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D'Amico, Thomas A. "An e-score is born." Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 150, no. 4 (October 2015): 813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2015.07.030.
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Shvetsov, Yurii B., Brook E. Harmon, Reynolette Ettienne, Lynne R. Wilkens, Loic Le Marchand, Laurence N. Kolonel, and Carol J. Boushey. "The influence of energy standardisation on the alternate Mediterranean diet score and its association with mortality in the Multiethnic Cohort." British Journal of Nutrition 116, no. 9 (October 21, 2016): 1592–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114516003482.
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AbstractThe alternate Mediterranean diet (aMED) score is an adaptation of the original Mediterranean diet score. Raw (aMED) and energy-standardised (aMED-e) versions have been used. How the diet scores and their association with health outcomes differ between the two versions is unclear. We examined differences in participants’ total and component scores and compared the association of aMED and aMED-e with all-cause, CVD and cancer mortality. As part of the Multiethnic Cohort, 193 527 men and women aged 45–75 years from Hawaii and Los Angeles completed a baseline FFQ and were followed up for 13–18 years. The association of aMED and aMED-e with mortality was examined using Cox’s regression, with adjustment for total energy intake. The correlation between aMED and aMED-e total scores was lower among people with higher BMI. Participants who were older, leaner, more educated and consumed less energy scored higher on aMED-e components compared with aMED, except for the red and processed meat and alcohol components. Men reporting more physical activity scored lower on most aMED-e components compared with aMED, whereas the opposite was observed for the meat component. Higher scores of both aMED and aMED-e were associated with lower risk of all-cause, CVD and cancer mortality. Although individuals may score differently with aMED and aMED-e, both scores show similar reductions in mortality risk for persons scoring high on the index scale. Either version can be used in studies of diet and mortality. Comparisons can be performed across studies using different versions of the score.
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Örs, Berfin Serdil. "The effect of difficulty and execution scores on total ranking during 2019 Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championships." African Educational Research Journal 8, S1 (August 4, 2020): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30918/aerj.8s1.20.005.
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Rhythmic gymnastics (RG) is a competitive sport and competition results include multiple components such as difficulty (D) and execution (E) scores. Both coaches and researchers should consider the components of performance scores separately. The aim of the current study was to identify the most indicative apparatus score on total ranking in the individual all-around finals of 37th RG World Championships (WCh), 2019, Baku, Azerbaijan and to determine the most important D and/or E scores on overall ranking. Total of 312 scores of 24 gymnasts competed at individual all-around finals were analyzed. Correlations among total qualification, total D, total E, and total apparatus scores of each apparatus were determined by Pearson correlation analysis. Multiple regression analysis was used and model-fitting performance was assessed by coefficient of determination (R2). When correlations among total qualification score and total D, total E scores of each apparatus were analyzed moderate and strong relationships were found (p < 0.001). The percentages that D and E scores explained the total score ranged between 79.3 and 44%. Total ball D score explained 79.3% of the variability in standings and it was the best predictor score. Total ribbon E score was found to be the second effective score on ranking (71%). Finally, total hoop E score had the least effect by 44%. Apart from these, two different total score estimation models that trainers/gymnasts may use practically were enhanced during this study.
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Hirose, Jun, Takuya Taniwaki, Toru Fujimoto, Tatsuya Okada, Takayuki Nakamura, Nobukazu Okamoto, Koichiro Usuku, and Hiroshi Mizuta. "Predictive value of E-PASS and POSSUM systems for postoperative risk assessment of spinal surgery." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 20, no. 1 (January 2014): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2013.9.spine12671.
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Object The Estimation of Physiological Ability and Surgical Stress (E-PASS) and Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the enUmeration of Mortality and Morbidity (POSSUM) systems are surgical risk scoring systems that take into account both the patient's preoperative condition and intraoperative variables. While they predict postoperative morbidity and mortality rates for several types of surgery, spinal surgeries are currently not included. The authors assessed the usefulness of E-PASS and POSSUM algorithms and compared the predictive ability of both systems in patients with spinal disorders considered for surgery. Methods The E-PASS system includes a preoperative risk score, a surgical stress score, and a comprehensive risk score that is determined by both the preoperative risk score and surgical stress score. The POSSUM system is composed of a physiological score and an operative severity score; its total score is based on both the physiological score and operative severity score. The authors calculated the E-PASS and POSSUM scores for 601 consecutive patients who had undergone spinal surgery and investigated the relationship between the individual scores of both systems and the incidence of postoperative complications. They also assessed the correctness of the predicted morbidity rate of both systems. Results Postoperative complications developed in 64 patients (10.6%); there were no in-hospital deaths. All EPASS scores (p ≤ 0.001) and the operative severity score and total score of the POSSUM (p < 0.03) were significantly higher in patients with postoperative complications than in those without postoperative complications. The morbidity rates correlated linearly and significantly with all E-PASS scores (p ≤ 0.001); their coefficients (preoperative risk score, ρ = 0.179; surgical stress score, ρ = 0.131; and comprehensive risk score, ρ = 0.198) were higher than those for the POSSUM scores (physiological score, ρ = 0.059; operative severity score, ρ = 0.111; and total score, ρ = 0.091). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the predicted morbidity rate was 0.668 for the E-PASS and 0.588 for the POSSUM system. Conclusions As E-PASS predicted morbidity more correctly than POSSUM, it is useful for estimating the postoperative risk of patients considered for spinal surgery.
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King, Jesse, Ben Murie, Julie Fanburg-Smith, Chris Stauch, Kempland Walley, Donald Flemming, and Michael Aynardi. "Novel Pathologic-Scoring for Charcot Arthropathy with Intraneural Observations." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 4, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 2473011419S0025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011419s00251.
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Category: Diabetes, Hindfoot, Midfoot/Forefoot Introduction/Purpose: Charcot arthropathy is a destructive joint disorder in patients with longstanding neuropathy, commonly related to Type II diabetes (T2DM). The diagnosis is historically classified via the radiologic Eichenholtz staging system (E-score). The purpose of this study is to examine histopathologic features and develop a correlative pathologic score for Charcot neuroarthropathy. Methods: Patients undergoing lower limb surgery with a clinical diagnosis of midfoot-ankle Charcot neuroarthropathy were included for study. Clinical data, radiology, E-score (1-3), and surgical pathology specimens were reviewed to evaluate skin, adipose, vessel, skeletal muscle, nerve, bone, and bone fragments embedded in synovium. Charcot pathology-score 1 (P-score, CPSI) = large bone fragments (> half 40x hpf objective) without host histiocytic response. CPSII = mixed large and small bone fragments with/without host histiocytic response, CPSIII = small to minute spicules to almost complete resorption/absence of bone fragments with histiocytic/fibrosis-reactive response, were scored by the authors in a blinded fashion. Results: Forty-two patients (32 males and 10 females) were included in analyses with a mean age of 59.9 years (median age: 60, range 28-83). Clinical risk factors for Charcot included T2DM and longstanding neuropathy. Elevated HbA1C, E-Score, preoperative American Society of Anesthesia score, and Charlson comorbidity index were predictors of amputation. Majority of pathologic specimens examined had superficial ischemic ulceration, dermal fibrosis, cellulitis, medial hypertrophy, atherosclerosis, skeletal muscle atrophy, and nerve hypertrophy with intraneural edema and perineural fibrosis. Osteomyelitis was present in >70%. P-scores CPSI = 6%, CPSII = 44%, CPSIII = 50% correlate with E-scores in 98% of cases without interobserver variability. Minor difference from E-score to P-score (2%) was due to sampling. Novel neuropathy change includes observation of intraneural vasculopathy (arteriolosclerosis) in evaluable nerves. Conclusion: CPS is reliable and reproducible and can be performed with adequate synovial sampling. Charcot progresses from large bone fragments in synovium to mixed size with histiocytic response, and final small/resorbed fragments with marked host response/fibrosis. Intraneural vasculopathy likely plays a role in Charcot. Charcot pathology-score (P-score) strongly correlates with clinicoradiologic Eichenholtz-score (E-score).
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Bartoszko, Justyna, Duminda N. Wijeysundera, Keyvan Karkouti, Jeannie Callum, Vivek Rao, Mark Crowther, Hilary P. Grocott, et al. "Comparison of Two Major Perioperative Bleeding Scores for Cardiac Surgery Trials." Anesthesiology 129, no. 6 (December 1, 2018): 1092–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000002179.
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Abstract Editor’s Perspective What We Already Know about This Topic What This Article Tells Us That Is New Background Research into major bleeding during cardiac surgery is challenging due to variability in how it is scored. Two consensus-based clinical scores for major bleeding: the Universal definition of perioperative bleeding and the European Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (E-CABG) bleeding severity grade, were compared in this substudy of the Transfusion Avoidance in Cardiac Surgery (TACS) trial. Methods As part of TACS, 7,402 patients underwent cardiac surgery at 12 hospitals from 2014 to 2015. We examined content validity by comparing scored items, construct validity by examining associations with redo and complex procedures, and criterion validity by examining 28-day in-hospital mortality risk across bleeding severity categories. Hierarchical logistic regression models were constructed that incorporated important predictors and categories of bleeding. Results E-CABG and Universal scores were correlated (Spearman ρ = 0.78, P < 0.0001), but E-CABG classified 910 (12.4%) patients as having more severe bleeding, whereas the Universal score classified 1,729 (23.8%) as more severe. Higher E-CABG and Universal scores were observed in redo and complex procedures. Increasing E-CABG and Universal scores were associated with increased mortality in unadjusted and adjusted analyses. Regression model discrimination based on predictors of perioperative mortality increased with additional inclusion of the Universal score (c-statistic increase from 0.83 to 0.91) or E-CABG (c-statistic increase from 0.83 to 0.92). When other major postoperative complications were added to these models, the association between Universal or E-CABG bleeding with mortality remained. Conclusions Although each offers different advantages, both the Universal score and E-CABG performed well in the validity assessments, supporting their use as outcome measures in clinical trials.
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Sousa, Marcos Rogério Capello, and César de Moraes. "Sintomas de internalização e externalização em crianças e adolescentes com excesso de peso." Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria 60, no. 1 (2011): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0047-20852011000100008.
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OBJETIVO: Comparar sintomas de internalização e externalização em crianças e adolescentes com e sem excesso de peso. MÉTODO: 88 indivíduos (53 com excesso de peso e 35 eutróficos), entre 6 e 18 anos, foram avaliados por meio do Inventário de Comportamentos da Infância e Adolescência (CBCL-6/18) e de medidas antropométricas. Foram considerados com excesso de peso os indivíduos com índice de massa corporal (IMC) > 1 desvio-padrão. Os indivíduos com T-score > 70 no CBCL-6/18 foram considerados como tendo sintomas emocionais. O teste de Mann-Whitney foi utilizado para verificar se houve diferença entre as médias do IMC, as médias de idade e os T-scores médios obtidos nas subescalas de internalização e externalização, de acordo com os grupos pesquisados. Foi utilizado o índice de correlação de Spearman para verificar correlação entre o IMC e os T-scores médios obtidos nas subescalas de internalização e externalização. RESULTADOS: Sintomas de internalização ocorreram em 14 indivíduos com excesso de peso e em 4 eutróficos (médias de T-score: 59,09 e 49,40, respectivamente, p-valor = 0,003). Sintomas de externalização ocorreram em 9 indivíduos com excesso de peso e em 2 eutróficos (médias de T-score: 53,71 e 47,91, respectivamente, p-valor = 0,019). Foi encontrada uma correlação positiva entre o IMC dos indivíduos pesquisados e a presença de sintomas de internalização e externalização. O mesmo ocorreu, quando se correlacionou os T-scores médios dos sintomas de internalização e externalização. CONCLUSÃO: Sintomas psiquiátricos prevaleceram nos indivíduos com excesso de peso. Quanto maior é o IMC, maior o risco do desenvolvimento de sintomas emocionais.
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Liu, Xinyu. "Analysis of Credit Score in China’s E-commerce Market." E3S Web of Conferences 218 (2020): 01028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021801028.
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Ecommerce has become the mainstream all around the world. In China, multiple platforms occupy the market of ecommerce. These platforms have different strategies and focus on unalike customers. Most of them use personal credit score as a measurement to reduce the risk of fraud transactions, especially in some second-hand goods platforms. In this paper, the author uses survey to analyze the potential relationship between credit score and frauds, from both the consumer and seller’s sides. Then the author discusses some possible improvements which could be made to adjust the current using credit system used in the online platforms.
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Pool, Mark, Mary J. Fidler, Sanjib Basu, Brett Mahon, Lela Buckingham, Kelly Kaiser Walters, Marta Batus, Thomas A. Hensing, Jeffrey A. Borgia, and Philip D. Bonomi. "Epithelial to mesenchymal markers and clinical outcomes on erlotinib in stage IV non-small cell lung cancer patients." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2013): e19117-e19117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.e19117.
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e19117 Background: An epithelial phenotype in NSCLC is associated with improved sensitivity to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). The best method to identify this subset is unknown (Richardson Anticancer Research 2012, Byers Clin Cancer Res 2012). This retrospective study correlates E-cadherin (Ecad) and vimentin (vim) immunohistochemistry (IHC) expression with outcomes in advanced NSCLC patients (pts) treated with erlotinib (E). Methods: Advanced NSCLC pts that received E were included if sufficient tumor was available from diagnosis. IHC scores for E-cad and vim were generated by multiplying frequency (0-4) by intensity (0-4). Log Rank was used to correlate IHC expression with progression free and overall survival (PFS, OS). Results were compared to a subset of pts with tissue from primary surgical NSCLC resection who later received E for recurrent disease. Results: 159 advanced NSCLC pts treated with E had tissue from diagnosis and IHC analysis. There was no correlation with PFS or OS on E and high/low vim or Ecad expression. Subtracting the IHC scores (vim minus ecad) created a difference score. A low difference score (n = 62) correlated with prolonged PFS (2.6 vs 1.9 months, p = .014 HR 1.52) compared with a high score, n = 97. Low difference score trended toward prolonged OS (p=.46) 33 of the patients had tissue available from primary surgical resection. The invasive front was examined for membranous E-cad and cytoplasmic vim (Allred score 0-8). Patients with low vim (< 4) and Ecad (>5), n= 19, trended toward prolonged PFS and OS on E compared with patients with high vim (>5) and low Ecad (<6), n=10 (4.2 vs 1.6 months and 15.5 vs 6.5 months, respectively, p=NS). Conclusions: In this retrospective analysis, using unselected, frequently small tissue specimens, the expression of ecad or vim alone by IHC did not correlate with outcomes for E treated patients. A complicated difference score (vimentin score minus ecadherin score) did correlate with PFS on E. Examining EMT markers at the invasive edge of resected NSCLC tumors might more accurately assess EMT activity and its relationship to outcomes when these pts are recommended EGFR-TKIs.
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Bhaskar Gorla and Vishwas Rao. "Role of PSOFA-E Score in Predicting the Clinical Outcome of Critically Ill Children." Asian Journal of Clinical Pediatrics and Neonatology 8, no. 1 (April 12, 2020): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.47009/ajcpn.2020.8.1.7.
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Background: Recently pediatric sequential organ failure assessment (pSOFA) score was adapted and validated in critically ill children. This study was aimed to evaluate the feasibility of addition of echocardiographic parameters to paediatric version of SOFA score (pSOFA-E score) and to adapt and validate with reference to pSOFA score in predicting the mortality of critically ill children.Subjects and Methods:This hospital based prospective, observational, analytical study was conducted in the Department of Paediatrics, A. J Hospital, Mangalore, Karnataka, from November 2017 to November 2019. A total of 74 cases were studied. Result:Most of the children were aged <1 year (41.89%). Majority of the patients (62.16%) improved and 37.84% of the patients expired. The mean and median pSOFA-E scores were 10.53±4.06 and 10 respectively and pSOFA-E score of 5-8 was noted in most of the children (32.43%). Mortality was significantly high in children with pSOFA-E score between 9-12 (39.13%), 13-16 (77.78%), 17-20 (83.33%) (p<0.001). Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) yielded area under curve (AUC) of 0.920 and 0.791 with a cut-off value of 11.5 in predicting mortality. Significantly higher number of children with pSOFA-E score of ≥ 11.5 had positive blood culture (30%). Conclusion:The findings of the present study validate and emphasize that, addition of score devised by requirement of ionotropes to maintain adequate ejection fraction defy simple bedside echocardiography to pSOFA score is highly useful and accurate in discrimination of PICU mortality, morbidity and cardiovascular status/ compromise of body.
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Li, Hong, Yi-Dan Li, Wei-Wei Zhu, Ling-Yun Kong, Xiao-Guang Ye, Qi-Zhe Cai, Lan-Lan Sun, and Xiu-Zhang Lu. "A Simplified Ultrasound Comet Tail Grading Scoring to Assess Pulmonary Congestion in Patients with Heart Failure." BioMed Research International 2018 (2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8474839.
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Ultrasound lung comets (ULCs) are a nonionizing bedside approach to assess extravascular lung water. We evaluated a protocol for grading ULC score to estimate pulmonary congestion in heart failure patients and investigated clinical and echocardiographic correlates of the ULC score. Ninety-three patients with congestive heart failure, admitted to the emergency department, underwent pulmonary ultrasound and echocardiography. A ULC score was obtained by summing the ULC scores of 7 zones of anterolateral chest scans. The results of ULC score were compared with echocardiographic results, the New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classification, radiologic score, and N-terminal pro-b-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). Positive linear correlations were found between the 7-zone ULC score and the following: E/e′, systolic pulmonary artery pressure, severity of mitral regurgitation, left ventricular global longitudinal strain, NYHA functional classification, radiologic score, and NT-proBNP. However, there was no significant correlation between ULC score and left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricle diameter, left ventricular volume, or left atrial volume. A multivariate analysis identified the E/e′, systolic pulmonary artery pressure, and radiologic score as the only independent variables associated with ULC score increase. The simplified 7-zone ULC score is a rapid and noninvasive method to assess lung congestion. Diastolic rather than systolic performance may be the most important determinant of the degree of lung congestion in patients with heart failure.
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T, Rhoads, Resch Z, Ovsiew G, and Soble J. "A-210 Does Rounding Matter? Cross-Validation of E-Score Calculation Method for the Dot Counting Test." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 35, no. 6 (August 28, 2020): 1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acaa068.210.
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Abstract Objective Recent evidence suggested the traditional “rounding” procedure used to calculate Dot Counting Test (DCT) E-score cut-offs provides little advantage and may inadvertently lower test sensitivity. This study examined whether DCT psychometric properties differ when E-score values are rounded. Method This cross-sectional study included 132 mixed neuropsychiatric patients who completed the DCT during outpatient evaluation. The sample was 55% female/45% male and 36% Caucasian/35% African American/20% Hispanic/7% Asian/2% other, with mean age of 44.4 (SD=16.1), and mean education of 14.0 years (SD=2.5). In total, 105 (80%) had valid neuropsychological test performance and 27 (20%) had invalid performance based on 4 independent criterion performance validity tests. Results In the overall sample, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses yielded significant areas under the curve (.802-.817) for both rounded and unrounded E-score values with respective optimal cut-scores of ≥19 and ≥19.73, both producing 44% sensitivity/93% specificity. Among cognitively impaired patients, ROC curve analyses yielded significant AUCs (.756-.764), and suggested the same cut-scores and sensitivities, albeit with minimally reduced specificity (traditional: 91%; unrounded: 92%). In contrast, more liberal cut-scores of ≥13 (traditional) and ≥13.745 (unrounded) were indicated among cognitively unimpaired patients (AUCs: .880-.906), and sensitivity was notably improved (traditional: 74%; unrounded: 67%) with equivalent specificity (90%). Conclusions Findings from the overall sample suggested marginally better classification accuracy for the traditional E-score, though both methods demonstrated comparable psychometric properties. The optimal cut-score for cognitively unimpaired patients replicated findings from prior literature, but a higher cut-score was indicated for cognitively impaired patients.
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Chang, I. Shou, and Chao A. Hsiung. "An $E$-Ancillarity Projection Property of Cox's Partial Score Function." Annals of Statistics 19, no. 3 (September 1991): 1651–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/aos/1176348268.
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Chavalitdhamrong, Disaya, and Oren Goltzer. "CES E-Score for Esophageal Capsule Endoscopy Image Quality Assessment." American Journal of Gastroenterology 102 (September 2007): S537. http://dx.doi.org/10.14309/00000434-200709002-01144.
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Rodiawati, Heni, and Komarudin Komarudin. "PENGEMBANGAN E-LEARNING MELALUI MODUL INTERAKTIF BERBASIS LEARNING CONTENT DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM." Jurnal Tatsqif 16, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 172–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.20414/jtq.v16i2.190.
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This study aims to produce teaching materials in the form of e-learning mathematics through interactive module based learning content development system on the material of building a flat side space. This research method is research and development (R&D) based on Sugiyono model that limits to 7 steps that are potential and problem, gather information, product design, product validation, product revision, product trial, and product revision. The feasibility of an interactive module based on a material expert is included in the “Very Decent” category with a percentage score of 82,83%. The media expert’s assessment of this interactive module belongs to the “Very Decent” category with a percentage score of 82,625%. The assessment of linguists to the media is included in the “Very Decent” category with a percentage score of 96%. In a small-scale trial at SMPN 6 Kotabumi it obtained a percentage score of 85,625%, in SMPN 11 Kotabumi scored 87,71%, and in SMP Hang Tuah Kotabumi scored 84,375%, these results place an interactive module on the “Very Interesting” criteria. In large-scale trials in the three schools scored 84,5%, 89,61%, dan 88,61% with the criteria of “Very Interesting.”
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Maia Tomé, Ivan, and Luís Paulo Bresciani. "A SUSTENTABILIDADE DE EMPRESAS DE TELEFONIA: UMA ANÁLISE COM BASE NO MODELO ORIENTADO À REPRESENTAÇÃO DO PENSAMENTO HUMANO." SINERGIA - Revista do Instituto de Ciências Econômicas, Administrativas e Contábeis 22, no. 1 (July 3, 2018): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17648/sinergia-2236-7608-v22n1-6661.
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O objetivo fundamental é analisar se a adição de valor aos clientes segue a mesma tendência do que é divulgado sobre sustentabilidade pelas empresas de Telefonia, participantes do Programa Em Boa Companhia (PEBC) (BM&F BOVESPA, 2013). Para extração do conhecimento divulgado sobre sustentabilidade socioambiental é aplicado o Modelo Orientado à Representação do Pensamento Humano - MORPH (ZAMBON, 2006). Foi utilizado um grupo de empresas que divulgam objetivos semelhantes que é o caso das empresas de Telefonia do Programa Em Boa Companhia da BM&F BOVESPA (2013), que buscam o desenvolvimento sustentável. Objetos extraídos foram inseridos no frame MORPH, foram gerados scores, dessa maneira, analisadas por variáveis qualitativas (objetos sobre sustentabilidade) e variáveis quantitativas (scores e receitas de vendas). A TIM tem score 106 com variação positiva de 8,94% em sua receita de vendas de 2011 a 2012. A Telefônica Vivo tem score 257 com variação positiva de 14,15% em sua receita de vendas de 2011 a 2012. Porém, a empresa TIM (score 106) divulga informações menos objetivas e claras com relação a empresa Telefônica Vivo (score 257), quanto à consideração e detalhes consistentes sobre práticas de governança sustentável.
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Doherty, Mark, Hiten Naik, Lawson Eng, Devalben Patel, Qin Quinn Kong, Wei Xu, Catherine Brown, et al. "The relationship between health utility, quality of life, and symptom scores in Canadian patients with esophageal cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 33, no. 3_suppl (January 20, 2015): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2015.33.3_suppl.149.
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149 Background: Health Utility scores (HUS) are an increasingly important tool in helping to determine the cost-effectiveness of therapies worldwide. The EQ-5D is a validated HUS questionnaire, with reference data in numerous populations. Previously, HUS in esophageal cancer (EC) were based on limited datasets, and the relationship between HUS and either quality of life (QOL, through the validated FACT-E) or esophageal-specific symptoms such as dysphagia, has not been studied. Methods: This cross-sectional survey of EC patients at Princess Margaret Cancer Centre (2012-2014) assessed EQ-5D, FACT-E, a Visual Analog Scale (VAS), patient reported performance status (PRO-ECOG), and dysphagia scoring. EQ-5D scores were converted to HUS using Canadian references. Correlation analyses were performed between HUS and global FACT-E scores, global dysphagia scores, and specific esophageal symptom scores included in FACT-E. Results: Of 198 patients, median age was 67 (range 32-93) years, 76% were male, with localized (LD stage 1, 6%), regional (RD, stage II-IVA, 62%), and metastatic (MD, stage IVB, 27%) disease. Mean + SEM EQ-5D HUS was 0.80+0.01 (all patients), 0.90+0.05 (LD), 0.82+0.01 (RD), and 0.73+0.03 (MD) [p=0.03]. Mean FACT-E total score was 130, mean total FACT-G score was 80, and mean ECS score was 49. There was a strong correlation between FACT-E total scores and EQ-5D HUS (r=0.73, p<0.001), and mild-to-moderate correlation between FACT-E dysphagia questions and HUS (r= 0.28-0.37; p<0.001, each comparison) and between the odynophagia question and HUS (r=0.28, p<0.001). A moderate correlation was observed between a non-FACT-E based global swallow score and HUS (r=0.48, p<0.001). Conclusions: In this large cross-sectional study of EC patients, stage, QOL, and esophageal-specific symptoms were all associated with HUS. Additional results will be presented on the relationship of VAS, PRO-ECOG and specific FACT-E domains, with HUS and changes in questionnaire scores over time, as well as stage-specific EC reference HUS using UK and USA references. This research enhances our understanding of the factors driving EQ5D HUS in EC, thereby validating its potential usefulness in economic analyses.
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Capela, Renata Campos, José Eduardo Corrente, and Claudia Saad Magalhães. "Comparação entre o Disease Activity Score‐28 e o Juvenile Arthritis Disease Activity Score na artrite idiopática juvenil." Revista Brasileira de Reumatologia 55, no. 1 (January 2015): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbr.2014.08.010.
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Singha, Kritsada, Goonnapa Fucharoen, Kanokwan Sanchaisuriya, and Supan Fucharoen. "EE score: an index for simple differentiation of homozygous hemoglobin E and hemoglobin E-β0-thalassemia." Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) 56, no. 9 (August 28, 2018): 1507–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2018-0089.
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Abstract Background: The objective of the study was to describe a formula based on hemoglobin (Hb)A2 and HbF levels for differentiation of homozygous HbE and HbE-β-thalassemia. Methods: A total of 1256 subjects suspected for homozygous HbE or HbE-β0-thalassemia were recruited at the ongoing thalassemia screening program at Khon Kaen University, Thailand. Hb analysis was done using capillary electrophoresis. Genotyping was based on DNA analysis. An arbitrary formula based on HbA2 and HbF was developed statistically for differentiation of the two conditions. Validation was carried out prospectively on another 139 subjects encountered at routine laboratory. Results: Among 1256 subjects, Hb and DNA analyses identified cases with homozygous HbE (n=1076, 85.7%), HbE-β0-thalassemia (n=140, 11.1%), HbE-δβ0-thalassemia (n=30, 2.4%) and unknown HbE-related disorder (n=10, 0.8%). An inverse correlation between the amounts of HbA2 and HbF in HbE-β0-thalassemia was observed. With differences in the amounts of HbA2 and HbF between the groups, an arbitrary score (7.3 HbA2+HbF) was developed where score above 60 indicated HbE-β0-thalassemia. Application of this score on another 139 subjects showed accurate prediction of HbE-β0-thalassemia with 100% sensitivity, 96.5% specificity, 85.7% positive predictive value and 100% negative predictive value. Successful application onto couples at risk was demonstrated. Conclusions: An established score should prove useful in the differentiation of homozygous HbE and HbE-β0-thalassemia in routine setting and lead to a significant reduction in number of referring cases for molecular testing.
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Li, QC, KJ Cheng, F. Wang, and SH Zhou. "Role of atopy in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: does an atopic condition affect the severity and recurrence of disease?" Journal of Laryngology & Otology 130, no. 7 (June 8, 2016): 640–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215116008112.
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AbstractBackground:The role of atopy in chronic rhinosinusitis is unclear: it is particularly controversial in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.Methods:A prospective study of 210 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps was performed. Patient demographics, visual analogue scale scores, Lund–Kennedy endoscopy scores, Lund–Mackay computed tomography scores, serum total immunoglobulin E levels, serum eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) levels and Phadiatop test findings were analysed.Results:There were no significant differences in age, sex, visual analogue scale score, Lund–Mackay computed tomography score, total serum immunoglobulin E level, serum ECP level or Phadiatop test results between patients with primary and recurrent chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. A total of 99 patients (47 per cent) had positive atopy tests. No significant differences in sex, visual analogue scale score, Lund–Kennedy endoscopy score, Lund–Mackay computed tomography score or recurrence rates were found between atopic and non-atopic patients; however, atopic patients were significantly younger than non-atopic patients. Atopy status did not correlate with disease severity.Conclusion:There was no association between atopy status and either disease severity or recurrence in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, although atopic patients were younger than non-atopic patients.
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Hansen, Jessica R., Maria Gefke, Ralf Hemmingsen, Cecilie Fog-Petersen, Erica B. Høegh, August Wang, and Sidse Marie Arnfred. "E-Library of Authentic Patient Videos Improves Medical Students’ Mental Status Examination." Academic Psychiatry 44, no. 2 (November 13, 2019): 192–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40596-019-01130-x.
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Abstract Objective During psychiatric rotation, clerkship students must learn the clinical skill of recording an accurate Mental Status Examination (MSE). The authors built a video e-library consisting of 23 authentic patient videos that were accessible on a secure website during the rotation period, aimed at assisting students’ acquisition of MSE skills. Methods The authors conducted a prospective case comparison study investigating the impact of the video e-library as “add-on” intervention, on acquisition of MSE skills, as measured by a test consisting of three videos with adjoining forced choice questionnaires. Eighty-five clerkship students had instructions and access to the video e-library whereas 82 did not. A group of clinicians, unfamiliar with the video e-library, was also subjected to the new MSE skills test and they served as a reference group. Outcome was defined as scores of MSE skills measured by the purpose made MSE skills test and entailed evaluation questions on the students’ use of the e-library. Results The MSE skill test score differed between the three groups, and the clinicians scored higher than both student groups (clinicians mean score (M) 12.6; p < 0.001). However, the students with video access scored higher compared to students without access (M 10.7 versus M 9.9, p = 0.04). The e-library was appreciated by the students as helpful (83.6%) and they used it not only for practicing the MSE but also for observation of interviewing techniques. Conclusion The e-library with video vignettes of authentic patients strengthens MSE skills as “add-on” to the psychiatric rotation, and evaluations by the students were positive.
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Yao, Xue Mei. "Automated Essay Scoring: A Comparative Study." Applied Mechanics and Materials 274 (January 2013): 650–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.274.650.
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Automated essay scoring has been the focus of a cross-disciplinary study of computer science and English instruction. In this study, an experiment was conducted to testify the validity and reliability of E-grading Device and to check out whether the holistic score generated from combining computer and human score is a better solution to automated essay scoring system. The conclusion is that e-evaluation systems are valid and reliable basically, and e-evaluation and human evaluation should be combined together to generate holistic scores.
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Hong, Kyung Jin, Noo Lee Park, Soo Yeon Heo, Seo Hyun Jung, Ye Been Lee, and Ji Hoon Hwang. "Effect of e-Health Literacy on COVID-19 Infection-Preventive Behaviors of Undergraduate Students Majoring in Healthcare." Healthcare 9, no. 5 (May 12, 2021): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9050573.
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This study examined and verified the level of e-health literacy (e-HL) and infection preventive behaviors related to COVID-19 among undergraduate students majoring in healthcare. An online survey was conducted with 274 university students majoring in nursing, clinical pathology, and occupational therapy in South Korea. The e-HL consisted of functional, communicational, and critical literacy, and preventive behaviors were based on the Prevention Guideline on Droplet Infection. The mean score for e-HL was 3.62, with nursing students obtaining the highest scores. The overall e-HL score and the scores on its three sub-dimensions were related to infection-preventive behaviors. Moreover, e-HL affected infection-preventive behaviors (p < 0.001). Findings from this study highlight the necessity of education for improving the e-HL of undergraduate students majoring in healthcare to strengthen infection-preventive behaviors and protect patients from infectious diseases.
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Biancari, Fausto, Giuseppe Gatti, Stefano Rosato, Giovanni Mariscalco, Aniello Pappalardo, Francesco Onorati, Giuseppe Faggian, et al. "Preoperative risk stratification of deep sternal wound infection after coronary surgery." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 41, no. 4 (January 20, 2020): 444–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2019.375.
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AbstractObjective:To develop a risk score for deep sternal wound infection (DSWI) after isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).Design:Multicenter, prospective study.Setting:Tertiary-care referral hospitals.Participants:The study included 7,352 patients from the European multicenter coronary artery bypass grafting (E-CABG) registry.Intervention:Isolated CABG.Methods:An additive risk score (the E-CABG DSWI score) was estimated from the derivation data set (66.7% of patients), and its performance was assessed in the validation data set (33.3% of patients).Results:DSWI occurred in 181 (2.5%) patients and increased 1-year mortality (adjusted hazard ratio, 4.275; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.804–6.517). Female gender (odds ratio [OR], 1.804; 95% CI, 1.161–2.802), body mass index ≥30 kg/m2 (OR, 1.729; 95% CI, 1.166–2.562), glomerular filtration rate <45 mL/min/1.73 m2 (OR, 2.410; 95% CI, 1.413–4.111), diabetes (OR, 1.741; 95% CI, 1.178–2.573), pulmonary disease (OR, 1.935; 95% CI, 1.178–3.180), atrial fibrillation (OR, 1.854; 95% CI, 1.096–3.138), critical preoperative state (OR, 2.196; 95% CI, 1.209–3.891), and bilateral internal mammary artery grafting (OR, 2.088; 95% CI, 1.422–3.066) were predictors of DSWI (derivation data set). An additive risk score was calculated by assigning 1 point to each of these independent risk factors for DSWI. In the validation data set, the rate of DSWI increased along with the E-CABG DSWI scores (score of 0, 1.0%; score of 1, 1.8%; score of 2, 2.2%; score of 3, 6.9%; score ≥4: 12.1%; P < .0001). Net reclassification improvement, integrated discrimination improvement, and decision curve analysis showed that the E-CABG DSWI score performed better than other risk scores.Conclusions:DSWI is associated with poor outcome after CABG, and its risk can be stratified using the E-CABG DSWI score.Trial registration:clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT02319083
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Olech, E., D. Stull, B. Williams, S. Bean, G. Abreu, E. Schwetje, R. Tummala, and S. O’quinn. "AB0289 PATIENT REPORTED PHYSICAL HEALTH COMPARED TO CLINICIAN RECORDED BILAG-2004 MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM SCORES – DISCORDANCE BETWEEN PATIENTS AND CLINICIANS." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 80, Suppl 1 (May 19, 2021): 1171.1–1171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.2560.
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Background:The musculoskeletal organ system BILAG-2004 (MSK BILAG) assessment is of critical importance in SLE clinical trials. Severe active polyarthritis, MSK BILAG A, by definition includes significant impairment of basic activities of daily living (ADLs), as opposed to MSK BILAG C, D, or E where ability to perform ADLs is expected to be preserved. In clinical trials, BILAG is scored by clinicians without formal review of patient reported outcomes (PROs). The Physical Health domain of the LupusQoL (LQol PH) (range 0 – 100) can be used to assess the patient’s physical function and ADLs. LQoL PH score thresholds defining impairment severity have not been established; however, a transformed LQoL PH score ≤50 suggests more impaired function, which would not be expected in MSK BILAG C, D, or E. Conversely, a score >50 implies no major issues with ADLs, which would be contradictory to the definition of MSK BILAG A.Objectives:To assess correlation of patient reported LQoL PH with MSK BILAG scores recorded by clinicians at various timepoints using data from the phase 3 TULIP studies 1,2 and to investigate the percent of discordance between patients and clinicians.Methods:Data from TULIP 1 and 2 studies (anifrolumab 300 mg and placebo arms) were pooled to evaluate the relationship between LQoL PH and MSK BILAG scores at baseline, weeks 24 and 52 using Spearman correlations as post-hoc analysis. Mean LQoL PH scores were assessed for each MSK BILAG category at the three timepoints using one-way ANOVA. Percent of patients with MSK BILAG A and LQoL PH scores >50 and patients with MSK BILAG C, D, or E and LQoL PH scores ≤50 was calculated at baseline, week 24 and 52. MSK BILAG B was excluded from the analysis because discordance could not be easily defined for this category compared with the more extreme MSK BILAG categories.Results:Total of 690 patients were included in the pooled analysis (Table 1). Significant correlations between LQoL PH and MSK BILAG scores were found at each time point (nominal p<0.0001); this relationship became stronger over time. Mean LQoL PH scores were different in each MSK BILAG category, with the highest in MSK BILAG D/E and the lowest in the MSK BILAG A category, thus confirming the discriminatory ability of the LQoL PH (Table 1).Table 1.Correlation coefficients (CC) between LQoL PH and MSK BILAG scores, and mean LQoL PH scores with standard deviations (SD) per each MSK BILAG category at baseline, weeks 24 and 52.BaselineWeek 24Week 52CCNCCNCCNTotal Population-0.25690-0.36626-0.41552MSK BILAGMean LQoL PH Score (SD)Mean LQoL PH Score (SD)Mean LQoL PH Score (SD)0 (D/E)69.3 (24.7)1774.2 (22.1)18674.5 (21.3)2371 (C)62.3 (25.4)6064.0 (23.9)23360.6 (22.5)1848 (B)56.6 (24.4)39855.1 (24.2)16351.3 (24.3)10512 (A)44.9 (25.8)21543.9 (25.9)4444.2 (26.2)26At baseline, 40% of patients who were assessed by clinicians as having MSK BILAG A reported minimal impairment in physical function and ADLs (LQoL PH >50) and 24.1% who had MSK BILAG C, D, or E reported difficulties with ADLs (LQoL HP ≤50), suggesting discordance between patients and clinicians. This discordance slightly decreased over time (Figure 1).Figure 1.Percent of patients with MSK BILAG A and LQoL PH scores >50 and patients with MSK BILAG C, D, or E and LQoL PH scores ≤50 at baseline, weeks 24 and 52.Conclusion:Patient reported LQoL PH scores correlated with MSK BILAG scores and showed discriminant validity for MSK BILAG scores. Greater discordance was seen between LQoL PH and MSK BILAG A compared with C, D, or E. These findings suggest a need for further investigation of a role for PROs in MSK BILAG scoring. Formal review of PROs by clinicians during MSK BILAG assessment could be considered in future SLE clinical trials.References:[1]Furie R et al. Lancet 2019[2]Morand EF et al. N Engl J Med 2020Acknowledgements:This study was sponsored by AstraZeneca.Disclosure of Interests:Ewa Olech Speakers bureau: Abbvie, Amgen, Merck, Pfizer, and UCB, Grant/research support from: BMS, Donald Stull: None declared, Betsy Williams: None declared, Stephanie Bean: None declared, Gabriel Abreu Employee of: AstraZeneca, Erik Schwetje Employee of: AstraZeneca, Raj Tummala Employee of: AstraZeneca, Sean O’Quinn Shareholder of: AstraZeneca, Employee of: AstraZeneca
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Martín-Lara, María, and Nuria Rico. "Education for Sustainable Energy: Comparison of Different Types of E-Learning Activities." Energies 13, no. 15 (August 4, 2020): 4022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13154022.
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This paper reports a comparison of results obtained by using different e-learning strategies for teaching a biogas topic in two courses of the chemical engineering degree at the University of Granada. Particularly, four different asynchronous e-learning activities were carefully chosen: (1) noninteractive videos and audio files; (2) reading papers and discussion; (3) virtual tour of recommended websites of entities/associations/organizations working in the biogas sector; (4) PowerPoint slides and class notes. Students evaluated their satisfaction level (assessment) and teachers gave scores for evaluation exams (scores). We discuss the results from a quantitative point of view to suggest recommendations for improving e-learning implementations in education for sustainable energy. For dependent variables, reached scores and satisfaction assessment, we find the differences between means for students in two different academic years are no significant. In addition, there are no significant differences between means depending on the type of course. Significant differences appear for scores and satisfaction assessment between different activities. Finally, we deeply analyze the relationship between score and satisfaction assessment. The results show a positive correlation between assessment of e-learning activities and the score level reached by students.
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Nau, Gerardo, Pablo Lamelas, Alfonsina Candiello, Pablo Spaletra, Mariano Albertal, Lucio Padilla, Jorge Belardi, and Fernando Cura. "Variabilidad interobservador por lesión e impacto global en el score Syntax." Revista Argentina de Cardiología 82, no. 3 (May 2014): 247–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7775/rac.es.v82.i3.2828.
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Martinez-Garcia, Miguel Angel, Rodrigo A. Athanazio, Rosa Maria Girón, Luis Máiz-Carro, David de la Rosa, Casilda Olveira, Javier de Gracia, et al. "Predicting high risk of exacerbations in bronchiectasis: the E-FACED score." International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Volume 12 (January 2017): 275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/copd.s121943.
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Karunakaran, Tharsika, Oliver Turner, and Bijan Doostdar. "The e-CRABEL score: An updated method for auditing medical records." International Journal of Surgery 11, no. 8 (October 2013): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2013.06.622.
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Lin, Yan-Xia. "THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN QUASI-SCORE AND LOCALLY E-SUFFICIENT ESTIMATING FUNCTIONS." Australian Journal of Statistics 36, no. 3 (September 1994): 303–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-842x.1994.tb00883.x.
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Wright, Robert O., Howard Hu, Edwin K. Silverman, Shirng W. Tsaih, Joel Schwartz, David Bellinger, Eduardo Palazuelos, Scott T. Weiss, and Mauricio Hernandez-Avila. "Apolipoprotein E Genotype Predicts 24-Month Bayley Scales Infant Development Score." Pediatric Research 54, no. 6 (December 2003): 819–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/01.pdr.0000090927.53818.de.
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Guimarães, Rodrigo Pereira, Débora Pinheiro Lédio Alves, Thiago Leonardi Azuaga, Nelson Keiske Ono, Emerson Honda, Giancarlo Cavalli Polesello, Walter Ricioli Junior, Lucia Emi Ueno, and Nilza Aparecida Almeida De Carvalho. "Tradução e adaptação transcultural do "Harris Hip Score modificado por Byrd"." Acta Ortopédica Brasileira 18, no. 6 (2010): 339–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-78522010000600007.
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OBJETIVO: As artroscopias do quadril têm sido utilizadas tanto para fins diagnósticos, como para fins terapêuticos, fazendo parte do arsenal rotineiro dos cirurgiões do quadril. Devido a necessidade de avaliação dos resultados artroscópicos, Byrd propôs a modificação do "Harris Hip Score", realizando a avaliação da dor e função. O objetivo deste estudo foi traduzir e adaptar transculturalmente o protocolo de avaliação do "Harris Hip Score" modificado por Byrd, utilizado nas artroscopias do quadril. MÉTODO: O método utilizado constituiu em: 1) tradução inicial, 2) retrotradução, 3) pré - teste e 4) teste definitivo. RESULTADOS: A versão em português foi aplicada em 30 pacientes com afecções do quadril para verificar o nível de compreensão do protocolo. Foram realizadas mudanças e substituições de termos e expressões que não foram entendidas pelos pacientes durante o pré-teste e realizada a versão final em consenso. Novamente a versão final do questionário foi aplicada com 100% de entendimento pelos pacientes. CONCLUSÃO: disponibiliza-se assim a versão final em português do questionário "Harris Hip Score" modificado por Byrd. A validação desta versão já está em desenvolvimento.
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Marcondes, Freddy Beretta, Rodrigo Antunes de Vasconcelos, Adriano Marchetto, André Luis Lugnani de Andrade, Américo Zoppi Filho, and Maurício Etchebehere. "Tradução e adaptação cultural do Rowe score para a língua portuguesa." Acta Ortopédica Brasileira 20, no. 6 (December 2012): 346–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-78522012000600007.
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OBJETIVO: Traduzir e adaptar culturalmente o questionário Rowe para ser utilizado no Brasil. MÉTODOS: O processo de tradução e adaptação cultural envolveu inicialmente as etapas de tradução, síntese, retro-tradução e revisão pelo Grupo de Tradução. Foi então criada uma versão pré-final do questionário, sendo os domínios Estabilidade e Função aplicados a 20 pacientes que sofreram luxação anterior do ombro e o domínio Mobilidade aplicado a 20 profissionais da saúde. RESULTADOS: Foi observada dificuldade de entendimento de algumas expressões do questionário por parte dos pacientes, as quais foram substituídas por termos mais fáceis de serem compreendidos. Todos os profissionais da saúde compreenderam a tradução do domínio Mobilidade. Dessa forma, o questionário foi reaplicado a outros 20 pacientes, sendo compreendido por todos os sujeitos avaliados. CONCLUSÃO: Após um processo criterioso de tradução e adaptação cultural, foi possível obter a versão brasileira do questionário Rowe. Nível de Evidência II, Estudos diagnósticos; investigação de um exame para diagnóstico.
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Myuran, Tharsika, Oliver Turner, Bijan Ben Doostdar, and Bryony Lovett. "The e-CRABEL score: an updated method for auditing medical records." BMJ Quality Improvement Reports 6, no. 1 (January 2017): u211253.w4529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjquality.u211253.w4529.
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Grunwald, Iris Q., Johann Kulikovski, Wolfgang Reith, Stephen Gerry, Rafael Namias, Maria Politi, Panagiotis Papanagiotou, et al. "Collateral Automation for Triage in Stroke: Evaluating Automated Scoring of Collaterals in Acute Stroke on Computed Tomography Scans." Cerebrovascular Diseases 47, no. 5-6 (2019): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000500076.
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Computed tomography angiography (CTA) collateral scoring can identify patients most likely to benefit from mechanical thrombectomy and those more likely to have good outcomes and ranges from 0 (no collaterals) to 3 (complete collaterals). In this study, we used a machine learning approach to categorise the degree of collateral flow in 98 patients who were eligible for mechanical thrombectomy and generate an e-CTA collateral score (CTA-CS) for each patient (e-STROKE SUITE, Brainomix Ltd., Oxford, UK). Three experienced neuroradiologists (NRs) independently estimated the CTA-CS, first without and then with knowledge of the e-CTA output, before finally agreeing on a consensus score. Addition of the e-CTA improved the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) between NRs from 0.58 (0.46–0.67) to 0.77 (0.66–0.85, p = 0.003). Automated e-CTA, without NR input, agreed with the consensus score in 90% of scans with the remaining 10% within 1 point of the consensus (ICC 0.93, 0.90–0.95). Sensitivity and specificity for identifying favourable collateral flow (collateral score 2–3) were 0.99 (0.93–1.00) and 0.94 (0.70–1.00), respectively. e-CTA correlated with the Alberta Stroke Programme Early CT Score (Spearman correlation 0.46, p < 0.001) highlighting the value of good collateral flow in maintaining tissue viability prior to reperfusion. In conclusion, e-CTA provides a real-time and fully automated approach to collateral scoring with the potential to improve consistency of image interpretation and to independently quantify collateral scores even without expert rater input.
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Debbarma, Mira Rani, Sangita Rani Bhowmik, and Abhishek Majumder. "E-VEDGE." International Journal of Distributed Systems and Technologies 9, no. 4 (October 2018): 54–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijdst.2018100104.
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Hole minimization in wireless sensor networks is a critical issue. In the presence of obstacles, the issue becomes much more challenging. In this article, a hole minimization technique named enhanced VEDGE (E-VEDGE) has been proposed. The scheme uses both the Voronoi polygon and Delaunay triangulation so that it can work efficiently in presence of obstacle. The proposed scheme, along with two other existing schemes namely: VEDGE and the Delaunay Triangulation-Score (DT-Score) has been simulated. Simulation results show that while the proposed E-VEDGE provides a maximum coverage of 95% to 96.8%, VEDGE and DT-Score provide maximum coverage of 89% to 92.5% and 86% to 87%, respectively.
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Silva, Adriana Lucia Pastore e., Alberto Tesconi Croci, Riccardo Gomes Gobbi, Betina Bremer Hinckel, José Ricardo Pecora, and Marco Kawamura Demange. "Tradução e validação da nova versão da escala Knee Society Score – The 2011 KS Score – para a língua portuguesa." Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia 52, no. 4 (July 2017): 506–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbo.2016.08.005.
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Hasan, Faten, Erin Kennedy, Kristin Guertin, Roger Anderson, Wendy Cohn, Jamie Zoellner, and Sibylle Kranz. "Diet Quality and Inflammatory Index Score Among Women's Cancer Survivors." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 976. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab051_020.
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Abstract Objectives In 2018, women's cancers accounted for 38.6% of new cases and 26.9% of cancer deaths in females worldwide. The risk of recurrence is partially attributed to lifestyle factors linked to inflammation, including diet quality. Adherence to U.S Department of Agriculture Dietary Guidelines, measured with the Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2015), and consuming an anti-inflammatory diet, measured with the Energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index (E-DII), are found to improve quality of life and reduce recurrence risk. The purpose of this study was to investigate HEI-2015 and E-DII scores in women's cancer survivors. Methods Survivors of women's cancers (N = 52, 65 ± 12 yrs) were recruited to complete a demographic questionnaire and three 24-hour dietary recalls using the Nutrient Data System for Research (NDSR). HEI-2015 and E-DII scores were calculated from average intakes. Linear regression analysis was used to examine the association between demographic factors (age, BMI, education, rurality, income, financial security, years since active treatment, and weight goals) and HEI-2015 and E-DII scores. Pearson Correlation was used to examine correlation between the two. Results On average, HEI-2015 score was 55 ± 13.5 (29.7–84.6), lower than the national average, and E-DII score was -1.14 ± 2.24 (−5.66–3.22). 54% of women had anti- inflammatory (<−1), 17% had pro-inflammatory (>1), and 29% women had relatively neutral (−1 to 1) diets. Women with a graduate degree (P = 0.03) and who completed treatment more than 4 years prior (P = 0.01) had higher HEI-2015 scores. There were no associations between SES and E-DII scores. Most notably, higher diet quality was associated with more anti-inflammatory diets (r = −0.67, P < 0.001). Conclusions While diet quality of women cancer survivors is comparatively low, the association with its inflammatory potential is a promising avenue for preventing recurrence. Higher E-DII scores are correlated with increased inflammatory markers, cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome risk, greater risk ratio and 75% increased mortality for several cancers. Guidelines for reducing inflammation will allow Registered Dietitians to provide specific, evidence-based oncology nutrition services, such as education, counseling, and medical nutrition therapy (MNT). Funding Sources This was funded by the University of Virginia Cancer Center.
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Menolli, Gisele Andrade, and Eleine Aparecida Penha Martins. "Influência dos acidentes e dos procedimentos intra-hospitalares no óbito." Revista Recien - Revista Científica de Enfermagem 10, no. 32 (December 15, 2020): 183–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.24276/rrecien2020.10.32.183-193.
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Identificar a influência da gravidade do trauma e do atendimento intra-hospitalar no óbito, em vítimas de acidentes motociclísticos. Estudo transversal, quantitativo com 31 vítimas encaminhadas para o Hospital no norte do Paraná, entre dezembro de 2016 e março de 2017. 80,6% das vítimas eram homens, 48,4% das ocorrências aconteceram durante o dia. As escalas de trauma, Injury Severity Score (TRISS), Revised Trauma Score (RTS) e Injury Severity Score (ISS) evidenciaram escores leves com baixo risco de morte. Houve associação entre gravidade do trauma e óbito, chegaram ao hospital com imobilizações corporais 61,3%; o protocolo de atendimento ao trauma foi utilizado em 45,2% dos casos; a cirurgia ortopédica compreendeu 43,4%; houve associação das cirurgias com o desfecho óbito; 90,3% das vítimas não tiveram infecção. A gravidade do trauma e cirurgias tiveram associação com o desfecho óbito, todas as vítimas de trauma devem ser atendidas conforme protocolo.Descritores: Serviço Hospitalar de Admissão de Paciente, Acidentes de Trânsito, Índices de Gravidade do Trauma, Motocicletas. Influence of accidents and in-hospital procedures on deathAbstract: Identification of the influence of trauma severity and the in-hospital care at death, in victims of motorcycle accidents. Cross-sectional, quantitative study, considering 31 victims referred to the Hospital in northern Paraná, between December 2016 and March 2017. 80.6% of the victims were men and 48.4% of the occurrences took place during the daytime. The trauma scales, Injury Severity Score (TRISS), Revised Trauma Score (RTS) and Injury Severity Score (ISS) presented soft scores of low risks of death. There was evidence of association between trauma severity and death, 61.3% of the patients arrived at the hospital with bodily immobilizations; the trauma care protocol was used in 45.2% of cases; surgery comprised 43.4% of cases; there was an association of surgeries with the outcome of death and 90.3% of the victims had no infection. The severity of trauma and surgeries were associated with the outcome of death; all trauma victims should be treated according to the protocol.Descriptors: Hospital Service for patient Admission, Traffic-Accidents, Trauma Severity Indices, Motorcycles. Influencia de los accidentes y procedimientos intrahospitales en la muerteResumen: Identificar la influencia de la gravedad del trauma y del atendimiento intrahospitalario en la muerte, en víctimas de accidentes motociclísticos. Estudio transversal, cuantitativo con 31 víctimas encaminadas para el Hospital en el Norte del Paraná, entre diciembre de 2016 y marzo de 2017. El 80.6% de las víctimas eran hombres, un 48.4% de los casos ocurrieron durante el día. La puntuación de los traumas, Injury Severity Score (TRISS), RevisedTrauma Score (RTS) y Injury Severity Score (ISS) evidenciaron scores leves con bajo riesgo de muerte. Hubo asociación entre la gravedad del trauma y la muerte, llegaron al hospital con inmovilizaciones corporales el 61.3%; el protocolo de atendimiento al trauma fué utilizado el 45.2% de los casos; la cirugía ortopédica comprendió 43.4%; hubo asociación de las cirugías con la muerte; el 90.3% de las víctimas no tuvieron infección. La gravedad del trauma y cirugías tuvieron asociación con la muerte, todas las víctimas de trauma deben ser atendidas según el protocolo.Descriptores: Servicio Hospitalar de Admisión de Paciente, Accidentes de Transito, Indices de Gravedad del Trauma, Motocicletas.
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Pusporini, Widowati. "Analysis of Student Responses to E-learning Resources and Activities." TAMANSISWA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL IN EDUCATION AND SCIENCE 2, no. 1 (October 27, 2020): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.30738/tijes.v2i1.8564.
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In early 2020, the outbreak spread in the world. In response to this emergency condition, the world's higher education institutions have been forced to resort to e-learning and digital tools. This study was conducted to find out the students’ responses to resources and activity e-learning. The sample was composed of 37 students. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by mean score and Likert scale. Using ideal normal standards for the various data above, it can be concluded that the student response to e-learning used at the University of Sarjanawiyata Tamansiswa can be described as follows for the student response indicator to the resources in e-learning, has 4.1 mean scores, it can be concluded that students assess resources in e-learning are considered good. Then, the activities in e-learning have a mean score of 3.8. This indicates that it is in a fair category.
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Abulimiti, Alinuer, Xin Zhang, Nitin Shivappa, James R. Hébert, Yu-Jing Fang, Chu-Yi Huang, Xiao-Li Feng, Yu-Ming Chen, and Cai-Xia Zhang. "The Dietary Inflammatory Index Is Positively Associated with Colorectal Cancer Risk in a Chinese Case-Control Study." Nutrients 12, no. 1 (January 16, 2020): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12010232.
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Diet may modulate chronic inflammation. The aim of this study is to investigate whether the dietary inflammatory index (DII®) was associated with the risk of colorectal cancer in a Chinese population. A case-control study was conducted from July 2010 to April 2019, in Guangzhou, China. A total of 2502 eligible cases were recruited along with 2538 age- (5-year interval) and sex-matched controls. Dietary data derived from a validated food frequency questionnaire were used to calculate the energy-adjusted DII (E-DII) scores. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for colorectal cancer risk were estimated using unconditional logistic regression models. In this study, E-DII scores ranged from −5.96 (the most anti-inflammatory score) to +6.01 (the most pro-inflammatory score). A positive association was found between the E-DII and colorectal cancer risk, with the OR = 1.40 (95% CI 1.16, 1.68; Ptrend < 0.01) for the highest E-DII quartile compared with the lowest quartile after adjusting for potential confounders. When stratified based on cancer subsite, sex, body mass index, and smoking status, significant associations were not observed in women or underweight individuals. Results from this study confirmed that a higher E-DII score was associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer in a Chinese population.
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Brascia, Debora, Francesco Onorati, Daniel Reichart, Andrea Perrotti, Vito G. Ruggieri, Giuseppe Santarpino, Daniele Maselli, et al. "Prediction of severe bleeding after coronary surgery: the WILL-BLEED Risk Score." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 117, no. 03 (2017): 445–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/th16-09-0721.
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SummarySevere perioperative bleeding after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is associated with poor outcome. An additive score for prediction of severe bleeding was derived (n=2494) and validated (n=1250) in patients from the E-CABG registry. Severe bleeding was defined as E-CABG bleeding grades 2–3 (transfusion of >4 units of red blood cells or reoperation for bleeding). The overall incidence of severe bleeding was 6.4 %. Preoperative anaemia (3 points), female gender (2 points), eGFR <45 ml/min/1.73 m2 (3 points), potent antiplatelet drugs discontinued less than five days (2 points), critical preoperative state (5 points), acute coronary syndrome (2 points), use of low-molecular-weight heparin/fondaparinux/unfractionated heparin (1 point) were independent predictors of severe bleeding. The WILL-BLEED score was associated with increasing rates of severe bleeding in both the derivation and validation cohorts (scores 0–3: 2.9 % vs 3.4 %; scores 4–6: 6.8 % vs 7.5 %; scores>6: 24.6 % vs 24.2 %, both p<0.0001). The WILL-BLEED score had a better discriminatory ability (AUC 0.725) for prediction of severe bleeding compared to the ACTION (AUC 0.671), CRUSADE (AUC 0.642), Papworth (AUC 0.605), TRUST (AUC 0.660) and TRACK (AUC 0.640) bleeding scores. The net reclassification index and integrated discrimination improvement using the WILL-BLEED score as opposed to the other bleeding scores were significant (p<0.0001). The decision curve analysis demonstrated a net benefit with the WILL-BLEED score compared to the other bleeding scores. In conclusion, the WILL-BLEED risk score is a simple risk stratification method which allows the identification of patients at high risk of severe bleeding after CABG.Clinical Trial Registration: NCT02319083 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02319083)
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Khan, Rahmat Ullah, Hafiz Muhammad Inamullah, and Hafiz M. Irshadullah. "Effects of E-Learning Media on Cognitive Skills Enhancement of Students." Global Social Sciences Review III, no. I (March 30, 2018): 176–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2018(iii-i).12.
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The significant time that learners spend on using e-learning media for teaching learning purpose at schools and homes creates some thought provoking questions like how the use of e-learning media may influence cognitive skills enhancement?, and if it does have influence, then how much? The study evaluates the effects of e-learning media on cognitive skills enhancement of science students respectively, and compares the impact of elearning media on cognitive skills enhancement of male and female science learners. The study is experimental in nature. Results of the study are tested at significance level alpha: a = 0.05. After conducting pre-tests, treatment and post-tests, it is found that the post-test results of male and female science students are better than their pre-test. It is also found that the cognitive skills enhancement score of both genders of students of experimental group is higher than the score of both genders of students of control group on the basis of post-tests scores. It is also found that there was no difference between cognitive skills enhancement score of male students of experimental group and that of female students of experimental group on the basis of post-tests scores. Consequently, it is concluded that the use of e-learning media has considerable positive effect on the achievement of male and female science students and it enhances their cognitive skills, but no considerable difference was observed between the cognitive skills enhancement of male and female students using e learning media.
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Patel, Manan Sunil, Jacob M. Kirsch, Michael J. Gutman, Richard M. McEntee, Frank Alberta, Matthew L. Ramsey, Joseph A. Abboud, and Surena Namdari. "Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation Correlates with American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Score for Common Elbow Pathology: A Retrospective Cohort Study." American Journal of Sports Medicine 49, no. 10 (June 25, 2021): 2771–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03635465211024253.
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Background: There are currently a variety of patient-reported outcomes (PROs) for elbow pathology, without any established gold standard. The Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE) is a single question assessment of the patient’s perceived overall function compared with normal. The SANE score has been correlated with PROs from the shoulder and knee literature. Purpose: To correlate the SANE score for a variety of elbow pathologies with a traditionally reported elbow outcome measure, the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons–Elbow score (ASES-E). Study Design: Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A retrospective review was performed of all patients identified at a single center between April 2016 and January 2019 who presented as a new patient with elbow pathology. All patients prospectively completed the ASES-E along with the SANE score for elbow (SANE-E) at the time of initial consultation. Spearman correlations ( r) were performed to evaluate the correlation between the ASES-E and the SANE-E score for specific elbow pathology, along with descriptive data such as age, sex, and chronicity of the problem. Results: A total of 555 patients (166 women, 29.9%) with a mean ± SD age of 51.0 ± 11.7 years with the diagnoses of medial epicondylitis (n = 72; 13.0%), lateral epicondylitis (n = 224; 40.4%), biceps tendon rupture (n = 139; 25.0%), triceps tendon rupture (n = 21; 3.8%), and elbow arthritis (n = 99; 17.8%) were included in this analysis. There was moderate correlation between the SANE-E and the ASES-E ( r = 0.623; P < .001), with strongest correlation with the visual analog scale (VAS) ( r = −0.518; P < .001) compared with any individual question and moderate to strong correlations based on specific diagnoses. SANE-E and ASES-E scores for the entire cohort were 42.9 ± 26.7 and 56.9 ± 21.4, respectively ( P < .001). Age ( r = 0.027; P = .526), sex ( r = 0.026; P = .555), VAS ( r = −0.106; P = .013), and chronicity of the problem ( r = −0.037; P = .384) were not found to be correlated with differences in ASES-E and SANE-E. Conclusion: The SANE-E score is a simple way to assess patient-perceived function relative to normal. The findings of this study demonstrated moderate to strong correlation between the ASES-E and the SANE-E score for a variety of commonly encountered elbow conditions.
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Dona, Fitri, Susmiati Susmiati, and Dewi Murni. "Efisiensi Perangkat Pendukung dalam Pelaksanaan Sistem Informasi e-Puskesmas Kota Sungai Penuh." Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Batanghari Jambi 19, no. 3 (October 15, 2019): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/jiubj.v19i3.724.
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The implementation of e-Puskesmas can produce accurate and standardized report data so that health services can be effective and efficient so that the incidence of disease outbreaks in the community can be immediately addressed and addressed by health workers at the Sungai Penuh City Health Care. To analyze the description of supporting devices efficiency in the implementation of the e-Puskesmas information system. Descriptive quantitative, a sample of 55 units supporting the implementation of e-Puskesmas was taken using total sampling. The average hardware score of good e-Puskesmas was 74.5% and the average hardware score of e-Puskesmas was 25.5%. The average score of good e-Puskesmas software was 36.4% and the average score of e-Puskesmas software was not good at 63.6%. The average score of the complete e-Puskesmas data is 45.5% and the average score of incomplete e-Puskesmas data is 54.5%. The average score of the good e-Puskesmas network was 27.3% and the average score of the e-Puskesmas network was not good at 72.7%. It was found that the supporting devices for the implementation of e-Puskesmas had not been optimally updated at Sungai Penuh city health care. Evaluate and supervise the supporting devices for implementing the e-Puskesmas information system so that health services are effective and efficient.
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Vieira, Matheus Pedro Castro do Nascimento, Jose Henrique de Araújo Cruz, Ruth de Souza Medeiros, Abrahao Alves de Oliveira Filho, Maria Angélica Satyro Gomes Alves, Camila Helena Machado da Costa Figueiredo, Elizandra Silva da Penha, Luanna Abilio Diniz Melquíades de Medeiros, and Gymenna Maria Tenório Guênes. "Importância e influência da estética dental relacionada à saúde biológica e social do indivíduo." ARCHIVES OF HEALTH INVESTIGATION 10, no. 5 (May 17, 2021): 717–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21270/archi.v10i5.4963.
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Objetivou-se avaliar a influência que a estética dental apresenta na saúde do indivíduo. A amostra foi constituída por 150 pacientes de Odontologia, com idade acima 18 anos, de ambos os gêneros, realizada entre novembro de 2018 a março de 2019. Foram aplicados os questionários Sóciodemográfico, Impacto Psicossocial da Estética Dental e Escala da Autoestima de Rosenberg adaptado. Ao final, foram feitos os cálculos para obter os scores dos resultados para descobrir se há ou não impacto psicossocial da estética dental e se os pacientes possuíam baixa auto-estima. Destes 150 participantes, 103 (68,7%) eram do gênero feminino; a maioria apresentou ter 39 ou mais anos de idade 48 (32%); quanto à escolaridade resultaram em uma maioria de 39 (26%) para os participantes que possuíam curso superior incompleto; acerca da renda per capita, a maioria (98, 65,4%) dos participantes do estudo relataram ter até um salário mínimo. Para o questionário de Impacto Psicossocial da Estética Dental, o score foi de 28,03 e no questionário de Autoestima, o score foi de 23,36. Portanto, a estética dentária teve grande impacto psicossocial na rotina dos pacientes e em virtude disso a autoestima se encontrava baixa segundo os resultados obtidos.
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Churuangsuk, Chaitong, Michael E. J. Lean, and Emilie Combet. "Lower carbohydrate and higher fat intakes are associated with higher hemoglobin A1c: findings from the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey 2008–2016." European Journal of Nutrition 59, no. 6 (November 4, 2019): 2771–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00394-019-02122-1.
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Abstract Purpose Evidence of low-carbohydrate, high-fat diets (LCHF) for type 2 diabetes (T2DM) prevention is scarce. We investigated how carbohydrate intake relates to HbA1c and T2DM prevalence in a nationally representative survey dataset. Methods We analyzed dietary information (4-day food diaries) from 3234 individuals aged ≥ 16 years, in eight waves of the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2008–2016). We calculated LCHF scores (0–20, higher score indicating lower %food energy from carbohydrate, with reciprocal higher contribution from fat) and UK Dietary Reference Value (DRV) scores (0–16, based on UK dietary recommendations). Associations between macronutrients and diet scores and diabetes prevalence were analyzed (in the whole sample) using multivariate logistic regression. Among those without diabetes, analyses between exposures and %HbA1c (continuous) were analyzed using multivariate linear regression. All analyses were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, ethnicity, smoking status, total energy intake, socioeconomic status and survey years. Results In the overall study sample, 194 (6.0%) had diabetes. Mean intake was 48.0%E for carbohydrates, and 34.9%E for total fat. Every 5%E decrease in carbohydrate, and every 5%E increase in fat, was associated with 12% (95% CI 0.78–0.99; P = 0.03) and 17% (95% CI 1.02–1.33; P = 0.02) higher odds of diabetes, respectively. Each two-point increase in LCHF score is related to 8% (95% CI 1.02–1.14; P = 0.006) higher odds of diabetes, while there was no evidence for association between DRV score and diabetes. Among the participants without diagnosed diabetes (n = 3130), every 5%E decrease in carbohydrate was associated with higher %HbA1c by + 0.016% (95% CI 0.004–0.029; P = 0.012), whereas every 5%E increase in fat was associated with higher %HbA1c by + 0.029% (95% CI 0.015–0.043; P < 0.001). Each two-point increase in LCHF score is related to higher %HbA1c by + 0.010% (0.1 mmol/mol), while each two-point increase in the DRV score is related to lower %HbA1c by − 0.023% (0.23 mmol/mol). Conclusions Lower carbohydrate and higher fat intakes were associated with higher HbA1c and greater odds of having diabetes. These data do not support low(er) carbohydrate diets for diabetes prevention.
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Teixeira, Gibran, and Giácomo Balbinotto Neto. "Seguro-desemprego brasileiro e salário de reinserção: análise empírica com regressão com descontinuidade e propensity score matching." Nova Economia 26, no. 3 (December 2016): 943–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6351/2215.
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Resumo: O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar a influência do programa brasileiro de Seguro-Desemprego sobre o salário de reinserção dos seus beneficiados. Como referenciais teóricos, foram utilizadas as teorias de JobSearch e do Capital Humano. Para a análise empírica, empregou-se o método de regressão com descontinuidade modelo Sharp, bem como o propensity score matching como critério de robustez.Avaliando os resultados, percebe-se que o programa nacional vai de encontro às teorias, visto que não se mostrou suficiente para influenciar o salário de reinserção dos beneficiados. Isso indica que ele atua no sentido de auxiliar financeiramente o trabalhador por um período definido de tempo sem agregar nenhum nível de capital humano aos seus beneficiados.
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Barreto, Rodrigo Py Gonçalves, Marcus Levi Lopes Barbosa, Marcos Alencar Abaide Balbinotti, Fernando Carlos Mothes, Luís Henrique Telles da Rosa, and Marcelo Faria Silva. "Versão brasileira do Constant‐Murley Score (CMS‐BR): validade convergente e de constructo, consistência interna e unidimensionalidade." Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia 51, no. 5 (September 2016): 515–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbo.2015.11.008.
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Enright, Mary K., and Thomas Quinlan. "Complementing human judgment of essays written by English language learners with e-rater® scoring." Language Testing 27, no. 3 (June 15, 2010): 317–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265532210363144.
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E-rater® is an automated essay scoring system that uses natural language processing techniques to extract features from essays and to model statistically human holistic ratings. Educational Testing Service has investigated the use of e-rater, in conjunction with human ratings, to score one of the two writing tasks on the TOEFL-iBT® writing section. In this article we describe the TOEFL iBT writing section and an e-rater model proposed to provide one of two ratings for the Independent writing task. We discuss how the evidence for a process that uses both human and e-rater scoring is relevant to four components in a validity argument: (a) Evaluation — observations of performance on the writing task are scored to provide evidence of targeted writing skills; (b) Generalization — scores on the writing task provide estimates of expected scores over relevant parallel versions of the task and across raters; (c) Extrapolation — expected scores on the writing task are consistent with other measures of writing ability; and (d) Utilization — scores on the writing task are useful in educational contexts. Finally, we propose directions for future research that will strengthen the case for using complementary methods of scoring to improve the assessment of EFL writing.