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Journal articles on the topic 'Dynamic Virtual Power Plants'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Adabi, M. Ebrahim, and Bogdan Marinescu. "Direct Participation of Dynamic Virtual Power Plants in Secondary Frequency Control." Energies 15, no. 8 (April 10, 2022): 2775. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15082775.

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This paper proposes a novel control strategy in which Renewable Energy Sources (RES) considered in a new Dynamic Virtual Power Plant (DVPP) concept directly participate to Secondary Frequency Control (SFC). This allows full participation of these generators to SFC, i.e., in the same manner as classic synchronous generators by fulfilling identical specifications from both control and contractual points of view. An internal real-time redispatch has been proposed to account in DVPP in order to determine the amount of active power injection by each RES unit for the provision of frequency support at the secondary level. The whole control scheme is designed to take into account both rapid and slow dynamics of modern power systems which contain both classic synchronous generators and rapid power electronics for renewable energy sources in which DVPP is supposed to be inserted. The performance of secondary frequency control strategy has been validated through simulation studies on a two-area benchmark with mixed wind power plants and classic synchronous generators. This work is part of the H2020 POSYTYF project

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2

Ren, Zizheng, Gregor Verbič, and Jaysson Guerrero. "Multi-period dynamic tariffs for prosumers participating in virtual power plants." Electric Power Systems Research 212 (November 2022): 108478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2022.108478.

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3

Zhong, Weilin, Junru Chen, Muyang Liu, Mohammed Ahsan Adib Murad, and Federico Milano. "Coordinated Control of Virtual Power Plants to Improve Power System Short-Term Dynamics." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 23, 2021): 1182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14041182.

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The paper proposes a coordinated frequency control strategy for Virtual Power Plant (VPPs), with the inclusion of Distributed Energy Resource (DERs), e.g., Solar Photo-Voltaic Generation (SPVG), Wind Generator (WG) as well as Energy Storage System (ESS). The objective is to improve the short-term dynamic response of the overall power system. The robustness of the proposed control is evaluated through a Monte Carlo analysis and a detailed modeling of stochastic disturbances of loads, wind speed, and solar irradiance. The impact of communication delays of a variety of realistic communication networks with different bandwidths is also discussed and evaluated. The case study is based on a modified version of the WSCC 9-bus test system with inclusion of a VPP. This is modeled as a distribution network with inclusion of a variety of DERs.

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4

Abdollahi, Mostafa, Jose Ignacio Candela, Andres Tarraso, Mohamed Atef Elsaharty, and Elyas Rakhshani. "Electromechanical Design of Synchronous Power Controller in Grid Integration of Renewable Power Converters to Support Dynamic Stability." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 10, 2021): 2115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082115.

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Nowadays, modern power converters installed in renewable power plants can provide flexible electromechanical characteristics that rely on the developed control technologies such as Synchronous Power Controller (SPC). Since high renewable penetrated power grids result in a low-inertia system, this electromechanical characteristic provides support to the dynamic stability of active power and frequency in the power generation area. This goal can be achieved through the proper tuning of virtual electromechanical parameters that are embedded in the control layers of power converters. In this paper, a novel mathematical pattern and strategy have been proposed to adjust dynamic parameters in Renewable Static Synchronous Generators controlled by SPC (RSSG-SPC). A detailed dynamic modeling was obtained for a feasible design of virtual damping coefficient and virtual moment of inertia in the electrometrical control layer of RSSG-SPC’s power converters. Mathematical solutions, modal analysis outcomes, time-domain simulation results, and real-time validations of the test in IEEE-14B benchmark confirm that the proposed method is an effective procedure for the dynamic design of RSSG-SPC to provide these dynamic stability supports in grid connection.

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Zhang, Runfan, and Branislav Hredzak. "Distributed Dynamic Clustering Algorithm for Formation of Heterogeneous Virtual Power Plants Based on Power Requirements." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 12, no. 1 (January 2021): 192–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2020.3020163.

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6

Du, Dong Mei, Chun Shui Zhu, Hong Li, and Qing He. "Dynamic Characteristics of Belt Conveyor Based on Virtual Prototyping." Applied Mechanics and Materials 157-158 (February 2012): 1685–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.157-158.1685.

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Belt conveyor is main transportation in coal-fired power plants. The traditional static design method that considering less actual working condition is main method in designing belt conveyor, and the method using the virtual prototype technology to design product can save cost while improving efficiency, but also use dynamics method to improve products. Build belt conveyor basic system that based on a certain type of belt conveyor, it is accomplished by using simulation software and conveyor belt discretization method. It can be obtained that virtual prototype technology is feasible and effective in belt conveyor dynamic design. By discussing the tension characteristics of belt conveyor, obtain the position of maximum tension and the tension distribution which have guiding significance for designing and maintaining belt conveyor.

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7

Bolbot, Victor, Gerasimos Theotokatos, Rainer Hamann, George Psarros, and Evangelos Boulougouris. "Dynamic Blackout Probability Monitoring System for Cruise Ship Power Plants." Energies 14, no. 20 (October 13, 2021): 6598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14206598.

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Stringent environmental regulations and efforts to improve the shipping operations sustainability have resulted in designing and employing more complex configurations for the ship power plants systems and the implementation of digitalised functionalities. Due to these systems complexity, critical situations arising from the components and subsystem failures, which may lead to accidents, require timely detection and mitigation. This study aims at enhancing the safety of ship complex systems and their operation by developing the concept of an integrated monitoring safety system that employs existing safety models and data fusion from shipboard sensors. Detailed Fault Trees that model the blackout top event, representing the sailing modes of a cruise ship and the operating modes of its plant, are employed. Shipboard sensors’ measurements acquired by the cruise ship alarm and monitoring system are integrated with these Fault Trees to account for the acquired shipboard information on the investigated power plant configuration and its components operating conditions, thus, facilitating the estimation of the blackout probability time variation as well as the dynamic criticality assessment of the power plant components. The proposed concept is verified by using a virtual simulation environment developed in Matlab/Simulink. This study supports the dynamic assessment of the ship power plants and therefore benefits the decision-making for enhancing the plant safety during operations.

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8

Bolbot, Victor, Gerasimos Theotokatos, Rainer Hamann, George Psarros, and Evangelos Boulougouris. "Dynamic Blackout Probability Monitoring System for Cruise Ship Power Plants." Energies 14, no. 20 (October 13, 2021): 6598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14206598.

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Stringent environmental regulations and efforts to improve the shipping operations sustainability have resulted in designing and employing more complex configurations for the ship power plants systems and the implementation of digitalised functionalities. Due to these systems complexity, critical situations arising from the components and subsystem failures, which may lead to accidents, require timely detection and mitigation. This study aims at enhancing the safety of ship complex systems and their operation by developing the concept of an integrated monitoring safety system that employs existing safety models and data fusion from shipboard sensors. Detailed Fault Trees that model the blackout top event, representing the sailing modes of a cruise ship and the operating modes of its plant, are employed. Shipboard sensors’ measurements acquired by the cruise ship alarm and monitoring system are integrated with these Fault Trees to account for the acquired shipboard information on the investigated power plant configuration and its components operating conditions, thus, facilitating the estimation of the blackout probability time variation as well as the dynamic criticality assessment of the power plant components. The proposed concept is verified by using a virtual simulation environment developed in Matlab/Simulink. This study supports the dynamic assessment of the ship power plants and therefore benefits the decision-making for enhancing the plant safety during operations.

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9

Zhou, Bin, Kuan Zhang, Ka Wing Chan, Canbing Li, Xi Lu, Siqi Bu, and Xiang Gao. "Optimal Coordination of Electric Vehicles for Virtual Power Plants With Dynamic Communication Spectrum Allocation." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 17, no. 1 (January 2021): 450–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tii.2020.2986883.

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10

Baek, Sejin, and Gyunyoung Heo. "Application of Dynamic Fault Tree Analysis to Prioritize Electric Power Systems in Nuclear Power Plants." Energies 14, no. 14 (July 8, 2021): 4119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144119.

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Because the scope of risk assessments at nuclear power plants (NPPs) is being extended both spatially and temporally, conventional, or static fault trees might not be able to express failure mechanisms, or they could be unnecessarily conservative in their expression. Therefore, realistic assessment techniques are needed to adequately capture accident scenarios. In multi-unit probabilistic safety assessment (PSA), fault trees naturally become more complex as the number of units increases. In particular, when considering a shared facility between units of the electric power system (EPS), static fault trees (SFTs) that prioritize a specific unit are limited in implementing interactions between units. However, dynamic fault trees (DFTs) can be available without this limitation by using dynamic gates. Therefore, this study implements SFTs and DFTs for an EPS of two virtual NPPs and compares their results. In addition, to demonstrate the dynamic characteristics of the shared facilities, a station blackout (SBO), which causes the power system to lose its function, is assumed—especially with an inter-unit shared facility, AAC DG (Alternate AC Diesel Generator). To properly model the dynamic characteristics of the shared EPS in DFTs, a modified dynamic gate and algorithm are introduced, and a Monte Carlo simulation is adopted to quantify the DFT models. Through the analysis of the DFT, it is possible to confirm the actual connection priority of AAC DG according to the situation of units in a site. In addition, it is confirmed that some conservative results presented by the SFT can be evaluated from a more realistic perspective by reflecting this.

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11

Cai, Mei, Suqiong Hu, Ya Wang, and Jingmei Xiao. "A Dynamic Social Network Matching Model for Virtual Power Plants and Distributed Energy Resources with Probabilistic Linguistic Information." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 11, 2022): 14920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142214920.

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Virtual power plants (VPPs) offer an effective means to address the imbalance issue between electricity supply and demand to advance the world’s low-carbon development. To fully utilize the limited resources in the virtual power plant planning stage, a two-sided match between VPPs and distributed energy companies is needed to better implement resource aggregation management. Because of the vagueness in this matching environment, the probabilistic linguistic term set (PLTS) is necessary to apply to express the decision makers’ preference. Considering the complex social relationships and intense competition among companies, a dynamic social network two-sided matching model is proposed for solving the multi-attribute two-sided matching decision-making problem. Firstly, we present a matching satisfaction degree described by PLTS. A dynamic social trust degree based on the sliding time concept is proposed. Secondly, the social trust network relationships are built based on the direct and indirect dynamic trust degree among companies. This relationship is then combined with an improved trust rank algorithm to identify the most authoritative and the most trusted company to provide the target company with a recommendation for the next moment. Besides, given that companies compete for limited resources, we further define the competitive satisfaction degree and apply the two-sided matching model. Additionally, then a two-sided matching model is developed. Finally, our model is tested numerically to ensure its accuracy and reliability.

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12

Ghita, Mezzour, Benhadou Siham, Medromi Hicham, and Mounaam Amine. "HT-TPP: A Hybrid Twin Architecture for Thermal Power Plant Collaborative Condition Monitoring." Energies 15, no. 15 (July 25, 2022): 5383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155383.

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Thermal power plants, TPP, are one of the main players in the phosphoric acid and fertilizer production value chain. The control of power plant assets involves considerable complexity and is subject to several constraints, affecting the asset’s reliability and, most importantly, plant operators’ safety. The main focus of this paper is to investigate the potential of an agent-based digital twin architecture for collaborative prognostic of power plants. Based on the ISO 13374:2015 scheme for smart condition monitoring, the proposed architecture consists of a collaborative prognostics system governed by several smart DT agents connected to both physical and virtual environments. In order to apprehend the potential of the developed agent-based architecture, experiments on the architecture are conducted in a real industrial environment. We show throughout the paper that our proposed architecture is robust and reproduces TPP static and dynamic behavior and can contribute to the smart monitoring of the plant in case of critical conditions.

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13

Fuentes, Carlos, Hector Chavez, and Mario R. Arrieta Paternina. "Predictive Control-Based NADIR-Minimizing Algorithm for Solid-State Transformer." Energies 15, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15010073.

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Solid-state transformers (SSTs) are becoming an important solution to control active distribution systems. Their significant flexibility in comparison with traditional magnetic transformers is essential to ensure power quality and protection coordination at the distribution level in scenarios of large penetration of distributed energy resources such as renewables, electric vehicles and energy storage. However, the power electronic interface of SSTs decouples the nature of the inertial and frequency responses of distribution loads, deteriorating the frequency stability, especially under the integration of large-scale solar and wind power plants. Despite the virtual inertia/voltage sensitivity-based algorithms that have been proposed, the frequency sensitivity of loads and the capability of guaranteeing optimal control, considering the operating restrictions, have been overlooked. To counteract this specific issue, this work proposes a predictive control-driven approach to provide SSTs with frequency response actions by a strategy that harnesses the voltage and frequency sensibility of distribution loads and considers the limitations of voltage and frequency given by grid codes at distribution grids. In particular, the control strategy is centered in minimizing the NADIR of frequency transients. Numerical results are attained employing an empirically-validated model of the power system frequency dynamics and a dynamic model of distribution loads. Through proportional frequency control, the results of the proposed algorithm are contrasted. It is demonstrated that the NADIR improved about 0.1 Hz for 30% of SST penetration.

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14

Popławski, Tomasz, Sebastian Dudzik, Piotr Szeląg, and Janusz Baran. "A Case Study of a Virtual Power Plant (VPP) as a Data Acquisition Tool for PV Energy Forecasting." Energies 14, no. 19 (September 28, 2021): 6200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196200.

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This article describes problems related to the operation of a virtual micro power plant at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (FEE), Czestochowa University of Technology (CUT). In the era of dynamic development of renewable energy sources, it is necessary to create alternative electricity management systems for existing power systems, including power transmission and distribution systems. Virtual power plants (VPPs) are such an alternative. So far, there has been no unified standard for a VPP operation. The article presents components that make up the VPP at the FEE and describes their physical and logical structure. The presented solution is a combination of several units operating in the internal power grid of the FEE, i.e., wind turbines, energy storage (ES), photovoltaic panels (PV) and car charging stations. Their operation is coordinated by a common control system. One of the research goals described in the article is to optimize the operation of these components to minimize consumption of the electric energy from the external supply network. An analysis of data from the VPP management system was carried out to create mathematical models for prediction of the consumed power and the power produced by the PVs. These models allowed us to achieve the assumed objective. The article also presents the VPP data processing results in terms of detecting outliers and missing values. In addition to the issues discussed above, the authors also proposed to apply the Prophet model for short-term forecasting of the PV farm electricity production. It is a statistical model that has so far been used for social and business research. The authors implemented it effectively for technical analysis purposes. It was shown that the results of the PV energy production forecasting using the Prophet model are acceptable despite occurrences of missing data in the investigated time series.

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15

Li, Lei, Hanjun Ma, Mingyi Wei, Xuanbo Zhang, Qingxi Chen, and Yanqing Xin. "Thermal Power Plant Turbine Rotor Digital Twin Automation Construction and Monitoring System." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (October 10, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8527281.

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Based on the digital twin technology, this article investigates the physical rules fusion model of the turbine rotor operation in thermal power plants, establishes the geometric behavior mapping method of the turbine rotor in the virtual scenario of thermal power plants, and develops a real-time data-driven virtual monitoring system of the rotor operation, which realizes the virtual control of the rotor operation process from the physical and geometric levels, respectively. The 3D model created by Creo was imported into ADAMS in x_t format, constraints were added, and model data input and output interfaces were established in ADAMS software to build its dynamics model. The foundation of the joint simulation with the AMESim model is laid. The information fusion technology based on D-S evidence theory, fusing multisensor data and information from other channels, can more accurately and comprehensively understand and describe the diagnostic object, to make correct judgment and decisions on complex fault diagnosis. We propose an integrated modeling method for multiview control scenarios of manufacturing units based on digital twins and finalize the construction of digital twin models of manufacturing units based on the definition of the multiview model collaboration mechanism, which provides model support for the research of digital twin-driven manufacturing unit control technology. For the twin data perception and interaction problem, a unified architecture-standardized communication protocol is established based on OPC UA technology to solve the problem of difficult data perception and interaction caused by the nonuniform communication interface protocol of different devices on the automated production line. The model change is intended to help improve the visualization level of digital production line monitoring and improve the operating efficiency of the turbine rotor. The experimental results show that the application of digital twin to thermal turbine rotor operation monitoring provides a new method for turbine rotor vibration fault diagnosis; D-S evidence theory can fuse information from multiple aspects of the fault, thus improving the probability of fault diagnosis and reducing uncertainty.

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16

Torres, Jose Rueda, Zameer Ahmad, Nidarshan Veera Kumar, Elyas Rakhshani, Ebrahim Adabi, Peter Palensky, and Mart van der Meijden. "Power Hardware-in-the-Loop-Based Performance Analysis of Different Converter Controllers for Fast Active Power Regulation in Low-Inertia Power Systems." Energies 14, no. 11 (June 3, 2021): 3274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113274.

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Future electrical power systems will be dominated by power electronic converters, which are deployed for the integration of renewable power plants, responsive demand, and different types of storage systems. The stability of such systems will strongly depend on the control strategies attached to the converters. In this context, laboratory-scale setups are becoming the key tools for prototyping and evaluating the performance and robustness of different converter technologies and control strategies. The performance evaluation of control strategies for dynamic frequency support using fast active power regulation (FAPR) requires the urgent development of a suitable power hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) setup. In this paper, the most prominent emerging types of FAPR are selected and studied: droop-based FAPR, droop derivative-based FAPR, and virtual synchronous power (VSP)-based FAPR. A novel setup for PHIL-based performance evaluation of these strategies is proposed. The setup combines the advanced modeling and simulation functions of a real-time digital simulation platform (RTDS), an external programmable unit to implement the studied FAPR control strategies as digital controllers, and actual hardware. The hardware setup consists of a grid emulator to recreate the dynamic response as seen from the interface bus of the grid side converter of a power electronic-interfaced device (e.g., type-IV wind turbines), and a mockup voltage source converter (VSC, i.e., a device under test (DUT)). The DUT is virtually interfaced to one high-voltage bus of the electromagnetic transient (EMT) representation of a variant of the IEEE 9 bus test system, which has been modified to consider an operating condition with 52% of the total supply provided by wind power generation. The selected and programmed FAPR strategies are applied to the DUT, with the ultimate goal of ascertaining its feasibility and effectiveness with respect to the pure software-based EMT representation performed in real time. Particularly, the time-varying response of the active power injection by each FAPR control strategy and the impact on the instantaneous frequency excursions occurring in the frequency containment periods are analyzed. The performed tests show the degree of improvements on both the rate-of-change-of-frequency (RoCoF) and the maximum frequency excursion (e.g., nadir).

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17

Liu, Luyuan. "Design of the Comprehensive Monitoring System of Ro-Ro Ship Power Plant Based on LabVIEW." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2254, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2254/1/012037.

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Abstract In this paper, using power machinery monitoring technology, testing technology, signal analysis and processing technology, combined with the characteristics of the dual-engine and double-propeller arrangement, carrying, complex waters and variable operating conditions of the power unit of the ro-ro ship, a set of virtual instruments is designed for the power of the ro-ro ship. Device integrated monitoring system. The system has a complete set of comprehensive monitoring system, which can monitor the power output working status of the power unit of the ro-ro ship. Under different working conditions, the system can collect and analyse signals through sensors, and automatically obtain information such as combustion work in the cylinder, gearbox gear transmission and meshing, shaft trajectory dynamic vibration and shaft power, and is a monitoring platform for marine power plants. The development and intelligent cabin provide technical support. The system realizes the automatic monitoring of ships, effectively improves the safety and reliability of ship operations, and reduces and avoids the occurrence of major accidents. At the same time, it has also completed the integration and digitization of ship power plant monitoring, providing support for decision-making in the use, operation and control, maintenance, and management of equipment and systems, effectively improving the safety and reliability of ship operations, and further promoting the development of smart ships and smart engine rooms.

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18

Waewsak, Jompob, Chana Chancham, Somphol Chiwamongkhonkarn, and Yves Gagnon. "Wind Resource Assessment of the Southernmost Region of Thailand Using Atmospheric and Computational Fluid Dynamics Wind Flow Modeling." Energies 12, no. 10 (May 18, 2019): 1899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12101899.

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This paper presents the wind resource assessment of the southernmost region of Thailand using atmospheric and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) wind flow modeling. The predicted wind data by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) atmospheric modeling, assimilated to a virtual met mast, along with high-resolution topographic and roughness digital data, are then used as the main input for the CFD microscale wind flow modeling and high resolution wind resource mapping at elevations of 80 m, 100 m, 120 m, and 140 m agl. Numerical results are validated using measured wind data. Results show that the potential area where the wind speeds at 120 m agl are above 8.0 m/s is 86 km2, corresponding to a technical power potential in the order of 300 MW. The installation of wind power plants in the areas with the best wind resource could generate 690 GWh/year of electricity, thus avoiding greenhouse gas emissions of 1.2 million tonnes CO2eq/year to the atmosphere. On the other hand, developing power plants with International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Class IV wind turbines in areas of lower wind resource, but with easier access, could generate nearly 3000 GWh/yr of energy, with a CO2eq emissions avoidance of 5 million tonnes CO2eq on a yearly basis.

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19

Blondeau, J., T. Museur, O. Demaude, P. Allard, F. Turoni, and J. Mertens. "Cost-effective flexibilisation of an 80 MW retrofitted biomass power plants: Improved combustion control dynamics using virtual air flow sensors." Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 21 (October 2020): 100680. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2020.100680.

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20

Nouri, Behnam, Ömer Göksu, Vahan Gevorgian, and Poul Ejnar Sørensen. "Generic characterization of electrical test benches for AC- and HVDC-connected wind power plants." Wind Energy Science 5, no. 2 (May 6, 2020): 561–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-561-2020.

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Abstract. The electrical test and assessment of wind turbines go hand in hand with standards and network connection requirements. In this paper, the generic structure of advanced electrical test benches, including grid emulator or controllable grid interface, wind torque emulator, and device under test, is proposed to harmonize state-of-the-art test sites. On the other hand, modern wind turbines are under development towards new features, concerning grid-forming, black-start, and frequency support capabilities as well as harmonic stability and control interaction considerations, to secure the robustness and stability of renewable-energy-based power systems. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new and revised test standards and methodologies to address the new features of wind turbines. This paper proposes a generic test structure within two main groups, including open-loop and closed-loop tests. The open-loop tests include the IEC 61400-21-1 standard tests as well as the additional proposed test options for the new capabilities of wind turbines, which replicate grid connection compliance tests using open-loop references for the grid emulator. In addition, the closed-loop tests evaluate the device under test as part of a virtual wind power plant and perform real-time simulations considering the grid dynamics. The closed-loop tests concern grid connection topologies consisting of AC and HVDC, as well as different electrical characteristics, including impedance, short-circuit ratio, inertia, and background harmonics. The proposed tests can be implemented using available advanced test benches by adjusting their control systems. The characteristics of a real power system can be emulated by a grid emulator coupled with real-time digital simulator systems through a high-bandwidth power-hardware-in-the-loop interface.

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21

Krons, Aivars. "VISUALIZATION IN ASTRONOMY AT GENERAL SCHOOL." GAMTAMOKSLINIS UGDYMAS / NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION 6, no. 2 (August 15, 2009): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.48127/gu-nse/09.6.31a.

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This is an International Year of Astronomy (IYA 2009) when we pay great attention to astronomy education. The International Year of Astronomy is a year-long celebration of astronomy, taking place in 2009 to coincide with the 400th anniversary of the first recorded astronomical observations with a telescope by Galileo Galilei. Author presents a modern approach to teaching astronomy and planetary sciences, centered on visual images and simulations of planetary objects. The basic idea is to take the students to other celestial objects as tourists, and to teach science through the observations of various natural phenomena in these new environments. The power of scientific visualization, through still and dynamic images, makes such a journey an exciting learning experience. The introduction of new technologies (3D animations, virtual reality) greatly enhances the visualization capabilities the teacher can use, allowing him to simulate actual flights over the terrain of other planets and to study them as if observing from a spaceship in orbit. The present article focuses on the study of the Moon, planets, asteroids and Galaxies by means of observations, interpretations, and comparison to planet Earth. Students learn to recognize geological and atmospheric processes, discuss astronomic phenomena, celestial bodies and discover that the same basic physical laws govern all objects in the Solar system and Universe. Key words: interactive learning, astronomy, telescope, astronomy education, scientific visualization, virtual reality (VR).

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22

Kumagai, Jean. "Virtual power plants, real power." IEEE Spectrum 49, no. 3 (March 2012): 13–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mspec.2012.6156852.

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23

Newman, Guy, and Joseph Mutale. "Characterising Virtual Power Plants." International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education 46, no. 4 (October 2009): 307–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/ijeee.46.4.1.

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24

Basov, A. O., and A. A. Smirnov. "Development of vehicle undercarriage with roadster body using topological optimization." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 12, no. 3 (September 15, 2018): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-66813.

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Nowadays the key task of designer is to reduce the mass of the automobile. This requirement is dictated by increasing demands for efficiency and dynamics of vehicle. On the other hand, the constantly increasing requirements for comfort and safety of the automobile, as well as the degree of automation of the driver's work lead to the use of a large number of additional systems, which increases the weight of the vehicle. In addition, the use of alternative power plants leads to the appearance of non-standard layout schemes. The number of manufactured models is increasing to satisfy all consumer groups. Simultaneously, the time period for R&D is reduced. In these conditions, we consider that it is effective to use methods of topological optimization of the undercarriage at the stage of the choice of the power circuit and the concept of the undercarriage. The article deals with the process of topological optimization of the vehicle undercarriage with roadster body. The car was developed at the Bauman MSTU. The process of developing of vehicle layout and design of driver position using a virtual manikin are shown. The process of preparing the design space for a computational model for optimizing is considered. A description of the finite element model for optimizing the undercarriage is given. There are considered two groups of calculation cases: operational and emergency. The optimization problem is formulated, the objective function and constraints are given. When performing calculations, the OptiStruct software was used. The results of optimization of the undercarriage for several loading regimes are presented. The analysis of the obtained topology is carried out.

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Dall'Anese, Emiliano, Swaroop S. Guggilam, Andrea Simonetto, Yu Christine Chen, and Sairaj V. Dhople. "Optimal Regulation of Virtual Power Plants." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 33, no. 2 (March 2018): 1868–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2017.2741920.

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Przychodzień, Arkadiusz. "Virtual power plants - types and development opportunities." E3S Web of Conferences 137 (2019): 01044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913701044.

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Modern power engineering meets new challenges. With the development of new energy production and storage technologies, creates new demands for energy services. To support this development, it is necessary to implement new teleinformatic systems that will allow for resource management. Such systems are called Virtual Power Plants (VPP). There are many definitions of this type of solutions due to the very wide range of possible applications. VPPs can be developed by many types of entities, e.g. distribution system operators, electricity generators, energy clusters. The ability to build a system based on modules allows you to customize the system to user’s needs. An opportunity for the development of VPP will be a package “Clean energy for all Europeans” (so called “Winter package”) that introduces regulations that allow for the development of renewable energy sources, including prosumers, and enables an active participation in the energy market for energy consumers. In addition, more stringent requirements for balancing production and energy consumption are introduced, requiring greater balancing accuracy.

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Sadeghian, Omid, Amin Mohammadpour Shotorbani, and Behnam Mohammadi-Ivatloo. "Generation maintenance scheduling in virtual power plants." IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 13, no. 12 (June 18, 2019): 2584–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2018.6751.

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Welfonder, E. "Dynamic interactions between power plants and power systems." Control Engineering Practice 7, no. 1 (January 1999): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0967-0661(98)00146-4.

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Welfonder, E. "Dynamic Interactions between Power, Plants and Power Systems." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 30, no. 17 (August 1997): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)46382-8.

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Jaiswal, Rajan, Britt M. E. Moldestad, Marianne S. Eikeland, Henrik K. Nielsen, and Rajan Kumar Thapa. "Image Processing and Measurement of the Bubble Properties in a Bubbling Fluidized Bed Reactor." Energies 15, no. 21 (October 22, 2022): 7828. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15217828.

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The efficiency of a fluidized bed reactor depends on the bed fluid dynamic behavior, which is significantly influenced by the bubble properties. This work investigates the bubble properties of a bubbling fluidized bed reactor using computational particle fluid dynamic (CPFD) simulations and electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) measurements. The two-dimensional images (along the reactor horizontal and vertical planes) of the fluidized bed are obtained from the CPFD simulations at different operating conditions. The CPFD model was developed in a commercial CPFD software Barracuda Virtual Reactor 20.0.1. The bubble behavior and bed fluidization behavior are characterized form the bubble properties: average bubble diameter, bubble rise velocity, and bubble frequency. The bubble properties were determined by processing the extracted images with script developed in MATLAB. The CPFD simulation results are compared with experimental data (obtained from the ECT sensors) and correlations in the literature. The results from the CPFD model and experimental measurement depicted that the average bubble diameter increased with an increase in superficial gas velocities up to 4.2 Umf and decreased with a further increase in gas velocities due to the onset of large bubbles (potential slugging regime). The bubble rise velocity increased as it moved from the lower region to the bed surface. The Fourier transform of the transient solid volume fraction illustrated that multiple bubbles pass the plane with varying amplitude and frequency in the range of 1–6 Hz. Further, the bubble frequency increased with an increase in superficial gas velocity up to 2.5Umf and decreased with a further increase in gas velocity. The CPFD model and method employed in this work can be useful for studying the influence of bubble properties on conversion efficiency of a gasification reactor operating at high temperatures.

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Tan, Zhongfu, Qingkun Tan, and Yuwei Wang. "Bidding Strategy of Virtual Power Plant with Energy Storage Power Station and Photovoltaic and Wind Power." Journal of Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6139086.

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For the virtual power plants containing energy storage power stations and photovoltaic and wind power, the output of PV and wind power is uncertain and virtual power plants must consider this uncertainty when they participate in the auction in the electricity market. In this context, this paper studies the bidding strategy of the virtual power plant with photovoltaic and wind power. Assuming that the upper and lower limits of the combined output of photovoltaic and wind power are stochastically variable, the fluctuation range of the day-ahead energy market and capacity price is stochastically variable. If the capacity of the storage station is large enough to stabilize the fluctuation of the output of the wind and photovoltaic power, virtual power plants can participate in the electricity market bidding. This paper constructs a robust optimization model of virtual power plant bidding strategy in the electricity market, which considers the cost of charge and discharge of energy storage power station and transmission congestion. The model proposed in this paper is solved by CPLEX; the example results show that the model is reasonable and the method is valid.

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Casella, F., and P. Colonna. "Dynamic modeling of IGCC power plants." Applied Thermal Engineering 35 (March 2012): 91–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2011.10.011.

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Caixia, Tan, Tan Zhongfu, Wu Jianbin, Qi Huiwen, Zhang Xiangyu, and Xu Zhenbo. "Benefit analysis and evaluation of virtual power plants considering electric vehicles." E3S Web of Conferences 248 (2021): 02024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124802024.

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Under the background of increasingly serious environmental pollution, virtual power plants have become an effective way to solve environmental pollution due to the characteristics of integrating a large number of clean distributed energy generation. At the same time, electric vehicles with dual attributes of power supply and load bring opportunities for the further development of virtual power plants. In this paper, the ideal matter-element comprehensive benefit evaluation model of virtual power plants is constructed by constructing the index system and weighting model of virtual power plants considering electric vehicles. The virtual power plants connected with different proportion of electric vehicles are taken as an example analysis. The results of the example analysis show that the comprehensive benefit of virtual power plants is the highest when the proportion of electric vehicles access reaches 120%.

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Liu, Xintian, Yucai Li, Yao He, Xinxin Zheng, and Guojian Zeng. "VIRTUAL SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR DYNAMIC POWER DECOUPLING STRATEGY." Progress In Electromagnetics Research C 90 (2019): 209–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/pierc18102504.

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Zhong, Weilin, Georgios Tzounas, Muyang Liu, and Federico Milano. "On-line inertia estimation of Virtual Power Plants." Electric Power Systems Research 212 (November 2022): 108336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2022.108336.

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Barbosa, J. A., R. P. S. Leao, C. F. P. Lima, and M. C. O. Rego. "Decentralised Energy Management System to Virtual Power Plants." Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal 1, no. 08 (April 2010): 1079–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.24084/repqj08.590.

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Mourik, Ruth, Sylvia Breukers, LFM Summeren, and A. C. Wieczorek. "Community-Based Virtual Power Plants: Against All Odds?" Proceedings 20, no. 1 (August 20, 2019): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019020025.

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Based on a European project entitled “Community-based Virtual Power Plants’ (Interreg 2017–2010) this paper discusses opportunities for community energy projects—focusing on the example of community-based virtual power plants. Using a business model canvas as heuristic and the Dutch demonstration case as an example, we show how a business model following a community logic is unfeasible in practice. The current institutional context compels community based cVPP initiatives to partially abandon such community-based values, in order to be able to survive in the energy services market. It is concluded that more attention is needed for institutional change since the current institutional bias that hinders cVPP projects is also hindering a more inclusive energy transition.

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Adu-Kankam, Kankam O., and Luis M. Camarinha-Matos. "Towards collaborative Virtual Power Plants: Trends and convergence." Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks 16 (December 2018): 217–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.segan.2018.08.003.

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Wille-Haussmann, Bernhard, Thomas Erge, and Christof Wittwer. "Decentralised optimisation of cogeneration in virtual power plants." Solar Energy 84, no. 4 (April 2010): 604–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2009.10.009.

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Liu, Chengyang, Rebecca Jing Yang, Xinghuo Yu, Chayn Sun, Peter S. P. Wong, and Hongying Zhao. "Virtual power plants for a sustainable urban future." Sustainable Cities and Society 65 (February 2021): 102640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102640.

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Okuneva, V. V., A. A. Agamirzoev, and K. B. Korneev. "IMPLEMENTING DISTRIBUTED GENERATION BY CREATING VIRTUAL POWER PLANTS." Bulletin of the Tver State Technical University. Series «Building. Electrical engineering and chemical technology», no. 3 (2020): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.46573/2658-7459-2020-3-51-59.

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We consider one of the most promising technologies for solving the problem of balancing a system with distributed generation is a virtual substation. It is noted that using the technologies of distributed computing and the «Internet of things», it is possible to implement an effective mechanism for decentralized control of power system elements.

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Wu, Yungao, Jing Wu, and Gejirifu De. "Research on Trading Optimization Model of Virtual Power Plant in Medium- and Long-Term Market." Energies 15, no. 3 (January 20, 2022): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15030759.

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In the medium- and long-term market, the power generation side and the power purchase side ensure to avoid the fluctuation of delivery prices through the medium- and long-term power contract, to avoid some market risks. This paper combines virtual power plants to aggregate distributed renewable energy to participate in market transactions. Firstly, this paper analyzes the two operation modes of power markets and combs the transaction varieties and modes in the medium- and long-term market. Secondly, the common contract power decomposition methods in the medium- and long-term market are analyzed, and the revenue model of virtual power plants is established. Then, combined with the renewable energy quota system and the green certificate trading mechanism, this paper constructs an optimization model of medium- and long-term contract trading of virtual power plants considering renewable energy derivatives. Finally, different renewable energy output scenarios are designed to analyze the benefits of virtual power plants in centralized and decentralized power markets. The example analysis shows the effectiveness of price difference contract for virtual power plants to ensure the renewable power revenue, which provides a certain reference for virtual power plants to participate in the power market.

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Moreno, Guillermo, Carlos Santos, Pedro Martín, Francisco Javier Rodríguez, Rafael Peña, and Branislav Vuksanovic. "Intra-Day Solar Power Forecasting Strategy for Managing Virtual Power Plants." Sensors 21, no. 16 (August 22, 2021): 5648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21165648.

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Solar energy penetration has been on the rise worldwide during the past decade, attracting a growing interest in solar power forecasting over short time horizons. The increasing integration of these resources without accurate power forecasts hinders the grid operation and discourages the use of this renewable resource. To overcome this problem, Virtual Power Plants (VPPs) provide a solution to centralize the management of several installations to minimize the forecasting error. This paper introduces a method to efficiently produce intra-day accurate Photovoltaic (PV) power forecasts at different locations, by using free and available information. Prediction intervals, which are based on the Mean Absolute Error (MAE), account for the forecast uncertainty which provides additional information about the VPP node power generation. The performance of the forecasting strategy has been verified against the power generated by a real PV installation, and a set of ground-based meteorological stations in geographical proximity have been used to emulate a VPP. The forecasting approach is based on a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network and shows similar errors to those obtained with other deep learning methods published in the literature, offering a MAE performance of 44.19 W/m2 under different lead times and launch times. By applying this technique to 8 VPP nodes, the global error is reduced by 12.37% in terms of the MAE, showing huge potential in this environment.

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Gong, Jinxia, Da Xie, Chuanwen Jiang, and Yanchi Zhang. "Multiple Objective Compromised Method for Power Management in Virtual Power Plants." Energies 4, no. 4 (April 21, 2011): 700–716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en4040700.

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Rodat, S., J. V. D. Souza, S. Thebault, V. Vuillerme, and N. Dupassieux. "Dynamic Simulations of Fresnel Solar Power Plants." Energy Procedia 49 (2014): 1501–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.03.159.

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Cioara, Tudor, Marcel Antal, Vlad T. Mihailescu, Claudia D. Antal, Ionut M. Anghel, and Dan Mitrea. "Blockchain-Based Decentralized Virtual Power Plants of Small Prosumers." IEEE Access 9 (2021): 29490–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3059106.

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Venkatachary, Sampath Kumar, Jagdish Prasad, Ravi Samikannu, Annamalai Alagappan, and Leo John Baptist Andrews. "Cybersecurity infrastructure challenges in IoT based virtual power plants." Journal of Statistics and Management Systems 23, no. 2 (February 17, 2020): 263–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09720510.2020.1724625.

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Alahyari, Arman, Mehdi Ehsan, David Pozo, and Meisam Farrokhifar. "Hybrid uncertainty-based offering strategy for virtual power plants." IET Renewable Power Generation 14, no. 13 (October 5, 2020): 2359–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-rpg.2020.0249.

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Podder, Amit Kumer, Sayemul Islam, Nallapaneni Manoj Kumar, Aneesh A. Chand, Pulivarthi Nageswara Rao, Kushal A. Prasad, T. Logeswaran, and Kabir A. Mamun. "Systematic Categorization of Optimization Strategies for Virtual Power Plants." Energies 13, no. 23 (November 27, 2020): 6251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236251.

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Due to the rapid growth in power consumption of domestic and industrial appliances, distributed energy generation units face difficulties in supplying power efficiently. The integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) and energy storage systems (ESSs) provides a solution to these problems using appropriate management schemes to achieve optimal operation. Furthermore, to lessen the uncertainties of distributed energy management systems, a decentralized energy management system named virtual power plant (VPP) plays a significant role. This paper presents a comprehensive review of 65 existing different VPP optimization models, techniques, and algorithms based on their system configuration, parameters, and control schemes. Moreover, the paper categorizes the discussed optimization techniques into seven different types, namely conventional technique, offering model, intelligent technique, price-based unit commitment (PBUC) model, optimal bidding, stochastic technique, and linear programming, to underline the commercial and technical efficacy of VPP at day-ahead scheduling at the electricity market. The uncertainties of market prices, load demand, and power distribution in the VPP system are mentioned and analyzed to maximize the system profits with minimum cost. The outcome of the systematic categorization is believed to be a base for future endeavors in the field of VPP development.

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Asmus, Peter. "Microgrids, Virtual Power Plants and Our Distributed Energy Future." Electricity Journal 23, no. 10 (December 2010): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tej.2010.11.001.

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