Relevant bibliographies by topics / Dynamic vehicle load

Academic literature on the topic 'Dynamic vehicle load'

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Published: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Dynamic vehicle load"

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Cao, Yuan Wen, Yan Li Yi, and Min Qin. "Dynamic Analysis of Trebling-Pivot Vehicle on Undulate Pavement." Applied Mechanics and Materials 178-181 (May 2012): 1947–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.178-181.1947.

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Model of heavy truck was built with the ADAMS dynamics simulation software. Dynamic loads between the wheels and the pavement with different loads and different speeds and different road surfaces were analyzed comparatively. Results indicate that the dynamic load between the wheels and the pavement will be increased with the speed increase; the dynamic loads between the wheels and the pavement will be increased with the pavement amplitude increase; Under the same conditions, the dynamic load of fully loaded vehicle was larger than that of no-load vehicle.
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Zhao, Guiqing. "Research on Inspection Method of Dynamic Load of Truck by Using EWT." International Journal of Information Systems and Supply Chain Management 11, no. 1 (January 2018): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijisscm.2018010105.

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The article provides a new method for dynamic real-time detection of vehicle loads, and a useful technical reference for further improving the driving safety of the vehicle. The dynamic monitoring of vehicle load is of great significance to stable driving. In order to resolve this problem, we present an algorithm that can calculate vehicle load on the basic of empirical mode transform (EWT) and a corresponding vehicle load dynamic testing platform. The relationship between the vehicle load and the suspension variables is the foundation of realizing load detection. To obtain it, we establish a two-degree-of freedom suspension dynamic model and analyze the dynamic characteristics of the suspension under various vehicle speeds and loads. We design a dynamic load detection device with overload protection to collect the dynamic signal of vehicle. The data processing algorithm of the vehicle load dynamic detection device is constructed based on EWT. In order to verify the effectiveness of the device, a model truck is taken as the test vehicle. Based on the DSP chip, the vehicle load dynamic testing platform is developed. In order to test the accuracy of the system, the calculation accuracy of the system is tested with different load at different speeds. The experimental results show that the system exhibits a high accuracy in the measurement experiment.
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Guo, Guo He, Yu Feng Bai, and Tao Wang. "Analysis of Dynamic Load Level of High-Speed Heavy Vehicle Imposed on Uneven Pavement." Applied Mechanics and Materials 138-139 (November 2011): 146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.138-139.146.

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Based on the significant destructive effect of heavy vehicle on uneven roads, two simplified models of pavement unevenness and vehicle dynamic load were established in accordance with D'A lembert principle, and Matlab software was used to analyze the changing law of dynamic load under the conditions of different road unevenness, vehicle speed and load. The results show that vehicles running on uneven road may produce more cumulative damages than static load, and DLC (dynamic load coefficient) changes in wide range, maximum up to 2.0 or more; the effect of speed and load on dynamic load is complex, and due to multi-factor interaction, DLC doesn’t consistently increase or decrease with speed and load increasing. Although the dynamic load level caused by high-speed heavy vehicle is not necessarily too high, its impact on the road can not be ignored.
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Hua, Xia, and Eric Gandee. "Vibration and dynamics analysis of electric vehicle drivetrains." Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 40, no. 3 (February 27, 2021): 1241–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461348420979204.

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The importance of the vibration and dynamics of electric vehicle drivetrains has increased because of noise and durability concerns. In this study, the important dynamic responses of drivetrains, including the dynamic mesh force acting at the gear teeth, dynamic loads acting at the bearings, and torsional fluctuation of the tire or load under major vibration excitations, such as motor torque fluctuation excitation and spiral bevel gear mesh excitation, were investigated. The results demonstrate that at a lower motor speed, dynamic responses such as the dynamic mesh force, dynamic bearing loads, and dynamic torsional displacement of the tire or load under motor torque fluctuation are dominant. At a higher motor speed, however, the dynamic responses under the gear mesh excitation are dominant. In addition, increasing the pinion-motor torsional compliance is an effective approach for suppressing the dynamic responses of drivetrains under motor torque fluctuation.
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Fan, Jian Lei, Jun Liu, Lei Zhang, and Hong Peng He. "Research on Load Modeling of Electric Vehicles." Applied Mechanics and Materials 291-294 (February 2013): 892–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.291-294.892.

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The accurate electric vehicle charging load model shall be established to analyze potential challenges of static and dynamic stability brought by electric vehicles. In this paper, experiments with the electric vehicle charger and battery were carried out to analyze the model characteristics. And then this model was compared to the composite load model. At last, the modeling approach of static and dynamic model of electric vehicles was proposed.
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Jun, Zhang, Jun Liu, Xiao Lu Ni, Wei Li, and Rong Mu. "Dynamic Model of a Discrete-Pontoon Floating Bridge Subjected by Moving Loads." Applied Mechanics and Materials 29-32 (August 2010): 732–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.29-32.732.

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A discrete-pontoon floating bridge is studied based on the beam model with assumption of the bridge deck as a elastic beam with uniform section, live load such as vehicle as moving concentrate forces, and pontoons as independent mass-spring-damping systems with singular degree of freedom. The comparison results of between vehicles and moving concentrated force show that a vehicle load can be simplified as one moving concentrated force. The present model can study not only a single moving load but also multiple moving loads.
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Melcer, Jozef. "Dynamic Load of Vehicle on Asphalt Pavement." Applied Mechanics and Materials 617 (August 2014): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.617.29.

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Asphalt pavements are the transport structures subjected to dynamic effect of moving vehicles. Many effects influence the real values of vehicle tire forces. Road unevenness represents the most important factor influencing the magnitudes of tire forces. Such data can be obtained by numerical or experimental way. The paper deals with the numerical simulation of moving load effect on asphalt pavements and with numerical simulation of tire forces in relation to the road unevenness.
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Kim, Sang-Hyo, Kwang-Il Cho, Moon-Seock Choi, and Ji-Young Lim. "Development of a Generation Method of Artificial Vehicle Wheel Load to Analyze Dynamic Behavior of Bridges." Advances in Structural Engineering 12, no. 4 (August 2009): 479–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/136943309789508474.

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In this study, artificial wheel loads are proposed which reflect the dynamic effects of running vehicles and road roughness to overcome shortcomings of vehicle modeling methods. To derive a suitable artificial load from the moving vehicle model, a parametric study is conducted regarding span lengths, types of bridges, road roughnesses, vehicle speeds and consecutive vehicles. After that, Power Spectral Density (PSD) analyses of wheel loads are performed using Maximum Entropy Method (MEM). Based on the result, a representative PSD function is proposed considering the cumulative energy distribution and the area of the PSD curve. The artificial wheel loads are generated based on this PSD function. Also, dynamic analyses of a bridge are performed using the artificial wheel loads. The probabilistic characteristics of dynamic responses are evaluated by comparing the results with the existing moving vehicle model. The results show that the dynamic responses through the proposed method are slightly overestimated. It is concluded that the proposed method is a simple and reliable procedure for engineers to perform a dynamic analysis in practical design.
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Popov, Pavel, Aleksandr Kuznetsov, Aleksandr Igolkin, and Kirill Afanasev. "THE LAUNCH VEHICLE VIBROACOUSTIC LOADS ASSESSMENT USING EXPERIMENTAL DATA AND FINITE ELEMENT MODELING." Akustika 34 (November 1, 2019): 132–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.36336/akustika201934132.

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The acoustic loads arising during the operation of the launch vehicle are sources of in-tense vibration of its components. Basically these loads are caused by such factors as the propulsion system operation during the launch vehicle start and by oscillatory processes in a turbulent boundary layer during the launch vehicle flight. In this regard, industry normative documentation prescribes evaluating dynamic tests of the launch vehicles and autonomous tests of rocket and space equipment.These tests confirm the dynamic strength and performance of launch vehicle components. This paper presents the results of the vibroacoustic loads analysis for the dry compartments of the mid-range launch vehicle currently being designed, depending on their construction, the attachments weight and the external load, which was set both in the form of acoustic load when solving a coherent elastic and acoustic task, and in the form of harmonic pressure, equivalent to acoustic.
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Jagiełowicz-Ryznar, C. "Dynamic Axle Load of an Automotive Vehicle When Driven on a Mobile Measurement Platform." International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering 19, no. 3 (August 1, 2014): 585–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ijame-2014-0040.

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Abstract An analysis of the dynamic axle load of an automotive vehicle (AV) when it is driven on a mobile measurement platform is presented in this paper. During the ride, the time characteristic of the dynamic force N(t), acting on the axle, was recorded. The effect of the vehicle axle mass on the maximum dynamic force value and the dynamic coefficient were studied. On this basis it was attempted to calculate the total vehicle’s weight. Conclusions concerning the dynamic loads of the vehicle axles in relation to the reduced axle mass, were drawn. The optimal axle mass value, for which the dynamic coefficient reaches a minimum, was calculated
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Dynamic vehicle load"

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姜瑞娟 and Ruijuan Jiang. "Identification of dynamic load and vehicle parameters based on bridge dynamic responses." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31244270.

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Khavassefat, Parisa. "Vehicle-Pavement Interaction." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Väg- och banteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-156045.

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Several aspects of vehicle-pavement interaction have been studied and discussed in this thesis. Initially the pavement response is studied through a quasi-static and a dynamic computationally efficient framework under moving traffic loads. Subsequently, a non-stationary stochastic solution has been developed in order to account for the effect of pavement surface deterioration on pavement service life.The quasi-static procedure is based on a superposition principle and is computationally favourable, as it requires only a reduced incremental problem to be solved numerically. Using the developed framework, the effect of vehicle configuration and traffic characteristics on the damage induced in pavements is investigated numerically. It is shown that the developed numerical model provides a more accurate explanation of different distress modes.In the dynamic approach the pavement roughness and vehicle suspension system are linked to a dynamic pavement model in order to account for the dynamic effects of vehicle-pavement interaction on pavement response. A finite element method is employed in order to establish the response function for a linear viscoelastic pavement structure with dynamic effects taken into account. The developed computational procedure is applied to evaluate the effect of the pavement surface roughness on the pavement structure response to truck traffic loadings.Furthermore, the deterioration trends for the flexible pavement surface have been investigated based on field measurements of longitudinal profiles in Sweden. A predictive function is proposed for surface deterioration that is based on the average gradient of yearly measurements of the road surface profiles in Swedish road network. The developed dynamic framework is further elaborated to a non-stationary stochastic approach. The response of the flexible pavement is given for a non-stationary random case as the pavement surface deteriorates in pavement service life, thus influencing the magnitude of the dynamic loads induced by the vehicles. The effect of pavement surface evolution on the stress state induced in the pavement by moving traffic is examined numerically. Finally the effect of surface deterioration on pavement service life has been investigated and discussed in the thesis by incorporating the proposed prognostic surface deterioration model into a ME design framework. The results are discussed for different case studies with different traffic regimes. It was indicated that the predicted pavement service life decreases considerably when the extra dynamic loads, as a result of pavement surface deterioration, has been taken into account. Furthermore, the effect of performing a predictive rehabilitation process (i.e. resurfacing) has been studied by employing a LCC framework. The application of preventive maintenance was shown to be effective, especially when the deterioration rate is high.

QC 20141119

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Smagina, Zana. "Dynamic amplification for moving vehicle loads on buried pipes : Evaluation of field-tests." Thesis, KTH, Bro- och stålbyggnad, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-36801.

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Davis, Lloyd Eric. "Heavy vehicle suspensions : testing and analysis." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2010. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/34499/1/Lloyd_Davis_Thesis.pdf.

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Transport regulators consider that, with respect to pavement damage, heavy vehicles (HVs) are the riskiest vehicles on the road network. That HV suspension design contributes to road and bridge damage has been recognised for some decades. This thesis deals with some aspects of HV suspension characteristics, particularly (but not exclusively) air suspensions. This is in the areas of developing low-cost in-service heavy vehicle (HV) suspension testing, the effects of larger-than-industry-standard longitudinal air lines and the characteristics of on-board mass (OBM) systems for HVs. All these areas, whilst seemingly disparate, seek to inform the management of HVs, reduce of their impact on the network asset and/or provide a measurement mechanism for worn HV suspensions. A number of project management groups at the State and National level in Australia have been, and will be, presented with the results of the project that resulted in this thesis. This should serve to inform their activities applicable to this research. A number of HVs were tested for various characteristics. These tests were used to form a number of conclusions about HV suspension behaviours. Wheel forces from road test data were analysed. A “novel roughness” measure was developed and applied to the road test data to determine dynamic load sharing, amongst other research outcomes. Further, it was proposed that this approach could inform future development of pavement models incorporating roughness and peak wheel forces. Left/right variations in wheel forces and wheel force variations for different speeds were also presented. This led on to some conclusions regarding suspension and wheel force frequencies, their transmission to the pavement and repetitive wheel loads in the spatial domain. An improved method of determining dynamic load sharing was developed and presented. It used the correlation coefficient between two elements of a HV to determine dynamic load sharing. This was validated against a mature dynamic loadsharing metric, the dynamic load sharing coefficient (de Pont, 1997). This was the first time that the technique of measuring correlation between elements on a HV has been used for a test case vs. a control case for two different sized air lines. That dynamic load sharing was improved at the air springs was shown for the test case of the large longitudinal air lines. The statistically significant improvement in dynamic load sharing at the air springs from larger longitudinal air lines varied from approximately 30 percent to 80 percent. Dynamic load sharing at the wheels was improved only for low air line flow events for the test case of larger longitudinal air lines. Statistically significant improvements to some suspension metrics across the range of test speeds and “novel roughness” values were evident from the use of larger longitudinal air lines, but these were not uniform. Of note were improvements to suspension metrics involving peak dynamic forces ranging from below the error margin to approximately 24 percent. Abstract models of HV suspensions were developed from the results of some of the tests. Those models were used to propose further development of, and future directions of research into, further gains in HV dynamic load sharing. This was from alterations to currently available damping characteristics combined with implementation of large longitudinal air lines. In-service testing of HV suspensions was found to be possible within a documented range from below the error margin to an error of approximately 16 percent. These results were in comparison with either the manufacturer’s certified data or test results replicating the Australian standard for “road-friendly” HV suspensions, Vehicle Standards Bulletin 11. OBM accuracy testing and development of tamper evidence from OBM data were detailed for over 2000 individual data points across twelve test and control OBM systems from eight suppliers installed on eleven HVs. The results indicated that 95 percent of contemporary OBM systems available in Australia are accurate to +/- 500 kg. The total variation in OBM linearity, after three outliers in the data were removed, was 0.5 percent. A tamper indicator and other OBM metrics that could be used by jurisdictions to determine tamper events were developed and documented. That OBM systems could be used as one vector for in-service testing of HV suspensions was one of a number of synergies between the seemingly disparate streams of this project.
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Leiviskä, Albin. "Load generation on a CV90 track system using multibody dynamics." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för fysik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-187750.

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Naraghi, Mahyar. "Dynamics and control of fast automated guided vehicles for high load applications." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/10268.

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Automated Guided Vehicles (AGV) are important components of modern automated transport systems. Increasing the system efficiency and throughput requires the use of heavy vehicles travelling at high speeds. As the AGV's payload capacity and travelling speed increases, the ensuing increase in lateral acceleration requires thorough dynamic modelling and more sophisticated controller design. To establish the sufficient level of model complexity necessary for this work, a 3-DOF nonlinear dynamic model comprising yaw, lateral, and roll motions is developed. The suspension, lateral and longtudinal load transfer, nonlinear behaviour of tires, and steering dynamics are included in this model. The model also comprises the effect of actuators, differential gear box, steering and tractive gear boxes. The model is validated through simulations and comparison with other models. A dynamic-based approach to the control of a typical transport interfactory AGV in a semi structured environment is studied. The 2-DOF side slippage free dynamic model comprising steering and actuators dynamics is used to design the controller. The input-output feedback linearization technique is employed to linearize the nonlinear dynamics of the vehicle. To improve robustness in the presence of parameter uncertainty, modelling errors and disturbance, a Boundary Layer Sliding Mode (BLSM) controller is adopted. The BLSM controller is later modified to improve performance and enhance robustness, using simultaneous variable boundary layer and multiple sliding surfaces strategies. Simulations based on the 3-DOF nonlinear model show the satisfactory results for the Modified Boundary Layer Sliding Mode (MBLSM) controller.
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Green, Mark Finkle. "The dynamic response of short-span highway bridges to heavy vehicle loads." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1991. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/251494.

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This dissertation investigates the dynamics of highway bridges subjected to heavy vehicle loads. A convolution method based on bridge mode shapes is developed to predict the dynamic response of a bridge to a given set of wheel loads. The convolution integral is solved by transformation to the frequency domain. In order to validate the bridge response calculation method, an experimental procedure, consisting of impulse tests to determine the bridge modal properties and vehicle tests, is presented. The measured modal properties of the bridges are compared against predictions from beam theory and finite element calculations. Good agreement between theory and measurement is shown. The modal parameters are combined with measured wheel loads in the convolution calculation to predict bridge responses. These predicted responses are compared with the measurements and good agreement is found. The convolution method is extended by an iterative procedure to include vehicle models and two parametric studies are performed. In the first, the importance of the dynamic interaction between vehicles and bridges is investigated, and guidelines for determining when interaction can be ignored are presented. In the second study, the effects of vehicle suspension design on bridge dynamic response are considered. Vehicles with leaf-spring and air-spring suspensions are considered.
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H, N. Akshay Jamadagni. "Simulations of complete vehicles in cold climate at partial and full load driving conditions." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Mekanisk värmeteori och strömningslära, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-170181.

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In this study, CFD simulations of a complete truck are carried out to investigate the effect of altered simulation settings at cold climatic conditions. The aim of this study is to obtain knowledge through CFD simulations performed on a selected driving condition namely at a vehicle speed of 93 kph, an ambient temperature of -20 °C and for an engine operating at 25 % load. Data from measurement carried out in a climatic wind tunnel is available and utilized as boundary conditions for the simulations.The simulations are performed under steady state conditions utilizing the commercial software STAR-CCM+. The first simulation case (reference simulation case) is constructed through java macro-scripts as per the standard VTM settings at Scania. The results from the simulations are compared with the measurement data utilizing temperature validation probes. These probes are located around the engine and measure the air temperature in the underhood engine compartment. The results from the first simulation case show that the temperature of each probe located in front of the engine and above the engine agrees well with the measured probe temperatures. But the temperature of the remaining probes show larger differences with the measured probe temperatures. To investigate the larger differences in probe temperatures, additional simulations are carried out by changing specific simulation settings. For instance, this is achieved by including thermal radiation in the physics continua. Finally, a simulation of engine load of 100 % is carried out and the results from the simulation are compared with the measurement from the same engine load as well as the results from the measurement and simulation of 25 % engine load. The results from all the simulations indicate that additional boundaryconditions and/or different methodologies need to be explored to better replicate the cold climatic conditions in the simulations.
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Vargas, Moreno Aldo Enrique. "Machine learning techniques to estimate the dynamics of a slung load multirotor UAV system." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2017. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8513/.

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This thesis addresses the question of designing robust and flexible controllers to enable autonomous operation of a multirotor UAV with an attached slung load for general cargo transport. This is achieved by following an experimental approach; real flight data from a slung load multirotor coupled system is used as experience, allowing for a computer software to estimate the pose of the slung in order to propose a swing-free controller that will dampen the oscillations of the slung load when the multirotor is following a desired flight trajectory. The thesis presents the reader with a methodology describing the development path from vehicle design and modelling over slung load state estimators to controller synthesis. Attaching a load via a cable to the underside of the aircraft alters the mass distribution of the combined "airborne entity" in a highly dynamic fashion. The load will be subject to inertial, gravitational and unsteady aerodynamic forces which are transmitted to the aircraft via the cable, providing another source of external force to the multirotor platform and thus altering the flight dynamic response characteristics of the vehicle. Similarly the load relies on the forces transmitted by the multirotor to alter its state, which is much more difficult to control. The principle research hypothesis of this thesis is that the dynamics of the coupled system can be identified by applying Machine Learning techniques. One of the major contributions of this thesis is the estimator that uses real flight data to train an unstructured black-box algorithm that can output the position vector of the load using the vehicle pose and pilot pseudo-controls as input. Experimental results show very accurate position estimation of the load using the machine learning estimator when comparing it with a motion tracking system (~2% offset). Another contribution lies in the avionics solution created for data collection, algorithm execution and control of multirotor UAVs, experimental results show successful autonomous flight with a range of algorithms and applications. Finally, to enable flight capabilities of a multirotor with slung load, a control system is developed that dampens the oscillations of the load; the controller uses a feedback approach to simultaneously prevent exciting swing and to actively dampen swing in the slung load. The methods and algorithms developed in this thesis are validated by flight testing.
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Borg, Lane. "An Approach to Using Finite Element Models to Predict Suspension Member Loads in a Formula SAE Vehicle." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34020.

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A racing vehicle suspension system is a kinematic linkage that supports the vehicle under complex loading scenarios. The suspension also defines the handling characteristics of the vehicle. Understanding the loads that the suspension carries in a variety of loading scenarios is necessary in order to properly design a safe and effective suspension system. In the past, the Formula SAE team at Virginia Tech has used simplified calculations to determine the loads expected in the suspension members. This approach involves several large assumptions. These assumptions have been used for years and the justification for them has been lost.

The goal of this research is to determine the validity of each of the assumptions made in the method used for calculating the vehicle suspension loads by hand. These assumptions include modeling the suspension as pinned-pinned truss members to prevent bending, neglecting any steering angle input to the suspension, and neglecting vertical articulation of the system. This thesis presents an approach to modeling the suspension member loads by creating a finite element (FE) model of the entire suspension system. The first stage of this research covers the validation of the current calculation methods. The FE model will replicate the suspension with all of the current assumptions and the member loads will be compared to the hand calculations. This truss-element-based FE model resulted in member loads identical to the hand calculations.

The next stage of the FE model development converts the truss model to beam elements. This step is performed to determine if the assumption that bending loads are insignificant is a valid approach to calculating member loads. In addition to changing the elements used from truss to beam element, the suspension linkage was adapted to more accurately model the methods by which each member is attached to the others. This involves welding the members of each control arm together at the outboard point as well as creating a simplified version of the pull rod mounting bracket on the upper control arm. The pull rod is the member that connects the ride spring, damper, and anti-roll bar to the wheel assembly and had previously been mounted on the upright. This model reveals reduced axial components of load but increases in bending moments sizable enough to reduce the resistance to buckling of any member in compression.

The third stage of model development incorporates the steer angle that must be present in loading scenarios that involve some level of cornering. An analysis of the vehicle trajectory that includes the effects of slip angle is presented and used to determine the most likely steer angle the vehicle will experience under cornering. The FE model was adapted to include the movement of the steering linkage caused by driver input. This movement changes the angle of the upright and steering linkage as well as the angle at which wheel loads are applied to the suspension. This model results in a dramatic change in member loads for loading cases that involve a component of steering input. Finally, the FE model was further enhanced to account for vertical movement of the suspension as allowed by the spring and damper assembly. The quasi-static loading scenarios are used to determine any member loading change due to vertical movement. The FE model is also used to predict the amount of vertical movement expected at the wheel center. This data can be used by the suspension designer to determine if changes to the spring rate or anti-roll bar stiffness will result in a more desirable amount of wheel movement for a given loading condition. This model shows that there is no change in the member loads due to the vertical movement of the wheel.

This thesis concludes by presenting the most important changes that must occur in member load calculations to determine the proper suspension loading under a variety of loading scenarios. Finally, a discussion of future research is offered including the importance of each area in determining suspension loads and recommendations on how to perform this research.
Master of Science

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Books on the topic "Dynamic vehicle load"

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David, Cebon, ed. Handbook of vehicle-road interaction: Vehicle dynamics, suspension design, and road damage. Exton, Pa: Swets & Zeitlinger Publishers, 1999.

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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development., ed. Dynamic loading of pavements: Report. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operatiion and Development, 1992.

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Engineers, Society of Automotive, and SAE World Congress (2006 : Detroit, Mich.), eds. Load simulation & analysis in automotive engineering. Warrendale, Pa: Society of Automotive Engineers, 2006.

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Spahl, Robert. Safety tests for components of vehicles using load spectra. Aachen: Shaker, 1996.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Flight motor set 360L001 (STS-26R): Final report (reconstructed dynamic loads analysis). Brigham City, Utah: Morton Thiokol, Inc., Aerospace Group, Space Operations, 1989.

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Vehicle-bridge interaction dynamics: With applications to high-speed railways. Singapore: World Scientific, 2005.

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F, Card Michael, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Effects of stiffening and mechanical load on thermal buckling of stiffened cylindrical shells: Presented at the AIAA/ASCE/ASC 36th Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, April 10-12, 1995, New Orleans, LA, Thermal Structures Category. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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F, Card Michael, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Effects of stiffening and mechanical load on thermal buckling of stiffened cylindrical shells: Presented at the AIAA/ASCE/ASC 36th Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, April 10-12, 1995, New Orleans, LA, Thermal Structures Category. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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Plastics in Automotive Engineering 2016. VDI Verlag, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.51202/9783182443438.

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The lightness of design Lines and curves make the pavilion a dynamic and trimmed sculpture whose characteristics derive from the brand image of the vehicle manufacturer. Uniform, matt stainless steel sheets wrap the body shell seamlessly. In a similar way to monocoque design, which is used in lightweight construction in the automotive and aircraft industries, the space-creating shell of the building takes over the load-bearing function. A total of 620 stainless steel covering sheets with welded-on stiffening ribs were prefabricated in a shipyard in Stralsund and assembled on site Table of contents conference proceedings 5 Anspruchsvolle Oberflächen und Leichtbau in der Instrumententafel des neuen Volkswagen Tiguan Mielke, R. / Dierks, P. | 201 19 3D Simulation für den Leichtbau in der kunststoffverarbeitenden Industrie Kurz, M. | 2016 31 Neuartige PUR-Oberflächen. Selbstheilend und mehr Kleba, I. / Emig, J. | 2016 47 Mono-polymer lift-gate solution cuts CO2 emissions Liraut, ...
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Johannesson, P., and M. Speckert. Guide to Load Analysis for Durability in Vehicle Engineering. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2013.

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Book chapters on the topic "Dynamic vehicle load"

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Fan, Kaixiang. "Comparative Analysis of the Displacement Dynamic Load Allowance and Bending Moment Dynamic Load Allowance of Highway Continuous Girder Bridge." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 314–20. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1260-3_28.

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AbstractThe dynamic load allowance (DLA) of the bridge structure is an important parameter in the bridge design. In order to study the variation law of displacement DLA and bending moment DLA of continuous girder bridge, taking 2 × 30 m continuous girder bridge and five-axis vehicles as the research object, the road roughness was simulated by the trigonometric series approach. With the help of ANSYS and APDL language, the influence of vehicle speeds, vehicle weights and road roughness on the displacement DLA and bending moment DLA are studied. The results show that the displacement DLA showed increasing trend with the increase of vehicle speed, and bending moment DLA showed increasing first and then decreasing; With the increase of body weight, the displacement DLA and bending moment DLA show a gradually increasing trend; Displacement DLA and bending moment DLA do have numerical differences. And the value of the displacement DLA is slightly larger than the value of the bending moment DLA. It is suggested that the displacement DLA and bending moment DLA should be distinguished in engineering design and dynamic load test. The research conclusion can provide reference for bridge structure engineering design and dynamic load test.
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Jiang, Wei, Wei Wang, Zhichao Song, Changqing Jiang, Chenglong Zhang, and Yijian Yuan. "Equivalent Standard Axle Load Analysis Considering Dynamic Load Based on Vehicle Axle-Tire Vertical Acceleration Field Testing." In Advances in Frontier Research on Engineering Structures, 325–35. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8657-4_29.

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AbstractIn order to examine equivalent axles load with dynamic load taken into account, pavement roughness test is carried out with a Vehicle Axle-tire Dynamic Load Tester, where axle-tire vertical acceleration of heavy trucks and light trucks are tested, respectively. Dynamic load is considered as a series of static loads following a normal distribution, and equivalent axles load is calculated according the Asphalt Pavement Design Specification. The results show that equivalent axles load time increase accordingly based on highway class. when tensile strain at bottom of surface is taken as design index, on high class highway equivalent standard load increases 8.3–14.9% for heavy truck, 3.6–5.4% for light truck; on low class highway, it increases 6.8–17.3% for heavy truck, 3.2–12.5% for light truck; when tensile stress at the bottom of semi-rigid base is taken as checking index. On a high class highway, it increases 34.2–64.9% for a heavy truck, 14.2–21.8% for a light truck; on a low class highway, it increases 27.5–77.1% for a heavy truck, 12.6–53.2% for a light truck. These research findings provide in-depth understanding regarding vehicle axle load conversion in dynamic load environment.
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Borah, Sushmita, Amin Al-Habaibeh, and Rolands Kromanis. "The Effect of Temperature Variation on Bridges—A Literature Review." In Springer Proceedings in Energy, 207–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63916-7_26.

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AbstractBridges are commonly subjected to complex load scenarios in their lifetime. Understanding the response of bridges under such load scenarios is important to ensure their safety. While static and dynamic loads from vehicles and pedestrians influence the instantaneous response of bridges, studies show that thermal load from diurnal and seasonal temperature variation influences its long-term response and durability. This study addresses the effects of thermal load variation on bridges and briefly reviews methods of measuring such effects. The findings show that thermally induced deformations in bridges are of magnitude equal or larger than that induced by vehicle induced load. This study highlights the significance of measuring temperature responses of bridges for their robust structural health monitoring.
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Yang, Shaopu, Liqun Chen, and Shaohua Li. "Dynamic Analysis of a Pavement Structure Under a Vehicle’s Moving Load." In Dynamics of Vehicle-Road Coupled System, 95–159. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45957-7_4.

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Žiaran, Stanislav, Ondrej Chlebo, and Ľubomír Šooš. "Influence of Kinematic Excitation on the Dynamic Load of Rotary Machines Bearings Mounted on a Rail Vehicle." In Vehicle and Automotive Engineering 4, 835–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15211-5_69.

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Wang, Xuan, Hao Cheng, Biao Zhang, Jiasheng Zhang, and Qiyun Wang. "Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulation of Vehicle Dynamic Load and Dynamic Response for Ballastless Track Subgrade." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 387–409. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2349-6_25.

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Bosman, Peter A. N., and Han La Poutré. "Computationally Intelligent Online Dynamic Vehicle Routing by Explicit Load Prediction in an Evolutionary Algorithm." In Parallel Problem Solving from Nature - PPSN IX, 312–21. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11844297_32.

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Wan, Xin, Jun Zhang, Zhongming Xu, Mi Shen, and Zhao Yang. "A Fault Identification Method of Rear Axle Bearing Under Lateral Dynamic Load of Vehicle." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 749–63. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9718-9_58.

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Li, Yanlin, and Huafeng Xia. "Research on Speed-Loop Control Strategy of Dynamic Load Simulators for Electric Vehicle Powertrain." In The Proceedings of the 9th Frontier Academic Forum of Electrical Engineering, 731–40. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6606-0_67.

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Cordoș, Nicolae, Adrian Todoruț, Călin Iclodean, and István Barabás. "Influence of the Dynamic Vehicle Load on the Power Losses Required to Overcoming the Rolling Resistance." In The 30th SIAR International Congress of Automotive and Transport Engineering, 195–202. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32564-0_23.

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Conference papers on the topic "Dynamic vehicle load"

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Scacchioli, Annalisa, Panagiotis Tsiotras, and Jianbo Lu. "Nonlinear-Feedback Vehicle Traction Force Control With Load Transfer." In ASME 2009 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2009-2737.

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This article deals with the nonlinear feedback regulation of the longitudinal traction forces for high-speed vehicles, possibly over a low friction surface. Hybrid models of the longitudinal vehicle dynamics incorporating load transfer effects, a crucial element in advanced driving techniques, are derived. The designed hybrid regulator allows the tracking of a given friction force profile in the presence of known disturbances and unknown model uncertainties. Simulations show good performance of the proposed hybrid regulator under all operating conditions.
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Fazekas, Mate, Balazs Nemeth, Peter Gaspar, and Olivier Sename. "Vehicle odometry model identification considering dynamic load transfers." In 2020 28th Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation (MED). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/med48518.2020.9182873.

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Li, Zu, Yao Xueping, Wang Yu, and Yang Zhifa. "System of real-time monitoring dynamic vehicle load status." In 2013 IEEE International Conference on Vehicular Electronics and Safety (ICVES). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icves.2013.6619617.

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Zhang, Yin, C. S. Cai, and Xiaomin Shi. "Vehicle Load-Induced Dynamic Performance of FRP Slab Bridges." In Structures Congress 2006. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40889(201)206.

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Miwa, M., Y. Kawasaki, and A. Yoshimura. "Influence of vehicle unsprung-mass on dynamic wheel load." In COMPRAIL 2008. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/cr080691.

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Morando, S., M. C. Pera, N. Yousfi Steiner, S. Jemei, D. Hissel, and L. Larger. "Fuel Cells Fault Diagnosis under Dynamic Load Profile Using Reservoir Computing." In 2016 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vppc.2016.7791693.

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Kim, Chul Woo, and Mitsuo Kawatani. "A Comparative Study on Dynamic Wheel Loads of Multi-Axle Vehicle and Bridge Responses." In ASME 2001 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2001/vib-21526.

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Abstract To investigate relations between dynamic wheel loads of multi-axle vehicles on highway bridges and dynamic responses of bridge due to the vehicular loading, a three-dimensional dynamic analysis is carried out. Simultaneous differential equations for a coupling vibration of bridge and moving vehicle including roadway roughness are derived by means of modal analysis. The analytical wheel loads of vehicle model and responses of bridges are compared with experimental ones, to verify a validity of presented analytical procedure. Parametric investigations show that there exists resemblance between bounce motion of vehicle and bridge response. It can also be seen that the RMS based dynamic factor of dynamic wheel load can give an important information to predict the variation of impact factor of bridge due to speed condition as well as speed parameter.
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Cook, Joshua T., Laura Ray, and James Lever. "Multi-Body Dynamics Model of a Tracked Vehicle Using a Towing Winch for Optimal Mobility Control and Terrain Identification." In ASME 2016 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2016-9626.

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This paper presents a generalized, multi-body dynamics model for a tracked vehicle equipped with a winch for towing operations. The modeling approach couples existing formulations in the literature for the powertrain components and the vehicle-terrain interaction to provide a comprehensive model that captures the salient features of terrain trafficability. This coupling is essential for making realistic predictions of the vehicle’s mobility capabilities due to the power-load relationship at the engine output. Simulation results are presented jointly with experimental data to validate these dynamics under conditions where no action is taken by the winch. Extended modeling includes dynamics of the hydraulic system that powers the winch so that the limitation of the winch as an actuator and the load it puts on the engine are realized. A second set of simulation results show that for a set of open loop control actions by the winch, the vehicle is able to maintain its mobility in low traction terrain by paying the towed load in and out.
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Difei Tang and Peng Wang. "Dynamic electric vehicle charging load modeling: From perspective of transportation." In 2013 4th IEEE/PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT EUROPE). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isgteurope.2013.6695285.

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He, Chengkun, Junzhi Zhang, Lifang Wang, Jinfang Gou, and Yutong Li. "Dynamic Load Emulation of Regenerative Braking System during Electrified Vehicle Braking States Transition." In 2013 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vppc.2013.6671677.

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Reports on the topic "Dynamic vehicle load"

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Cook, Joshua, Laura Ray, and James Lever. Dynamics modeling and robotic-assist, leader-follower control of tractor convoys. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43202.

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This paper proposes a generalized dynamics model and a leader-follower control architecture for skid-steered tracked vehicles towing polar sleds. The model couples existing formulations in the literature for the powertrain components with the vehicle-terrain interaction to capture the salient features of terrain trafficability and predict the vehicles response. This coupling is essential for making realistic predictions of the vehicles traversing capabilities due to the power-load relationship at the engine output. The objective of the model is to capture adequate fidelity of the powertrain and off-road vehicle dynamics while minimizing the computational cost for model based design of leader-follower control algorithms. The leader-follower control architecture presented proposes maintaining a flexible formation by using a look-ahead technique along with a way point following strategy. Results simulate one leader-follower tractor pair where the leader is forced to take an abrupt turn and experiences large oscillations of its drawbar arm indicating potential payload instability. However, the follower tractor maintains the flexible formation but keeps its payload stable. This highlights the robustness of the proposed approach where the follower vehicle can reject errors in human leader driving.
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SOUND RADIATION OF ORTHOTROPIC STEEL DECKS SUBJECTED TO MOVING VEHICLE LOADS. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/icass2020.p.052.

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Orthotropic steel decks (OSDs) are widely used in the construction of steel bridges due to their high bearing capacity and low material consumption. Current investigations into OSDs mainly focus on issues associated with static, stability, fatigue, etc. However, from the perspective of dynamics, structures with low dead loads may be susceptible to excessive vibration and noise, which occurs when shocks caused by moving traffic loads are transferred to the bridge deck and other components. Hence, bridge vibration and the associated noise are critical issues in steel bridges. This paper investigates the vibration and noise characteristics of OSDs under moving vehicle loads by using analytical method. First, the forced vibration response of the OSDs is solved by the Finite Element Method(FEM), and then the obtained response is used as the boundary condition of the OSDs boundary element model to solve the acoustic radiation. Finally, the variation rules of the vibration and sound radiation of the OSDs are analyzed when the load parameters, boundary conditions and structural parameters are changed. The results show that when analyzing the high-frequency vibration and noise of the OSDs, the all-shell-element model should be selected. The high frequency part of vibration and sound pressure of the OSDs is greater than the low frequency part under moving load. Increasing the load speed will increase the low-frequency part of vibration and sound pressure, but increasing the load eccentricity will have the opposite result. Strengthening the boundary constraints and increasing the number of ribs will suppress the vibration and reduce the sound pressure.
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Financial Stability Report - September 2015. Banco de la República, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-estab-fin.sem2.eng-2015.

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From this edition, the Financial Stability Report will have fewer pages with some changes in its structure. The purpose of this change is to present the most relevant facts of the financial system and their implications on the financial stability. This allows displaying the analysis more concisely and clearly, as it will focus on describing the evolution of the variables that have the greatest impact on the performance of the financial system, for estimating then the effect of a possible materialization of these risks on the financial health of the institutions. The changing dynamics of the risks faced by the financial system implies that the content of the Report adopts this new structure; therefore, some analyses and series that were regularly included will not necessarily be in each issue. However, the statistical annex that accompanies the publication of the Report will continue to present the series that were traditionally included, regardless of whether or not they are part of the content of the Report. In this way we expect to contribute in a more comprehensive way to the study and analysis of the stability of the Colombian financial system. Executive Summary During the first half of 2015, the main advanced economies showed a slow recovery on their growth, while emerging economies continued with their slowdown trend. Domestic demand in the United States allowed for stabilization on its average growth for the first half of the year, while other developed economies such as the United Kingdom, the euro zone, and Japan showed a more gradual recovery. On the other hand, the Chinese economy exhibited the lowest growth rate in five years, which has resulted in lower global dynamism. This has led to a fall in prices of the main export goods of some Latin American economies, especially oil, whose price has also responded to a larger global supply. The decrease in the terms of trade of the Latin American economies has had an impact on national income, domestic demand, and growth. This scenario has been reflected in increases in sovereign risk spreads, devaluations of stock indices, and depreciation of the exchange rates of most countries in the region. For Colombia, the fall in oil prices has also led to a decline in the terms of trade, resulting in pressure on the dynamics of national income. Additionally, the lower demand for exports helped to widen the current account deficit. This affected the prospects and economic growth of the country during the first half of 2015. This economic context could have an impact on the payment capacity of debtors and on the valuation of investments, affecting the soundness of the financial system. However, the results of the analysis featured in this edition of the Report show that, facing an adverse scenario, the vulnerability of the financial system in terms of solvency and liquidity is low. The analysis of the current situation of credit institutions (CI) shows that growth of the gross loan portfolio remained relatively stable, as well as the loan portfolio quality indicators, except for microcredit, which showed a decrease in these indicators. Regarding liabilities, traditional sources of funding have lost market share versus non-traditional ones (bonds, money market operations and in the interbank market), but still represent more than 70%. Moreover, the solvency indicator remained relatively stable. As for non-banking financial institutions (NBFI), the slowdown observed during the first six months of 2015 in the real annual growth of the assets total, both in the proprietary and third party position, stands out. The analysis of the main debtors of the financial system shows that indebtedness of the private corporate sector has increased in the last year, mostly driven by an increase in the debt balance with domestic and foreign financial institutions. However, the increase in this latter source of funding has been influenced by the depreciation of the Colombian peso vis-à-vis the US dollar since mid-2014. The financial indicators reflected a favorable behavior with respect to the historical average, except for the profitability indicators; although they were below the average, they have shown improvement in the last year. By economic sector, it is noted that the firms focused on farming, mining and transportation activities recorded the highest levels of risk perception by credit institutions, and the largest increases in default levels with respect to those observed in December 2014. Meanwhile, households have shown an increase in the financial burden, mainly due to growth in the consumer loan portfolio, in which the modalities of credit card, payroll deductible loan, revolving and vehicle loan are those that have reported greater increases in risk indicators. On the side of investments that could be affected by the devaluation in the portfolio of credit institutions and non-banking financial institutions (NBFI), the largest share of public debt securities, variable-yield securities and domestic private debt securities is highlighted. The value of these portfolios fell between February and August 2015, driven by the devaluation in the market of these investments throughout the year. Furthermore, the analysis of the liquidity risk indicator (LRI) shows that all intermediaries showed adequate levels and exhibit a stable behavior. Likewise, the fragility analysis of the financial system associated with the increase in the use of non-traditional funding sources does not evidence a greater exposure to liquidity risk. Stress tests assess the impact of the possible joint materialization of credit and market risks, and reveal that neither the aggregate solvency indicator, nor the liquidity risk indicator (LRI) of the system would be below the established legal limits. The entities that result more individually affected have a low share in the total assets of the credit institutions; therefore, a risk to the financial system as a whole is not observed. José Darío Uribe Governor
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Monetary Policy Report - July 2022. Banco de la República, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr3-2022.

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In the second quarter, annual inflation (9.67%), the technical staff’s projections and its expectations continued to increase, remaining above the target. International cost shocks, accentuated by Russia's invasion of Ukraine, have been more persistent than projected, thus contributing to higher inflation. The effects of indexation, higher than estimated excess demand, a tighter labor market, inflation expectations that continue to rise and currently exceed 3%, and the exchange rate pressures add to those described above. High core inflation measures as well as in the producer price index (PPI) across all baskets confirm a significant spread in price increases. Compared to estimates presented in April, the new forecast trajectory for headline and core inflation increased. This was partly the result of greater exchange rate pressure on prices, and a larger output gap, which is expected to remain positive for the remainder of 2022 and which is estimated to close towards yearend 2023. In addition, these trends take into account higher inflation rate indexation, more persistent above-target inflation expectations, a quickening of domestic fuel price increases due to the correction of lags versus the parity price and higher international oil price forecasts. The forecast supposes a good domestic supply of perishable foods, although it also considers that international prices of processed foods will remain high. In terms of the goods sub-basket, the end of the national health emergency implies a reversal of the value-added tax (VAT) refund applied to health and personal hygiene products, resulting in increases in the prices of these goods. Alternatively, the monetary policy adjustment process and the moderation of external shocks would help inflation and its expectations to begin to decrease over time and resume their alignment with the target. Thus, the new projection suggests that inflation could remain high for the second half of 2022, closing at 9.7%. However, it would begin to fall during 2023, closing the year at 5.7%. These forecasts are subject to significant uncertainty, especially regarding the future behavior of external cost shocks, the degree of indexation of nominal contracts and decisions made regarding the domestic price of fuels. Economic activity continues to outperform expectations, and the technical staff’s growth projections for 2022 have been revised upwards from 5% to 6.9%. The new forecasts suggest higher output levels that would continue to exceed the economy’s productive capacity for the remainder of 2022. Economic growth during the first quarter was above that estimated in April, while economic activity indicators for the second quarter suggest that the GDP could be expected to remain high, potentially above that of the first quarter. Domestic demand is expected to maintain a positive dynamic, in particular, due to the household consumption quarterly growth, as suggested by vehicle registrations, retail sales, credit card purchases and consumer loan disbursement figures. A slowdown in the machinery and equipment imports from the levels observed in March contrasts with the positive performance of sales and housing construction licenses, which indicates an investment level similar to that registered for the first three months of the year. International trade data suggests the trade deficit would be reduced as a consequence of import levels that would be lesser than those observed in the first quarter, and stable export levels. For the remainder of the year and 2023, a deceleration in consumption is expected from the high levels seen during the first half of the year, partially as a result of lower repressed demand, tighter domestic financial conditions and household available income deterioration due to increased inflation. Investment is expected to continue its slow recovery while remaining below pre-pandemic levels. The trade deficit is expected to tighten due to projected lower domestic demand dynamics, and high prices of oil and other basic goods exported by the country. Given the above, economic growth in the second quarter of 2022 would be 11.5%, and for 2022 and 2023 an annual growth of 6.9% and 1.1% is expected, respectively. Currently, and for the remainder of 2022, the output gap would be positive and greater than that estimated in April, and prices would be affected by demand pressures. These projections continue to be affected by significant uncertainty associated with global political tensions, the expected adjustment of monetary policy in developed countries, external demand behavior, changes in country risk outlook, and the future developments in domestic fiscal policy, among others. The high inflation levels and respective expectations, which exceed the target of the world's main central banks, largely explain the observed and anticipated increase in their monetary policy interest rates. This environment has tempered the growth forecast for external demand. Disruptions in value chains, rising international food and energy prices, and expansionary monetary and fiscal policies have contributed to the rise in inflation and above-target expectations seen by several of Colombia’s main trading partners. These cost and price shocks, heightened by the effects of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, have been more prevalent than expected and have taken place within a set of output and employment recovery, variables that in some countries currently equal or exceed their projected long-term levels. In response, the U.S. Federal Reserve accelerated the pace of the benchmark interest rate increase and rapidly reduced liquidity levels in the money market. Financial market actors expect this behavior to continue and, consequently, significantly increase their expectations of the average path of the Fed's benchmark interest rate. In this setting, the U.S. dollar appreciated versus the peso in the second quarter and emerging market risk measures increased, a behavior that intensified for Colombia. Given the aforementioned, for the remainder of 2022 and 2023, the Bank's technical staff increased the forecast trajectory for the Fed's interest rate and reduced the country's external demand growth forecast. The projected oil price was revised upward over the forecast horizon, specifically due to greater supply restrictions and the interruption of hydrocarbon trade between the European Union and Russia. Global geopolitical tensions, a tightening of monetary policy in developed economies, the increase in risk perception for emerging markets and the macroeconomic imbalances in the country explain the increase in the projected trajectory of the risk premium, its trend level and the neutral real interest rate1. Uncertainty about external forecasts and their consequent impact on the country's macroeconomic scenario remains high, given the unpredictable evolution of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, geopolitical tensions, the degree of the global economic slowdown and the effect the response to recent outbreaks of the pandemic in some Asian countries may have on the world economy. This macroeconomic scenario that includes high inflation, inflation forecasts, and expectations above 3% and a positive output gap suggests the need for a contractionary monetary policy that mitigates the risk of the persistent unanchoring of inflation expectations. In contrast to the forecasts of the April report, the increase in the risk premium trend implies a higher neutral real interest rate and a greater prevailing monetary stimulus than previously estimated. For its part, domestic demand has been more dynamic, with a higher observed and expected output level that exceeds the economy’s productive capacity. The surprising accelerations in the headline and core inflation reflect stronger and more persistent external shocks, which, in combination with the strength of aggregate demand, indexation, higher inflation expectations and exchange rate pressures, explain the upward projected inflation trajectory at levels that exceed the target over the next two years. This is corroborated by the inflation expectations of economic analysts and those derived from the public debt market, which continued to climb and currently exceed 3%. All of the above increase the risk of unanchoring inflation expectations and could generate widespread indexation processes that may push inflation away from the target for longer. This new macroeconomic scenario suggests that the interest rate adjustment should continue towards a contractionary monetary policy landscape. 1.2. Monetary policy decision Banco de la República’s Board of Directors (BDBR), at its meetings in June and July 2022, decided to continue adjusting its monetary policy. At its June meeting, the BDBR decided to increase the monetary policy rate by 150 basis points (b.p.) and its July meeting by majority vote, on a 150 b.p. increase thereof at its July meeting. Consequently, the monetary policy interest rate currently stands at 9.0% . 1 The neutral real interest rate refers to the real interest rate level that is neither stimulative nor contractionary for aggregate demand and, therefore, does not generate pressures that lead to the close of the output gap. In a small, open economy like Colombia, this rate depends on the external neutral real interest rate, medium-term components of the country risk premium, and expected depreciation. Box 1: A Weekly Indicator of Economic Activity for Colombia Juan Pablo Cote Carlos Daniel Rojas Nicol Rodriguez Box 2: Common Inflationary Trends in Colombia Carlos D. Rojas-Martínez Nicolás Martínez-Cortés Franky Juliano Galeano-Ramírez Box 3: Shock Decomposition of 2021 Forecast Errors Nicolás Moreno Arias
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