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Journal articles on the topic 'Dynamics in TiN'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Rogowicz, Ernest, Jan Kopaczek, Joanna Kutrowska-Girzycka, Maksym Myronov, Robert Kudrawiec, and Marcin Syperek. "Carrier Dynamics in Thin Germanium–Tin Epilayers." ACS Applied Electronic Materials 3, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 344–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsaelm.0c00889.

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2

Zeng, W. Y., J. F. Higgs, and A. Anderson. "Lattice Dynamics of Tin Tetrabromide." physica status solidi (b) 139, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.2221390106.

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3

George, Heather, Jennifer Reed, Manuel Ferdinandus, Clayton DeVault, Alexei Lagutchev, Augustine Urbas, Theodore B. Norris, Vladimir M. Shalaev, Alexandra Boltasseva, and Nathaniel Kinsey. "Nonlinearities and carrier dynamics in refractory plasmonic TiN thin films." Optical Materials Express 9, no. 10 (September 3, 2019): 3911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ome.9.003911.

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4

Fu, Tao, Xianghe Peng, Yinbo Zhao, Rong Sun, Shayuan Weng, Chao Feng, and Zhongchang Wang. "Molecular dynamics simulation of TiN (001) thin films under indentation." Ceramics International 41, no. 10 (December 2015): 14078–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.07.027.

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5

Xu, Z. H., L. Yuan, D. B. Shan, and B. Guo. "A molecular dynamics simulation of TiN film growth on TiN(001)." Computational Materials Science 50, no. 4 (February 2011): 1432–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2010.11.030.

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6

Edström, Daniel, Davide G. Sangiovanni, Lars Hultman, Ivan Petrov, J. E. Greene, and Valeriu Chirita. "Large-scale molecular dynamics simulations of TiN/TiN(001) epitaxial film growth." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films 34, no. 4 (July 2016): 041509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.4953404.

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7

Ivanov, A. S., A. Yu Rumiantsev, N. L. Mitrofanov, and M. Alba. "Low-frequency lattice dynamics of γ-tin." Physica B: Condensed Matter 174, no. 1-4 (October 1991): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-4526(91)90581-x.

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8

Edström, D., D. G. Sangiovanni, L. Hultman, I. Petrov, J. E. Greene, and V. Chirita. "Effects of incident N atom kinetic energy on TiN/TiN(001) film growth dynamics: A molecular dynamics investigation." Journal of Applied Physics 121, no. 2 (January 14, 2017): 025302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4972963.

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9

Li, Zhongguo, Zhendong Wu, Xiaolong Wang, Hongtao Cao, Lingyan Liang, Junyi Yang, and Yinglin Song. "Ultrafast Carrier Dynamics of Amorphous Zinc Tin Oxide Graded Thin Films." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 125, no. 17 (April 26, 2021): 9350–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c10511.

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10

Hase, T., and K. Fuchizaki. "Molecular dynamics simulation study on liquid tin tetraiodide." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 64, a1 (August 23, 2008): C614—C615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767308080239.

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11

Lanzafame, Joseph M., R. J. Dwayne Miller, Annabel A. Muenter, and Bruce A. Parkinson. "Ultrafast charge-transfer dynamics at tin disulfide surfaces." Journal of Physical Chemistry 96, no. 7 (April 1992): 2820–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100186a008.

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12

Hirasawa, Masakatsu, Yuzo Sakazaki, Hiroki Hane, and Takayoshi Kobayashi. "Direct observation of vibrational dynamics in tin phthalocyanine." Chemical Physics Letters 392, no. 4-6 (July 2004): 390–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2004.03.154.

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13

Moreno, M. S., and R. C. Mercader. "Lattice-dynamics of the intermediate oxide of tin." Hyperfine Interactions 83, no. 1 (December 1994): 415–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02074310.

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14

Hallum, Goran Erik, Dorian Kürschner, David Redka, Dorothée Niethammer, Wolfgang Schulz, and Heinz Paul Huber. "Time-resolved ultrafast laser ablation dynamics of thin film indium tin oxide." Optics Express 29, no. 19 (September 1, 2021): 30062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.434515.

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15

Cai, Meng, and Liang Gu. "Heavy-Duty Car Multi-Body Dynamics Simulation and Optimization Research." Advanced Materials Research 950 (June 2014): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.950.275.

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TIn this paper, according to the structure characteristics and using characteristics of heavy duty truck, we use the principle of vehicle dynamics and simulation analysis method to deeply study the dynamic characteristics of heavy duty truck. And we also use the heavy duty model to carry on the optimization simulation and experimental validation for riding smoothness and handling stability. So as to guide the development and design of heavy duty truck, to get the purpose of control the dynamic performance and shorten the development cycle.

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16

Ren, Hongbo, Jiayi Zhu, Yutie Bi, Yewei Xu, Lin Zhang, and Ni Wang. "Rapid Fabrication of Low-Density Porous Tin Monolith via Hydrogen Bulb Dynamics Templates." International Journal of Nanoscience 16, no. 05n06 (August 11, 2017): 1750016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x17500168.

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Low-density porous tin monolith with the pteridophyta leaf-like structure was fast fabricated by a facile route via the electrochemical deposition process via hydrogen bulb dynamics templates within less than 1[Formula: see text]min. The samples were characterized by scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction and so on. The results indicated that the deposited tin porous structure could be easily controlled to form film or monolith by adjusting the tin precursor concentration and surfactant content.

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17

Diroll, Benjamin T., Soham Saha, Vladimir M. Shalaev, Alexandra Boltasseva, and Richard D. Schaller. "Broadband Ultrafast Dynamics of Refractory Metals: TiN and ZrN." Advanced Optical Materials 9, no. 15 (August 2021): 2101250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adom.202101250.

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18

BÖYÜKATA, MUSTAFA. "MOLECULAR DYNAMICS STUDY OF Tin, Vn AND Crn CLUSTERS." Journal of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry 06, no. 01 (March 2007): 81–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219633607002873.

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Using a Morse type pair potential, molecular-dynamics simulations have been performed to investigate the atomic geometries, growing patterns, structural stabilities, energetics and magic sizes of Ti n, V n and Cr n (n = 2-50) clusters. Following rearrangement collision of the atom–cluster system in fusion process, and absorbing their energies step by step down to 0 K, possible optimal equilibrium geometries of the clusters have been generated to tackle the structural determination problem. This approach serves an efficient alternative to the growing path identification and the optimization techniques. It has been found that titanium, vanadium and chromium clusters prefer to form three-dimensional compact structures in the determined configurations and the appearances of medium sizes are, in general, five-fold symmetry on the spherical clusters. Moreover, relevant relations between atomic arrangements in the clusters and the magic sizes have been observed.

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19

Rollinger, B., and R. S. Abhari. "Excitation and dynamics of liquid tin micrometer droplet generation." Physics of Fluids 28, no. 7 (July 2016): 074105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4955114.

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20

Parshin, P. P., M. G. Zemlyanov, G. Kh Panova, A. A. Shikov, Yu A. Kumzerov, A. A. Naberezhnov, I. Sergueev, W. Crichton, A. I. Chumakov, and R. Rüffer. "Atomic dynamics of tin nanoparticles embedded into porous glass." Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics 114, no. 3 (March 2012): 440–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063776112010141.

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21

Foran, Gabrielle Y., and Gillian R. Goward. "Site-Specific Proton Dynamics in Indium-Doped Tin Pyrophosphate." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 124, no. 52 (December 18, 2020): 28407–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c09290.

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22

Ivanov, A. S., A. Yu Rumiantsev, B. Dorner, N. L. Mitrofanov, and V. V. Pushkarev. "Lattice dynamics and electron-phonon interaction in γ-tin." Journal of Physics F: Metal Physics 17, no. 9 (September 1987): 1925–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0305-4608/17/9/017.

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23

WU, Qiang, WeiRong WANG, XinZhu LI, and ShuYang CHEN. "Dynamics behavior of porous tin under strong shockwave impact." SCIENTIA SINICA Physica, Mechanica & Astronomica 50, no. 10 (September 8, 2020): 104707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/sspma-2020-0053.

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24

Diroll, Benjamin T., Soham Saha, Vladimir M. Shalaev, Alexandra Boltasseva, and Richard D. Schaller. "Broadband Ultrafast Dynamics of Refractory Metals: TiN and ZrN." Advanced Optical Materials 8, no. 19 (July 12, 2020): 2000652. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adom.202000652.

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25

CALDARARU, M., V. POPA, D. SPRINCEANA, and N. IONESCU. "Surface dynamics in tin dioxide-containing catalysts I. Surface dynamics of tin dioxide interaction with propene-containing feed in presence of residual water." Applied Catalysis A: General 125, no. 2 (May 11, 1995): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0926-860x(94)00287-8.

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26

Solt, G., U. Zimmermann, and D. Herlach. "Dynamics of implanted muons at low temperatures in white tin." Physica B: Condensed Matter 403, no. 19-20 (October 2008): 3351–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2008.04.046.

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27

Herber, Rolfe H. "Metal atom dynamics of phthalocyanin tin complexes: SnPc and SnPc2." Inorganica Chimica Acta 401 (May 2013): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ica.2013.03.007.

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28

Soulard, L., and O. Durand. "Observation of phase transitions in shocked tin by molecular dynamics." Journal of Applied Physics 127, no. 16 (April 30, 2020): 165901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0003089.

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29

Barbieri, Renato, Giuseppe Ruisi, Arturo Silvestri, Anna Maria Giuliani, Adriana Barbieri, Gabriele Spina, Fabrizio Pieralli, and Franco Del Giallo. "Dynamics of tin nuclei in alkyltin(IV)–deoxyribonucleic acid condensates by variable-temperature tin-119 Mössbauer spectroscopy." J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., no. 3 (1995): 467–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/dt9950000467.

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30

Edström, D., D. G. Sangiovanni, L. Hultman, I. Petrov, J. E. Greene, and V. Chirita. "The dynamics of TiNx (x = 1–3) admolecule interlayer and intralayer transport on TiN/TiN(001) islands." Thin Solid Films 589 (August 2015): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2015.05.013.

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31

Indra, Citra Asmara. "IMPLIKASI TERBITNYA REGULASI TENTANG PERTIMAHAN TERHADAP DINAMIKA PERTAMBANGAN TIMAH INKONVENSIONAL DI PULAU BANGKA." Society 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 26–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/society.v2i1.47.

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Implication of the publication of the regulation of dynamics of tin mining on Bangka Island, it is most clearly visible are the rise of tin mining unconventional. The Central Government controls over commodities lead is so strong that they use their hands to do military protection. The local community is prohibited to mine, sell, even save them even one kilogram of matter. This condition is a precondition for the emergence of dissharmonsation in the management of lead in this area. Last issue about the rules of tin mining this regulation until now has never been resolved. So in a forum, all conflicts that erupted about tin mining will stop when the tin islands of Bangka Belitung Province have been exhausted.

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32

Pallikara, Ioanna, and Jonathan M. Skelton. "Phase stability of the tin monochalcogenides SnS and SnSe: a quasi-harmonic lattice-dynamics study." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 23, no. 35 (2021): 19219–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cp02597j.

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33

Skelton, Jonathan M., Lee A. Burton, Adam J. Jackson, Fumiyasu Oba, Stephen C. Parker, and Aron Walsh. "Lattice dynamics of the tin sulphides SnS2, SnS and Sn2S3: vibrational spectra and thermal transport." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, no. 19 (2017): 12452–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp01680h.

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34

Cǎldǎraru, Monica, D. Sprînceana, V. T. Popa, and N. I. Ionescu. "Surface dynamics in tin dioxide-containing catalysts II. Competition between water and oxygen adsorption on polycrystalline tin dioxide." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 30, no. 1 (January 1996): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0925-4005(95)01746-i.

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35

Caldararu, Monica, Angela Ovenston, D. Sprînceana, J. R. Walls, and N. I. Ionescu. "Surface dynamics in tin dioxide-containing catalysts III. Catalysis and the surface conductivity of antimony-doped tin dioxide." Applied Catalysis A: General 141, no. 1-2 (July 1996): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0926-860x(96)00038-5.

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36

Zhang, Long, Dengjie Xiong, Limeng Yin, and Hehe Zhang. "Molecular dynamics simulation of tin whisker growth in three-point bending copper-tin coating under multi-field coupling." Chemical Physics Letters 811 (January 2023): 140220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2022.140220.

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37

Yang, Xin, Han Zhao, Xuejun Gao, Zhenlin Chen, Xiangguo Zeng, and Fang Wang. "Molecular dynamics study on spallation fracture in single crystal and nanocrystalline tin." Journal of Applied Physics 132, no. 7 (August 21, 2022): 075903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0099331.

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Spallation fracture in ductile metals with low melting points is an important scientific concern of dynamic fracture. Classical spallation and micro-spallation simulations of single crystal (SC) and nanocrystalline (NC) tin were carried out using non-equilibrium molecular dynamics at shock pressures of 13.5–61.0 GPa. The shock wave velocity had no effect on the waveform evolution in the SC Sn but not in the NC Sn. The front width of the stress wave in the classical spallation of the NC Sn was predominantly affected by grain boundary sliding. The atomic trajectory technique was first introduced to reproduce the evolutionary processes of void growth and coalescence quite effectively. In the classical spallation, the differences in void evolution behavior of SC and NC Sn were mainly reflected in nucleation position, spatial distribution, and growth zone, while their evolutionary behaviors were shared in the micro-spallation. In the NC model, for the classic spallation, voids mostly nucleated at grain boundaries and grew along grain boundaries, resulting in intergranular fractures; for the micro-spallation, voids nucleated at the grain boundary and inside the grain, resulting in intergranular, intragranular, and transgranular fractures. Furthermore, the void volume fraction followed the bilinear rise at the early nucleation and growth stages, and the critical transition point fundamentally signified the initiation of void nucleation to growth.

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38

Liu, Xiaohui, Daye Zheng, Xinguo Ren, Lixin He, and Mohan Chen. "First-principles molecular dynamics study of deuterium diffusion in liquid tin." Journal of Chemical Physics 147, no. 6 (August 14, 2017): 064505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4997635.

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39

Savrasov, S. Yu. "Linear response calculations of lattice dynamics using muffin-tin basis sets." Physical Review Letters 69, no. 19 (November 9, 1992): 2819–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.69.2819.

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40

Stella, A., M. Nisoli, S. De Silvestri, O. Svelto, G. Lanzani, P. Cheyssac, and R. Kofman. "Size effects in the ultrafast electronic dynamics of metallic tin nanoparticles." Physical Review B 53, no. 23 (June 15, 1996): 15497–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.53.15497.

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41

Sangiovanni, D. G., F. Tasnádi, L. Hultman, I. Petrov, J. E. Greene, and V. Chirita. "N and Ti adatom dynamics on stoichiometric polar TiN(111) surfaces." Surface Science 649 (July 2016): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.susc.2016.01.031.

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42

Lee, Yongchang, and Cemal Basaran. "Molecular dynamics of viscoplasticity in β-tin lattice and grain boundary." Computational Materials Science 68 (February 2013): 290–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2012.10.029.

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43

Liao, Yi, Meizhen Xiang, Xiangguo Zeng, and Jun Chen. "Molecular dynamics study of the micro-spallation of single crystal tin." Computational Materials Science 95 (December 2014): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2014.07.014.

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44

Munejiri, Shuji, Fuyuki Shimojo, Kozo Hoshino, and Andrea Di Cicco. "Structure of liquid tin under high pressure byab initiomolecular-dynamics simulation." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 98, no. 4 (February 1, 2008): 042010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/98/4/042010.

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45

Savrasov, S. Y. "Linear-response theory and lattice dynamics: A muffin-tin-orbital approach." Physical Review B 54, no. 23 (December 15, 1996): 16470–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.54.16470.

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46

Prokopchuk, О. G., O. I. Aleksandrova, and I. A. Kravchenko. "Study of the dynamics of anticonvulsant and anxiolytic action after oral administration of tin (II) chloride." Reports of Vinnytsia National Medical University 23, no. 2 (June 27, 2019): 204–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.31393/reports-vnmedical-2019-23(2)-03.

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This article is devoted to the study of anticonvulsant and anxiolytic activity of tin (II) chloride by oral administration. The anxiolytic effect was established in models of the Open Field and Black-and-White Camera tests; the anticonvulsant activity of SnCl (II) was evaluated in model of acute generalized seizures with the determination of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) minimum effective doses inducing clonic-tonic convulsions and tonic extension in test animals. Statistical indicators were calculated using the Microsoft Excel software package using the arithmetic mean value (M) and the mean deviation mean value (m). The obtained data show that tin (II) chloride is a promising compound for the prevention of anxiety states, as well as disorders containing the convulsive component. Three hours after the start of the experiment, the minimum doses of pentylenetetrazole for inducing clonic-tonic convulsions and tonic extension, exceeded the control group data by an average of 75%. A decrease in motor activity by half compared with the control in the open field test during the 5 hours of the experiment indicates the sedative effect of tin (II) chloride. Tin (II) chloride is a promising compound for the relief of convulsive states and correction of depressive disorders. Thus, it is of interest to further study the spectrum of its pharmacological activity in order the use it in medicine.

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47

Li, Jun, Yuhong Huang, Hongkuan Yuan, and Hong Chen. "Predicted hexagonal titanium nitride monolayer as an intrinsic ferromagnetic semiconductor." European Physical Journal Applied Physics 95, no. 1 (July 2021): 10601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjap/2021210025.

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Two-dimensional (2D) magnetic semiconductors have great promising for energy-efficient ultracompact spintronics due to the low-dimensional ferromagnetic and semiconducting behavior. Here, we predict hexagonal titanium nitride monolayer (h-TiN) to be a ferromagnetic semiconductor by investigating stability, magnetism, and carrier transport of h-TiN using the first-principles calculations. The thermodynamical stability of h-TiN is revealed by phonon dispersion, molecular dynamics simulation and formation energy. The energy band structure shows that h-TiN is a ferromagnetic semiconductor with medium magnetic anisotropy, the magnetic moment of 1μB and the band gaps of 1.33 and 4.42 eV for spin-up and -down channels, respectively. The Curie temperature of h-TiN is estimated to be about 205 K by mean-field theory and not enhanced by the compressive and tensile strains. Higher carrier mobility, in-plane stiffness and conductivity indicate that h-TiN has favorable transport performance. The ferromagnetic semiconducting behavior is robust against the external strains, indicating that h-TiN could be a rare candidate for nanoscale spintronic devices.

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48

de Souza, Cindel Cavalcante, Ariamna María Dip Gandarilla, Walter Ricardo Brito, Edgar Aparecido Sanches, Abhijeet Das, Sanjeev Kumar, Robert Saraiva Matos, Ştefan Ţălu, and Henrique Duarte da Fonseca Filho. "Vertical Growth Dynamics and Multifractality of the Surface of Electropolymerized Poly(o-ethoxyaniline) Thin Films." Coatings 12, no. 8 (August 19, 2022): 1216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12081216.

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Electropolymerized poly(o-ethoxyaniline) (POEA) nanostructured thin films were successfully deposited on indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate. The surface dynamic of the films was extensively investigated using morphological and multifractal parameters extracted from the atomic force microscopy (AFM). AFM topographical maps reveal surfaces with different morphologies as a function of the deposition cycles. The height parameters show that there is greater spatial vertical growth for films deposited with higher cycles of deposition. After five cycles of deposition occurs the formation of a more isotropic surface, while for 15 cycles a less isotropic surface is observed. The Minkowski functionals confirm that morphological aspects of the two films change according to the amount of deposition cycles employed. The POEA surfaces also exhibit a strong multifractal nature with a decrease in the multifractal spectrum width as the number of deposition cycles increases. Our findings prove that deposition cycles can be useful in controlling the vertical growth and surface dynamics of electropolymerized POEA nanostructured samples, which can be useful for improving the fabrication of POEA-coated ITO-based devices.

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49

Busch, N. A., S. R. Reiken, M. Toner, and M. L. Yarmush. "Intracellular Calcium Dynamics During Photolysis." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 120, no. 5 (October 1, 1998): 570–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2834746.

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The objective of this investigation was to gain a deeper understanding of the intracellular events that precede photolysis of cells. A model system, consisting of malignant melanoma cells pretreated with the calcium sensitive fluorescent dye, Fluo-3, was used to examine the intracellular calcium dynamics in single-cell photolysis experiments. Exposure of the cells to 632 nm laser light in the presence of photosensitizer, tin chlorin e6, resulted in a rise in intracellular calcium. The increase in intracellular calcium was blocked using a variety of calcium channel blocking agents, including verapamil, nifedipine, and nickel. Treatment with the channel blockers was also effective in either decreasing or eliminating cell death despite the presence of lethal doses of photosensitizer and irradiation. These results show that intracellular calcium rises prior to plasma membrane lysis, and that this early rise in intracellular calcium is necessary for membrane rupture.

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50

Son, Bongkwon, Lin Zhang, Yongduck Jung, Hao Zhou, Donguk Nam, and Chuan Seng Tan. "Systematic study on photoexcited carrier dynamics related to defects in GeSn films with low Sn content at room temperature." Semiconductor Science and Technology 36, no. 12 (November 12, 2021): 125018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6641/ac2fb4.

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Abstract Germanium–tin (GeSn) alloys have received much attention thanks to their optical/electrical properties and their operation in the mid-infrared range. However, dislocations/defects in GeSn films serve as trap states, limiting radiative recombination/generation via band-edges. In this work, the impact of the trap states in GeSn with varying Sn contents is investigated. The systematic study reveals that the defects/dislocations in GeSn contribute to the carrier dynamics, mainly originated from the trap states near GeSn/Ge interface. Through photoluminescence (PL) study, the broad PL peak of the trap state for GeSn exists at ∼0.57 eV. The increase in Sn content mitigates the trap-related carrier dynamics. Besides, the increase in GeSn thickness effectively suppresses the interface-related carrier dynamic. By increasing thickness from 180 to ∼900 nm, the external quantum efficiency is enhanced by ∼10×. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of trap-related carrier dynamics in a GeSn material system at room temperature.

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