating (VSVΔG-C/E1/E2) vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) contiguously expressing the structural proteins of hepatitis C virus (HCV; core [C] and glycoproteins E1 and E2) and report on their immunogenicity in murine models. VSV-C/E1/E2 and VSVΔG-C/E1/E2 expressed high levels of HCV C, E1, and E2, which were authentically posttranslationally processed. Both VSV-expressed HCV E1-E2 glycoproteins were found to form noncovalently linked heterodimers and appeared to be correctly folded, as confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation analysis using conformationally sensitive anti-HCV-E2 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Intravenous or intraperitoneal immunization of BALB/c mice with VSV-C/E1/E2 or VSVΔG-C/E1/E2 resulted in significant and surprisingly comparable HCV core or E2 antibody responses compared to those of control mice. In addition, both virus types generated HCV C-, E1-, or E2-specific gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-producing CD8+ T cells, as determined by enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) analysis. Mice immunized with VSVΔG-C/E1/E2 were also protected against the formation of tumors expressing HCV E2 (CT26-hghE2t) and exhibited CT26-hghE2t-specific IFN-γ-producing and E2-specific CD8+ T-cell activity. Finally, recombinant vaccinia virus (vvHCV.S) expressing the HCV structural proteins replicated at significantly lower levels when inoculated into mice immunized with VSV-C/E1/E2 or VSVΔG-C/E1/E2, but not with control viruses. Our data therefore illustrate that potentially safer replication-defective VSV can be successfully engineered to express high levels of antigenically authentic HCV glycoproteins. In addition, this strategy may therefore serve in effective vaccine and immunotherapy-based approaches to the treatment of HCV-related disease.
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Kerbey, A. L., and P. J. Randle. "Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase activity of pig heart pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1 component of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex)." Biochemical Journal 231, no. 3 (November 1, 1985): 523–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2310523.

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The pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1) and acetyltransferase (E2) components of pig heart and ox kidney pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex were separated and purified. The E1 component was phosphorylated (alpha-chain) and inactivated by MgATP. Phosphorylation was mainly confined to site 1. Addition of E2 accelerated phosphorylation of all three sites in E1 alpha and inactivation of E1. On the basis of histone H1 phosphorylation, E2 is presumed to contain PDH kinase, which was removed (greater than 98%) by treatment with p-hydroxymercuriphenylsulphonate. Stimulation of ATP-dependent inactivation of E1 by E2 was independent of histone H1 kinase activity of E2. The effect of E2 is attributed to conformational change(s) induced in E1 and/or E1-associated PDH kinase. PDH kinase activity associated with E1 could not be separated from it be gel filtration or DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Subunits of PDH kinase were not detected on sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gels of E1 or E2, presumably because of low concentration. The activity of pig heart PDH complex was increased by E2, but not by E1, indicating that E2 is rate-limiting in the holocomplex reaction. ATP-dependent inactivation of PDH complex was accelerated by E1 or by phosphorylated E1 plus associated PDH kinase, but not by E2 plus presumed PDH kinase. It is suggested that a substantial proportion of PDH kinase may accompany E1 when PDH complex is dissociated into its component enzymes. The possibility that E1 may possess intrinsic PDH kinase activity is considered unlikely, but may not have been fully excluded.
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Crago, Elizabeth A., Paula R. Sherwood, Catherine Bender, Jeffrey Balzer, Dianxu Ren, and Samuel M. Poloyac. "Plasma Estrogen Levels Are Associated With Severity of Injury and Outcomes After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage." Biological Research For Nursing 17, no. 5 (December 29, 2014): 558–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099800414561632.

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Background:Biochemical mediators alter cerebral perfusion and have been implicated in delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) and poor outcomes after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Estrogens (estrone [E1] and estradiol [E2]) are mediators with neuroprotective properties that could play a role in DCI. This study explored associations between plasma estrogen levels and outcomes following aSAH.Methods:Plasma samples from 1–4, 4–6, and 7–10 days after hemorrhage from 99 adult aSAH patients were analyzed for estrogen levels using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. DCI was operationalized as radiographic/ultrasonic evidence of impaired cerebral blood flow accompanied by neurological deterioration. Outcomes were assessed using the Modified Rankin Scale at 3 and 12 months after hemorrhage. Statistical analysis included correlation, regression, and group-based trajectory.Results:Higher E1 and E2 levels were associated with higher Hunt and Hess grade (E1, p = .01; E2, p = .03), the presence of DCI (E1, p = .02; E2, p = .02), and poor 3-month outcomes (E1, p = .002; E2, p = .002). Trajectory analysis identified distinct populations over time for E1 (61% E1 high) and E2 (68% E2 high). Patients in higher trajectory groups had higher Fisher grades (E1, p = .008; E2, p = .01), more frequent DCI (E1, p = .04; E2, p = .08), and worse 3-month outcomes (E1, p = .01; E2, p = .004) than low groups.Conclusions:These results provide the first clinical evidence that plasma E1 and E2 concentrations are associated with severity of injury and outcomes after aSAH.
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Liu, Bing, L. Maria Lois, and David Reverter. "Structural insights into SUMO E1–E2 interactions in Arabidopsis uncovers a distinctive platform for securing SUMO conjugation specificity across evolution." Biochemical Journal 476, no. 14 (July 31, 2019): 2127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bcj20190232.

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Abstract SUMOylation of proteins involves the concerted action of the E1-activating enzyme, E2-conjugating enzyme and E3-ligases. An essential discrimination step in the SUMOylation pathway corresponds to the initial interaction between E1 ubiquitin-fold domain (UFD) and E2 enzymes. Although E2 orthologs possess high sequence identity, the E2 binding region of the UFD domains has diverged across evolution. Moreover, in reciprocal in vitro conjugation reactions Arabidopsis E1 and E2 SCE1 fail to interact efficiently with cognate human E2 Ubc9 and E1 partners, respectively. To gain more insights into the properties of this interface in evolutionary distant organisms, we solved the crystal structure of SUMO E2 SCE1 and its complex with E1 UFD in Arabidopsis. In addition to a few common structural determinants, the interface between the E1 UFD and E2 in Arabidopsis is distinct compared with human and yeast, in particular by the presence of a longer α-helix in the Arabidopsis UFD domain. Despite the variability of E1 UFD domains in these surfaces, they establish specific interactions with highly conserved surfaces of their cognate E2 enzymes. Functional analysis of the different E2 interface residues between human and Arabidopsis revealed Val37 (Met36 in human), as a determinant that provides specificity in the E1–E2 recognition in plants.
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Zou, Nianxiang, Jen-Sing Liu, Shu-Ru Kuo, Thomas R. Broker, and Louise T. Chow. "The Carboxyl-Terminal Region of the Human Papillomavirus Type 16 E1 Protein Determines E2 Protein Specificity during DNA Replication." Journal of Virology 72, no. 4 (April 1, 1998): 3436–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.72.4.3436-3441.1998.

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ABSTRACT The mechanism of DNA replication is conserved among papillomaviruses. The virus-encoded E1 and E2 proteins collaborate to target the origin and recruit host DNA replication proteins. Expression vectors of E1 and E2 proteins support homologous and heterologous papillomaviral origin replication in transiently transfected cells. Viral proteins from different genotypes can also collaborate, albeit with different efficiencies, indicating a certain degree of specificity in E1-E2 interactions. We report that, in the assays of our study, the human papillomavirus type 11 (HPV-11) E1 protein functioned with the HPV-16 E2 protein, whereas the HPV-16 E1 protein exhibited no detectable activity with the HPV-11 E2 protein. Taking advantage of this distinction, we used chimeric E1 proteins to delineate the E1 protein domains responsible for this specificity. Hybrids containing HPV-16 E1 amino-terminal residues up to residue 365 efficiently replicated either viral origin in the presence of either E2 protein. The reciprocal hybrids containing amino-terminal HPV-11 sequences exhibited a high activity with HPV-16 E2 but no activity with HPV-11 E2. Reciprocal hybrid proteins with the carboxyl-terminal 44 residues from either E1 had an intermediate property, but both collaborated more efficiently with HPV-16 E2 than with HPV-11 E2. In contrast, chimeras with a junction in the putative ATPase domain showed little or no activity with either E2 protein. We conclude that the E1 protein consists of distinct structural and functional domains, with the carboxyl-terminal 284 residues of the HPV-16 E1 protein being the primary determinant for E2 specificity during replication, and that chimeric exchanges in or bordering the ATPase domain inactivate the protein.
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Cocquerel, Laurence, Jean-Christophe Meunier, André Pillez, Czeslaw Wychowski, and Jean Dubuisson. "A Retention Signal Necessary and Sufficient for Endoplasmic Reticulum Localization Maps to the Transmembrane Domain of Hepatitis C Virus Glycoprotein E2." Journal of Virology 72, no. 3 (March 1, 1998): 2183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.72.3.2183-2191.1998.

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ABSTRACT The hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome encodes two envelope glycoproteins (E1 and E2). These glycoproteins interact to form a noncovalent heterodimeric complex which is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). To identify whether E1 and/or E2 contains an ER-targeting signal potentially involved in ER retention of the E1-E2 complex, these proteins were expressed alone and their intracellular localization was studied. Due to misfolding of E1 in the absence of E2, no conclusion on the localization of its native form could be drawn from the expression of E1 alone. E2 expressed in the absence of E1 was shown to be retained in the ER similarly to E1-E2 complex. Chimeric proteins in which E2 domains were exchanged with corresponding domains of a protein normally transported to the plasma membrane (CD4) were constructed to identify the sequence responsible for its ER retention. The transmembrane domain (TMD) of E2 (C-terminal 29 amino acids) was shown to be sufficient for retention of the ectodomain of CD4 in the ER compartment. Replacement of the E2 TMD by the anchor signal of CD4 or a glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI) moiety led to its expression on the cell surface. In addition, replacement of the E2 TMD by the anchor signal of CD4 or a GPI moiety abolished the formation of E1-E2 complexes. Together, these results suggest that, besides having a role as a membrane anchor, the TMD of E2 is involved in both complex formation and intracellular localization.
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Merola, Marcello, Michela Brazzoli, Fabienne Cocchiarella, Jens M. Heile, Ari Helenius, Amy J. Weiner, Michael Houghton, and Sergio Abrignani. "Folding of Hepatitis C Virus E1 Glycoprotein in a Cell-Free System." Journal of Virology 75, no. 22 (November 15, 2001): 11205–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.75.22.11205-11217.2001.

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ABSTRACT The hepatitis C virus (HCV) envelope proteins, E1 and E2, form noncovalent heterodimers and are leading candidate antigens for a vaccine against HCV. Studies in mammalian cell expression systems have focused primarily on E2 and its folding, whereas knowledge of E1 folding remains fragmentary. We used a cell-free in vitro translation system to study E1 folding and asked whether the flanking proteins, Core and E2, influence this process. We translated the polyprotein precursor, in which the Core is N-terminal to E1, and E2 is C-terminal, and found that when the core protein was present, oxidation of E1 was a slow, E2-independent process. The half-time for E1 oxidation was about 5 h in the presence or absence of E2. In contrast with previous reports, analysis of three constructs of different lengths revealed that the E2 glycoprotein undergoes slow oxidation as well. Unfolded or partially folded E1 bound to the endoplasmic reticulum chaperones calnexin and (with lower efficiency) calreticulin, whereas no binding to BiP/GRP78 or GRP94 could be detected. Release from calnexin and calreticulin was used to assess formation of mature E1. When E1 was expressed in the absence of Core and E2, its oxidation was impaired. We conclude that E1 folding is a process that is affected not only by E2, as previously shown, but also by the Core. The folding of viral proteins can thus depend on complex interactions between neighboring proteins within the polyprotein precursor.
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de Mes, T. Z. D., K. Kujawa-Roeleveld, G. Zeeman, and G. Lettinga. "Fate of oestrogens during anaerobic blackwater treatment with micro-aerobic post-treatment." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 5 (September 1, 2007): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.552.

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The fate of oestrone (E1), 17β-oestradiol (E2) and 17α-ethynyloestradiol (EE2) was investigated in a concentrated blackwater treatment system consisting of an UASB septic tank, with micro-aerobic post-treatment. In UASB septic tank effluent a (natural) total concentration of 4.02 μg/L E1 and 18.69 μg/L E2, comprising the sum of conjugated (>70% for E1 and >80% for E2) and unconjugated forms, was measured. During post-treatment the unconjugated oestrogens were removed to below 1 μg/L. A percentage of 77% of the measured unconjugated E1 and 82% of E2 was associated with particles >1.2 μm in the final effluent implying high sorption affinity of both compounds. When spiking the UASB septic tank effluent with E1, E2, EE2 and the sulphate conjugate of E2, removal in the micro-aerobic post-treatment was >99% for both E2 and EE2 and 83% for E1. The lower removal value for E1 was a result of (slow) deconjugation during the treatment, and in the final effluent still 40% of E1 and 99% of E2 was present in conjugated form. The latter was the result of incomplete deconjugation of the spiked E2(3S) in the post-treatment system.
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Zhang, Xinyue, Tingting Wu, Huiwen Wen, Wenwen Song, Cailong Xu, Tianfu Han, Shi Sun, and Cunxiang Wu. "Allelic Variation of Soybean Maturity Genes E1–E4 in the Huang-Huai-Hai River Valley and the Northwest China." Agriculture 11, no. 6 (May 22, 2021): 478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11060478.

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Soybean is planted in a wide span of the world, and flowering and maturity time is an important trait determining soybean yield formation and adaptation. Maturity loci E1, E2, E3 and E4 were frequently reported as the most influential genetic loci for soybean flowering and maturity. To understand the allelic variation and assess the phenological traits of cultivars with different E allelic combinations in natural environments, 251 cultivars of maturity group (MG) I–V were field tested in 42 locations across four sub-regions in the Huang-Huai-Hai and Northwest region of China and genotyped with KASP markers for E1–E4 loci. The results indicated that mutant alleles were only found in the E1 and E2 locus, all of the cultivars carried functional alleles in the E3 and E4 loci in this area, with the frequency of mutant allele to be higher in early maturity groups (MGs) than late MGs. Among nine E allelic combinations in this area, one photoperiodic insensitive mutation in E2 loci (E1/e2-ns/E3-Ha/E4 and E1/e2-ns/E3-Mi/E4) made up the largest proportion (25.10 and 18.33%), while two photoperiodic insensitive mutations in both E1 and E2 loci (e1-as/e2-ns/E3-Ha/E4) (1.20%) occupied the lowest proportion in this panel. The major combinations of E locus for MGI, MGII and MG III in this area were E1/E2-dl/E3-Mi/E4, E1/e2-ns/E3-Mi/E4 and E1/e2-ns/E3-Ha/E4, respectively. Cultivars carrying e1-as/e2-ns/E3-Ha/E4 genotype flowered earliest (34 days) on average, 7.6 days earlier than the latest-flowering E haplotype (E1/e2-ns/E3-Ha/E4). This study provided an opportunity to detect the E allelic combinations in the Huang-Huai-Hai River Valley and the Northwest China, which would facilitate the improvement of soybean adaptation in the future.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "E1 and E2"

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Hudson, Natalia Joanna. "Analysis of diversity of hepatitis C virus glycoproteins E1 and E2." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2012. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12644/.

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Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) exists as a population of sequence variants that evolves during infection adapting to host pressures. The main targets for the immune response are the envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2, which also mediate viral cell entry. The first hypervariable region (HVR1) of E2, previously implicated in the outcome of acute infection, has been a focus of many studies. However more broadly neutralising antibodies tend to target epitopes outside this region, yet evolution of full length E1E2 heterodimer is poorly understood. The HCV transmission and window period as well as seroconversion are the evolutionary events shaping primary infection hence influencing outcome of acute infection. However, due to the asymptomatic character of the early phases of HCV infection, evolutionary data describing this interval is still lacking depth. Defining the genetic and phenotypic characteristics of HCV population of sequence variants that establish infection in a new host would aid vaccine and new therapy design. This study aimed to identify patterns of HCV envelope glycoprotein evolution upon transmission and during early phases of disease. We studied this in three settings: experimental transmission of immunocompromised mice by known inoculum; occurrence of horizontal transmission in a haemodialysis unit between hypothesised source and index case individuals; and unrelated cases of acutely infected HCV patients. The single genome amplification (SGA) approach was utilised, which allowed us to accurately assign linkage between substitutions and determine the frequency distribution of E1E2 variants in analysed viral populations. Data from the first experimental setting indicates that a selective sweep occurs upon HCV transmission, with selective amplification of envelope sequence variants that possess fitness advantage at entry level. Molecular determinants associated with this enhanced infectivity have also been identified. In further part of the project we confirmed a horizontal infection in haemodialysis unit with use of phylogenetic methods and suggested revision of current safety guidelines. Analysis of sequences from the last setting showed that indeed HVR1 might not be a good enough indicator of evolutionary events in the acute phase, as linked substitutions occur also outside this region. Seroconversion is associated with increasing population diversity indicating role of antibodies in driving HCV evolution, which is host specific.
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Sorathia, Rina. "Identification of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) E1^E4 binding partners and the characterisation of the E1^E4/E2 interaction." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2005. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1446481/.

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Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) is a DNA tumour virus that can infect epithelial tissue and can cause hyperproliferative lesions that can progress to cancer. The expression of the HPV late protein, E1.;E4 is lost during malignantprogression, but in productive infections E1.;E4 is abundantly expressed inthe late stages of HPV infection. The appearance of E1.;E4 coincides with theonset of genome amplification and the upregulation of the viral replication proteins El and E2 and precedes the synthesis of the viral capsid proteins L1 and L2. In this study we show that HPV16 E1.;E4 (16E1.;E4) can interact directlywith several cellular and viral proteins including the late proteins L1 and L2 and the early proteins E7 and E2. HPV16 E2 associates with the phosphorylated, unphosphorylated and cleaved forms of 16E1.;E4, with stable association beingdependent on sequences in the central highly charged region and the extreme C-terminus of E1.;E4. We observed that co-expression of E2 and E1.;E4 in culturedepithelial cells resulted in the progressive accumulation of E2 to E1.;E4 boundstructures in the cytoplasm, and a reduction in nuclear E2 levels at late time points. This phenomenon in cells that were co-expressing E2, E1.;E4 andEl, at ratios mimicking those seen in the late stages of the virus life cycle, coincided with an increase in HPV origin-dependent replication and enhanced El/E2-mediated transcription from the wild-type HPV16 early promoter (p97). The co-expression of E1.;E4 with El and E2 at late time points was also shownto reduce p97 activity when E2 was expressed at levels that were optimised for E1/E2- mediated transactivation. We suggest that during productive infection, the ability of E1.;E4 to bind to and alter the distribution of E2 in the cellmay facilitate genome amplification and the expression of S-phase promoting HPV proteins, E6 and E7.
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Cocquerel, Laurence. "Caracterisation des domaines transmembranaires des glycoproteines e1 et e2 du virus de l'hepatite c." Paris 6, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA066052.

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Dans ce travail de these, nous nous sommes interesses aux etapes precoces de la formation de l'enveloppe virale du virus de l'hepatite c (vhc). Le genome du vhc code deux glycoproteines d'enveloppe appelees e1 et e2. Ces glycoproteines possedent un large ectodomaine n-terminal hautement glycosyle et sont ancrees dans les membranes par leur domaine transmembranaire (tm) c-terminal. Ces deux glycoproteines interagissent de maniere non covalente pour former un heterodimere e1e2 qui est suppose etre le composant proteique majeur de l'enveloppe du vhc. Lorsqu'il est exprime par des vecteurs d'expression heterologue, l'heterodimere e1e2 est retenu au niveau du reticulum endoplasmique (re). Dans notre travail, nous avons dans un premier temps cherche a identifier les determinants impliques dans cette localisation subcellulaire du complexe e1e2. Par le biais de constructions de proteines chimeriques entre les proteines d'enveloppe du vhc et des proteines normalement exportees a la membrane plasmique (cd4 et/ou cd8), nous avons montre que les domaines tms de e1 et e2 sont des signaux de retention stricte dans le re. Par une approche de mutagenese dirigee, nous avons ensuite montre que la presence d'un ou de deux residus charges, localises au milieu des domaines tms de e1 et e2, jouent un role essentiel dans la localisation subcellulaire de ces proteines. De plus, nous avons constate que ces residus charges sont egalement importants pour l'assemblage du complexe e1e2 ainsi que pour la fonction sequence signal situee dans la moitie c-terminale de ces domaines. Enfin, nous avons determine la topologie de ces domaines tms avant et apres clivage de la polyproteine du vhc et nous avons mis en evidence une dynamique structurale dans les etapes initiales de la biogenese des proteines d'enveloppe du vhc. L'ensemble de ce travail nous permet de proposer un modele reliant la multifonctionnalite des domaines tms des proteines d'enveloppe du vhc a leur dynamique structurale.
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Almeida, Ana Isabel Matos de. "Produção de partículas semelhantes a retrovírus como candidatas a vacina para a Hepatite C." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/9297.

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Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Genética Molecular e Biomedicina
Vírus da Hepatite C (HCV) infeta mais de 170 milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo, sendo uma das principais causas de cancro do fígado. Como tal, é extremamente importante e desejável a criação de uma vacina. Recentemente têm vindo a ser desenvolvidas e comercializadas vacinas baseadas em partículas semelhantes a vírus (VLPs) capazes de estimular respostas humorais e celulares eficientes. Os objetivos deste trabalho consistiram no melhoramento de linhas celulares produtoras de VLPs derivadas de retrovírus e no melhoramento da qualidade das partículas virais, com o intuito de produzir VLPs candidatas a vacina para a hepatite C. Para tal, utilizaram-se duas metodologias. Um sistema de troca de cassette (RMCE), que é um sistema versátil e rápido para o desenvolvimento de linhas celulares, permitindo obter uma elevada expressão de um gene de interesse, tendo sido utilizado para expressar os epítopos do HCV. Testaram-se dois sistemas, um mediado pela enzima Cre e outro mediado pela enzima Flipase. Para o melhoramento da qualidade das partículas utilizou-se a metodologia de silenciamento por RNAi para eliminar a incorporação da tetraspanina CD63, uma vez que a presença desta proteína nas VLPs poderá desencadear respostas imunológicas inespecíficas. Verificou-se que o sistema de troca de cassette mediado pela enzima Cre não foi eficiente nas condições experimentais utilizadas, não tendo sido possível produzir VLPs pseudotipadas com os epítopos do HCV. No sistema mediado pela enzima Flipase a troca de cassette foi eficiente obtendo-se clones que expressam as proteínas E1 e E2, para a produção de VLPs pseudotipadas com o envelope do vírus HCV. Em relação ao silenciamento da tetraspanina CD63 apesar de serem testadas diversas condições, a percentagem de silenciamento obtida foi muito reduzida e instável, concluindo-se não ser possível realizar o silenciamento desta proteína através das sequências utilizadas.
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Patel, Janisha. "An investigation of the complexes formed between the hepatitis C virus E1 and E2 glycoproteins." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342004.

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Meunier, Jean-Christophe. "Étude des glycoprotéines E1 et E2 du virus de l'hépatite C : influence de la glycosylation de la protéine E1 sur la formation du complexe E1E2." Lille 1, 1999. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1999/50376-1999-23.pdf.

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L'infection par le virus de l'hépatite C représente un problème majeur de santé publique. La prévalence dans la population mondiale serait de 0,5% à 1%. L'infection peut se manifester par une hépatite aiguë, une hépatite chronique qui peut dégénérer en cirrhose ou en carcinome hépatocellulaire (plus de 5% des cas). Bien que l'agent infectieux soit cloné depuis 1989, il est actuellement difficile de le propager en culture cellulaire. Par analogie avec la plupart des protéines exposées à la surface des virus, les glycoprotéines d'enveloppe E1 et E2 jouent probablement un rôle important dans l'infection virale en étant responsable de l'interaction du virus avec son ou ses récepteurs à la surface des cellules cibles, ces protéines sont également importantes pour l'immunogénicité virale. L'étude de la maturation et de l'expression des protéines E1 et E2, tout comme leur interaction et leur assemblage est donc nécessaire pour une meilleure compréhension du cycle viral et de la pathogenèse du VHC. Dans un premier temps, les mécanismes de la rétention des protéines E1 et E2, ainsi que du complexe E1E2 à l'intérieur du réticulum endoplasmique (RE) ont été explorés. Il a été montré que le complexe forme par les glycoprotéines E1 et E2 comprend des signaux de rétention dans le RE, portés par les domaines transmembranaires respectifs de ces deux protéines. Ces domaines transmembranaires sont situés respectivement pour les protéines E1 et E2, entre les acides aminés 353 et 384 pour l'un et 718 et 747 pour l'autre
En second lieu, nous avons identifié les sites potentiels de glycosylation reconnus sur la glycoprotéine E1 du virus de l'hépatite C. Nous avons montré que seul le site de glycosylation n°5 de la protéine E1 n'est pas utilisé pour l'addition d'un oligosaccharide. Puis nous avons étudié le rôle des glycannes dans le repliement et l'assemblage des glycoprotéines E1 et E2. Nous avons montré que la glycosylation sur le site n°4 de la protéine E1 est un élément déterminant pour la formation d'un complexe E1E2 natif, alors que la mutation des sites 1, 2 ou 3 n'entraîne que peu ou pas de perturbations. Les hypothèses permettant d'expliquer l'importance de la glycosylation sur le site n°4 ont été testées. Enfin, nous avons testé la sécrétion de formes tronquées de la protéine E1, délétées leurs extrémités C-terminales. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence une forme tronquée très efficacement sécrétée. Une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de formation des hétérodimères matures permettrait une optimisation de leur potentiel immunogénique. De même, des formes fortement sécrétées de la protéine E1 seraient très utiles pour constituer un outil diagnostique
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Spieker, Mark-Christoph [Verfasser]. "The origin of low-lying collective E1 and E2 strength in atomic nuclei / Mark-Christoph Spieker." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1126297844/34.

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Markson, Gabriel Benjamin. "A systematic analysis of the E1, E2, and E3 interactions within the human protein ubiquitination system." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.612409.

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Ciczora, Yann. "Rôles fonctionnels des domaines transmembranaires des glycoprotéines d'enveloppe E1 et E2 du virus de l'hépatite C." Lille 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LIL2S064.

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Le virus de l’hépatite C (VHC) code pour deux protéines d’enveloppe E1 et E2 associées sous forme d’hétérodimères. Les résidus chargés du domaine transmembranaire (TMD) de E2 (D728 et R730) n’ont pas la même contribution dans les différentes fonctions des TMDs. Bien que ces deux résidus soient nécessaires à la rétention de E2 dans le réticulum endoplasmique, l’acide aspartique est essentiel à la formation des hétérodimères. De plus, la mutation des résidus chargés du TMD de E2 altère l’infectiosité du virus. Nous avons effectué une mutagenèse de substitution tryptophane de chacun des résidus de ces domaines. Nous avons ainsi montré qu’en plus du résidu D728, les glycines 354 et 358 sont en partie responsables de la formation des hétérodimères E1E2. Enfin, nos observations indiquent que les TMDs de E1 et E2 sont impliqués dans l’entrée virale, et notamment dans une étape précoce de la fusion entre les membranes virale et cellulaire
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) encodes two envelope glycoproteins, E1 and E2 associated as heterodimers. These proteins are essential for virus infectivity. The two charged residues (Asp728 and Arg 730) of transmembrane domain (TMD) of E2 do not contribute equally in the glycoprotein functions. The two charged residues are required for ER retention, but only the aspartic acid is necessary for heterodimerization. Moreover the mutation of this charged residues affects the entry functions of these proteins. We have done a tryptophane scanning mutagenesis of each residue of these segments. The Asp728 and the two glycine residues (Gly354 and Gly358) are required for the formation of the heterodimer. Moreover other residues (Lys370, Leu726, Ala727, Ala729) are also implicated in these interactions. Finally, our observations indicate that the TMDs are also involved in virus entry. Indeed, some mutants of the TMDs of E1 and E2 affected an early step of the fusion between the viral and cell membrane
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Brett, Tricia Korrin. "The fate of estrone (E1), 17beta-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3) and 17alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2) in surface waters." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/46253.

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Lakes and rivers receiving wastewater treatment plant effluent contain many different endocrine disrupting compounds. Previous research into the fate of these compounds has focused on laboratory experiments that investigate a single scavenging mechanism, and there has been little research on the overall loss rate constants in receiving waters. This study evaluated the fate of estrone (E1), 17??-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3) and 17??-ethinylestradiol within three different receiving waters (a river, a large lake and a small reservoir) represented by two different mathematical models (plug flow reactor and continuously stirred tank reactor) and three different hydraulic residence times (<8 hours, >50 years and about 1 year). Wastewater treatment plant effluent samples and receiving waters were analysed for the four estrogens over a one year period. E1 and E2 were the only compounds detected and there was only enough data determine the fate of E1. A receiving water loss rate constant for E1 was calculated assuming first-order reaction kinetics. E1 loss was not detectable in the river and the large lake due to a very short and very long residence time, respectively. The time-weighted E1 loss rate constant within the small reservoir was found to be 0.0106 d-??. Data suggested that there may be a seasonal component to this loss rate that requires further investigation. The rate constant found suggests that E1 can be transported great distances within rivers.
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Books on the topic "E1 and E2"

1

Organisation Internationale de Métrologie Légale. Weights of classes E1, E2, F1, F2, M1, M2, M3. Paris: OIML, 1994.

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Hyŏmnyŏktan, Koryŏ Taehakkyo Sanhak. E3, ubiquitin ligase chŏhaeje rŭl wihan E1-E2-E3-substrate cognate pair network chŏngnip kisul kaebal kwa i rŭl iyong han tanangsŏng sinjŭnghugun (ADPKD) ch'iryoje kaebal yŏn'gu =: Study on E1-E2-E3-substrate cognate pair network for E3 ligase inhibitor and application. [Seoul]: Pogŏn Pokchi kajokpu, 2008.

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IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference (1998 Oslo, Norway). Natural working fluids '98, IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference: Proceedings of the conference of Commission B2 with B1, E1 & E2 (June 2-5, 1998), Oslo, Norway = Fluides actifs naturels, Conférence IIF-Gustav Lorentzen : compte rendu de la conférence de la Commission B2 with B1, E1 & E2. Paris: International Institute of Refrigeration, 1998.

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Consultants, Pisga Engineering. Rencana teknis satuan pemukiman (tahap III A) tahun 1983/1984 (revisi anggaran), paket B. 18, Propinsi Sulawesi Tenggara, WPP/SKP VI/E (E1 dan E2), SP 2, 3, dan 1,2, lokasi Kalisusu: Laporan akhir. Bandung: Pisga Engineering Consultants, 1986.

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Refrigeration, International Institute of. E tat des connaissances sur les CFC - les syste mes frigorifiques et les proprie te s des frigorige nes =: Status of CFCs - refrigeration systems and refrigerant properties : proceedings of meetings of Commissions B1, B2, E1, E2 (July 18-21, 1988). Paris: IIR, 1988.

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Guidebook: Three Manoeuvres by Tim Brennan in London E1/E2: Three Manoeuvres by Tim Brennan in London E1/E2 (Camerawalks). Camerawork, 1998.

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International Institute of Refrigeration. Commission B1., International Institute of Refrigeration. Commission B2., International Institute of Refrigeration. Commission E1., and International Institute of Refrigeration. Commission E2., eds. Applications for natural refrigerants: Proceedings of meeting of, commissions B1, B2, E1, E2, 3-6 September 1996 = Applications pour les frigorigènes naturels : compte rendu de la réunion de la, commissions B1, B2, E1, E2, 3-6 September 1996. Paris, France: Issued for International Institute of Refrigeration, 1996.

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Refrigeration, International Institute of, ed. CFCs, the day after: Padova, 21-23 Sept. 1994 : proceedings of meetings of commissions B1, B2, E1, E2. Paris: L'Institut, 1994.

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Progrès dans la conception et la construction des systèmes frigorifiques: Compte rendu des réunions de Commissions B1, B2, E1, E2. Paris, France: Institut international du froid, 1986.

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International Institute of Refrigeration. Commission E2., ed. Refrigeration, climate control, and energy conservation: Proceedings of meetings of Commission E2 with E1, B1/B2, February 11-14, 1996. Paris: The Institute, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "E1 and E2"

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Latscha, Hans Peter, and Uli Kazmaier. "Die Eliminierungs-Reaktionen (E1, E2)." In Chemie für Biologen, 463–69. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47784-7_27.

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Latscha, Hans Peter, Uli Kazmaier, and Helmut Alfons Klein. "Die Eliminierungs-Reaktionen (E1, E2)." In Organische Chemie, 143–51. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46180-8_11.

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Latscha, Hans Peter, Uli Kazmaier, and Helmut Alfons Klein. "Die Eliminierungs-Reaktionen (E1, E2)." In Organische Chemie, 137–45. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-09138-8_11.

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Latscha, Hans Peter, and Helmut Alfons Klein. "Die Eliminierungs-Reaktionen (E1, E2)." In Organische Chemie, 134–43. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-09140-1_13.

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Latscha, Hans Peter, and Helmut Alfons Klein. "Die Eliminierungs-Reaktionen (E1, E2)." In Organische Chemie, 144–53. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-09141-8_13.

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Latscha, Hans Peter, and Helmut Alfons Klein. "Die Eliminierungs-Reaktionen (E1, E2)." In Organische Chemie, 144–53. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-09142-5_13.

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Latscha, Hans Peter, Uli Kazmaier, and Helmut Alfons Klein. "Die Eliminierungs-Reaktionen (E1, E2)." In Chemie für Pharmazeuten, 427–35. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56066-8_40.

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Latscha, Hans Peter, Uli Kazmaier, and Helmut Alfons Klein. "Die Eliminierungs-Reaktionen (E1, E2)." In Chemie für Biologen, 459–65. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-06236-4_43.

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Latscha, Hans Peter, and Helmut Alfons Klein. "Die Eliminierungs-Reaktionen (E1, E2)." In Springer-Lehrbuch, 441–49. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-97539-4_33.

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Latscha, Hans Peter, Helmut Alfons Klein, and Klaus Gulbins. "Die Eliminierungs-Reaktionen (E1, E2)." In Chemie für Laboranten und Chemotechniker, 93–96. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85881-9_12.

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Conference papers on the topic "E1 and E2"

1

Sousa, Gustavo Gomes de, and José Roberto dos Santos Politi. "ASPECTOS ENERGÉTICOS E ELETRÔNICOS DA ZEÓLITA H-ZSM-5 NA AÇÃO CATALÍTICA DA REAÇÃO DE DESIDRATAÇÃO DE ÁLCOOIS." In VIII Simpósio de Estrutura Eletrônica e Dinâmica Molecular. Universidade de Brasília, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21826/viiiseedmol202087.

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Due to the growth of ecological concerns and the need to reduce dependence on fossil fuels, the dehydration of alcohols by acid catalysis has been used for the production of various hydrocarbons. Inside this theme, the H-ZSM-5 zeolite has been widely used as a catalyst for this reaction because its high efficiency. Thus, in order to understand the catalyzed reaction mechanism of the alcohol dehydration reaction, this work used the computational methodology ONIOM to study the catalytic behavior of the H-ZSM-5. It was modeled the dehydration reaction process for several alcohols (ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol and 2-butanol) by modeling these alcohols within the zeolite cavity. The study was divided into 3 stages: the adsorption and protonation of alcohols by zeolite, the description of the hydroxyl outlet, and the formation of the double bond. The analysis of the results indicates that the first stage of the reaction occurs with the contact of alcohol with the zeolite cavity, where acid hydrogen promotes the protonation of alcohols, occurring differently for each alcohol. The dehydration process occurs, preferably, via E2 type elimination mechanisms. However, the profile of the energy curves indicates that for larger alcohols, the mechanism is intermediate between the elimination mechanisms E2 with some features of E1 (E2[E1]). Therefore, the zeolite converts alcohols to hydrocarbons in a specific way. Primary, lower-chain alcohols follow E2 mechanism, while secondary and longer-chain alcohols react by a slightly different mechanism, namely E2[E1].
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Mathews, Tanya Ann, Paul Azzu, Jairo Cortes, and Berna Hascakir. "Effective Extraction of a Heavy Oil Resource by an Environmentally Friendly Green Solvent: Limonene." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210138-ms.

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Abstract Global oil consumption is predicted to increase by 15% from 2021 to 2050. The increasing oil demand and decreasing conventional oil supply force us to find alternate energy supplies. The key to this problem lies with the vast untapped heavy oil and bitumen resources. In this study, we investigate the effectiveness of an environmentally friendly solvent, limonene, in recovering heavy oil. Three core flood experiments representing three different recovery methods were carried out. These include steam flooding (E1), solvent flooding (E2), and solvent-steam co-injections (E3). The green solvent, limonene, is a citrus-based non-toxic solvent. It was chosen due to its high organic solvency and ready availability. Throughout the experiments, steam was injected at a cold water equivalent of 18 ml/min, while limonene was injected at 2 ml/min. The experiments were run with a back pressure of 45-55 psi. The core pack was prepared by filling the pore space of Ottawa sand with a 60% heavy oil sample and 40% water by volume (including water percentage in oil). Produced oil and water samples were collected every 20 min during the experiments. These samples were further analyzed by emulsion characterization to determine emulsion stability and oil quality. Spent rock analyses were done to calculate the displacement efficiency of each of the experiments. In addition, an economic analysis was done to determine the optimal recovery method. Spent rock analysis showed that a sole injection of limonene (E2) had the highest oil recovery. This confirms the high organic solvency of limonene achieved miscible flooding producing about 46 vol % from a total of 60 vol % initial oil. Steam flooding (E1), on the other hand, did not perform as well, producing around 29 vol %. The post-mortem sample from E1 indicated asphaltene precipitation which could have lowered oil recovery. Co-injection of limonene and steam was expected to yield the highest recovery due to the presence of two active drive mechanisms, thermal and miscible flooding. However, it performed comparatively less (41 vol %) than a sole injection of limonene (E2). This is further explained with emulsion characterization results. Experiments involving steam (E1 and E2) revealed strong emulsions in the oil produced, indicating a lower quality. Furthermore, it was seen that the solvent-steam process produced weaker emulsions compared to steam flooding alone. On the other hand, solvent flooding (E2) produced high-quality oil with little to no emulsions. These results along with the economic analysis, indicate that the optimal recovery method would be solvent flooding (E2). Our results prove that limonene is a promising organic solvent. Limonene is non-toxic, readily available, and safe to handle. As a result, it can be a safe green alternative to commonly used toxic organic solvents such as toluene.
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Mathews, Tanya Ann, and Berna Hascakir. "Reinjection of Produced Water with High Salinity After Applying a Novel Treatment Method." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210206-ms.

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Abstract This study investigates a novel method to reduce TDS in produced water to enable safe and effective reuse in hydraulic fracturing. In particular, we test whether evaporative technology can effectively separate dissolved solids from high-TDS wastewater produced in abundance in oil fields. Experiments were conducted with distilled water (E1) and produced water (E2), among which the distilled water experiment served as a control experiment for comparison purposes. Produced water (PW) samples were taken from the Southern Midland Permian Basin. An evaporative air cooler was used for the experiments. We replaced the cellulose filters in the air cooler with Pozzolan filters as the latter is resistant to corrosion and can be easily regenerated. The filter was wet continuously by the water sample stored in the reserve tank of the evaporative cooling unit. Each experiment was run for 4 hours. To determine the system’s cooling efficiency, we measured inlet and outlet ambient temperatures, wet-bulb temperatures, dew point temperatures, and relative humidity every hour using a temperature humidity meter. In addition, the water samples were characterized before and after each experiment by measuring total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, particle size, and zeta potential. Our experiments showed that E1 had a cooling efficiency of 21% while E2 had 16% in the laboratory environment, which does not have continuous airflow in and out like on the wellheads in an oilfield. Hence, we expect higher efficiencies in an oilfield. The reduction in cooling efficiency from E1 to E2 is primarily attributed to the precipitation of the suspended solids on the filter. Therefore, we recommend removing suspended solids from the water before filtering it through the evaporative cooling unit. In addition, we observed that the amount of water treated through the process was slightly less for E2 (35% of the initial volume) than E1 (40% of the initial volume). We believe this treatment efficiency can increase further if the experiments are conducted on the wellhead rather than in a laboratory. Furthermore, we observed a reduction in particle size and an increase in zeta potential in the reserve water post-experiment. In other words, the TDS was mainly eliminated and remained in the untreated water body, while the treated water contained significantly less amount of TDS with higher stability. We prove that evaporative cooling is a novel method for low-cost TDS reduction. As a result, it can be instrumental in solving the decade-long problem of large volumes of high TDS wastewater produced during hydraulic fracturing, particularly in the Permian Basin.
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Bracco, A., G. Benzoni, F. Camera, S. Leoni, B. Million, E. Vigezzi, B. Herskind, A. Maj, and M. Kmiecik. "Study of thermally excited nuclei through E1 and E2 decays from collective modes." In NUCLEAR PHYSICS IN THE 21st CENTURY:International Nuclear Physics Conference INPC 2001. AIP, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1470051.

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Mathews, Tanya Ann, Alex J.Cortes, Richard Bryant, and Berna Hascakir. "Miscible Flooding for Bitumen Recovery with a Novel Solvent." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206325-ms.

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Abstract Steam injection is an effective heavy oil recovery method, however, poses several environmental concerns. Solvent injection methods are introduced in an attempt to combat these environmental concerns. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of a new solvent (VisRed) in the recovery of a Canadian bitumen and compares its results with toluene. While VisRed is selected due to its high effectiveness as a viscosity reducer even at very low concentrations, toluene is selected due to its high solvent power. Five core flooding experiments were conducted; E1 (Steam flooding), E2 (VisRed flooding), E3 (Toluene flooding), E4 (Steam + Toluene flooding), and E5 (Steam + VisRed flooding). Core samples were prepared by saturating 60% of the pore space with oil samples and 40% with deionized water. The solvents were injected at a 2 ml/min rate, while steam was injected at a 18 ml/min cold water equivalent rate. Produced oil and water samples were collected every 20 min during every experiment. The oil recovery efficiencies of the core flood experiments were analyzed by the emulsion characterization in the produced fluids and the residual oil analysis on the spent rock samples. The best oil recovery of ~30 vol % was obtained for E2 (VisRed) in which VisRed was injected alone. Although similar cumulative recoveries were obtained both for E2 (VisRed) and E3 (Toluene), the amount of VisRed injected [~1 pore volumes (PV)] was half the volume required by toluene (~2 PV). The produced oil quality variations are mainly due to the formation of the water-in-oil emulsions during mainly steam processes (E1, E4, and E5). The increased amount of the polar fractions in the produced oil enhances the formation of the emulsions. These polar fractions are namely asphaltenes and resins. As the amount of the polar fractions in the produce oil increases, more water-in-oil emulsion formation is observed due to the polar-polar interaction between crude oil fractions and water. Consequently, E1 and E5 resulted in more water in oil emulsions. The cost analysis also shows the effectiveness of solvent recovery over steam-solvent recovery processes.
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Melo, Jose Daniel D., and Jeffrey T. Fong. "A New Approach to Creating Composite Materials Elastic Property Database With Uncertainty Estimation Using a Combination of Mechanical and Thermal Expansion Tests." In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-26144.

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In composite structural design, a fundamental requirement is to furnish the designer with a set of elastic constants. For example, to design for a given temperature a laminate consisting of transversely isotropic fiber-reinforced laminae, we need five independent elastic constants of each lamina of interest, namely, E1, E2, ν12, G12, and ν23. At present, there exist seven tests, two of mechanical-lamina, two of thermal-expansion-lamina, and three of thermal-expansion-laminate types, to accomplish this task. It is known in the literature that the mechanical tests are capable of measuring E1, E2, and ν12, whereas the two thermal-expansion-lamina tests will measure α1 and α2, and the three thermal-expansion-laminate tests yield an over-determined system of three simultaneous equations of the remaining two unknown elastic constants, G12 and ν23. In this paper, we propose a new approach to determining those five elastic constants with uncertainty bounds using the extra information obtainable from an over-determined system. The approach takes advantage of the classical theory of error propagation for which variance formulas were derived to estimate standard deviations of some of our five elastic constants. To illustrate this approach, we apply it to a set of experimental data on PEEK/IM7 unidirectional lamina. The experiment consists of the following tests: Two tensile tests with four samples of unidirectional specimens to measure E1, E2 and ν12; two thermal-expansion-lamina tests for coefficients (α1 and α2) each using four [(0)32]T unidirectional specimens; and three thermal-expansion-laminate tests on four samples of [(+30/−30)8]s laminates. The results of our new approach are compared with those of a similar but more ad hoc approach that has appeared in the literature. The potential of applying this new methodology to the creation of a composite material elastic property database with uncertainty estimation and to the reliability analysis of composite structure is discussed.
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Dragić, Želimir, and Mile Ilić. "LITERARY TEXT RECEPTION IN DEVELOPING TEACHING AND LEVEL OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT OF YOUNGER SCHOOL AGE STUDENTS." In SCIENCE AND TEACHING IN EDUCATIONAL CONTEXT. FACULTY OF EDUCATION IN UŽICE, UNIVERSITY OF KRAGUJEVAC, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/stec20.281d.

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The processes and outcomes of literary text reception are determined by the flows and methodical specificities of the traditional and innovative-developing teaching system. Increased intensity of literary text reception can be achieved in the models of developing teaching at a younger school age. Starting from the premises of the reception theory, the theory of innovative-developing teaching and the findings of tangent research, transferable theoretical foundations of literary reception and literary text reception microplans were developed in the models of developing classroom teaching (different complexity levels interactive teaching ‒ DCLIT and responsible teaching ‒ RT). During the one-year experimental-methodical programme, elementary school fifth grade students were adopting literary-artistic texts in the context of one innovative-developing model of classroom teaching (different complexity levels teaching ‒ E1 or responsible teaching – E2), and in the regular teaching of literature. On average, students in the experimental groups (E1 and E2) achieved generally statistically significantly higher scores during the final evaluation of the knowledge of moral qualities and knowledge of human personalities than the students in the control groups (K1 and K2). The obtained findings of the experimental-methodical research can be a significant contribution to the advancement of work on literary text in the teaching practice.
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Bain, Allison C., Tara Sherman, Britt K. Norton, and William C. Hutton. "A Comparison of the Viscoelastic Behavior of the Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Before and After the Implantation of a Prosthetic Disc Nucleus." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-2583.

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Abstract A prosthetic disc nucleus device has been designed to replace the degenerated lumbar intervertebral disc (IVD) nucleus. In this study, we measured the creep response of a lumbar motion segment in the intact condition, after a nucleotomy, and after implantation with the device. The creep behavior was modeled with a three parameter standard linear solid to determine the elastic (E1, E2) and viscous (η) constants that describe the behavior of the disc. The average elastic damping constant (E1), and the viscous constant (η) were significantly lower after the nucleotomy than in the intact state. There were no significant differences between the intact motion segment and the device-implanted motion segment. This study demonstrates that the prosthetic disc nucleus device restores the viscoelastic behavior of the intact spine after nucleotomy.
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Sanchez-Silva, Florencio, Ignacio Carvajal-Mariscal, and Rene Tolentino-Eslava. "New Correlation for Two-Phase Flow in 90 Degree Horizontal Elbows." In ASME 2010 3rd Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting collocated with 8th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm-icnmm2010-31222.

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The comparison of experimental data and results obtained from four global models — homogeneous, Dukler, Martinelli and Chisholm, used to evaluate the two-phase flow pressure drop in circular 90° horizontal elbows — is presented in this paper. An experimental investigation was carried out using three galvanized steel 90° horizontal elbows (E1, E2, E3) with internal diameters of 26.5, 41.2 and 52.5 mm, and curvature radii of 194.0, 264.0 and 326.6 mm, respectively. According to the experimental results, the model proposed by Chisholm best fitted them, presenting for each elbow an average error of E1 = 18.27%, E2 = 28.40% and E3 = 42.10%. Based on experimental results two correlations were developed. The first one is the classical Chisholm model modified to obtain better results in a wider range of conditions; it was adjusted by a dimensionless relationship which is a function of the homogeneous volumetric fraction and the Dean number. As a result, the predictions using modified Chisholm model were improved presenting an average error of 8.66%. The second developed correlation is based on the entire two-phase mass flow taken as liquid and adjusted by the homogeneous volumetric fraction ratio. The results show that this last correlation is easier and accurate than the adjusted Chisholm model, presenting an average error of 7.75%. Therefore, this correlation is recommended for two-phase pressure drop evaluation in horizontal elbows.
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10

An, Hongwei, Liang Cheng, and Ming Zhao. "Hydrodynamic Forces on a Pipeline With Uneven Embedment." In ASME 2012 31st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2012-84054.

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Hydrodynamic forces on a pipeline with uneven embedment on either side, subject to oscillatory flow, are investigated numerically. Two-dimensional Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations with a k-ω turbulent model are solved to simulate the flow in the fluid. It is assumed the seepage flow in the seabed is governed by Darcy’s law and Laplace equation is solved to calculate the pore pressure under the assumption of isotropic and homogenous seabed. The effects of embedment depths and KC numbers on the hydrodynamic force are investigated. The flow structure and pressure distribution around the pipeline are discussed. The inline force and lift exerting on the pipeline are presented in the form of peak values and Fourier coefficients. It is found that flow structures around the pipeline are asymmetric due to the difference of seabed levels on the two sides of the pipeline. The degree of asymmetry increases with the increase of |e1-e2|/D. Obvious difference exists between the hydrodynamic forces experienced by the pipeline in two succeeding halves of a period due to the asymmetric flow structure around the pipeline. The peak values of inline force and lift reduce as e2/D increase for all values of e1 examined in this study. The maximum error of the inline force and lift predicted by using sixth order Fourier series is about 4%.
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Reports on the topic "E1 and E2"

1

Fowler, D., ed. Definitions of Managed Objects for the DS1, E1, DS2 and E2 Interface Types. RFC Editor, January 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc2495.

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2

Nicklass, O., ed. Definitions of Managed Objects for the DS1, E1, DS2, and E2 Interface Types. RFC Editor, September 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc3895.

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3

Nicklass, O., ed. Definitions of Managed Objects for the DS1, J1, E1, DS2, and E2 Interface Types. RFC Editor, March 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc4805.

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4

Harris, James Mark, Dorthe B. Carr, and Jamie L. Coram. IDC Re-Engineering Phase 2 Iteration E1 and E2 Storyboard (UIS) Updates version 1.0. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1341778.

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5

Harris, James Mark, Dorthe B. Carr, and Jamie L. Coram. IDC Re-Engineering Phase 2 Iteration E1 and E2 Use Case Updates version 1.0. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1341779.

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