Dissertations / Theses: 'E-wastes recycling'

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Aissa, Khaled Omer Salem. "Recycling of Construction and Demolition Wastes (CDW)." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017.

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Due to urban expansion and what it results as construction and demolition waste specially in the big cities we had to deal with this wastes and put it in the right process to take advantage of them once again as a row materials. This study aim to clarify the recycling methods of the construction and demolition wastes and also discuss the environmental and economic influence by presenting several studies in different countries shows the quantities of their wastes and its recycled percentage. As well as we discussed the challenges that can be faced during the waste recycling process specially if that was done in a densely settled cities where necessary to take into account the possible problems that can happen within the demolition stage and during the transportation of the wastes from the demolition site to the treatment facility. Also it has been explained which is the perfect paths that can be followed to gain the highest recycled percentage and how it is possible to have the maximum benefit of the materials produced from that process.

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Gunja, Leela Sai Phani Kumar. "Sustainable management and recycling processes of various construction and demolition wastes." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/25773/.

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The construction industry has experienced rapid expansion in recent decades as a consequence of population growth, increased IT spending, increased industrialization, and the introduction of new infrastructure projects, all of which have resulted in a dramatic increase in the construction industry. As a result, the demand for building materials for construction operations is high, resulting in a large volume of construction trash. Wasted construction materials resulted in significant financial losses for builders, contractors, regional governments, and the country as a whole. The massive volumes of construction and demolition (C&D) waste created throughout the world, which account for more than 25% of all waste generated, has become a severe environmental concern that must be addressed. This analytical research study examines the many negative environmental effects of the currently utilized conventional waste management approach of landfilling and offers trash recycling as a viable alternative. Because of the vast volumes created and the tremendous potential for re-use and recycling reflected in these materials, the EC has designated construction and demolition (C&D) waste as a priority stream. Indeed, appropriate management would result in the effective and efficient use of natural resources as well as the reduction of the planet's environmental consequences. As a result, the Waste Framework Directive (WFD) requires Member States (MS) to take all necessary steps by 2020 to obtain the minimum target of 70% (by weight) of C&D waste for re-use, recycling, and other material recovery, including backfilling operational processes using non-hazardous C&D waste to replace other materials. As a result, this study on C&D waste is an important tool for determining the next stages and trends in the handling of this waste stream in Europe.

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Chrispim, Neto Jos? Padilha. "e-Res?duos: A influ?ncia da norma europ?ia WEEE na estrat?gia da ind?stria de celulares no Brasil e no mundo e o impacto ambiental do descarte inadequado." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2007. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/14868.

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This present Thesis, is explorer work and presents an analysis of e-wastes of the industry of cellular mobile telephony, evaluating the evolution of the telecommunications nets and as if it holds the global and Brazilian market of cellular telephony. It approaches the elements gifts in the cellular devices that can badly cause to the environment and the health, the discarding of the devices in end of life cycle is made. It analyzes the new European regulation of electric equipment residues and electronic, the WEEE, as it influenced the strategy of the companies manufacturers of mobile phone cellular and of that she forms is possible to create a Brazilian national industry for recycling of devices of cellular, with conditions to globally competition. For this some possible models of being implanted in Brazil are presented. The project of law 203/91 on solid residues is argued and as it would be interesting if to persist some proposals presented to the project, to create a Brazilian market of recycling with capacity of global competition for use to advantage of the European regulation if to get a competitive advantage
O presente trabalho explorat?rio apresenta uma an?lise de e-res?duos da ind?stria de telefonia celular avaliando a evolu??o das redes de telecomunica??es e como se comporta o mercado global e brasileiro de telefonia celular. Aborda os elementos presentes nos aparelhos celulares que podem causar mal ao meio ambiente e a sa?de, como ? feito o descarte dos aparelhos em fim de ciclo de vida. Analisa a nova norma europ?ia de res?duos de equipamentos el?tricos e eletr?nicos, a WEEE, como ela influenciou a estrat?gia das empresas fabricantes de celulares e de que forma ? poss?vel criar uma ind?stria nacional para reciclagem de aparelhos de celulares, com condi??es de competir globalmente. Para isto s?o apresentados alguns modelos poss?veis de ser implantado no Brasil. ? discutido o projeto de lei 203/91 (Brasil, 2006) sobre res?duos s?lidos e como seria interessante manter algumas propostas apresentadas ao projeto, para se criar um mercado de reciclagem brasileiro com capacidade de competi??o global, para se aproveitar da norma Europ?ia de forma a se obter uma vantagem competitiva

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Santos, Eder Carlos Guedes dos. "Aplicação de resíduos de construção e demolição reciclados (RCD-R) em estruturas de solo reforçado." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18132/tde-10042007-110106/.

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O intenso crescimento populacional traz consigo uma preocupação ambiental, já que, diante da necessidade de exploração dos recursos naturais, a adoção de políticas de reciclagem faz-se fundamental para alcançar o desenvolvimento sustentável. Neste cenário, apesar dos resíduos de construção e demolição (RCD) possuírem alto potencial de reciclagem, a estes sempre foi dispensado o tratamento de lixo. Além disso, os estudos realizados visando à reciclagem dos RCD mostram-se bastante concentrados na produção de agregados para a fabricação de concreto e para a aplicação em pavimentação. Diante disso, neste trabalho procurou-se definir uma nova aplicação para os resíduos de construção e demolição reciclados (RCD-R), buscando caracterizar suas propriedades geotécnicas como material de construção e verificando o seu desempenho como material de preenchimento de estruturas de solo reforçado. Ensaios de caracterização, de resistência ao cisalhamento e ensaios de arrancamento de geogrelha revelaram que o RCD-R apresentou baixos coeficientes de variação nas suas propriedades e excelente comportamento mecânico, o que justifica a sua utilização na aplicação proposta.
The intense population growth brings some environmental concerns due to the need of exploitation of natural resources, and the adoption of recycling policies is basic principle to reach sustainable development. In this scenario, however, the high potential of recycling the construction and demolition wastes (CDW) has been ignored. Moreover, studies focus mainly on the recycling of CDW for the production of aggregates for use in pavements and concrete. The present study deals with a new application of the recycled construction and demolition waste (RCDW) as backfill of reinforced soil structures. Characterization, direct shear and pullout tests on geogrids has depicted that RCDW shows low coefficients of variation of its properties and excellent mechanical behavior that justify its use for proposed application.

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Vaz, Ana Claudia Nüernberg. "Avaliação de dois modelos de vermicompostagem para gerenciamento de resíduos orgânicos crus e aplicação como tema de educação ambiental no ensino formal." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2017. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/2554.

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Do total de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos gerados no Brasil, 51% são resíduos orgânicos dispostos em aterros sanitários ou lixões. A Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos integra as Políticas Nacionais do Meio Ambiente e da Educação Ambiental. Isso indica o reconhecimento do resíduo sólido reutilizável e reciclável como um bem econômico, de valor social, promotor de cidadania, gerador de trabalho e renda. O resíduo orgânico gerado na Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná - UTFPR câmpus Curitiba, serviu como estudo de caso para avaliar o gerenciamento e tratamento de resíduos orgânicos utilizando a vermicompostagem e serviu como dinamizador da Educação Ambiental - EA para o ensino fundamental. Para o gerenciamento dos resíduos orgânicos em grande escala, como no Restaurante Universitário-RU da UTFPR, foi verificada a separação de resíduos na cozinha durante uma semana de resíduos crus, sobras do buffet e do prato. Os resíduos crus foram tratados em dois modelos de vermidigestores, um composto por caixas com o fundo modificado com furos e outro com barras. Os resíduos orgânicos crus mais gerados foram folhas de alface, repolho e cascas de pepino que formaram o substrato de alimento para os vermidigestores, e foram adicionados 10 kg de vermicomposto com 1,21 kg de minhocas da espécie Eisenia fetida por m2. O experimento foi planejado conduzido em 60 dias com uma aplicação de alimentação. A cada três dias foram retiradas amostras do vermicomposto e do lixiviado para analisar os seguintes parâmetros: temperatura; umidade; pH; quantidade de lixiviado; substâncias húmicas; coliformes; salmonella; relação C/N; macro e micronutrientes. Os resultados apresentaram temperatura média de 23ºC; a umidade média de 81%; o pH se manteve constante em 7,7; coliformes e salmonella foram encontrados abaixo do limite estabelecido e a relação média C/N no vermicomposto e do chorume foi de 10,8/1. A análise de micro e macro nutrientes indicou um fertilizante rico em nitrogênio e alta quantidade de ferro para os dois modelos. Observou-se que o modelo do vermidigestor com barras obteve melhor resultado quando avaliada a decomposição da matéria orgânica lábil, escoamento de lixiviado e reprodução da população de minhocas, sendo indicado para gerenciamento em grande escala. Para a aplicação em pequena escala, os dois modelos são adequados. A técnica da vermicompostagem foi aplicada em atividade de EA em escolas do ensino básico, as dificuldades e questionamentos dos professores, forneceram subsídios para o desenvolvimento de duas cartilhas: uma para o público infantil e outra para o público adulto.
Of the total urban solid waste generated in Brazil, 51% is organic waste disposed in landfills. The National Solid Waste Policy is part of the National Environmental Policy and articulates with the National Environmental Education Policy, and indicates the recognition of reusable and recyclable solid waste as an economic good, of social value, as a promoter of citizenship, a generator of jobs and income. The organic waste generated at the Federal Technology University of Paraná - UTFPR campus Curitiba, served as a case study to evaluate the management and treatment of organic waste using vermicomposting, which requires less space and serves as a promoter of Environmental Education - EE for teaching. For the management of large-scale organic waste, such as UTFPR University Restaurant-UR, the separation of residues in the kitchen was verified, the amount generated during a week of both raw and leftover waste from the buffet and dish. Two models of vermidigestors were used in duplicate, one consisting of boxes with the bottom modified with holes and another with bars. The most commonly generated raw organic residues were leaves of lettuce, cabbage and cucumber peels. Each of these vegetables was chopped separately to compose the food substrate, and to form the initial substrate that goes into the vermidigestores, 10 kg of humus were added with 1.21 kg of earthworms othe species Eisenia fétida per m2. The experiment was conducted in 60 days with only one feeding application. Samples of vermicompost and leachate were collected every three days to analyze the parameters temperature, humidity, pH, amount of leachate, humic substances, Coliforms, Salmonella, C / N ratio, macro and micronutrients. The results presented average temperature of 23ºC; The average humidity of 81%; The pH remained constant at 7.7; Coliforms and Salmonella were found below the established limit, and the mean C / N ratio in vermicompost and manure was 10.8 / 1. The analysis of micro and macro nutrients indicated a fertilizer rich in nitrogen and high amount of iron for both models. It was observed that the model of vermidigestor with bars obtained better result when evaluating the decomposition of the labile organic matter, leachate flow and reproduction of the earthworm population, being this model the one indicated for large scale management. For small scale application the two models are suitable. The box vermicomposting technique was applied in the EE activity from a primary school, identifying the difficulties and questions of the teachers, provided subsidies for the development of two booklets, one for the infantile public and another one for the adult public.

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MATTOS, CLEITON dos S. "Geração de resíduos sólidos de galvanoplastia em regiões densamente povoadas - avaliação, inertização e destinação." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2011. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9990.

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Dissertação (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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Wong, Aidan Marc Yew Fai. "'Waste', value and informal labour : the regional e-waste recycling production network in Malaysia and Singapore." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2014. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/9068.

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This thesis examines the regional electronic and electrical waste (e-waste) recycling network in Malaysia and Singapore, with a secondary focus on the articulations of informal labour within the network. I argue that there is a need to theorise production networks post-consumption; i.e. to focus on the activities and processes that occur after a commodity is consumed and subsequently discarded. I argue that discarded e-waste are not ‘value-less’ waste, but instead embody value (specifically latent use value), and have the potential to be re-inserted as ‘raw materials’ into production networks through the processes of recycling. Also, key to the processes of value (re)creation, enhancement and capture is the labour process. I examine informal labour by focusing on karung guni (a local term for the rag-and-bone man) – analysing their critical role in value (re)creation in this regional e-waste recycling production network through the lens of petty commodity production. I argue that karung guni are constitutive of this production network through their collection and primary processing of e-waste, which forms the basis for subsequent value creation, enhancement and capture by downstream actors. Conceptualising karung guni as petty commodity producers – who own both the means of production and their own labour power – is significant in problematising as not so straightforward the separation of capital and labour into discreet categories as normally presented in global value chains (GVC)/global production networks (GPN) approaches. This thesis makes four significant contributions to the GVC/GPN literature. First, it recognises activities beyond the point of consumption (which has been the focus of present GVC/GPN research). Second, it conceptualises the constitutive role of informal labour in the development and structure of production networks. Third, it emphasises the continued relevance of the state. Fourth, by adopting a multi-sited case study method, it contributes to debates on how to carry out GVC/GPN research.

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SILVA, ANTONIO C. da. "Vidros e vitroceramicos com alta concentracao de metais obtidos a partir de residuos industriais." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2008. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11765.

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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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Polu, Sai Kusuma. "Food waste management and nutrient recycling." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022.

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Food waste has become a major concern around the world in recent years. Food waste is on the rise as the world's population grows. Despite the fact that various efforts have been made to reduce food waste, they have not been totally successful. Food waste is not only a loss for humanity, but it is also a loss for the environment, society, and economy. The majority of countries are attempting to manage, recycle, and repurpose food waste. A brief summary of waste reduction in agricultural methods, food processing, manufacturing, and retail distribution is provided in this context. Food waste generated at market centres, food services such as hotels and restaurants, and households, on the other hand, will be discussed. This research issue is mostly focused on nutrient recycling and tries to explore how to minimize, reuse, and recycle food waste as well as promote sustainable food waste management. Anaerobic Digestion is a promising solution for food waste management when compared to typical disposal methods such as landfilling, incineration, and composting. Anaerobic digestion is one of the most environmentally friendly and effective methods for food waste management and nutrient synthesis. Climate change mitigation, economic benefits, and landfill diversion are all advantages of anaerobic digestion of food waste. Biogas is the end product of anaerobic digestion. Biogas is a renewable energy source that can also be converted into biofertilizer. Carbohydrates account for 11.8-74 percent of biogas. The biogas yield for mono-digestion of food waste was 0.27-0.642m3 CH4/kg, and 0.272-0.859m3 CH4/kg for co-digestion of food waste. Because of its biodegradability and high water content, food waste is a substrate that can be handled by anaerobic digestion. As a renewable energy source, anaerobic digestion may be a preferable option. The by-product biogas, which includes 50-60% methane, can be used to generate energy and the final digested sludge can be used as fertilizer.

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Naczaj, Dimitri. "Aspects graphiques de la persuasion technologique : étude des messages persuasifs sur internet pour le recyclage des déchets électroniques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0619/document.

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Cette thèse comprend trois expériences et deux prétests (N = 1135) dans lesquelles sont étudiés trois aspects fondamentaux du design statique des messages sur internet : son format (infographie, audio ou texte), sa couleur et sa typographie, sur la thématique du recyclage des déchets électroniques (études 1 et 2) puis à propos de la migration humaine (étude 3).L’étude des aspects graphiques est pertinente si l’on veut augmenter la force persuasive d’un message. Le format joue un rôle prépondérant (étude 1a), permettant à la fois de changer les attitudes, mais aussi d’ancrer ce changement dans le temps. Les couleurs, par contre, ne semblent pas faire varier la force persuasive du message ou amener les lecteurs à agir en faveur du recyclage (étude 1b). La typographie ne semble pas non plus jouer de rôle dans la dynamique persuasive, qu’elle soit jugée lisible ou peu lisible (étude 2). Des pistes théoriques concernant la personnalité des typographies et leur cohérence avec le contexte sont développées.L’analyse des composantes de l’ELM a révélé, dans chaque étude, le fort lien entre l’attitude des individus et leur sentiment de responsabilité personnelle envers la thématique abordée ainsi que leurs connaissances a priori. Nous avons également vu que les leviers de persuasion ne sont pas systématiquement les mêmes selon le besoin de cognition.Globalement, nous suggérons que les messages persuasifs doivent adopter un format permettant une analyse centrale à faible coût cognitif, utilisant une couleur principale et une typographie toutes deux lisibles et cohérentes avec la thématique développée, avec un argumentaire qui renforce le sentiment de responsabilité des lecteurs
This thesis includes three experiments and two pre-tests (N = 1135) in which three fundamental aspects of static message design on the Internet are studied: its format (infographics, audio or text), its colour and typography, on the theme of electronic waste recycling (studies 1 and 2) and then on human migration (study 3).The study of graphic aspects is relevant if we want to increase the persuasive power of a message. The format plays a major role (study 1a), making it possible to change attitudes and to anchor this change over time. Colours, on the other hand, do not seem to vary the persuasive force of the message or to lead readers to act in favour of recycling (study 1b). Nor does typography seem to play a role in the persuasive dynamic, whether it is considered legible or difficult to read (study 2). Theoretical approaches regarding the personality of typographies and their coherence with the context are developed.The analysis of the components of the ELM revealed, in each study, the strong link between the attitude of individuals and their sense of personal responsibility towards the theme addressed as well as their a priori knowledge. We have also seen that the levers of persuasion are not systematically the same according to the need for cognition.We suggest that persuasive messages should adopt a format that allows for central analysis at low cognitive cost, using a main colour and typography that are both readable and consistent with the theme developed, with arguments that reinforce readers' sense of responsibility

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PRADO, ULISSES S. do. "Nova alternativa para reaproveitamento do resíduo perigoso gerado na produção de alumínio primário (SPL): obtenção de vidros opacos e fritas." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2008. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11673.

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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

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Braglia, Michele. "Assessment of circular economy indicators in a multi-criteria approach along the plastic packaging value chain." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.

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The awareness on raw material scarcity and environmental issues has globally stimulated interest into the re-design of products, processes or services, maximizing prevention, reuse and recycling rates. Within this context, plastic represents a key material. In particular, plastic packaging is a priority issue, accounting for the 40% of the European converters demand and about 60% of post-consumer plastic waste. Nowadays, less than 30% of collected plastic waste is recycled, while landfilling and incineration rates of plastic waste remain high, approximately 27% and 41% respectively. The EU Commission is currently hardly working on this issue: the recent EU Plastic Strategy sets very ambitious goals for plastics sustainability. This background topic is the key point of the master thesis. The study starts with mapping the best practices on plastic recycling and prevention, following the entire plastic packaging value chain. Adopting a multi-criteria perspective, legislative, economic and technical, technological and environmental framework of good practices and criticalities is outlined, in order to assess the current state of innovation on circular economy for plastics. The overview on levers and barriers for plastic circularity allows to design a new set of circular economy indicators suitable to be applied on plastic packaging sector. As good practices, eco-design principles are adopted in order to delineate an assessment tool able to identify plastic packaging sustainability and circularity. Moreover, the compliance with the regulatory framework and possible economic advantages are verified. Therefore, the final goal of the study is to identify practical suggestions which can be converted into a set of indicators for measuring plastic packaging circularity, delineating criticalities and possible improvements for boosting the sustainable transition of the entire sector.

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Hamdi, Meshal. "E-Waste Recycling System for Computers and Mobile Devices Using Green Chemistry." Digital Commons at Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School, 2015. https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/etd/390.

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Edwards, Laura. "E-Waste Recycling: The Dirty Trade Between the United States and China." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/153.

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This thesis explores the environmental and public health damages associated with the informal e-waste recycling industry in China and provides an overview of Chinese policies regulating e-waste. Furthermore, the thesis examines how the United States has contributed to these ecological and human health damages by exporting e-waste to China and failing to regulate the US e-waste recycling industry.

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Wiesmeth, Hans, Dennis Häckl, Quang Trung Do, and Duy Cam Bui. "A holistic approach to recycling of CRT glass and PCBs in Vietnam." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-88442.

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Rapidly growing quantities of e-waste (WEEE) demand the increasing attention of environmental policy all over the world. Developing countries are particularly affected by recycling and disposal activities, which are deemed harmful to health and environment. Holistic or integrated approaches to WEEE policy are required. The paper discusses first recycling technologies for glass from cathode ray tubes (CRT) and printed circuit boards (PCBs) in Vietnam. Thereafter the German approach to WEEE policy is adjusted to allow for an integrated policy. This is then adapted to allow for the recycling of used monitors and computers
Sự gia tăng một cách nhanh chóng số lượng các chất thải từ các thiết bị điện, điện tử (WEEE) đòi hỏi sự tăng cường chú ý tới các chính sách môi trường toàn cầu. Các nước đang phát triển bị tác động đặc biệt bởi các hoạt động tái chế, do nó ảnh hưởng xấu tới sức khỏe và môi trường. Các phương pháp tổ hợp và toàn diện đối với các chính sách quản lý chất thải điện tử (WEEE) là đòi hỏi cấp thiết. Trong bài báo này, trước hết phân tích đánh giá các công nghệ tái chế thủy tinh đèn hình (thủy tinh CRT) và bản mạch in điện tử (PCBs) ở Việt Nam. Tiếp theo là phương pháp tiếp cận các chính sách quản lý chất thải điện tử của Cộng hòa liên bang Đức được sử dụng để điều chỉnh cho thích hợp nhằm đưa ra giải pháp tổ hợp có thể thích ứng cho việc tái chế màn hình Tivi và máy tính hỏng, hết hạn sử dụng và thải bỏ ở Việt Nam

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ORTIZ, NILCE. "Estudo da utilizacao de magnetita como material adsorvedor dos metais Cusup(2+), Pbsup(2+), Nisup(2+) e Cdsup(2+), em solucao." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2000. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10825.

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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

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OLIVEIRA, THAIS de. "Recuperacao e reciclagem dos acidos nitrico e sulfurico e do molibdenio dos residuos liquidos das industrias de lampadas." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2009. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9554.

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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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Bertozzo, Fernanda [UNESP]. "Co-digestão anaeróbia de dejetos de bovinos e dois tipos de glicerina bruta." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/101810.

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A glicerina bruta é um resíduo da produção de biodiesel de baixo valor agregado, no entanto, possui alto teor de carbono e potencial para produzir bons resultados se co-digerida de maneira anaeróbia com um material rico em nitrogênio como os dejetos de animais. Sendo assim, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a co-digestão de dejetos de bovinos leiteiros e dois tipos de glicerina bruta: bruta e bruta loira, em biodigestores anaeróbios operados em sistema semi-contínuo, sob delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetições por tratamento, sendo DBL – dejetos de bovinos leiteiros + água; DBL+GB – dejetos de bovinos leiteiros + glicerina bruta + água; DBL+GL – dejetos de bovinos leiteiros + glicerina bruta loira + água. As cargas diárias foram iniciadas tanto no DBL+GB como no DBL+GL com 1,25% de glicerina bruta passando em seguida para 2,5; 5; 7,5, 10, 15 e 20%; os aumentos nas porcentagens foram graduais e realizados a cada 30 dias, sendo este o TRH estabelecido. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: pH, acidez volátil (AV), alcalinidade total (AT), relação AV/AT, temperatura, reduções dos teores de sólidos totais (ST) e de sólidos voláteis (SV), produção de biogás/dia, teor de metano (CH4), potencial de produção de biogás por quilograma: de substrato (m3 kg-1 subst.), de sólidos totais adicionados (m3 kg-1ST adic.), de sólidos voláteis adicionados (m3 kg-1 SV adic.) e de dejetos de bovinos leiteiros (m3 kg-1 dej.), teores de...
Crude glycerin is a waste from biodiesel production with a low added value, however, it has a high carbon content and potential to produce good results if it is co-digested with a rich nitrogen material as animal manures. This way, the aim of this study was the co-digestion evaluation of dairy cattle manures and two types of crude glycerin: crude and blonde crude, in anaerobic digesters operated in semi-continuous system, under experimental design entirely randomized with 5 repetitions for each treatment, DBL – dairy cattle manures + water; DBL+GB - dairy cattle manures + crude glycerin + water; DBL+GL - dairy cattle manures + blonde crude glycerin + water. Daily loads were initiated both in DBL+GB and DBL+GL with 1,25% of crude glycerin and then rising to 2,5; 5; 7,5, 10, 15 and 20%; increases in percentages were made gradually and every 30 days. The parameters assessed were: pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA), total alkalinity (TA), VFA/TA ratio, temperature, removal of total solids (TS) and volatile solids (VS), biogas production, methane rate (CH4), potential of biogas production per kilogram: of substrate (m3 kg-1 subst.), total solids added (m3 kg-1 TS add.), volatile solids added (m3 kg-1 VS add.) and dairy cattle manures (m3 kg-1 dej.), nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, carbon and organic matter content and carbon/nitrogen ratio. Least Square Means statistics was used to analyze the data (p<0,05). DBL+GB and DBL+GL treatments provided increments in biogas production in relation to DBL in all crude glycerin percentages tested. CH4 contents have been satisfactory and always above 59%, in all treatments. The ST and VS removals from DBL were less than DBL+GB and DBL+GL, and in these, increases in crude glycerin quantities accompanied. Potentials of biogas production varied according to the analyzed parameter: per kg of substrate and per kg of manures were higher in DBL+GB and in DBL+GL ...

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MARTINS, ELAINE A. J. "Reaproveitamento de valores nos efluentes liquidos das unidades-piloto de uranio e torio." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 1990. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10253.

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IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

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20

Bertozzo, Fernanda 1981. "Co-digestão anaeróbia de dejetos de bovinos e dois tipos de glicerina bruta /." Botucatu, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/101810.

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Orientador: Jorge de Lucas Júnior
Banca: Monica Sarolli S. M.Costa
Banca: Adriane de Andrade Silva
Banca: Marco Antonio M. Biaggioni
Banca: Sérgio Campos
Resumo: A glicerina bruta é um resíduo da produção de biodiesel de baixo valor agregado, no entanto, possui alto teor de carbono e potencial para produzir bons resultados se co-digerida de maneira anaeróbia com um material rico em nitrogênio como os dejetos de animais. Sendo assim, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a co-digestão de dejetos de bovinos leiteiros e dois tipos de glicerina bruta: bruta e bruta loira, em biodigestores anaeróbios operados em sistema semi-contínuo, sob delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetições por tratamento, sendo DBL - dejetos de bovinos leiteiros + água; DBL+GB - dejetos de bovinos leiteiros + glicerina bruta + água; DBL+GL - dejetos de bovinos leiteiros + glicerina bruta loira + água. As cargas diárias foram iniciadas tanto no DBL+GB como no DBL+GL com 1,25% de glicerina bruta passando em seguida para 2,5; 5; 7,5, 10, 15 e 20%; os aumentos nas porcentagens foram graduais e realizados a cada 30 dias, sendo este o TRH estabelecido. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: pH, acidez volátil (AV), alcalinidade total (AT), relação AV/AT, temperatura, reduções dos teores de sólidos totais (ST) e de sólidos voláteis (SV), produção de biogás/dia, teor de metano (CH4), potencial de produção de biogás por quilograma: de substrato (m3 kg-1 subst.), de sólidos totais adicionados (m3 kg-1ST adic.), de sólidos voláteis adicionados (m3 kg-1 SV adic.) e de dejetos de bovinos leiteiros (m3 kg-1 dej.), teores de ...
Abstract: Crude glycerin is a waste from biodiesel production with a low added value, however, it has a high carbon content and potential to produce good results if it is co-digested with a rich nitrogen material as animal manures. This way, the aim of this study was the co-digestion evaluation of dairy cattle manures and two types of crude glycerin: crude and blonde crude, in anaerobic digesters operated in semi-continuous system, under experimental design entirely randomized with 5 repetitions for each treatment, DBL - dairy cattle manures + water; DBL+GB - dairy cattle manures + crude glycerin + water; DBL+GL - dairy cattle manures + blonde crude glycerin + water. Daily loads were initiated both in DBL+GB and DBL+GL with 1,25% of crude glycerin and then rising to 2,5; 5; 7,5, 10, 15 and 20%; increases in percentages were made gradually and every 30 days. The parameters assessed were: pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA), total alkalinity (TA), VFA/TA ratio, temperature, removal of total solids (TS) and volatile solids (VS), biogas production, methane rate (CH4), potential of biogas production per kilogram: of substrate (m3 kg-1 subst.), total solids added (m3 kg-1 TS add.), volatile solids added (m3 kg-1 VS add.) and dairy cattle manures (m3 kg-1 dej.), nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, carbon and organic matter content and carbon/nitrogen ratio. Least Square Means statistics was used to analyze the data (p<0,05). DBL+GB and DBL+GL treatments provided increments in biogas production in relation to DBL in all crude glycerin percentages tested. CH4 contents have been satisfactory and always above 59%, in all treatments. The ST and VS removals from DBL were less than DBL+GB and DBL+GL, and in these, increases in crude glycerin quantities accompanied. Potentials of biogas production varied according to the analyzed parameter: per kg of substrate and per kg of manures were higher in DBL+GB and in DBL+GL ...
Doutor

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21

Wakolbinger, Tina, Fuminori Toyasaki, Thomas Nowak, and Anna Nagurney. "When and for whom would e-waste be a treasure trove? Insights from a network equilibrium model of e-waste flows." Elsevier, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2014.04.025.

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Electrical and electronic equipment waste (e-waste) is growing fast. Due to its potential economic value as well as its possible negative impacts on the environment, tracing e-waste flow is a major concern for stakeholders of e-waste management. Especially, whether or not adequate amounts of electrical and electronic equipment waste (WEEE) flow into the designed recycling systems is a fundamental issue for sustainable operations. In this paper, we analyze how technical, market, and legislative factors influence the total amount of e-waste that is collected, recycled, exported and (legally and illegally) disposed off. We formulate the e-waste network flow model as a variational inequality problem. The results of the numerical examples highlight the importance of considering the interaction between the supply and the demand side for precious materials in policy-decisions. Low collection rates of e-waste lead to low profits for stakeholders and make it difficult to establish sustainable recycling operations. Increasing WEEE collection rates increases recyclers' profits; however, it only increases smelters' profits up to a certain limit, after which smelters cannot benefit further due to limited demand for precious materials. Furthermore, the results emphasize the importance of establishing international control regimes for WEEE flows and reveal possible negative consequences of the recent trend of dematerialization. More precisely, product dematerialization tends to decrease recyles' and smelters' profits as well as to increase the outflow of e-waste from the designated recycling system. (authors' abstract)

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AMORIM, ALDO S. de. "Alternativas de reciclagem de lama de aciaria em concretos e argamassas." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2000. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10871.

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IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

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McIntire, Ian C. "Moving E-Waste Management into the 21st Century: Protecting Health and Wealth from the Dangers of Electronic Waste." Thesis, Boston College, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/694.

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Thesis advisor: Michael Cermak
Electronic waste (e-waste) is being generated faster than ever, threatening the health of people at home and abroad. This paper advocates for improvements in e-waste management that increase environmental protection in innovative ways that also benefit workers. It reviews what is being done around the world in response to the problem and then introduces suggestions on how public and private actors can cooperate to achieve better results, particularly within the United States. The paper begins by examining the successes and failures of extended producer responsibility (EPR) regulations in Europe, the United States, China, and Japan. It then goes on to advocate for a system combining EPR with a refundable deposit to encourage consumer-driven increases in return rates. If people could receive five to ten dollars for recycling their old cell phone or laptop, far fewer would end up in landfills. The paper culminates with an examination of how the idea of “green-collar jobs” can apply to ewaste management. It examines non-college training programs to prepare people to work in this industry and bring them out of poverty. Several reports have discussed the e-waste issue and its policy implications but this will be the first that brings in the labor aspect
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2009
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: College Honors Program
Discipline: International Studies Honors Program
Discipline: International Studies

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Isimekhai, Khadijah Ateda. "Environmental risk assessment for an informal e-waste recycling site in Lagos State, Nigeria." Thesis, Middlesex University, 2017. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/22233/.

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It has been recognised that the informal E-waste recycling may pose a risk to human health and the environment, this study aims to evaluate the e-waste contamination and the environmental and human health impact of informal e-waste recycling on the exposed population using the risk assessment framework. The distribution of a number of heavy metals in soil from an informal recycling site in the largest market for used and new electronics and electrical equipment in West Africa was investigated. The extent of pollution, potential bioavailability of heavy metals, potential risk due to the recycling activities and impact of external factors such as rainfall were assessed. In recent times, bioaccessibility has emerged as a testing tool used to accurately estimate the risk posed on human health by exposure to environmental contaminants, the oral bioaccessibility and inhalation bioaccessibility was also assessed. The concentrations of all the identified metals in the recycling site were consistently higher than values obtained from the control site, suggesting the impact of the recycling activities on the soil. The order of total metal concentration was Cu > Pb > Zn > Mn > Ni > Sb > Cr > Cd for both the dry and wet season. The total concentration of Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn where was significantly higher (p≤0.001) in the dry season than in the wet season. The concentrations of Cu (329-7106 mg kg-1), Pb (115-9623 mg kg-1) and Zn (508-8178 mg kg-1) were consistently higher than the international soil guideline values. Using a sequential extraction method, the potential bioavailability of the metals was indicated as Cd > Sb > Zn > Cu > Ni > Pb > Cr, suggesting Cd was the most potentially available. Assessing the risk using the Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI), Cu was found to contribute the most to the potential ecological risk and Cd the greatest concern due to its high toxic-response factor within the study site and the Risk Assessment Code (RAC) suggested Cd posed the most risk in this site. Furthermore, the oral bioaccessibility test showed that less than 40% of the total concentration of all the identified metals was potentially available for absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. In the inhalation bioaccessiblity, with the exception of Cd, the percentage bioaccessibility of the other metals was less than 35% after 120 hours. The health risk characterization indicated the adverse human health effect through the ingestion pathway and a relative lower probability of risk through the inhalation of pathway. This study established a high level of contamination as a result of the informal recycling activities, underscores the importance of applying speciation and bioaccessibility and bioavailability in risk assessment. Finally, in an attempt to evaluate the risk, the study proposed an integrated risk assessment framework which when tried and tested is aimed to positively influence the risk judgement and ultimately risk management decisions whereby providing valuable insights that would translate to an efficient and sustainable management system at the long run.

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Cunningham-Scott, Carey Beth. "Assessing Outcomes of a Recycling Education and Service Program within an Elementary School." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2005. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4888/.

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During the spring 2004 a pilot school recycling program was implemented within Robert E. Lee Elementary. The primary goal of the program was to determine how recycling education in the school would affect curbside recycling rates within the surrounding community. The program was a cooperative effort between the University of North Texas, City of Denton Solid Waste Department and Keep Denton Beautiful. Throughout the first months of the study during the spring 2004, an increase in curbside recycling within the Robert E. Lee Elementary attendance zone was observed, with a dramatic decrease in participation over the summer and a rapid increase once again during the second full semester of the study. In a survey conducted with 3rd and 5th grade students at the pilot project school, most students expressed positive attitudes about recycling. Students whose survey responses indicated a high level of knowledge about what could be recycled were 37% more likely to claim to recycle regularly, than those students that scored low on the knowledge portion of the survey. Although the total amount of waste generation (recyclable and non-recyclable) at Robert E. Lee Elementary did not decrease during the study, the campus was able to divert recyclable material from their trash at a much higher rate than two other local elementary campuses with paper-only recycling and no associated recycling education program. Based upon the success of the recycling program at Robert E. Lee Elementary, the City of Denton Recycling Division has agreed to move forward with offering recycling to more schools within the Denton Independent School District during the 2005-2006 school year.

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CHEPCANOFF, VERA. "Separacao e recuperacao de cromio e outros elementos de valor em solucoes de trabalho e residuos industriais de galvanoplastia por troca ionica." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2001. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10909.

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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

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27

Höltl, Andrea, Roman Brandtweiner, and Roman Müller. "Approach to solving the e-waste problem - case study Ghana." WIT Press, 2017. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5393/1/SDP120607f.pdf.

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The market for electrical devices still continues to increase all over the world and as a consequence the quantity of waste in the category of electronics rises. A huge proportion of the electronic waste is exported from the industrial countries to developing countries, in order to save costs, and also because of too few recycling plants in industrial countries. The significant environmental and social problem in this context is that the electronic devices are mostly recycled in informal plants. Thereby the burden for the people as well as the environment increases because e-waste includes a lot of toxic substances. The negative impacts are already obvious in countries of importation. This paper will illustrate this on the basis of the case study in Ghana in Africa. The problem is evident, and research, business as well as governments aim to counter this development. The paper will investigate the current approaches employed for solving the e-waste problem with respect to legal options and also regarding voluntary agreements and the provision of information about the actual situation to the consumers.

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Culler, Michael. "Modeling product life cycle networks in SysML with a focus on LCD computer monitors." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/34742.

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Electronic waste has become a growing concern in the world among governments, businesses, and consumers. These concerns are well founded as electronics waste presents economic, social, and environmental challenges. Economically, discarding electronic waste into landfills represents inefficient use of valuable materials and energy resources. Socially, improperly recycled electronic waste that takes place in third world countries with poor labor standards represents a moral dilemma for developed countries. Environmentally, electronic waste is a threat to all living organisms as it contains proportionally high levels of poisonous and toxic materials. To deal with these growing challenges a strong response needs to be made by all the stakeholders in the life-cycle of electronic devices. However, despite the apparent need, compared to the rapid increases in electronic technology that make it faster, more available, and more affordable, the technology to process electronic waste has not kept pace. This fact alone points to the inadequate funding, attention, and research that has been invested in the problem. Though it also points to an opportunity; the opportunity to build an efficient system to deal with the problem using what is already known about the lifecycle of electronic devices. Therefore, the goal of this work is to create a modeling tool to help stakeholders in the lifecycle of electronic devices understand the consequences of their choices as they affect the use of material and energy resources. To focus the research, LCD computer monitors are chosen as a case study. LCD computer monitors provide a level of sophistication high enough to be interesting in terms of the stakeholders involved, yet simple enough to provide a reasonable scope for this research that is still accessible to the layman As a corollary to this modeling effort, the relatively new systems modeling language SysML and ParaMagic, a program that integrates analysis modeling capability into SysML, will be evaluated. SysML was designed with Model Based Systems Engineering principles in mind thus it seems that it is a natural fit to the problem domain. Furthermore, testing SysML will provide insight into the advantages and disadvantages of the new language. The findings with respect to LCD computer monitors show that increasing the number of end of life options and the amount of monitors flowing into those options could result in substantial network wide material and energy savings. The findings with respect to SysML and ParaMagic are mixed. Although SysML provides tremendous modeling freedom, this freedom can result in increased upfront costs for developing executable models. Similarly, ParaMagic was found to be an effective tool for creating small executable models, but as the size of models increase its effectiveness tends to zero.

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Lau, Ka Yan Winifred. "E-waste : the material flow and occupational safety and health risk assessments in Hong Kong." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2012. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1457.

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Olivier, Samantha. "Aplicação de resíduos agroindustriais e urbanos em áreas de reflorestamento com Eucalyptus spp." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64135/tde-06072011-101203/.

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A utilização de resíduos para recuperação de solos degradados e aumento da produção florestal constitui uma estratégia sustentável para solucionar o problema da destinação final de diversos tipos de resíduos, tendo em vista a limitação técnica e econômica dos espaços apropriados, como aterros sanitários e industriais. Neste intuito, objetivou-se com este estudo, avaliar os efeitos ambientais gerados pela disposição de resíduos agroindustriais e urbanos em áreas sob cultivo de eucalipto. O estudo foi realizado na Usina Vale Verde, localizada no Município de Baía Formosa/RN, cujo solo é predominantemente arenoso e de baixa fertilidade, em especial nas camadas superficiais. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições e seis tratamentos, sendo eles: T1 - Testemunha absoluta, sem nenhuma adubação; T2 - Adubação comercial, comumente aplicada pelas empresas do ramo florestal da Região Nordeste; T3 - Adubação potencial, constituída do dobro da adubação comercial; T4 - Adubação comercial + 1 t ha-1 de resíduo de gesso de construção e demolição; T5 - Adubação comercial + 20 t ha-1 de resíduo agroindustrial compostado; T6 - Adubação comercial + 20 t ha-1 de biossólido. Os efeitos da aplicação dos resíduos foram avaliados por meio de análises químicas do solo, diagnose nutricional das plantas (folhas, casca e madeira) e da serapilheira, além dos inventários florestais anuais. A aplicação de resíduos influiu positivamente na nutrição das plantas, proporcionando produção de madeira estatisticamente igual à obtida na adubação potencial. O T4 obteve incremento médio anual de madeira 30% maior que o T1 e igual ao T3. A aplicação de 20 t ha-1 de resíduo agroindustrial ou de 20 t ha-1 de biossólido não provocou efeitos ambientais negativos mensuráveis sobre o meio ambiente, representando uma possibilidade para a destinação final destes resíduos, refletida de forma positiva na fertilidade do solo, no volume de madeira produzido e principalmente nas questões ambientais que envolvem a não disposição final destes materiais em aterros
The use of wastes for recovery of degraded soils in order to increase forestry production is a sustainable strategy to solve the problem for the final disposal of various types of industrial and urban residues, considering the technical and economic limitations for appropriate spaces as industrial or sanitary landfills. According to this, the aim of this work was to evaluate the environmental impact generated by the disposal of agro-industrial and urban wastes in areas under cultivation of eucalyptus. The study was conducted at the Vale Verde Plant, located in the city of Baía Formosa/RN, Brazil, whose soil is predominantly sandy and with low fertility, especially in the superficial strata. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with four replications and six treatments: T1 - Absolute control, no fertilizer; T2 - Commercial fertilizers commonly applied by companies in the forestry industry in Northeastern Brazil; T3 - Potential fertilization, consisting in double commercial fertilization; T4 - Commercial fertilizer plus 1 t ha-1 of waste gypsum obtained from construction and demolition; T5 - Commercial fertilizers plus 20 t ha-1 of composted agro industrial waste and T6 - Commercial fertilizers plus 20 t. ha-1 of sewage sludge. The effect of these residues were evaluated according to the chemical analysis of soils and plant compartments (leaves, barks and woods) as well as litter, plus annual forest inventories. The application of wastes had a positive influence over plant nutrition, providing wood production statistically equal to that obtained in potential fertilization treatment. T4 caused an average annual increment of 30% higher than T1 and equal to T3. The application of 20 t ha-1 of sewage sludge did not cause measurable negative environmental impacts on the environment, representing an excellent opportunity for the disposal of these wastes, reflected positively on the fertility of the soil, the volume of wood produced and mainly on the environmental impacts since did not involve the disposal of these materials in landfills

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Costa, Antonio Marcos Tubiana de. "Codigestão anaeróbia de resíduos bovinos e suínos: caracterização química e produção de biofertilizante para uso em cultura de milho." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2014. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1116.

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Ao abordar o tema contaminação ambiental, logo se recorda a quantidade de resíduos domésticos e urbanos, que são gerados nas cidades e metrópoles, os quais muitas vezes não recebem nenhum tipo de tratamento. Porém, problemas de contaminação ambiental também estão vinculados à agricultura, onde são gerados resíduos orgânicos com elevados potenciais poluidores. Dessa forma, o projeto objetivou estudar o processo de codigestão anaeróbia de dejetos bovinos e suínos oriundos de sistemas de produção de suínos e atividade pecuária leiteira, como alternativa para tratamento destes tipos de matrizes, além de investigar a eficiência do biofertilizante produzido a partir das matrizes de resíduos em cultura de milho. Para isso, se coletaram amostras de dejetos de bovinos e suínos para caracterização e posterior utilização nos ensaios com tratamentos diferentes. Na sequência se fez a preparação das amostras para os ensaios utilizando-se de inoculos diferenciados (in natura, inoculo da rede de saneamento básico e inoculo isolado de dejeto bovino) com o propósito de avaliar a degradação dos dejetos via codigestão anaeróbia. Em cada ensaio citado se fizeram vinte tratamentos, via planejamento fatorial 2³, com seis pontos centrais, sendo as variáveis de entrada: tempo, fração de sólidos e razão de mistura; e as variáveis respostas (dependentes): pH, razão AV/AL, umidade, série de sólidos, razão SV/ST, redução de sólidos totais, DQO, redução de DQO, nitrogênio total, fósforo e potássio. Fez-se depois o estudo cinético do processo, se utilizando do ensaio in natura com proporção de mistura de 75% em dejeto suíno e 25% em dejeto bovino, com fração de sólidos de 8,9%, mediante Teste de Tukey. Após a estabilização da biomassa utilizada, fez-se a aplicação do biofertilizante em cultura de milho, comparando-se com fertilizante comercial (ureia), verificando-se o crescimento e desenvolvimento desta cultura. No planejamento fatorial se concluiu mediante análise de Tukey e considerando a importância de cada variável resposta que o ensaio in natura apresentou as melhores condições operacionais, pois se teve o maior número de variáveis respostas sendo consideradas satisfatórias, como razão AV/AL, razão SV/ST e redução da DQO. Observou-se durante o estudo cinético que a biomassa apresentou estabilização próxima aos vinte dias de tratamento, indicando a degradação orgânica dos dejetos em codigestão e produção de biofertilizante, o qual é mais estável e menos poluente ao ambiente, sendo utilizado como opção no processo de fertilização de culturas agrícolas como o milho. No que diz respeito à utilização do biofertilizante (40 kg.ha-1), notou-se semelhança deste se comparado à ureia (40 kg.ha-1) para o cultivo de milho, podendo ser uma alternativa interessante de destinação dos dejetos, diminuindo a poluição ambiental causada pelo manejo inadequado.
When discussing environmental contamination, just remember the amount of domestic and urban waste that are generated in towns and cities, which often do not receive any treatment. However, problems of environmental contamination are linked to agriculture, where organic waste with high potential polluters is generated. This way, the project had the objective of studying the anaerobic codigestion process of cattle and pig waste from the swine production systems and dairy farming activity, as an alternative to the treatment of these kinds of matrices, as well as to investigate the efficiency of biofertilizer matrices produced from the waste in cultured maize. For this, samples of manure from cattle and pigs were collected for characterization and subsequent use in the tests with different treatments. Then, the preparation of samples for the tests using the different inocula were made (in natura, inoculum of sanitation and inoculum isolated from bovine manure), in order to evaluate the degradation of waste via anaerobic codigestão. In each test mentioned twenty treatments were made, via 2³ factorial design with six central points, where the input variables: time, fraction of solids and mixing ratio; and the response variables (dependent): pH, ratio AV/AL, moisture, solids, ratio SV/ST, reduction of total solids, COD, reduction of COD, total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. It was made after the kinetic study of the process, using the test in natura mix ratio of 75% in swine manure and 25% in cattle manure with solid fraction of 8.9% by the Tukey test. After stabilization of the biomass used, there was the application of biofertilizers in crop maize compared with commercial fertilizer (urea), verifying the growth and development of this culture. In factorial design was completed by Tukey analysis and considering the importance of each variable response that the test in natura presented the best operating conditions, because it had the largest number of variable responses being considered satisfactory ratio as AV / AL, ratio SV / ST and COD reduction. It was observed during the kinetic study that biomass showed stabilization next to twenty days of treatment, indicating the degradation of organic waste in codigestão and biofertilizer production, which is more stable and less polluting to the environment, being used as an option in process fertilization of agricultural crops such as maize. Regarding the use of biofertilizers (40 kg.ha-1), this similarity was noted compared to urea (40 kg.ha-1) for the cultivation of maize and it may be an interesting alternative for allocation of waste, reducing environmental pollution caused by improper handling.

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Maciel, Thais Monique de Souza [UNESP]. "Atributos da solução e do solo de cerrado após aplicação de resíduo da extração de celulose." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/111097.

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A grande expansão das indústrias e do mercado consumidor tem provocado, nas últimas décadas, a geração de elevadas quantidades de resíduos. Com a produção de papel e celulose, as indústrias do setor têm gerado diariamente grandes quantidades de resíduos sólidos e efluentes, constituindo-se em uma grande preocupação ambiental e econômica. No intuito de retornar com estes subprodutos de forma sustentável à natureza, o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar, em casa de vegetação usando colunas de solo e ciclos de umedecimento, o efeito da aplicação de resíduos da extração de celulose nos atributos físicos do solo e químicos da solução e do solo, especialmente aqueles relacionados à dispersão de argila de dois Latossolos Vermelhos. O experimento foi implantado na Faculdade de Engenharia, Campus de Ilha Solteira (UNESP), localizada no município de Ilha Solteira, SP. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com 7 tratamentos e 4 repetições, para cada solo. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: T1 – sem adição de calcário e resíduo (controle); T2 – 1,0 t ha-1 de calcário calcítico; T3 – 1,2 t ha-1 de dregs/grits; T4 – 0,8 t ha-1 de lama cal; T5 – 2,4 t ha-1 de cinza; T6 – 1,8 t ha-1 de dregs/grits + lama cal + cinza na proporção 1:3:6; T7 – 1,0 t ha-1 de dregs/grits + lama cal na proporção 1:3. O solo foi coletado e caracterizado química e físicamente antes do período do experimento. Durante o período de incubação foi avaliado o potencial matricial do solo por meio de tensiômetros e a composição química da solução extraída de cada solo estudado por extratores de solução. Após esse período, desmontando as colunas de solo, foram avaliados os atributos físicos: distribuição e estabilidade de agregados, porosidade do solo, densidade do solo, granulometria e também os atributos químicos solo: MO, pH, K, Ca, Mg, Na, H + Al, Al. A ...
The great expansion of industry and the consumer market has led, in recent decades, the generation of large amounts of waste. With the production of cellulose and paper the industries in the sector have generated daily large amounts of solid waste and effluents, thus becoming a major environmental and economic concern. In order to return with these by-products in a sustainable manner to nature, the purpose of the study was to evaluate, under greenhouse conditions, using soil columns and cycles of wetting, the effect of residues from the cellulose extraction in the soil physical and chemical attributes and chemical soil solution, especially those related to the scattering of two Oxisols different texture. The experiment was established at the Faculty of Engineering, Campus Ilha Solteira, University of Sao Paulo State (UNESP), located in the municipality of Ilha Solteira, Sao Paulo State, Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomized, with 7 treatments and 4 replicates for each soil. The treatments were: T1 - without the addition of lime and residue (control), T2 - 1.0 t ha-1 of limestone, T3 - 1.2 t ha-1 dregs/grits, T4 - 0.8 t ha-1 of lime mud; T5 - 2.4 t ha-1 ash, T6 - 1.8 t ha-1 dregs/grits + lime mud + ash in the ratio 1:3: 6, T7 – 1.0 t ha-1 dregs/grits + lime mud in the ratio 1:3. The soil was collected and characterized chemically and physically before the period of the experiment. During the incubation period was assessed soil matric potential by tensiometers and chemical composition of the extracted soil solution. After this period, dismounted the soil columns and the physical attributes were evaluated: distribution and aggregate stability, soil porosity, soil bulk density, particle size and also the soil chemical attributes: OM, pH, K, Ca, Mg, Na, H + Al, Al . The BS, CEC and Base saturation % were calculated. The results were analyzed by performing analysis of variance and ...

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Maciel, Thais Monique de Souza. "Atributos da solução e do solo de cerrado após aplicação de resíduo da extração de celulose /." Ilha Solteira, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/111097.

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Orientador: Marlene Cristina Alves
Co-orientador: Flavia Carvalho Silva Fernandes
Banca: Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira Filho
Banca: Zigomar Menezes de Souza
Resumo: A grande expansão das indústrias e do mercado consumidor tem provocado, nas últimas décadas, a geração de elevadas quantidades de resíduos. Com a produção de papel e celulose, as indústrias do setor têm gerado diariamente grandes quantidades de resíduos sólidos e efluentes, constituindo-se em uma grande preocupação ambiental e econômica. No intuito de retornar com estes subprodutos de forma sustentável à natureza, o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar, em casa de vegetação usando colunas de solo e ciclos de umedecimento, o efeito da aplicação de resíduos da extração de celulose nos atributos físicos do solo e químicos da solução e do solo, especialmente aqueles relacionados à dispersão de argila de dois Latossolos Vermelhos. O experimento foi implantado na Faculdade de Engenharia, Campus de Ilha Solteira (UNESP), localizada no município de Ilha Solteira, SP. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com 7 tratamentos e 4 repetições, para cada solo. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: T1 - sem adição de calcário e resíduo (controle); T2 - 1,0 t ha-1 de calcário calcítico; T3 - 1,2 t ha-1 de dregs/grits; T4 - 0,8 t ha-1 de lama cal; T5 - 2,4 t ha-1 de cinza; T6 - 1,8 t ha-1 de dregs/grits + lama cal + cinza na proporção 1:3:6; T7 - 1,0 t ha-1 de dregs/grits + lama cal na proporção 1:3. O solo foi coletado e caracterizado química e físicamente antes do período do experimento. Durante o período de incubação foi avaliado o potencial matricial do solo por meio de tensiômetros e a composição química da solução extraída de cada solo estudado por extratores de solução. Após esse período, desmontando as colunas de solo, foram avaliados os atributos físicos: distribuição e estabilidade de agregados, porosidade do solo, densidade do solo, granulometria e também os atributos químicos solo: MO, pH, K, Ca, Mg, Na, H + Al, Al. A ...
Abstract: The great expansion of industry and the consumer market has led, in recent decades, the generation of large amounts of waste. With the production of cellulose and paper the industries in the sector have generated daily large amounts of solid waste and effluents, thus becoming a major environmental and economic concern. In order to return with these by-products in a sustainable manner to nature, the purpose of the study was to evaluate, under greenhouse conditions, using soil columns and cycles of wetting, the effect of residues from the cellulose extraction in the soil physical and chemical attributes and chemical soil solution, especially those related to the scattering of two Oxisols different texture. The experiment was established at the Faculty of Engineering, Campus Ilha Solteira, University of Sao Paulo State (UNESP), located in the municipality of Ilha Solteira, Sao Paulo State, Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomized, with 7 treatments and 4 replicates for each soil. The treatments were: T1 - without the addition of lime and residue (control), T2 - 1.0 t ha-1 of limestone, T3 - 1.2 t ha-1 dregs/grits, T4 - 0.8 t ha-1 of lime mud; T5 - 2.4 t ha-1 ash, T6 - 1.8 t ha-1 dregs/grits + lime mud + ash in the ratio 1:3: 6, T7 - 1.0 t ha-1 dregs/grits + lime mud in the ratio 1:3. The soil was collected and characterized chemically and physically before the period of the experiment. During the incubation period was assessed soil matric potential by tensiometers and chemical composition of the extracted soil solution. After this period, dismounted the soil columns and the physical attributes were evaluated: distribution and aggregate stability, soil porosity, soil bulk density, particle size and also the soil chemical attributes: OM, pH, K, Ca, Mg, Na, H + Al, Al . The BS, CEC and Base saturation % were calculated. The results were analyzed by performing analysis of variance and ...
Mestre

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Sadan, Zaynab. "Exploring the potential for local end-processing of e-waste in South Africa." Master's thesis, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30974.

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E-waste is one of the fastest-growing waste streams in the world, and South Africa (SA) is no exception. This is driven by increased consumer demand and access to electrical and electronic equipment, in addition to perceived equipment obsolescence, and rapid advancements in technology. E-waste recycling presents an opportunity in providing a source of secondary resources such as metals, plastics and glass, as well as employment and economic opportunities in both developed and developing countries. Furthermore, the diversion of this waste stream from landfills or dumps prevents additional land use and the potential negative impacts on human health and the environment. E-waste collection and upgrading is a relatively small-scale but growing industry in SA. Only 12% of e-waste generated was estimated to be recycled in 2015. Most of SA’s ewaste volumes are inaccessible due to lack of formal take-back schemes, lack of consumer awareness, as well as e-waste being kept in storage or disposed of in landfills. E-waste recyclers in SA generally carry out collection, dismantling and sorting, refurbishing, as well as pre-processing of value fractions. There is currently limited local end-processing capacity, therefore partially upgraded value fractions are prepared for export, while non-viable fractions are stockpiled or disposed of in local landfills. The business case for local end-processing of e-waste value fractions, particularly metals, does not seem feasible due to the inconsistent and insufficient volumes available. Furthermore, SA faces unique socio-economic challenges such as an unregulated yet well-established informal sector. Additionally, the legal framework presents many inhibitors for e-waste recyclers. This research study builds upon the knowledge that there is a limited understanding of the feasibility of existing e-waste end-processing technologies for implementation in the South African socio-economic and legislative context. Therefore, this research intends to find out what are the key barriers and enablers to implementing e-waste end-processing technologies in SA. Qualitative research methods were used to uncover the current challenges faced by local recyclers and other stakeholders in the value chain. The data collection thus took the form of interviews, site visits and desktop research. The findings show that the e-waste recycling industry in SA is undergoing many new developments in terms of research and investment interest, as well as the anticipated outcomes from the recent submissions of Industry Waste Management Plans (IndWMP). The industry shows potential as an emerging secondary resource economy, however, the extent to which it will mature is dependent on the organisation of its collection network as well as the development of local end-processing and manufacturing capacity. The collection network and infrastructure are currently supported by both informal and formal recyclers who provide a diversity of collection strategies and a wide network of ewaste sources. However, efforts to increase recycling rates by accessing volumes in storage and increasing consumer awareness and engagement is necessary. Besides the economies of scale required to support the development of local end-processing, alternative technologies to large-scale smelting should be considered for the SA context. While this is seen through initiatives by SA Precious Metals, end-processing technologies is still inaccessible to small and medium recyclers due to cash flow issues as well as cherry-picking of high-grade materials. Therefore, recyclers require further support in terms of dealing with non-viable fractions. This includes research and investments into technologies and business models for the recycling of low-value materials including plastics, as well as subsidies for the cost of safe disposal or treatment of these fractions. Additionally, acquisition of product markets and an increase in manufacturing capacity is necessary to accelerate industry development. The legislative framework also poses limitations on recyclers in the e-waste value chain, stemming from the legal definition of e-waste as a liability as opposed to a resource. While the legislation is unlikely to change, provisions to relieve any legal barriers should be implemented. This includes permissions for pilot projects to test new technologies, as well as legal support for smaller recyclers in the form of consultancy as well as guidelines for sustainable waste management practices should be provided. Finally, while there are many challenges present in the e-waste recycling industry today, the IndWMP offers an opportunity for collaboration between key stakeholders, including the relevant government bodies. Plans have been submitted and the outcomes of approved plans will be revealed at the beginning of 2019. The plans offer solutions for recycling subsidies, increasing the collection and recycling rates, as well as investment into technology, research and enterprise development. However, successful implementation of these plans will only occur if integration and collaboration of the local e-waste community prevail over greed and the struggle for power.

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Leung, Oi Wah Anna. "Assessment of persistent toxic substances in China and Hong Kong with emphasis on uncontrolled recycling of e-waste." online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium, 2006. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?3251835.

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Ye, Jing. "E-waste management in developing countries through legislation and regulations : a case study of China." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2008. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/8032.

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E-waste is an emerging issue driven by the rapidly increasing quantities, the hazards involved and the valuable materials in it. Due to a lack of environmentally sound technologies or equipment and the imperfect e-waste management system, the poor quality e-waste recycling and disposal methods commonly practiced in developing countries now have serious and hazardous effects on the environment and the workers'/residents' health. Additionally, industrialized countries are exporting increasing quantities of e-waste to developing countries, complicating the situation finther. The environmental and health issues caused by e-waste in developing countries have resulted in the search for solutions to address this problem before it becomes worse. The main purpose of this research is to find how legislation and regulations be used to improve management of e-waste in developing countries especially studying a case in China on e-waste management, which is a very helpful example to other developing countries which are also facing the same e-waste'issue. A case study methodology was used in this research. To collect data, semi-structured interviews with officers or experts from key relevant government departments/institutions involved in e-waste management/regulation, from electronic appliance producers, from customers at different levels of the value chain, as well as direct and non-participant observations were carried out in six cities of China. For another perspective, the review of relevant departmental documents/publications was also carried out to multiply the source of data. In this case study the analysis relies largely on qualitative data and interpretive methods, applied to what was found in interviews/observations and what is written down in documents/ literatures. The research found that lack of systernatic and enforceable law and regulations has become the most serious obstacle in the e-waste management system and limited the effective control of e-waste in developing countries. Developing subsidiary regulations and standards could support the enforcement of the main national law and regulations on e-waste management and it could farther urge the development of local regulations to improve the enforceýbility of the national law and regulations. Identifying the principal administrative department and coordinating the cooperation of various departments could avoid the duplication of administrative functions among government departments. It is important to construct monitoring systems to supervise the enforcement of the regulations and construct the standards and registration system to qualify the e-waste recycling and disposal enterprises, the secondhand market of electronic products and the regenerative resources market of reusable materials in ewaste. The economic differences made it possible to formulate special regulations for economically backward areas compared to the, more advanced areas even within one country. Improving the existing e-waste recovery system and regulating the payment system according to the local economic conditions for e-waste recycling and disposal could improve the integrated management of e-waste. Producers as well as government and even consumers should be responsible for e-waste together. The government needs to continuously strengthen regulatory systems to ensure that the huge economic benefits from the e-waste recycling industry are not overshadowed by the negative impact on the workers'/residents' welfare and overall environmental sustainability,

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Freitas, Dayane Taylor de. "Estudo da separação triboeletrostática de resíduos poliméricos pósconsumo e determinação do limite de contaminação entre PET e PEAD." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/97/97134/tde-04122018-141312/.

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A utilização de polímeros tem crescido de maneira significativa em diversos setores da indústria, substituindo materiais como madeira, metais, vidros, entre outros. Entretanto, a constante geração de resíduos poliméricos pós-consumo e seu descarte, tem gerado problemas ao meio ambiente, pois grande parte desses materiais ainda é disposta em aterros sanitários. Assim, a reciclagem de polímeros tem se mostrado uma alternativa mais econômica e ambientalmente correta, já que contribui para minimizar o consumo de recursos finitos, como o petróleo, além de reduzir a emissão de gases tóxicos nos processos de produção e decomposição. No processo de reciclagem, a separação dos polímeros em seus diferentes tipos é uma das etapas mais importantes, pois devido às diferenças nas propriedades químicas e físicas desses materiais, quando misturados e processados, geram produtos finais de baixa qualidade. No Brasil, o método de separação mais utilizado é o de separação manual, porém apresenta grandes desvantagens devido às condições insalubres às quais o trabalhador é submetido e devido a erros de natureza humana cometidos durante o processo. Desta maneira, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar diferentes métodos de separação de resíduos poliméricos, dando ênfase na separação triboeletrostática, além de determinar limites de contaminação entre poli (tereftalato de etileno) (PET) e polietileno de alta densidade (PEAD) no produto final reciclado. Foi desenvolvido um dispositivo para separação triboeletrostática de polímeros, o qual se mostrou efetivo na separação de misturas de poli(cloreto de vinila) (PVC)/PET, PVC/acrilonitrila-butadieno-estireno (ABS) e ABS/PEAD, atingindo porcentagens de recuperação maiores que 80% e grau de pureza acima de 90%. No estudo da contaminação entre PET e PEAD, com base na morfologia e propriedades mecânicas apresentadas pelas blendas avaliadas, foi determinado o limite de 3% de contaminação de PET no PEAD, porém não foi possível determinar um limite para a contaminação de PEAD no PET, pois mesmo em pequenas concentrações do contaminante, as blendas apresentaram comportamento instável nos ensaios mecânicos realizados, devido às suas características morfológicas.
The use of polymers has increased significantly in several industrial sectors, replacing materials such as wood, metals, glass, etc. However, the constant generation of plastic wastes and their disposal generate environmental problems, because most of them are disposed to landfill. Thus, polymer recycling seems to be the most economical and environmentally friend alternative, since it contributes to minimize the consumption of non-renewable resources, as petroleum, also reducing the toxic gases emission generated during the production and decomposition processes. The polymer separation in their different types is one of the most important stages of the recycling process, because due to the diferences in their chemical and physical properties, when they are mixed and processed, low quality products are produced. In Brazil, manual separation is the most used method, but it presents great disadvantages, due to the unheathy conditions that the workers are subjected to and the possibility of human errors during the process. The aim of this work was to study different polymer separation methods, emphasizing the triboelectrostatic separation, besides determining contamination limits between polyterephthalate ethylene (PET) and high density polyethylene (HDPE) in the final recycled product. A device for triboelectrostatic separation of polymers was developed, which was effective in the separation of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) / PET, PVC / acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and ABS / HDPE blends, reaching percentages of recovery greater than 80% and purity above 90%. Contamination between PET and HDPE was evaluated, based on the morphology and mechanical properties presented by the blends prepared. The limit of 3% of PET contamination in the HDPE was determined, but it was not possible to determine the limit for the contamination of HDPE in PET, because even in small concentrations of the contaminant, the blends presented unstable behavior in the mechanical tests performed, due to the morphological characteristics of the blends produced.

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ARAUJO, MARIANA S. de. "Utilização de resíduos de catalisador (ECAT) e cinzas da casca de arroz (CCA) na elaboração de vidros silicatos soda-cal destinados a embalagem." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2016. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/26381.

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Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2016-06-22T12:39:08Z No. of bitstreams: 0
Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-22T12:39:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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Zhang, Manwen. "Air pollution and human health risk assessment in e-waste recycling sites and urban indoor environment in South China." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2017. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/463.

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1.1\xWith the emphasis on particulate matter (PM) and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from uncontrolled sources, this study focused on the ambient air pollution of e-waste recycling regions and the indoor air quality of urban areas in South China.;1.2\xIn the past decades, severe PM and POPs pollutions were recorded in e-waste recycling regions in China. Since the 2010s, more effective measures, stricter regulations and sophisticated dismantling technologies have been implemented in Guiyu and Qingyuan by local authorities. In this study, total suspended particles (TSP), fine particles (PM2.5), gas phase samples, and indoor settled dust were collected simultaneously in the primary recycling areas as well as reference sites in Guiyu and Qingyuan in August, 2013. The results showed that both PM, PCDD/Fs (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans) , PBDEs (polybrominated diphenyl ethers) and PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) in ambient air showed significantly reduced levels in the regions, compared with the former corresponding reports. The changed source patterns of the POPs confirmed the environmental effects of the implementation of stricter regulation and advanced technologies in these years. Nevertheless, the remained uncontrolled e-waste recycling activities in Guiyu, including plastics recycling and circuit board baking, still made significant influence to the air environment and resulted in alarming levels of PCDD/Fs (0.73~2.43 pg I-TEQ/m3) in the recycling areas. While in Qingyuan, high environmental PCBs burden was observed both in informal (1737 pg/m3) and formal recycling areas (1075 pg/m3), which could attribute to the uncontrolled dismantling of PCB-contained transformers. The estimated non-cancer risk for children and adults in the recycling regions were 2.7~25.2 and 1.2~3.2, respectively, and moderate cancer risk were found for the residents living in the recycling regions of Guiyu and the vicinage of the formal recycing factory (CR>10-4). The unacceptable estimated risk for both children and adults suggested unsafe air environments in the two recycling regions.;1.4\xCollectively, our results suggest unsatisfactory air quality in both e-waste recycling regions and common urban areas. The air problems could both attribute to the uncontrolled sources of the related spaces. The obtained results firstly indicated that a long way to solve e-waste issues and more effective measures are needed to control the contaminants release and the exposure to the local residents. Secondly, indoor air quality standard for fine particulate matters as well as associated toxicants such as PAHs is urgently needed to guide common populations and communities.;1.5\xKeywords: Air pollution; E-waste recycling; Urban areas; Indoor air; Ambient air; PM2.5; Persistent organic pollutants; Health risk assessment

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Kyere, Vincent Nartey [Verfasser]. "Environmental and Health Impacts of Informal E-waste Recycling in Agbogbloshie, Accra, Ghana: Recommendations for Sustainable Management / Vincent Nartey Kyere." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2016. http://d-nb.info/110302437X/34.

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MARTIN, SANDRA R. S. "Recuperação/reciclagem de compostos de borrachas butílica e halobutílica por meio de radiação ionizante." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2013. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10549.

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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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Melo, Fábio Sebastião Duarte de. "Recuperação de metais e reutilização da água do efluente industrial do processamento de zinco por coluna de troca iônica e adsorção." CNEN - Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear, Belo Horizonte, 2006. http://www.bdtd.cdtn.br//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=258.

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Nenhuma
A pesquisa consistiu no estudo de recuperação do zinco e metais associados presentes no efluente do processo industrial, como também na reciclagem da água para o processo produtivo da Votorantin Metais Unidade Juiz de Fora, empregando-se o processo de adsorção por troca iônica, visando obter condições operacionais que viabilizasse a implantação do sistema. Os principais constituintes do efluente estudado são: Zn, Ca, Mg, Mn, Cd, Cu e Pb. A investigação realizada, se aplicada ao processo industrial, possibilita a reciclagem de alguns destes metais, tais como: Zn, Cd, Cu e Pb. Os demais metais podem ser removidos do sistema viabilizando a reutilização da água, atualmente descartada. Para a recuperação dos metais foi utilizado o processo de adsorção com trocadores iônicos, tendo sido empregadas resinas de troca iônica, zeólitas e outros adsorventes naturais, que geralmente são empregados em soluções que contenham baixas concentrações de metais, tal como a amostra investigada. A amostra foi coletada na bacia de equalização, local este que recebe todo efluente da planta industrial para tratamento final e posterior descarte no corpo receptor.
The research consisted of the study of recovery of zinc and metals associates present in the effluent of the industrial process of the Votorantin Metais, Juiz de Fora Unit. The main constituent of the shedied effluent are: Zn, Ca, Mg, Mn, Cd, Cu and Pb. The experimental work, if applied to the industrial process, will enable the recovery of some of these metals, such as: Zn, Cd, Cu and Pb. The metals can be removed from the system enabling the recicling of the water curretly discarded. This research was developed considering the conditions that enabled tha set up of the system. For metals recovery it was used the adsorption process with ionic exchangers, such as exchange zeolites and other natural adsorbents. These materials are generally used in solutions that contain low metal concentrations, as the investigated sample. This sample was collected in the Bacia de Equalização where all effluentes generated in the industrial plant are sent and the final treatment befor discarding is made.

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Silva, Ricardo Vandré Trótski Oliveira. "Resíduos de coco, acerola e caju para produção de carvão ativado." Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, 2015. http://www.unicap.br/tede//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1088.

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Com o crescimento das atividades industriais e da população, aumentam também a quantidade de resíduos gerados que ocasiona problemas ambientais. No Brasil, produtor de bens na agroindústria, os problemas causados pelo acúmulo e destinação inadequada dos resíduos sólidos é de grande porte. A partir dessa problemática são criados mecanismos que incentivam a reutilização e reciclagem dos resíduos. É buscando desenvolver tecnologia inédita de matérias-primas alternativas que se produziu carvão ativado a partir de resíduos de coco, acerola e caju. Primeiramente coletou-se a fibra-de-coco seco e bagaços/cascas de acerola e do caju para posterior preparação desse material através da impregnação com ZnCl2, da ativação química e da realização de um teste de avaliação da eficiência do carvão. Foi produzido carvão ativado com todas as amostras, onde a aplicação na amostra de água coletada no rio Capibaribe (perto do túnel Chico Science), Recife, Pernambuco, apresentou redução da turbidez em 97,3 % usando o tratamento com 25 % de fibra-de-coco + 75 % de caju.
With the growth of industrial activities and population, also increases the amount of generated waste which causes environmental problems. In Brazil, a major producer of goods in the agricultural industry, the problems caused by the accumulation and improper disposal of solid waste are large. From this problematic, mechanisms that encourage the reuse and recycling of waste are created. It is seeking to develop new technology of alternative raw materials that are produced activated carbon from coconut waste, barbados cherry and cashew. Primarily, the collection of fiber-to-dry coconut and cake/shells from barbados cherry and cashew for later preparation of this material by impregnation with ZnCl2, chemical activation and conducting an evaluation test coal efficiency. The result, within all samples, was an activated carbon where the application in the water sample collected from the Capibaribe River (near Chico Science tunnel), Recife, presented a decrease in turbidity in 97.3% using treatment with 25% fiber- coconut + 75% cashew.

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FONSECA, ANA C. M. "Processos de obtenção e caracterização físico-química de quitinas e quitosanas extraídas dos rejeitos da indústria pesqueira da região de Cananéia – SP." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2016. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/26794.

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A quitina é o principal produto obtido do processamento das cascas de crustáceos. Esse biopolímero e o seu derivado, quitosana, têm despertado grande interesse comercial em virtude das possibilidades de aplicações que possuem. O gerenciamento desses resíduos e dos subprodutos gerados nas etapas no processo de obtenção pode ser considerado um modelo de biorrefinaria. A implementação de plantas para extração de quitina e quitosana é um desafio, uma vez que a demanda produtiva deve ser atendida sem causar danos ao meio ambiente. Uma grande variedade de quitosanas com diferentes propriedades físicoquímicas podem ser obtidas variando-se as condições de reação. Essas propriedades dependem da origem da matéria-prima, do seu grau médio de desacetilação, distribuição média dos grupos acetil ao longo da cadeia principal e da sua massa molecular média. Os fornecedores de quitosana comercial geralmente não mencionam a procedência da matéria-prima e pouca ou nenhuma informação é fornecida acerca do seu processamento. Sendo assim, as características e a reatividade do produto final podem variar gerando resultados não reprodutíveis. No presente estudo, foi utilizada a biomassa oriunda de rejeitos da indústria pesqueira de camarão da região de Cananéia SP. As amostras de - quitina foram obtidas por dois procedimentos diferentes: no primeiro, P1, as cascas de camarão após passar pelo pré-tratamento (lavagem, secagem e moagem) foram desproteinizadas para retirada das proteínas em hidróxido de sódio (NaOH) diluído nas concentrações 2%, 5% e 10% e desmineralizadas em ácido clorídrico (HCl) a 20% (v/v) para retirada dos carbonatos; no segundo procedimento, P2, essas etapas foram invertidas. A biomassa resultante foi desacetilada com hidróxido de sódio concentrado a 30%, 40% e 50% em tempos que variaram de 2 a 6 horas. As principais propriedades físico-químicas das amostras de quitosanas obtidas foram determinadas utilizando a espectroscopia na região do infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FT-IR) para a determinação do grau médio de acetilação, GA, e a técnica de titulação ácido-base mensurada por condutimetria foi utilizada para comparar os resultados; a viscosimetria capilar para a determinação da massa molar média viscosimétrica, Mv , e a difração de raios X (DRX) para avaliar o grau médio de cristalinidade, X. Além disso, foram empregadas as técnicas de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) para análises morfológicas dos materiais obtidos e a espectrometria de fluorescência de raios X por dispersão de comprimento de onda (WDXRF) para análise química das quitosanas. O GA e o X das amostras diminuíram à medida em que o tratamento se tornou mais vigoroso, enquanto a Mv aumentou. O procedimento 2 foi o mais viável por eliminar a etapa de despigmentação, pois originou amostras com tonalidade mais clara e fáceis de pulverizar.
Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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Christian, Gideon. "Sustainable Legal Framework for Transboundary Movement of Electronic Waste." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30431.

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The quest for sustainable development has always involved the complex task of reconciling the need for socio-economic development with public health and environmental protection. This challenge has often emerged in the trade and environment debate but has most recently been evident in international trade in used electrical and electronic equipment (UEEE). While international trade in UEEE provides means for socio-economic development in the developing world, it also serves as a conduit for transboundary dumping of e-waste in the developing world giving rise to serious health and environmental concerns. This research investigates the socio-economic as well as health and environmental impacts of international trade in UEEE in two developing countries – Nigeria and Ghana. The research identifies a major loophole in the existing international legal framework as the primary factor responsible for e-waste dumping in the developing world. This loophole relates to the absence of a legal framework for differentiating between functional UEEE and junk e-waste. This has resulted in both functional UEEE and junk e-waste being concurrently shipped to the developing world as “used electrical and electronic equipment”. The research proposes two policy frameworks for addressing this problem. On the part of developing countries, the research proposes a trade policy framework crafted in line with WTO rules. This framework will entail the development of an international certification system which will serve to differentiate functional used electronics from junk e-waste. While the former may be eligible for import, the research proposes an import ban on the latter. On the part of developed countries, the research proposes the development of a policy framework which regulates the toxic and hazardous substances that go into the production of electrical and electronic equipment as well as enhance their reusability and recyclability at end-of-life. The framework should take into consideration the entire life cycle of the products from the design stage to end-of-life. The research argues that the implementation of this design framework will go a long way in reducing the health and environmental impacts of such equipment when subsequently shipped to the developing world at end-of-life.

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Ocampo, Edwin José Figueroa. "Produção de pó de cobre eletrolítico a partir de resíduos de placas de circuito impresso." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/170949.

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As placas de circuito impresso (PCI) estão presentes em quase todos os equipamentos eletroeletrônicos (EEE) e são componentes fundamentais dos computadores. Estes dispositivos são compostos de polímeros, cerâmicos e metais, sendo que nestes últimos encontra-se uma fração significativa de metais valiosos tais como ouro, prata e cobre. A mistura heterogênea dos referidos materiais torna sua reciclagem complexa, de forma que, tecnologias têm sido desenvolvidas e aprimoradas para a reciclagem das PCI. Esta pesquisa apresenta uma rota alternativa para recuperação do cobre contido nas PCI estudadas. Inicialmente, realizou-se um processamento mecânico constituído de fragmentação e moagem, classificação granulométrica e separação magnética, visando à liberação dos metais contidos nas placas e, principalmente, à concentração metálica do cobre. Esta rota não inclui a clássica separação eletrostática para a recuperação metálica. Foram realizadas duas lixiviações ácidas com ácido sulfúrico; a primeira para a remoção de elementos indesejados (Fe, Ni ,Zn, Al) e, a seguir, uma segunda lixiviação ácida, em meio oxidante, para obtenção de um eletrólito concentrado de íons cobre. A solução eletrolítica produzida na segunda lixiviação foi submetida à eletrodeposição, obtendo-se cobre na forma de pó para a sua utilização em processos da metalurgia do pó, como matéria prima para a indústria de componentes mecânicos e científicos sinterizados. Os resultados indicaram que é possível a recuperação do cobre presente nas PCI provenientes de REEE. O pó de cobre obtido atende adequadamente a requisitos técnicos necessários para sua aplicabilidade nos processos de metalurgia do pó, como por exemplo: estrutura dendrítica, composição química apropriada e distribuição granulométrica das partículas, atingindo o objetivo geral desta pesquisa.
The printed circuit boards are found in almost all electrical electronic equipments (EEE) and are essential components of computers. The PCBs consist of polymers, ceramics and metals, and among the metals, there is a significant fraction of valuable metals such as gold, silver and copper. The heterogeneous mixture of these materials makes their recycling difficult. Therefore, many kinds of technologies have been developed and improved for the recycling of these electronic components. This scientific research proposes an alternative route for recovery of copper contained in the analyzed PCB. Initially, a mechanical process consisting of fragmentation and grinding, size classification and magnetic separation was performed, aiming the liberation of metals from the boards, especially the concentration of copper. This route does not include the classical electrostatic separation for metal recovery. Two acid leaching procedures were performed with sulfuric acid: the first one for removing the unwanted elements (Fe, Ni, Zn, AL), followed by a second acid leaching, in an oxidizing medium, to obtain a concentrated copper ion electrolyte. The electrolytic solution produced in the second leaching was submitted to electrodeposition obtaining copper powder, which is used in powder metallurgy processes as raw material for the industry of sintered mechanical and scientific components. The results indicate that the recovery of metals contained in PCB originated from WEEE is possible. The obtained copper powder adequately meets the technical requirements for its applicability in powder metallurgy processes, such as: dendritic structure, appropriate chemical composition and particle size distribution, reaching the general objective of this research.

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Subramanian, Logakanthi. "Management of electronic waste by bulk consumers : the case of India's IT service sector." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/management-of-electronic-waste-by-bulk-consumers-the-case-of-indias-it-service-sector(e6df8705-d9cc-456d-b078-c35f8cb3aaaf).html.

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The global ICT revolution is adding a new stream of waste, known as electronic waste or ‘e-waste’: electrical and electronic equipment that has ceased to be of value to its owners. The recyclability of e-waste together with the presence of pollutants poses a waste management challenge. Developed countries have systems in place to address this challenge, but developing countries have only recently recognised the need to develop appropriate systems for e-waste management. ICT consumers are key stakeholders in e-waste: it is they who decide whether and when an item is e-waste, and they form the link between producers and recyclers. Yet not much attention has been paid to their role. The limited research to date has focused on household consumers in developed countries, leaving a knowledge gap around bulk, organisational consumers in developing countries, despite their often being the largest single contributor to e-waste. Acknowledging the growing challenge of e-waste management in developing countries and lack of research on bulk consumer response to this challenge, the present research aimed to understand e-waste material flows, management strategies and determinants relating to bulk consumers of IT in India. It focused on bulk consumers in India’s IT service sector because that sector depends on electronic equipment for its operation and has been recognised to generate nearly 30% of the total e-waste in the country. The data for this research was collected between 2010 and 2011, at a time when preparations were underway for implementation of separate e-waste regulations in the country. Therefore, the findings of the research here draw attention to the practice for e-waste management in India before implementation of the new regulations. In order to achieve the overall aims, a qualitative research approach based on multiple case studies was adopted. In all, 20 IT service organisations belonging to three different groups based on size namely, very large (VL), large (L) and small and medium (SM) were studied via multiple semi-structured interviews, direct observations and document analysis. Further source triangulation was achieved through interviews with representatives from other stakeholder groups: IT equipment producers, formal recyclers, regulators, industry association representatives, and representatives of various national and international organisations working on e-waste management. A complex chain of material flow was identified, involving a significant number of stakeholders. Two further models – of e-waste strategy and e-waste strategy determinants – were developed through literature review and pilot fieldwork, and then verified via the main fieldwork. Three distinct types of e-waste management strategy were observed among the stakeholders. While the VLIT organisations and IT producers exhibited a proactive approach to e-waste management, the LIT organisations and formal recyclers exhibited a reactive approach to its management. The SMIT organisations ignored the challenge of e-waste and were indifferent to the management of generated e-waste. Various external (regulation, clients, peer pressure, brand and corporate reputation) and internal (corporate culture and leadership, financial benefits and corporate social responsibility) factors were found to play a role in determining the different types of e-waste management practiced by the stakeholders. Except for direct financial benefits all the identified factors had a strong determining role in the proactive approach to e-waste management. The reactive approach was chiefly driven by regulation and financial benefits associated with e-waste management. The indifferent approach was driven only by the financial benefits associated with disposal of e-waste. A key determinant that was shaping the factors among the IT bulk consumers was institutional pressures mainly driven by the requirement of some clients for green practices; that requirement itself deriving from the nature of the value chains within which consumer organisations were located. Alongside the determinants, a set of enabling factors was identified (awareness, environmental management systems, and access and availability of formal recyclers) which helped explain the implementation of e-waste management practices. When the levels of these enablers were high the implementation of organisational e-waste management was proactive and when they were low, the approach to e-waste management was reactive. These enablers were absent in the organisations that were indifferent to e-waste management. From these findings, various challenges in the current system for e-waste management could be identified including: value expectation at the time of disposal of e-waste; patchy awareness about e-waste; lack of collection mechanisms; and regulatory shortcomings. Recommendations have been made about opportunities to incentivise and facilitate collection, enhance awareness, and offer regulatory support.

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Molina, Carlos Ernesto Chávez. "Estudo do comportamento mecânico de misturas de resíduo da fabricação de papel e solo para utilização na construção rodoviária." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18137/tde-10072017-161404/.

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O resíduo sólido estudado na presente pesquisa e decorrente da associação de lama de calcário e dregs (expressão muito utilizada na indústria do papel, inclusive no Brasil, que poderia ser traduzida como \'borra\'), materiais gerados na fabricação de papel. Tradicionalmente, este resíduo é depositado em aterros sanitários ou em áreas controladas. No entanto, a disponibilidade de espaços adequados para a disposição é pequena, e a conservação dos mesmos é muito dispendiosa, visto que apresentam riscos de contaminação para o ambiente e fauna circundantes. Assim, este tipo de solução não é mais visto como viável a longo prazo. Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal determinar, a partir de ensaios de laboratório, o comportamento mecânico de misturas constituídas com solos e o resíduo em destaque, visando a sua utilização na construção rodoviária. Foram compactados corpos-de-prova com e sem adição de resíduo na energia normal do Proctor, variando-se o tipo de solo, o teor de cal e o tempo de cura, e posteriormente foram submetidos a ensaios de compressão simples, compressão diametral e índice de suporte Califórnia. Complementarmente, foram realizados ensaios de difração de raios-X e microscopia eletrônica por varredura para determinar, respectivamente, a composição química e micro-estrutura do resíduo. Os resultados mostraram que a adição do resíduo da fabricação de papel aos solos não melhora as propriedades mecânicas das misturas compactadas, sendo necessária a utilização de um estabilizante, como a cal, para melhorar as más características. Porém para os solos estudados, as misturas de solo, resíduo e cal apresentaram melhor comportamento mecânico que as misturas de solo-cal, oferecendo uma solução factível para a utilização deste resíduo na construção rodoviária.
The solid waste studied in the present research results from the association of lime mud and dregs, these materials are generated during the paper manufacturing. Traditionally, this waste is disposed of either surface impoundment or landfills. However, there is limited appropriate land availability for these disposal practices, and its maintenance is costly, due to the present contamination risks for the surrounding environment and fauna. Therefore, this kind of solution is no longer seen as long term viable. This work has the main objective of studying, based on laboratory tests, the mechanical behavior of soils and the wastes in focus mixtures, seeking their utilization in road construction. Specimens with and without the addition of waste were compacted at the normal proctor energy, varying the soil type, the lime rate and curing time, afterwards they were submitted to tests of unconfined compressive strength, indirect tensile strength and California bearing ratio. Complementary, tests of ray-X diffraction and spectrum electronic microscopy were executed to respectively determine the chemical composition and microstructure of the waste. The results showed that the addition of paper mill wastes to soils does not improve the mechanical properties of the compacted mixtures, being necessary the use of a stabilizer, such as lime, to improve its poor characteristics. However for the studied soils; the lime stabilized soils and the waste mixtures presented bettermechanical behavior than the lime stabilized soils offering a feasible solution for the use of this waste in road construction.

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Silva, Beloni Gomes da. "Gestão dos resíduos eletrônicos da UFSM: viabilidade e implementação de uma política de reciclagem." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2013. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/4623.

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Much time has passed until the man began to realize that all development brings besides comfort, practicality and convenience significant impacts to nature. In this scenario, the development of electronics, even considered a development mechanism "clean" elements contributes highly harmful to the environment. This study aims to give an overview of the relationship of administrative activities with respect to the purchase of computer equipment, disposal and management of waste electronic computer at the Federal University of Santa Maria. With the expansiveness of academic activities in the institution comes the need to purchase new electronic equipment and the constant exchange of old models, motivated by the installation of new laboratories, and the demand for computers with more processing capacity to meet the evolution of software, inevitably generate the generation of a large amount of electronic waste. Disposal of these wastes causes need if available forms of storage as well as a proper disposal of these wastes where the institution needs to present the academic community that forms one correct way of managing these wastes can serve as a model for the entire society because junk mail is a problem for all of us.
Muito tempo se passou até que o homem começasse a perceber que todo desenvolvimento traz consigo, além do conforto, praticidade e comodidade impactos significativos à natureza. Nesse cenário, o desenvolvimento da eletrônica, mesmo considerado um mecanismo de desenvolvimento limpo , contribui com elementos altamente nocivos ao meio ambiente. O presente estudo objetiva traçar um panorama da relação das atividades administrativas com relação a compra de equipamentos de informática, descarte e gestão dos resíduos eletrônicos de informática da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Com a expansividade das atividades acadêmicas na instituição surge a necessidade aquisição de novos equipamentos eletrônicos e as constantes trocas de modelos antigos, motivados pela instalação de novos laboratórios, e da exigência de computadores com maior capacidade de processamento para atender a evolução de softwares, geram inevitavelmente a geração de um grande montante de resíduos eletrônicos. O descarte destes resíduos provoca a necessidade se disponibilizar formas de armazenamento bem como uma destinação final correta destes resíduos onde a instituição precisa apresentar à comunidade acadêmica um forma correta de gestão destes resíduos que possa servir de modelo para toda sociedade visto que lixo eletrônico é um problema de todos nós.

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AMORIM, ALDO S. de. "Análise crítica da viabilidade econômica e ambiental do processo de reciclagem de resíduos de construção civil no âmbito de um município." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2016. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/26806.

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Este trabalho apresenta uma análise da viabilidade econômica e ambiental do processo de reciclagem de Resíduos de Construção Civil em um município. Utilizou-se como base o Município de Guarulhos onde foi efetuado um levantamento das quantidades de resíduos de construção civil produzidos, seu gerenciamento e o processo de reciclagem e reutilização dos agregados reciclados produzidos. O Município de Guarulhos implantou o primeiro Ponto de Entrega Voluntária (PEV) de resíduos em 2003 e, de forma ininterrupta, vem aumentando a disponibilidade desses pontos a população, possuindo 17 pontos em 2014. Inicialmente planejados para receber apenas resíduos provenientes de construção civil, tornaram-se pontos onde a população destina inúmeros resíduos sólidos não orgânicos. A empresa de pública responsável por obras na cidade, PROGUARU, possuiu uma Usina de Reciclagem de Resíduos de Construção Civil (URE) que produz agregados reciclados para uso em manutenções e pavimentação, além de fornecer material para utilização na Fábrica de Pré-Moldados da Prefeitura, fechando um ciclo de captação, processamento e reutilização dos Resíduos de Construção Civil no município. Foram desenvolvidos dois modelos que incluem no cálculo econômico do processo de reciclagem de Resíduos de Construção Civil de um município, a economia obtida com a diminuição do descarte irregular e com a substituição de agregados naturais pelos agregados reciclados produzidos pela PROGUARU. No período de 2003 a 2014, os Pontos de Entrega Voluntária receberam 296.210,11 . 10³ kg de resíduos totais, e enviou 214.910, 57 . 10³ kg de Resíduos de Construção Civil para a URE. O lucro anual do sistema incluindo o custo dos terrenos (PEV e URE) foi de R$ 3,50 por habitante, e desprezando o valor dos terrenos foi de R$ 5,02 por habitante. O trabalho de pesquisa comprova a viabilidade econômica da reciclagem, além dos ganhos ambientais pela diminuição dos descartes irregulares e economia de recursos naturais.
Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'E-wastes recycling'

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