Relevant bibliographies by topics / Dynamic wall loads

Academic literature on the topic 'Dynamic wall loads'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 19 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Dynamic wall loads"

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Zhang, Yi, Jiahui Hu, Wenda Zhao, Feng Hu, and Xiao Yu. "Numerical Study on the Dynamic Behaviors of Masonry Wall under Far-Range Explosions." Buildings 13, no. 2 (February 6, 2023): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020443.

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As a common enclosure structure, masonry walls are widely used in various types of buildings. However, due to the weak out-of-plane resistance of masonry walls and the generally brittle properties of the materials used for blocks, they are highly susceptible to collapse under blast loads and produce high-speed splash fragments, which seriously threatens the safety of personnel and equipment inside buildings. In this paper, based on the existing tests, a refined numerical simulation model was established to carry out numerical studies of clay tile walls and grouted CMU masonry infill walls under far-range blast loads, and the applicability of the finite element model and parameters were verified. Further, the effects of wall boundary configuration, constraints and dimensions on the dynamic response of the walls were carried out. The results show that: the load distribution on the wall is relatively uniform under the far-range explosion and can be considered as uniform load; the blast-resistant performance of the wall can be enhanced by increasing the grouting rate and the uniformity of grout hole distribution; the boundary configuration of the wall has little effect on the blast resistance, while the boundary constraints and the length and width are the main factors affecting the blast resistance of the wall.
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Jia, Zhenzhen, Qing Ye, and He Li. "Damage Assessment of Roadway Wall Caused by Dynamic and Static Load Action of Gas Explosion." Processes 11, no. 2 (February 14, 2023): 580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11020580.

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In order to obtain the damage characteristics of a roadway wall caused by a gas explosion, the damage evaluation theory of a roadway wall under the dynamic and static loads of a gas explosion is analyzed in this paper. Meanwhile, an evaluation method (overpressure–impulse criterion) is selected to evaluate the damage of the roadway wall under the impact load of the gas explosion. A mathematical model and a physical analysis model of the roadway wall damage are established by LS-DYNA software. The dynamic response of the roadway wall caused by the dynamic and static loads of the gas explosion is numerically simulated. The overpressure and impulse of gas explosion propagation are measured, while the damage data of the roadway wall under different overpressure and impulse loads are obtained. The P-I curves of the roadway wall under different dynamic and static loads of gas explosion are drawn. The fitting formula of P-I curves of the roadway wall is obtained. The influence of different geostress loads (0–20 MPa) on the P-I curve is analyzed. The shape of the P-I curve is similar under different geostress conditions. The difference is mainly shown in different sizes of P0 and I0. The numerical simulation results show that the P-I curve and the effect of geostress on roadway wall damage could reflect the dynamic response of the roadway wall. The damage degree and damage range of the roadway wall increase with the increase in explosion load energy. Under the action of different geostresses, the overpressure asymptote P0 and the impulse asymptote I0 show linear changes. The above research results could provide a theoretical basis and data support for the evaluation of roadway wall damage caused by gas explosions.
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Liu, Ruo Fei, Cheng Wei Huang, and Zhi Peng Huo. "Dynamic Response of the Glass Curtain Wall of the Cable Truss under Wind Loads." Advanced Materials Research 594-597 (November 2012): 921–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.594-597.921.

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The point-supported cable truss curtain wall is widely applied in today's high-rise construction structural design. The wind load is the main loads which are bore by Point supported glass curtain wall structure. When the curtain wall glass panels are subject to wind load, the panel will transform form surface loads to point load by spider claws passed to the supporting structure. This paper adopts the method of time domain and ANSYS software to analyse point-supported glass curtain wall cable truss structure of wind-induced vibration response.
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Chen, Bo, Pengpeng Zhong, Weihua Cheng, Xinzhong Chen, and Qingshan Yang. "Correlation and Combination Factors of Wind Forces on Cylindrical Roof Structures." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 17, no. 09 (October 23, 2017): 1750104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455417501048.

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The correlations among wind pressures on roof and walls are examined for the cylindrical roof buildings with different rise-span ratios based on wind tunnel data. Wind-induced dynamic response is also analyzed with a parametric study concerning span length, rise-span ratio, stiffness of supporting frames and connection type between roof and supporting frames, where the roof system is a single-layer cylindrical reticular shell. For both roof and supporting frames, the responses induced by vertical wind loads on the roof and by horizontal wind loads on the walls are investigated. The correlation coefficients of these response components are examined. The results showed that the fluctuating wind pressure on the roof is strongly correlated with the wind pressure on the side wall and the leeward wall, but weakly correlated with the wind pressure on the windward wall. The response of roof and supporting frames caused by the wind loads on the roof is much larger than that of wind loads on the walls. On the bases of a comprehensive parameter study and complete quadratic combination (CQC) rule, a practical simplified combination rule is suggested for estimating response of roof and supporting frames. It is given as sum of response component caused by wind load on roof and that of wind load on walls multiplied with a combination factor of [Formula: see text].
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Mentari, Sekar, and Rosi Nursani. "Analysis of Effective Location of Shear Wall for High Rise Building with U – Configuration." Jurnal Teknik Sipil dan Perencanaan 23, no. 2 (October 28, 2021): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jtsp.v23i2.32009.

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Indonesia is one of the countries that is prone to earthquakes. In addition to the dead loads, superimposed dead loads, and live loads, the design of buildings in Indonesia must be concerned with earthquake loads. Installing shear walls in the building structure as the Special Moment Frame Dual System is one of a solution to withstand earthquake loads. However, the location of shear walls must be considered, especially in buildings with horizontal irregularities. This study aims to determine the optimum location of the shear walls in a 10-storey building that has U-configuration with dynamic earthquake loads. This research is a numerical simulation ran by modelling the structure with software. To know the effect of the shear wall’s location on a building, several variations of the shear wall configuration with different positions have been conducted. It can be seen the lateral displacement of each floor and the shear force are the response structure to withstand the dynamic earthquake loads. Shear walls that are located close to the center of mass of the building are the optimum variation because the position of the shear wall is the closest to the core area of the building, which is the rotational axis of the building.
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Lin, Yu Liang, and Guo Lin Yang. "Dynamic Deformation Behavior and Life Analysis of Green Reinforced Gabion Retaining Wall." Applied Mechanics and Materials 256-259 (December 2012): 251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.256-259.251.

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In order to study dynamic deformation behavior of green reinforced gabion retaining wall, lab test was carried out and the dynamic loads of 4 frequencies and 4 amplitudes were imposed. The total cycles of dynamic load reached 2 million. Lateral and vertical deformation behaviors of green reinforced gabion retaining wall were investigated, and the main factors which influenced the dynamic deformation behavior and their significance were obtained. Meanwhile, fatigue life analysis on green reinforced gabion retaining wall was made. The results show that dynamic deformation is greatly affected by amplitude and the cycles of dynamic load, not significantly affected by frequency. The maximum lateral and vertical deformation occur in the fifth layer of green reinforced gabion wall. With the increase of train load and train speed, fatigue damage and fatigue life of green reinforced gabion retaining wall can be estimated based on accumulative fatigue damage theory.
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Wang, De Ling, and Li Guo. "Force and Compression Analysis for Rigid Retaining Walls with EPS Buffer." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 959–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.959.

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In this paper, the force against rigid retaining walls from backfill soil under static loads and vibration loads is analyzed within three cases. The first case is an ordinary retaining wall without expanded polystyrene (EPS) geofoam buffer. In the second and the third case, a layer of vertical EPS buffer with different density and elastic modulus is placed between a rigid retaining wall and backfill soil. Numerical simulation results show that the force against the same retaining wall in the treated cases is less than that in the untreated case, under both static loads and vibration loads. Moreover, the compression of different EPS buffer is studied. Under vibration excitation, when the density and elastic modulus of EPS buffer decreases, its compression increases and more wall force is mitigated. Simulation results accord with the physical shaking table test data. Numerical results and physical test demonstrate that EPS geofoam seismic buffers hold great promise to reduce loads against rigid retaining wall structures, especially earthquake-induced dynamic loads.
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Ma, Shuzhi, Hongbiao Jia, and Xiaolang Liu. "Effect of the Wall-Back Inclination Angle on the Inertial Loading Distribution along Gravity-Retaining Walls: An Experimental Study on the Shaking Table Test." Advances in Civil Engineering 2022 (December 23, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8632920.

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The gravity-retaining wall is a common retaining structure in geotechnical engineering. The inertial load acting on the retaining wall itself (the horizontal seismic action) under earthquake conditions is one of the major loadings to be elaborately considered for the design of gravity-retaining walls. The horizontal seismic action of the retaining walls under seismic loading is dominated by the combination of the mass distribution of the wall body and the acceleration distribution along wall height. The mass distribution can be calculated by the wall geometry and density of the wall body. By contrast, due to the whipping effect, horizontal seismic acceleration along wall height often shows obvious amplification in relation to ground acceleration. Such a distribution of acceleration amplification is of great importance to comprehend the safe design of retaining walls. Nonvertical retaining walls, such as inclined and reclined retaining walls, are often used in practical engineering, and their dynamic responses under seismic actions will be different from those of vertical walls. This paper focused on the examination of the influence of the wall-back inclination angle of retaining walls on the dynamic acceleration distribution along wall height due to seismic actions. Dynamic responses of vertical, inclined, and reclined gravity retaining walls under various earthquake loads were tested on a shaking table system. Seismic acceleration time-history curves were recorded under different seismic waves and intensities. The influence of the wall-back inclination angle of retaining walls on the seismic effect was thus analyzed. The tested results showed that the wall-back inclination angle of retaining walls has a significant influence on the seismic dynamic response. The amplification coefficients of peak acceleration of the gravity retaining wall follow the order of the reclined type > the vertical type > the inclined type. Based on the experimental results, the amplification coefficient of peak acceleration was statistically analyzed under the commonly used risk level in engineering seismic design. A formula for the calculation of the horizontal earthquake action distribution coefficient along wall height was proposed involving the effect of the wall-back inclination angle, which might improve the existing calculation method of retaining wall design. The results of this work would guide the earthquake resistance dynamic design of retaining walls.
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Wang, He, Nan Wang, Guangqing Yang, and Jian Ma. "Model Test and Numerical Simulation Research of Reinforced Soil Retaining Walls under Cyclic Loads." Sustainability 14, no. 23 (November 24, 2022): 15643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142315643.

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The stress diffusion characteristics of reinforced soil retaining walls (RSW) with concrete-block panels under cyclic loads are studied. The distribution of the vertical dynamic earth pressure caused by an external load and the analysis of stress diffusion angles were studied using a model test and the numerical simulation model of the reinforced soil retaining wall was established to analyze the change in the stress diffusion angle. We then changed the parameters to investigate the influencing factors of the stress diffusion characteristics. The results showed that: the average value of the peak vertical dynamic earth pressure caused by an external load at the loading position of the RSW was a nonlinear distribution, decaying from top to bottom and increasing with the increase in the loading amplitude, while the change in the loading frequency number of loading cycles had no obvious rule. The results of model test and numerical simulation agree with each other. The diffusion angle of the stress caused by the external load of the reinforced body was basically between 50° and 65° in the range from 1.8 m to 1.2 m, the diffusion angle at the top was slightly larger than the middle, and the diffusion angle away from the wall was larger than the diffusion angle close to the wall. The main factors affecting the stress diffusion in reinforced soil retaining walls are the coefficient of reinforcement of the soil and the dynamic stress amplitude; the stress diffusion angle increased with an increase in the coefficient of the reinforcement of the soil and the dynamic stress amplitude. The conclusion of this paper can provide a reference for the design of reinforced soil structures.
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Fəxrəddin oğlu Məmmədov, Ədalət. "Dynamic study of the mechanism of movement of the trolley of a revolving crane mounted on a wall." SCIENTIFIC WORK 77, no. 4 (April 17, 2022): 317–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/77/317-323.

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Divara bərkidilmiş dönən kran sənaye müəssisələrində, tikinti meydançalarında və başqa yerlərdə yük-boşaltma işlərində geniş istifadə olunur. İş zamanı kranın arabacığının hərəkət mexanizminin qərarlaşmayan hərəkətlər zamanı dinamik yüklərə məruz qalır. Bu zaman dinamik yüklər statik yüklərə nəzərən daha böyük qiymət alır. Həmçinin kranda yük asılarkən onun yellənməsı baş verir. Ona görə kranların dəqiqləşdirilmiş hesabı zamanı yükün rəqslərinin dəqiq qiymətləndirilməsi lazımdır. Bu məqsadlən arabacığın dinamik tədqiqi aparılmışdır. Açar sözlər: kran, arabacıq, rəqs, hərəkət tənliyi, qüvvə, kütlə, sistem, diferensial tənlik Adalat Fakhraddin Mammadov Dynamic study of the mechanism of movement of the trolley of a revolving crane mounted on a wall Abstract The wall-mounted revolving crane is widely used in industrial enterprises, construction sites and other places for loading and unloading. During operation, the crane trolley is subjected to dynamic loads during unsteady movements of the moving mechanism. In this case, dynamic loads are more expensive than static loads. It also swings when the load is hung on the crane. Therefore, it is necessary to accurately estimate the load oscillations during the precise calculation of the cranes. For this purpose, a dynamic study of the wheelchair was conducted. Key words: crane, trolley, dance, equation of motion, force, mass, system
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Dynamic wall loads"

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Magarabooshanam, Harikrishnan. "Fire performance of complex light gauge steel framed wall systems." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2020. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/205877/1/Harikrishnan_Magarabooshanam_Thesis.pdf.

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Zebiri, Boubakr. "Étude numérique des interactions onde de choc / couche limite dans les tuyères propulsives Shock-induced flow separation in an overexpanded supersonic planar nozzle A parallel high-order compressible flows solver with domain decomposition method in the generalized curvilinear coordinates system Analysis of shock-wave unsteadiness in conical supersonic nozzles." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMIR06.

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La nécessité d’une meilleure compréhension du mécanisme d’entrainement pour l’instabilité à basse fréquence observée dans un écoulement dans une tuyère sur-détendue a été discutée. Le caractère instable de l’onde de choc/couche limite reste un défi pratique important pour les problèmes des écoulements dans les tuyères. De plus, pour une couche limite turbulente incidente donnée, ce type d’écoulement présente généralement des mouvements de choc à basse fréquence plus élevées qui sont moins couplés aux échelles de temps de la turbulence en amont. Cela peut être bon du point de vue d’un expérimentateur, en raison de difficultés à mesurer des fréquences plus élevées, mais c’est plus difficile d’un point de vue calcul numérique en raison de la nécessité d’obtenir des séries temporelles plus longues pour résoudre les mouvements à basse fréquence. En excellent accord avec les résultats expérimentaux, une série de calcul LES de très longue durée a été réalisée, il a été clairement démontré l’existence de mouvements énergétiques à basse fréquence et à large bande près du point de séparation. Des efforts particuliers ont été faits pour éviter tout forçage à basse fréquence en amont, et il a été explicitement démontré que les oscillations de choc à basse fréquence observées n’étaient pas liées à la génération de turbulence d’entrée, excluant la possibilité d’un artefact numérique. Différentes méthodes d’analyse spectrales, et en décomposition en mode dynamique ont été utilisées pour montrer que les échelles de temps impliquées dans un tel mécanisme sont environ deux ordres de grandeur plus grandes que les échelles de temps impliquées dans la turbulence de la couche limite, ce qui est cohérent avec les mouvements de basse fréquence observés. En outre, ces échelles de temps se sont avérées être fortement modulées par la quantité de flux inversé à l’intérieur de la bulle de séparation. Ce scénario peut, en principe, expliquer à la fois l’instabilité des basses fréquences et sa nature à large bande
The need for a better understanding of the driving mechanism for the observed low-frequency unsteadiness in an over-expanded nozzle flows was discussed. The unsteady character of the shock wave/boundary layer remains an important practical challenge for the nozzle flow problems. Additionally, for a given incoming turbulent boundary layer, this kind of flow usually exhibits higher low-frequency shock motions which are less coupled from the timescales of the incoming turbulence. This may be good from an experimenter’s point of view, because of the difficulties in measuring higher frequencies, but it is more challenging from a computational point of view due to the need to obtain long time series to resolve low-frequency movements. In excellent agreement with the experimental findings, a very-long LES simulation run was carried out to demonstrate the existence of energetic broadband low-frequency motions near the separation point. Particular efforts were done in order to avoid any upstream low-frequency forcing, and it was explicitly demonstrated that the observed low-frequency shock oscillations were not connected with the inflow turbulence generation, ruling out the possibility of a numerical artefact. Different methods of spectral analysis and dynamic mode decomposition have been used to show that the timescales involved in such a mechanism are about two orders of magnitude larger than the time scales involved in the turbulence of the boundary layer, which is consistent with the observed low-frequency motions. Furthermore, those timescales were shown to be strongly modulated by the amount of reversed flow inside the separation bubble. This scenario can, in principle, explain both the low-frequency unsteadiness and its broadband nature
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(13978911), Fang Weidong. "Dynamic wall loads in grain silos." Thesis, 1993. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Dynamic_wall_loads_in_grain_silos/21357822.

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The problem of the pressure distribution in a reinforced concrete silo exhibiting funnel flow was considered when the GRAINCO Queensland Cooperative Association Limited approached the Mechanical Engineering Department of the University of Central Queensland after a series of aeration duct collapses had occurred in the silos at Gladstone Grain Terminal, Central Queensland, Australia. Initial investigations indicated that only Jenike, Johanson and Carson had developed a procedure for computing the peak pressure at the switch in concentric funnel flow silos, and only a few sets of experimental results taken from full scale funnel flow silos were available.

Research to date has concentrated on the pressure distribution on the hopper walls of a funnel flow silo, particularly in dynamic condition. In this investigation Jenike' s funnel flow theory was followed. Design codes AS3774-1990 and ACI313-77 were evaluated. Special pressure transducers were designed and made to measure the normal pressures exerted by grain on the concrete walls of the containing silo. This investigation experimentally determined the pressure profiles on the hopper walls of the funnel flow silo during filling and discharge conditions. Normal wall pressure records indicated that unstable flow patterns were developed in the silo. Repeating dynamic overpressures were recorded on the hopper walls at random intervals after discharge from the silo had begun. The experimental results were compared with existing funnel flow theories and codes of practice and were presented in the form of graphs suitable for the immediate application to design practice.

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Saez, Barrios Deeyvid 1980. "Design Guidelines for Test Level 3 (TL-3) Through Test Level 5 (TL-5) Roadside Barrier Systems Placed on Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) Retaining Wall." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/148253.

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The use of Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) wall structures has increased dramatically in recent years. Traffic barriers are frequently placed on top of the MSE wall to resist vehicular impact loads. The barrier systems are anchored to the concrete in case of rigid pavement. Nevertheless, in case of flexible pavement, the barriers are constructed in an L shape so that the impact load on the vertical part of the L can be resisted by the inertia force required to uplift the horizontal part of the L. The barrier must be designed to resist the full dynamic load but the size of the horizontal part of the L (moment slab) is determined using an equivalent static load. Current design practice of barriers mounted on top of MSE retaining wall is well defined for passenger cars and light trucks. However, the information of this impact level is extrapolated to heavy vehicle impact. Therefore, the bases of this research is to develop design procedure and to help understand the dynamic behavior of a barrier-moment slab system on top of an MSE wall when subjected to heavy vehicle impact loads. In a first part, numerical analyses were conducted to better understand the behavior of the barrier-moment slab system when subjected to heavy vehicle impact loads. The full-scale impact simulations were used to develop the recommendation for designing and sizing the barrier-moment slab system. In a second part, the barrier-moment slab systems defined to contain heavy vehicle impact loads were placed on top of an MSE wall model to study the kinematic behavior of the system. Loads in the soil reinforcing strips and displacements on the barriers and wall components are evaluated to define recommendation for design of strip reinforcements against pullout and yielding. In a third part, a full-scale crash test on a barrier-moment slab system on top of an instrumented 9.8 ft. (3 m) high MSE wall is described and analyzed. The MSE wall and barrier system were adequate to contain and redirected the vehicle and, therefore, it served as verification of the proposed recommendation. Finally, conclusions are drawn on the basis of the information presented herein.
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"Effects of Load and Walking Conditions on Dynamic Stability Using Longitudinal Wearable Data." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.45945.

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abstract: Fall accident is a significant problem associated with our society both in terms of economic losses and human suffering [1]. In 2016, more than 800,000 people were hospitalized and over 33,000 deaths resulted from falling. Health costs associated with falling in 2016 yielded at 33% of total medical expenses in the US- mounting to approximately $31 billion per year. As such, it is imperative to find intervention strategies to mitigate deaths and injuries associated with fall accidents. In order for this goal to be realized, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms associated with fall accidents and more specifically, the movement profiles that may represent the cogent behavior of the locomotor system that may be amendable to rehabilitation and intervention strategies. In this light, this Thesis is focused on better understanding the factors influencing dynamic stability measure (as measured by Lyapunov exponents) during over-ground ambulation utilizing wireless Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU). Four pilot studies were conducted: the First study was carried out to verify if IMU system was sophisticated enough to determine different load-carrying conditions. Second, to test the effects of walking inclinations, three incline levels on gait dynamic stability were examined. Third, tested whether different sections from the total gait cycle can be stitched together to assess LDS using the laboratory collected data. Finally, the fourth study examines the effect of “stitching” the data on dynamic stability measure from a longitudinally assessed (3-day continuous data collection) data to assess the effects of free-range data on assessment of dynamic stability. Results indicated that load carrying significantly influenced dynamic stability measure but not for the floor inclination levels – indicating that future use of such measure should further implicate normalization of dynamic stability measures associated with different activities and terrain conditions. Additionally, stitching method was successful in obtaining dynamic stability measure utilizing free-living IMU data.
Dissertation/Thesis
Masters Thesis Biomedical Engineering 2017
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Books on the topic "Dynamic wall loads"

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Tourneau, Thierry Le, Luis Caballero, and Tsai Wei-Chuan. Right atrium. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0024.

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The right atrium (RA) is located on the upper right-hand side of the heart and has relatively thin walls. From an anatomical point of view, the RA comprises three basic parts, the appendage, the vestibule of the tricuspid valve, and the venous component (superior and inferior vena cava, and the coronary sinus) receiving the deoxygenated blood. The RA is a dynamic structure dedicated to receive blood and to assist right ventricular (RV) filling. The three components of atrial function are the reservoir function during ventricular systole, the conduit function which consists in passive blood transfer from veins to the RV in diastole, and the booster pump function in relation to atrial contraction in late diastole to complete ventricular filling. Right atrial function depends on cardiac rhythm (sinus or atrial fibrillation), pericardial integrity, RV load and function, and tricuspid function. Right atrial dimension assessment is limited in two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography. Right atrial planimetry in the apical four-chamber view is commonly used with an upper normal value of 18-20 cm2. Minor and major diameters can also be measured. Three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography could overcome the limitation of conventional echocardiography in assessing RA size. Right atrial function has been poorly explored by echocardiography both in physiological and pathological contexts. Although tricuspid inflow and tissue Doppler imaging of tricuspid annulus can be used in the exploration of RA function, 2D speckle tracking and 3D echocardiography appear promising tools to dissect RA function and to overcome the limitations of standard echocardiography.
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Book chapters on the topic "Dynamic wall loads"

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Jara, Jose M., Bertha A. Olmos, and Guillermo Martínez. "Strengthening and Retrofitting of Motín de Oro II Bridge in Mexico." In Case Studies on Conservation and Seismic Strengthening/Retrofitting of Existing Structures, 193–209. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/cs002.193.

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This chapter presents the studies conducted to retrofit an existing bridge in a seismic prone area of Mexico. The Motín de Oro II Bridge was built in the 1970s with a continuous box girder superstructure and wall-type substructure. From the 1970s to nowadays, the design truck loads in Mexico have been substantially incremented and many bridges built in that period have required to be evaluated and, in some cases, rehabilitated and retrofitted. Firstly, the study presents the results of visual inspections of all parts of the bridge and a description of the preliminary studies conducted to determine the material properties, to evaluate the river flow characteristics and to calculate the scour depth. Secondly, the chapter discusses the initial structural analyses of the bridge subjected to the original gravitational and seismic loads and to the current loads before the intervention. These analyses allow to select the structural elements that require to be retrofitted and the best strategy to follow. Finally, the study presents results of the numerical retrofitted model and the experimental assessment of the dynamic properties based on ambient vibration measurements. Additionally, the scour protection and the general construction procedure are also described.
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Hejazi, Farzad, and Hojjat Mohammadi Esfahani. "Evaluate Performance of Steel Wall in Structures Subjected to Cyclic Load." In Interpretive Solutions for Dynamic Structures Through ABAQUS Finite Element Packages, 27–58. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003219491-2.

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Yılmaz, Nur, Sena Aral, Sinan Melih Nigdeli, and Gebrail Bekdaş. "Optimum Design of Reinforced Concrete Retaining Walls Under Static and Dynamic Loads Using Jaya Algorithm." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 187–96. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8603-3_17.

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Wang, Jia-Quan, Bin Ye, Liang-Liang Zhang, and Liang Li. "Large-Scale Model Analysis on Bearing Characteristics of Geocell-Reinforced Earth Retaining Wall Under Cyclic Dynamic Load." In Proceedings of GeoShanghai 2018 International Conference: Ground Improvement and Geosynthetics, 455–62. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0122-3_50.

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Rincón-Casado, Alejandro, and Francisco José Sánchez de la Flor. "A New Forced Convection Heat Transfer Correlation for 2D Enclosures." In Applications of Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation and Modeling. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99375.

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This work presents a new parametric correlation for 2D enclosures with forced convection obtained from CFD simulation. The convective heat transfer coefficient of walls for enclosures depends on the geometry of the enclosure and the inlet and outlet openings, the velocity and the air to wall temperature difference. However, current correlations not dependent on the above parameters, especially the position of the inlet and outlet, or the temperature difference between the walls. In this work a new correlation of the average Nusselt number for each wall of the enclosure has been developed as a function of geometrical, hydrodynamic and thermal variables. These correlations have been obtained running a set of CFD simulations of a 3 m high sample enclosure with an inlet and outlet located at opposite walls. The varying parameters were: a) the aspect-ratio of the enclosure (L/H = 0.5 to 2), b) the size of the inlet and outlet (0.05 m to 2 m), c) the inlet and outlet relative height (0 m to 3 m high), and d) the Reynolds number (Rein = 103 to 105). Furthermore, a parametric analysis has been performed changing the temperature boundary conditions at the internal wall and founds a novel correlation function that relates different temperatures at each wall. A specifically developed numerical model based on the SIMPLER algorithm is used for the solution of the Navier–Stokes equations. The realisable turbulence k-ε model, and an enhanced wall-function treatment have been used. The heat transfer rate results obtained are expressed through dimensionless correlation-equations. All developed correlations have been compared with CFD simulations test cases obtaining a R2 = 0.98. This new correlation function could be used in building energy models to enhance accuracy of HVAC demands calculation and estimate the thermal load.
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Kuzniar, Krystyna, and Zenon Waszczyszyn. "Neural Networks for the Simulation and Identification Analysis of Buildings Subjected to Paraseismic Excitations." In Intelligent Computational Paradigms in Earthquake Engineering, 393–432. IGI Global, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-099-8.ch016.

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The chapter deals with an application of neural networks to the analysis of vibrations of medium-height prefabricated buildings with load-bearing walls subjected to paraseismic excitations. Neural network technique was used for identification of dynamic properties of actual buildings, simulation of building responses to paraseismic excitations as well as for the analysis of response spectra. Mining tremors in strip mines and in the most seismically active mining regions in Poland with underground exploitation were the sources of these vibrations. On the basis of the experimental data obtained from the measurements of kinematic excitations and dynamic building responses of actual structures the training and testing patterns were formulated. It was stated that the application of neural networks enables us to predict the results with accuracy quite satisfactory for engineering practice. The results presented in this chapter lead to a conclusion that the neural technique gives new prospects of efficient analysis of structural dynamics problems related to paraseismic excitations.
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Senthilkumar, Sudha S., Brindha K., Nitesh Kumar Agrawal, and Akshat Vaidya. "Dynamic Load Balancing Using Honey Bee Algorithm." In Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Fifth Edition, 98–106. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3479-3.ch008.

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With the ever-increasing size of the systems, there is a greater need for load balancing. Various algorithms are used for balancing the overall load of the cloud and a few of them are the honeybee foraging algorithm, a biased random sampling on a random walk procedure and active clustering. Here, the authors focus on the honeybee foraging algorithm. There is a type of bees called the forager bees who continually search for food sources and upon finding the same they return to the hive and advertise their discovery by a dance called a waggle. In case of load balancing in the web servers, whenever the demand sees a spike there is a dynamic allocation of services to regulate the changing demands of the user. The servers are grouped under Virtual servers (VS), each virtual server is assigned a specific queue for itself. Each server while processing a request calculates the reward and this is analogous to the quality of the find. The dance floor in case of the bees can be analogous to the advert board here which advertises the reward to the entire colony.
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Kuppusamy, Raghu Raja Pandiyan. "Development of Aerospace Composite Structures Through Vacuum-Enhanced Resin Transfer Moulding Technology (VERTMTy)." In Composites and Advanced Materials for Industrial Applications, 99–111. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5216-1.ch005.

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Quality products with low cost manufacturing routes are the major objectives for the product development in any application. The current statement is evident for polymer-matrix composites, particularly in high end applications such as aerospace and mass transit structures. These applications require advanced composite materials tailored to meet the property demands posted by dynamic load conditions, and hence, the use of wide spectrum of constituents and architectures are vital to cater the needs. Consequently, the development of novel composite materials with the permutations of ingredients leads to the innovative processing techniques. To address the gap in the manufacturing with economical processing routes of thick sectioned advanced composite parts showing superior properties at different wall sections, an innovative composite manufacturing technology coupling resin transfer moulding (RTM) processing and vacuum applications, namely vacuum enhanced resin transfer moulding technology (VERTMTy), is conceptualized, proposed, and developed.
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Wells, Benjamin. "The PC-User’s Guide to Colossus." In Colossus. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192840554.003.0018.

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Personal computers (PCs) dominate today’s digital landscape. The two-letter name started with the 1981 IBM PC. Desktop machines based on single-chip microprocessors—and thus called microcomputers—were widely used before the IBM PC, but that is the name that has stuck. Many would consider a Packard-Bell tabletop computer of the early 1960s to be the first personal computer. But as far as single-user/operator commercial machines go, there is also the Bendix G15 from the mid-1950s, described in Chapter 9. PC users are likely to have forgotten or never known the atmosphere of early-generation computers. The ‘operating system’ was a schedule for the human staff who mounted large reels of tape, toggled inputs at the long control panel, pushed the load-and-run switch, and stacked punch cards and fanfold sheets of printed output. The numerous operators wore white lab jackets, worked in large air-conditioned spaces, and appeared to be high priests and acolytes in a vocational order. The users were supplicants. Apart from experimental machines at universities—such as MIT’s famed TX-0 (1955–6), which was controlled by the first computer hackers once it moved to the MIT campus in 1958—the users entreated the operators through written requests heading a card deck. Back then, the users as well as the general public stood behind a velvet rope, even a window wall. The operators continued to rule the machine long after users had electronic connection through time-sharing remote terminals. But those who had hacked the small machines like the TX-0 knew that the goal was the direct, immediate access of personal computers. Colossus already had that personal touch. Designed to be used by a single cryptanalyst assisted by one Wren, and later often run by the Wren solo, Colossus was in that sense a personal computer. But just how close was Colossus to being a PC? This chapter compares and contrasts the architecture of Colossus with that of today’s personal computers. An architect designs a building by balancing needs and functions with resources and aesthetics. The availability and cost of components constrain her work. Physical limitations and dynamics of use further impact on it. The building reflects the architect’s imagination and skill.
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Conference papers on the topic "Dynamic wall loads"

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Mirza, Kazim, and Kelly Kissock. "An Analytical Solution for Dynamic Thermal Transmission Loads." In ASME 2007 Energy Sustainability Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2007-36094.

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Thermal mass in building envelopes reduces the magnitude of diurnal conductive loads and, in some cases, reduces energy use for heating and cooling. In general, dynamic simulation is required to estimate the magnitude of these effects. This paper seeks to derive closed-form expressions of thermal time lag and amplitude dampening through building envelope structures, to aid in the design process before detailed simulation is performed, and to improve intuition about the effects of thermal mass in buildings. An analytical solution for the temperature distribution through an infinite wall subjected to a sinusoidal temperature boundary condition is derived. The solution is verified by comparison with a finite element solution. Next, it is hypothesized that the analytical solution for an infinite wall could also describe the temperature variation on the inside surface of a finite wall. The hypothesis is tested by comparing the temperature distribution predicted by the analytical solution to the temperature distribution predicted by a finite element model of a finite wall. The results confirm that analytical solution adequately described the temperature variation in a finite wall. Based on the analytical solution, separate closed-form expressions of time delay and amplitude dampening for thermal load transmission through building envelopes are derived. The use of these expressions is demonstrated for light frame and concrete walls.
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Yamnikov, A., M. Bogomolov, and O. Yamnikova. "Reducing the dynamic loads impact on the milled thin-wall sleeve surface quality." In SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MATERIAL SCIENCE, SMART STRUCTURES AND APPLICATIONS: ICMSS-2019. AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5138439.

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Jian-guo, XU, Liu Chengcheng, and Fang Shu. "STRESS ANALYSIS OF POLYMER DIAPHRAGM WALL FOR EARTH-ROCK DAMS UNDER STATIC AND DYNAMIC LOADS." In International Conference on Engineering and Technology Innovations (ICETI). Volkson Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/iceti.01.2017.29.32.

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Sharma, Sumant, Narayanan Komerath, Marilyn Smith, and Vrishank Raghav. "Aerodynamic Instability Modes for a Load Slung From a Helicopter." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-86446.

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The aerodynamic-dynamic interaction of a load slung from a helicopter in flight can lead to divergent oscillations. In this paper, interactions between degrees of freedom are explored through fundamental simulation and wind tunnel experiments of generic shapes. Video analysis of the behavior of loads in a wind tunnel provides insights into dynamic behavior, and reveals the difference in behavior of the same model between wind tunnels of different sizes. A compound pendulum motion in a plane orthogonal to a steady freestream is first studied. Even with proximate walls, a purely symmetric single degree of freedom oscillation does not amplify. The addition of an out-of-phase force as a simplified model for yaw effects, leads to amplification or damping under some conditions. Wall effects amplify this interaction further. This level of simulation enables guidance to develop metrics for unsteady wall interference in dynamic testing. Results to-date set the context for future work in refining the aerodynamic and dynamic models, including tether and vehicle dynamics. Incorporation of quasi-steady and unsteady loads data from wind tunnel measurements and computational fluid dynamics would enable prediction of the linear superposition stage leading towards divergence. Comparison of simulaiton results to measured parameters from wind tunnel experiments shows relative agreement.
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Dospeˇl, Vladimi´r, and Erno Keskinen. "Thin-Shell Response to Machining Loads." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-63519.

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Final machining operations, such as surface grinding, play a crucial role in manufacturing of paper machine rolls. Due to developing new web-tension-measuring systems and due to demand on reduction of roll masses, a grinding operation of thin-walled rolls is required. In this paper first, delay differential equations describing the dynamics of the grinding system are introduced. The dynamic model consists of a rotating thin-walled roll and its drive and a rotating grinding stone with its drive attached to an axially moving sledge. The derivation of the cutting forces is based on wear theory. The roll is modelled in two ways for later comparison: (1) as a flexible simply supported rotor using Euler-Bernoulli beam theory and (2) as a simply supported flexible shell using Love’s equations. In both cases, a method of eigenfunctions expansion is employed for obtaining the responses. The effect of the time delay, shape error, overlapping and the PD-controller are included. The set of the delay differential equations is solved numerically. Finally, the dynamic response of the roll to the cutting forces is presented. An influence of different wall-thicknesses on the dynamic behaviour of the roll during the grinding process is studied as well. Lastly, a comparison of results obtained by using the beam theory and the shell theory are discussed.
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Kim, Do Yeon. "Seismic Responses From Linear and Nonlinear Dynamic Analyis of RC Shear Walls." In ASME 2018 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2018-84851.

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Seismic responses from linear and nonlinear dynamic analyses of reinforced concrete (RC) shear walls are compared to see how the damping ratio and cracking behavior affect the dynamic response of the RC structures used in the nuclear power plant. The nonlinear dynamic analyses are conducted based on the numerical model which is developed to simulate the nonlinear hysteretic behavior of RC structures subjected to in-plane shear. Through comparison of the obtained numerical results with experimental data such as load-displacement relationships and response time-histories, the developed numerical model is validated. The acceleration response spectra from the nonlinear dynamic analysis results of selected RC shear wall and those from linear dynamic analysis with combinations of the damping ratio and concrete stiffness considerations according to the level of earthquake loads and the resultant stresses are addressed.
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Stevenson, John D. "Pipe Line Security: Design of Pipe to Resist Blast Type Loads." In ASME 2003 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2003-1810.

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Pipe line security is divided into two categories; pipe line security associated with above ground piping and buried piping. With respect to above ground piping security, the pipe’s ability to resist blast loads which are dynamic and impulsive in nature is required. In this evaluation it is assumed to be dealing with a cratering charges located some distance (feet or meters) from the pipe line. The use of breaching charges which typically consist of plastic explosives in direct contact with the pipe wall or shaped charges which are designed to locally cut or penetrate the pipe wall are not in the scope of this discussion.
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Kuznetsov, M., A. Lelyakin, W. Breitung, J. Grune, K. Sempert, and A. Friedrich. "Dynamic Effects Under Gaseous Detonation and Mechanical Response of Piping Structures." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-11643.

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A series of experiments and numerical simulations on hydrogen detonations in piping geometry was performed in order to reproduce the worst case scenario regarding the maximum internal pressure load and integrity of a piping structure to detonation pressure loads. To reproduce different scenarios of the detonation process and different pressure loads on the piping structure, nitrogen-diluted hydrogen-oxygen mixtures were studied. The mechanical response of 12.5-m long austenitic steel pipe with an outer diameter of 510 mm and wall thickness of 15 mm was investigated as well. A novel 1-D CFD code with a prescribed flame velocity model was used for the numerical simulation of the deflagration to detonation transition (DDT) and for the calculation of pressure loads at various positions along the tube. Different gas dynamic effects such as precursor shock waves and shock reflections on the maximum pressure were investigated in the calculations. Maximum pressure load of a pipe with two end flanges can be achieved near the DDT point and at the tube ends. Dilution of the hydrogen-oxygen mixture with nitrogen leads to a reduction of the mixture reactivity and to an increase of the run-up distance to the DDT point. In this case so called “late detonation initiation”, a cumulative effect of precursor shock wave, detonation ignition and shock wave reflections, can occur near the tube end. It produces extremely high pressure loads which can be 10 times higher than the CJ-detonation pressure of the initial gas mixture. Such scenarios of the combustion process have been experimentally reproduced with detailed pressure and strain measurements along the test tube.
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Brennan, J., C. Viotti, and F. Dias. "Pressure Fluctuations on a Vertical Wall During Extreme Run-Up Cycles." In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-23444.

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The run-up of long, strongly nonlinear waves impinging on a vertical barrier can result in remarkable amplification of the far-field amplitude of incoming waves [1,2]. Such an extreme run-up is the result of an evolution process in which long waves experience strong amplification under the action of nonlinear steepening followed by the formation of undular bores, consisting of nonlinearly dispersive wave trains. Rather than addressing the genesis of such extreme run-ups in any detail, this article describes a specific aspect of the problem; the associated pressure fluctuations at the wall. Numerical computations of the near-wall pressure field show that non-hydrostatic effects can strongly affect the dynamic loads exerted on the wall, and consequently, the high-frequency component of the pressure loads results is significantly enhanced with respect to that of the wave spectrum itself. This observation suggests that also long oceanic waves, at least in some conditions, can be a source of seismic noise.
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Shao, Weidong, and Jun Li. "Subsonic Flow Over Open Cavities: Part 2 — Passive Control Methods." In ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2016-56415.

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A global description of the intrinsic instabilities of shear layer for further understanding of the aeroacoustical oscillation of subsonic flow over open cavities has been given in the companion paper. The needs to suppress dynamic pressure loads in open cavities play an important role in many aeronautical applications. Large eddy simulation (LES) of passive control methods including recessed leading edge step and sloping trailing edge wall arrangements is performed. The unsteady flow characteristics and aeroacoustical oscillation mechanism of baseline cavity are given in advance. Effects of both passive control methods on resonant frequency and sound pressure levels are demonstrated and analyzed. Recessed leading edge step tends to decrease the resonant Strouhal numbers and the maximal reduction of overall sound pressure levels (OASPL) reaches 8.5dB. Sloping trailing edge wall reduces OASPL by shifting down the impinging location on cavity back wall. The optimal reduction of OASPL arrives at 11dB when the angle of inclination is maximal. The drag induced by cavity flows is found to be highly correlated with dynamic loads on cavity walls.
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Reports on the topic "Dynamic wall loads"

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Jensen, Richard Pearson. Dynamic load test of Arquin-designed CMU wall. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/978431.

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Lopez, Carlos, and Jason P. Petti. Finite element analysis of the Arquin-designed CMU wall under a dynamic (blast) load. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/947328.

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Willi, Joseph, Keith Stakes, Jack Regan, and Robin Zevotek. Evaluation of Ventilation-Controlled Fires in L-Shaped Training Props. UL's Firefighter Safety Research Institute, October 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/mijj9867.

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Investigations of recent firefighter line of duty deaths caused by rapid fire progression have highlighted a deficiency in firefighters’ understanding of how certain tactics affect the fire dynamics of ventilation-controlled fires. Many fires are in a ventilation-limited, decay state by the time firefighters arrive at the scene, meaning that introducing additional ventilation to the environment has the potential to cause rapid and intense fire growth. To more effectively teach firefighters about the potential effects of ventilation on a compartment fire, ventilation-controlled fires should be gener- ated during training. Safely creating such fires while maintaining compliance with NFPA 1403: Standard on Live-Fire Training Evolutions allows instructors to educate students on this important principle of fire dynamics in the training environment. Structures utilized for live-fire training have evolved from typical concrete burn buildings to now include smaller purpose-built props, like those constructed from steel shipping containers or wood and gypsum board. Such props have been embraced by organizations due to their cost-effectiveness and potential to improve fire behavior training. Obtaining a thorough understanding of the capa- bilities and limitations of such props is critical for instructors to convey accurate messages during training and properly prepare firefighters for scenarios they’ll encounter in the field. Experiments were conducted to quantify the fire environment in L-shaped props with different wall constructions. One prop had an interior wall lining of gypsum board over wood studs and fiberglass insulation. The two other props were constructed from metal shipping containers with corrugated steel walls; one had ceilings and walls comprised solely of the corrugated steel, while the other had ceilings and walls comprised of rolled steel sheeting over mineral wool insulation with the corrugated steel wall as its backing. Three fuel packages were compared between the props: one contained furnishings mainly composed of synthetic materials and foam plastics; another contained wooden pallets and straw; and the third contained wooden pallets, straw, and oriented strand board (OSB). A stochastic approach was used to compare data between replicate tests and quantify the repeatability of the different props and fuel packages, all of which were deemed sufficiently repeatable. Comparisons of data between the three props revealed that thermal conditions between experiments in the two metal props were indistinguishable, suggesting that the additional layer of insulation did not significantly alter the fire environment. Additionally, thermal conditions in the gypsum-lined prop were more severe than those in the metal props. The effects of ventilation changes on fire conditions were also analyzed across various prop and fuel load combinations. Lastly, the response of the thermal environment in each prop during interior suppression was evaluated, and the results implied that the thermal exposure to the firefighter was more severe in the metal props than the gypsum prop for a brief period following the start of suppression.
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RESEARCH ON DYNAMIC LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF ASSEMBLED INTERNAL STIFFENING WIND TURBINE TOWER BASED ON MULTI-SCALE MODELING. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/icass2020.p.513.

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"The development of wind power technology requires higher and larger wind turbines, which requires the bearing tower to increase its height and diameter. The assembled internal stiffened wind turbine tower divides the tower into multiple arc plates along the longitudinal direction, which can be easy transported to the site for assembly. That can solve the problem of height limit in highway transportation. At the same time, the internal stiffener provides better stability and can replace the bottom tower section of conventional wind turbine tower. In this study, the tower section of assembled internal stiffened wind turbine is modeled, and the longitudinal segmented tower section is assembled to the actual full-scale tower section model for nonlinear dynamic analysis. The influence of weld is considered by multi-scale modeling, combined with the plastic damage theory of steel materials. The whole collapse process of tower wall instability and deformation failure of wind turbine tower under the extreme wind condition is simulated, and the influence of various parameters of tower section on its bearing capacity is analysed. The damage position and damage development during tower collapse are predicted by using plastic damage theory, so as to provide reference for the design of assembled internally stiffened wind turbine tower."
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RESEARCH ON DYNAMIC LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF ASSEMBLED INTERNAL STIFFENING WIND TURBINE TOWER BASED ON MULTI-SCALE MODELING. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/ijasc.2023.19.1.11.

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The development of wind power technology requires higher and larger wind turbines, which requires the bearing tower to increase its height and diameter. The assembled internal stiffened wind turbine tower divides the tower into multiple arc plates along the longitudinal direction, which can be easy transported to the site for assembly. That can solve the problem of height limit in highway transportation. At the same time, the internal stiffener provides better stability and can replace the bottom tower section of conventional wind turbine tower. In this study, the tower section of assembled internal stiffened wind turbine is modeled, and the longitudinal segmented tower section is assembled to the actual full-scale tower section model for nonlinear dynamic analysis. The influence of weld is considered by multi-scale modeling, combined with the plastic damage theory of steel materials. The whole collapse process of tower wall instability and deformation failure of wind turbine tower under the extreme wind condition is simulated, and the influence of various parameters of tower section on its bearing capacity is analysed. The damage position and damage development during tower collapse are predicted by using plastic damage theory, so as to provide reference for the design of assembled internally stiffened wind turbine tower.
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