Journal articles on the topic 'Dynamic Truck Scheduling'

In order to improve the operating efficiency of the cross-aisles shuttle truck system and the responsiveness to the disturbance of the return task, this paper first proposes a dynamic task scheduling process for the shuttle truck, using an event trigger mechanism. Each time a warehouse return task is generated, the corresponding scheduling optimization algorithm is triggered according to the current task combination mode to re-optimize the task sequence. Secondly, a task sequencing model is established under three combined task modes: full outbound / full return tasks, task mode with in-transit return tasks under the compound operation mode, task mode without in-transit return tasks under the compound operation mode. A fast non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm scheduling algorithm with elite strategy for compound operation mode is proposed. Finally, MATLAB was used to compile the simulation experiment system. The simulation analysis results show that the method can effectively improve the system’s operating efficiency, which verifies the feasibility and effectiveness of the scheduling method.

The paper gives an overview of the models implemented in a new toolset for Russian logging companies. The toolset consists of a number of optimization tools, including the routing and scheduling of roundwood and energy wood harvesting teams, the sequencing of harvest areas, the estimation of available forest biomass potential in harvesting sites, and the planning of forest road networks. The optimization of routes is based on a two-phase algorithm where a heuristic optimization method is used to choose the best transportation paths and dynamic programming is used to choose the daily tasks and vehicle routing. The toolset has been tested in logging companies located in Russian Karelia. The results show that the toolset can be used to support a wide range of planning decisions at company level including truck routing, fleet utilization levels, and choice of transport method under new infrastructure assumptions.

In this paper, we consider a two-machine job-shop scheduling problem of minimizing total completion time subject to n jobs with two operations and equal processing times on each machine. This problem occurs e.g., as a single-track railway scheduling problem with three stations and constant travel times between any two adjacent stations. We present a polynomial dynamic programming algorithm of the complexity O ( n 5 ) and a heuristic procedure of the complexity O ( n 3 ) . This settles the complexity status of the problem under consideration which was open before and extends earlier work for the two-station single-track railway scheduling problem. We also present computational results of the comparison of both algorithms. For the 30,000 instances with up to 30 jobs considered, the average relative error of the heuristic is less than 1 % . In our tests, the practical running time of the dynamic programming algorithm was even bounded by O ( n 4 ) .

In this paper, sensor scheduling algorithm tracking-oriented based on dynamic cluster and GDF is proposed. When the target run into the sensing filed of WSN, cluster is formed dynamically then Gaussian particle filter is used to predict the trajectory of target. With the target moving, some nodes are waked up to track the target and the others are allowed to sleep, so energy consumption is decreased remarkably.

Proactive-reactive scheduling is important in the situations where the project collaborators need to coordinate their efforts. The coordination is mostly achieved through the combination of the shared baseline schedule and the deviation penalties. In this paper, we present an extension of predictive Gantt chart to the proactive-reactive scheduling needs. It can be used to track the evolution of the relationship between dynamic and static elements through the time. The dynamic elements are evolving probability distributions due to the uncertainty and revealed information. The static elements are time-agreements in the baseline schedule. We demonstrate that in the state-of-the-art proactive-reactive scheduling, the baseline schedule is agnostic to the information received during the project execution. The sources of such inflexibility in the problem model and the scheduling methods are analyzed. The visualization is highlighted as a precursor to developing new methods that proactively change the baseline schedule in accordance with the gained information.

Track guidance vehicle (RGV) is widely used in logistics warehousing and intelligent workshop, and its scheduling effectiveness will directly affect the production and operation efficiency of enterprises. In practical operation, central information system often lacks flexibility and timeliness. By contrast, mobile computing can balance the central information system and the distributed processing system, so that useful, accurate, and timely information can be provided to RGV. In order to optimize the RGV scheduling problem in uncertain environment, a genetic algorithm scheduling rule (GAM) using greedy algorithm as the genetic screening criterion is proposed in this paper. In the experiment, RGV scheduling of two-step processing in an intelligent workshop is selected as the research object. The experimental results show that the GAM model can carry out real-time dynamic programming, and the optimization efficiency is remarkable before a certain threshold.

The efficient scheduling of carrier aircraft support operations in the flight deck is important for battle performances. The supporting operations and maintenance processes involve multiple support resources, complex scheduling process, and multiple constraints; the efficient coordination of these processes can be considered a multi-resource constrained multi-project scheduling problem (MRCMPSP), which is a complex non-deterministic polynomial-time hard (NP-hard) problem. The renewable resources include the operational crews, resource stations, and operational spaces, and the non-renewable resources include oil, gas, weapons, and electric power. An integer programming mathematical model is established to solve this problem. A periodic and event-driven rolling horizon (RH) scheduling strategy inspired by the RH optimization method from predictive control technology is presented for the dynamic scheduling environment. The periodic horizon scheduling strategy can track the changes of the carrier aircraft supporting system, and the improved event-driven mechanism can avoid unnecessary scheduling with effective resource allocation under uncertain conditions. The dual population genetic algorithm (DPGA) is designed to solve the large-scale scheduling problem. The activity list encoding method is proposed, and a new adaptive crossover and mutation strategy is designed to improve the global exploration ability. The double schedule for leftward and rightward populations is integrated into the genetic process of alternating iterations to improve the convergence speed and decrease the computation amount. The computational results show that our approach is effective at solving the scheduling problem in the dynamic environment, as well as making better decisions regarding disruption on a real-time basis.

Contemporary distribution networks can be seen with diverse dispatchable and nondispatchable energy resources. The coordinated scheduling of these dispatchable resources, together with nondispatchable resources, can provide several technoeconomic and social benefits. Since battery energy storage systems (BESSs) and microturbine units (MT units) are capital-intensive, a thorough investigation of their coordinated scheduling under the economic criterion will be a challenging task while considering dynamic electricity prices and uncertainties of renewable power generation and load demand. This paper proposes a comprehensive methodological framework for optimal coordinated scheduling of BESSs with MT unit considering existing renewable energy resources and dynamic electricity prices to maximize the daily profit function of the utility by employing a recently explored modified African buffalo optimization algorithm. The key attributes of the proposed methodology are comprised of mean price-based adaptive scheduling embedded within a decision mechanism system (DMS) to maximize arbitrage benefits. DMS keeps track of system states as a priori, thus resulting in an artificial intelligence-based solution technique for sequential optimization. Further, a novel concept of fictitious charges is also proposed to restrict the counterproductive operational management of BESSs. The proposed model and method are demonstrated on the 33-bus distribution system, and the obtained results verify the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.

The population of the Earth is moving towards urban areas forming smart cities (SCs). Waste management is a component of SCs. We consider a SC which contains a distribution of waste bins and a distribution of waste trucks located in the SC sectors. Bins and trucks are enabled with Internet of Things (IoT) sensors and actuators. Prior approaches focus mainly on the dynamic scheduling and routing issues emerging from IoT-enabled waste management. However, less research has been done in the area of the stochastic reassignment process during the four seasons of the year over a period of two years. In this paper we aim to stochastically reassign trucks to collect waste from bins through time. We treat this problem with a multi-agent system for stochastic analyses.

In this paper, we designed a double lifting AGV (Automated Guided Vehicle) control system, and applied in automobile powertrain assembly line and axle assembly. Front and rear drive dynamics wear adopted in wheels drive mode, steering gears wear used in body rotating. Tapes were used in AGV navigation. Wi-fi was accessed to wireless for data transmission between AGVs and scheduling center. AGV and auto assembly line used PSD synchronous track detection device.

This article addresses an integrated problem of one batching and two scheduling decisions between a manufacturing plant and multi-delivery sites. In this problem, two scheduling problems and one batching problem must be simultaneously determined. In the manufacturing plant, jobs ordered by multiple customers are first manufactured by one of the machines in the plant. They are grouped to the same delivery place and delivered to the corresponding customers using a set of delivery trucks within a limited capacity. For the optimal solution, a mixed integer linear programming model is developed and two variable neighborhood search algorithms employing different probabilistic schemes. We tested the proposed algorithms to compare the performance and conclude that the variable neighborhood search algorithm with dynamic case selection probability finds better solutions in reasonable computing times compared with the variable neighborhood search algorithm with static case selection probability and genetic algorithms based on the test results.

The particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm superiority exists in convergence rate, but it tends to get stuck in local optima. An improved PSO algorithm is proposed using a best dimension mutation technique based on quantum theory, and it was applied to sensor scheduling problem for target tracking. The dynamics of the target are assumed as linear Gaussian model, and the sensor measurements show a linear correlation with the state of the target. This paper discusses the single target tracking problem with multiple sensors using the proposed best dimension mutation particle swarm optimization (BDMPSO) algorithm for various cases. Our experimental results verify that the proposed algorithm is able to track the target more reliably and accurately than previous ones.

Railroad transportation is very important for the economic growth. The effective maintenance of railroad transportation is a critical factor for its economic sustainability. The high repetitive forces from a moving railcar induce cyclic stresses that lead to bending and potential deterioration of rails due to the initiation and propagation of fatigue cracks. Previous research on the prediction of fatigue life has been done under the assumptions of a uniform track bed and a homogeneous rail. However, the spatial variation of track stiffness is expected to increase the maximum stresses in the rails and, therefore, accelerate the fatigue process. This study is focused on the variations of the track modulus and the impact on fatigue life. The computational procedure is based on several hundreds of finite element models of the rails across a set of crossties chosen from a random ensemble with representative statistical variations. The mean of the track moduli is estimated from the field track deflection dynamic measurement data in comparison with the deflection data from the FE models. A multiaxial fatigue model is used for the estimation of fatigue cycles to crack initiation. The results show that a non-uniform track bed can reduce the fatigue life by up to 100 times in comparison with the behavior expected for a uniform track bed. The results of this study are expected to improve the effective maintenance and scheduling of rail inspection.

Differential evolution algorithm (differential evolution, DE) is a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm based on groups, which instructs optimization search by swarm intelligence produced by co-operation and competition among individuals within groups. While it can track the dynamics of the current search by the DE specific memory, in order to adjust their search strategy. The strong global convergence and robustness of the characteristics can solve the complex optimization problem which it hardly solves with the mathematical programming methods. This paper presents it to the research of short-term scheduling of hydro plant. Accord to the application of the hydro unit, the results shows that reasonable and effective.

In modern smart buildings, the electricity consumption of a building is monitored every time and costs differently at each time slot of a day. Smart buildings are also equipped with indoor sensors that can track the movement of human beings. In this paper, we propose a new elevator control system (ECS) that utilizes two kinds of context information in smart buildings: (1) human movements estimated by indoor sensors and (2) dynamic changes of electricity price. In particular, indoor sensors recognize elevator passengers before they press the elevator call buttons, and smart meters inform the dynamically changing price of the electricity to ECS. By using this information, our ECS aims at minimizing both the electricity cost and the waiting time of passengers. As this is a complex optimization problem, we use an evolutionary computation technique based on genetic algorithms (GA). We inject a learning module into the control unit of ECS, which monitors the change of the electricity price and the passengers’ traffic detected by sensors. Experimental results with the simulator we developed show that our ECS outperforms the scheduling configuration that does not consider sensor information or electricity price changes.

Simulations for the train schedule on a rail network is strongly characterized by the dynamics of train movement. In the past, several simulation approaches have been proposed in this aspect, however, they had not gotten a satisfactory result. This paper presents an approach with which a network model is considered for the simuleting the train schedule on rail networks. Here the stations and section tracks of the rail network are respectively regarded as the nodes and edges of the network model. Using the proposed model, we simulate the train schedule with double-track sections. The simulation results indicate that the proposed model can be successfully used for the simulations of the train schedule on a rail networks. Some phenomena observed in real rail networks can be reproduced, such as the characteristic behavior of train movement. Moreover, the proposed model can handle the perturbations in the train schedule well.

Background:: Virtualization is an efficient technology that accelerates available data center to support efficient workload for the application. It completely based on guest operating system which keeps track of infrastructure that keeps track of real time usage of hardware and utilization of software. Objective:: To address the issues with Virtualization this paper analyzed various virtualization terminology for treating best effective way to reduce IT expenses while boosting efficiency and deployment for all levels of businesses. Methods: This paper discusses about the scenarios where various challenges met by Dynamic VM consolidation. Dynamic conclusion of virtual machines has the ability to increase the consumption of physical setup and focus on reducing power utilization with VM movement for stipulated period. Gathering the needs of all VM working in the application, adjusting the Virtual machine and suitably fit the virtual resource on a physical machine. Profiling and scheduling the virtual CPU to another Physical resource. This can be increased by making live migration with regards to planned schedule of virtual machine allotment. Results:: The recent trends followed in comprehending dynamic VM consolidation is applicable either in heuristic-based techniques which has further approaches based on static as well as adaptive utilization threshold. SLA with unit of time with variant HOST adoption (SLATAH) which is dependent on CPU utilization threshold with 100% for active host. Conclusion:: The cloud provider decision upon choosing the virtual machine for their application also varies with their decision support system that considers data storage and other parameters. It is being compared for the continuous workload distribution as well as eventually compared with changing demands of computation and in various optimization VM placement strategies.

The paper presents simple schemes for multivariable control of multiple-joint robot manipulators in joint and Cartesian coordinates. The joint control scheme consists of two independent multivariable feedforward and feedback controllers. The feedforward controller is the minimal inverse of the linearized model of robot dynamics and contains only proportional-double-derivative (PD2) terms—implying feedforward from the desired position, velocity and acceleration. This controller ensures that the manipulator joint angles track any reference trajectories. The feedback controller is of proportional-integral-derivative (PID) type and is designed to achieve pole placement. This controller reduces any initial tracking error to zero as desired and also ensures that robust steady-state tracking of step-plus-exponential trajectories is achieved by the joint angles. Simple and explicit expressions for computation of the feedforward and feedback gains are obtained based on the linearized model of robot dynamics. This leads to computationally efficient schemes for either on-line gain computation or off-line gain scheduling to account for variations in the linearized robot model due to changes in the operating point. The joint control scheme is extended to direct control of the end-effector motion in Cartesian space. Simulation results are given for illustration.

The inherently different dynamics of a DC-DC converter while operating in both continuous conduction mode (CCM) and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) necessitate an advanced controller to control the inductor current. A conventional PI controller cannot be used across both modes since it does not guarantee a smooth transition between both modes. Furthermore, in time-varying input-output voltage applications of the four-quadrant converter such as in battery charging applications, the location of the boundary between the CCM and the DCM changes dynamically, creating an uncertainty. Therefore, a robust controller is required to accurately track the inductor current in the presence of uncertainties. Thus, an adaptive controller is proposed in this work, which is based on the general inverse model of the four-quadrant converter in both modes. Moreover, gain scheduling is used to switch the parameters of the controller as the converter transits between the DCM and the CCM. The adaptability and effectiveness of the controller in ensuring a smooth transition is validated by numerical simulations conducted on various converter topologies. Experimental results are also presented for a buck converter.

This paper presents an integrated linear parameter-varying (LPV) control approach of an autonomous vehicle with an objective to guarantee driving comfort, consisting of cruise and semi-active suspension control. First, the vehicle longitudinal and vertical dynamics (equipped with a semi-active suspension system) are presented and written into LPV state-space representations. The reference speed is calculated online from the estimated road type and the desired comfort level (characterized by the frequency weighted vertical acceleration defined in the ISO 2631 norm) using precomputed polynomial functions. Then, concerning cruise control, an LPV H2 controller using a linear matrix inequality (LMI) based polytopic approach combined with the compensation of the estimated disturbance forces is developed to track the comfort-oriented reference speed. To further enhance passengers’ comfort, a decentralized LPV H2 controller for the semi-active suspension system is proposed, minimizing the effect of the road profile variations. The interaction with cruise control is achieved by the vehicle’s actual speed being a scheduling parameter for suspension control. To assess the strategy’s performance, simulations are conducted using a realistic nonlinear vehicle model validated from experimental data. The simulation results demonstrate the proposed approach’s capability to improve driving comfort.

This article presents an Evolution Strategy (ES)--based algorithm, designed to self-adapt its mutation operators, guiding the search into the solution space using a Self-Adaptive Reduced Variable Neighborhood Search procedure. In view of the specific local search operators for each individual, the proposed population-based approach also fits into the context of the Memetic Algorithms. The proposed variant uses the Greedy Randomized Adaptive Search Procedure with different greedy parameters for generating its initial population, providing an interesting exploration–exploitation balance. To validate the proposal, this framework is applied to solve three different [Formula: see text]-Hard combinatorial optimization problems: an Open-Pit-Mining Operational Planning Problem with dynamic allocation of trucks, an Unrelated Parallel Machine Scheduling Problem with Setup Times, and the calibration of a hybrid fuzzy model for Short-Term Load Forecasting. Computational results point out the convergence of the proposed model and highlight its ability in combining the application of move operations from distinct neighborhood structures along the optimization. The results gathered and reported in this article represent a collective evidence of the performance of the method in challenging combinatorial optimization problems from different application domains. The proposed evolution strategy demonstrates an ability of adapting the strength of the mutation disturbance during the generations of its evolution process. The effectiveness of the proposal motivates the application of this novel evolutionary framework for solving other combinatorial optimization problems.

Work organizations rapidly change, triggering the need for a dynamic approach regarding the occupational health and safety and accident prevention. The objective of this research is to examine the influence of the factor 'organisation of the working time' upon the occupational accidents in enterprises as well as to suggest a model of an impact mechanism of working time organization on the occurrence and prevention of accidents/near accidents, using a representative Bulgarian sample. The research is based on a survey conducted in 2016 among 410 employees (52.9% women; 47.1% men) from all economic sectors. Statistical processing and analysis are performed by SPSS/PSPP and statistical modeling by EViews/Gretl. Results show that approximately every fifth employee works longer than the standard weekly occupation of 40 hours; 17.1% of all suffered work-related accident(s); 36.2% work overtime and 41.1% recognize the presence of work-related health problems (most common are total fatigue, back pain, stress and headache). Among those respondents claiming to have work-related health problems, accidents at work occur most frequently when working over 40 h/week. The suggested 3-stage impact mechanism of the working time organization on the occurrence and prevention of occupational accidents allows us to track the chain effects of existing practices in enterprises with regard to working time organization, employees' well-being and the occurrence of work accidents. Prevention strategies should consider changes in scheduling practices, job redesign, and health protection programmes.

Time synchronization plays an important role in the scheduling and position technologies of sensor nodes in underwater acoustic networks (UANs). The time synchronization (TS) algorithms face challenges such as high requirements of energy efficiency, the estimation accuracy of the time-varying clock skew and the suppression of the impulsive noise. To achieve accurate time synchronization for UANs, an energy-efficient TS method based on nonlinear clock skew tracking (NCST) is proposed. First, based on the sea trial temperature data and the crystal oscillators’ temperature–frequency characteristics, a nonlinear model is established to characterize the dynamic of clock skews. Second, a single-way communication scheme based on a receiver-only (RO) paradigm is used in the NCST-TS to save limited energy. Meanwhile, impulsive noises are considered during the communication process and the Gaussian mixture model (GMM) is employed to fit receiving timestamp errors caused by non-Gaussian noise. To combat the nonlinear and non-Gaussian problem, the particle filter (PF)-based algorithm is used to track the time-varying clock state and an accurate posterior probability density function under the GMM error model is also given in PF. The simulation results show that under the GMM error model, the accumulative Root Mean Square Errors (RMSE) of NCST-TS can be reduced from 10−4 s to 10−5 s compared with existing protocols. It also outperforms the other TS algorithms in the aspect of energy efficiency.

Highlights: Cellular Manufacturing systems cover a wide range of industries. Inflation rate can impose financial harms on cellular manufacturing systems. The over-allocation of workers, which usually happens in dynamic systems, causes reduction of the system performance. The proposed algorithm in this research can successfully schedule cellular systems to reduce system costs. Goal: The main aim is to determine the best trade-off values between in-house manufacturing and outsourcing, and track the impact of uncertain costs on gained schedules. To be more comprehensive, the performance of human resources is restricted and the partial demands are considered uncertain. Design / Methodology / Approach: In this paper a new method for minimizing human resource costs, including operating, salary, hiring, firing, and outsourcing in a dynamic cellular manufacturing system is presented where all system costs are uncertain during manufacturing periods and can be affected by inflation rate. For this purpose, a multi-period scheduling model that is flexible enough to use in real industries has been proposed. To solve the proposed model, a hybrid Ant Colony Optimization and the Tabu Search algorithm (ACTS) are proposed and the outcomes are compared with a Branch-and-Bound based algorithm. Results: Our findings showed that the inflation rate has significant effect on multi-period system planning. Moreover, utilizing system capability by the operator, for promoting and using temporary workers, can effectively reduce system costs. It is also found that workers’ performance has significant effect on total system costs. Limitations of the investigation: This research covers the cellular manufacturing systems. Practical implications: The algorithm is applied for 17 series of dataset that are found in the literature. The proposed algorithm can be easily applied in real industries. Originality / Value: The authors confirm that the current research and its results are original and have not been published before. The proposed algorithm is useful to schedule cellular manufacturing systems and analyse various production conditions.

A set of high-resolution radar observations of convective storms has been collected to evaluate such storms in the Met Office Unified Model during the Dynamical and Microphysical Evolution of Convective Storms (DYMECS) project. The 3-GHz Chilbolton Advanced Meteorological Radar was set up with a scan-scheduling algorithm to automatically track convective storms identified in real time from the operational rainfall radar network. More than 1000 storm observations gathered over 15 days in 2011 and 2012 are used to evaluate the model under various synoptic conditions supporting convection. In terms of the detailed three-dimensional morphology, storms in the 1500-m grid length simulations are shown to produce horizontal structures a factor of 1.5–2 wider compared to radar observations. A set of nested model runs at grid lengths down to 100 m show that the models converge in terms of storm width, but the storm structures in the simulations with the smallest grid lengths are too narrow and too intense compared to the radar observations. The modeled storms were surrounded by a region of drizzle without ice reflectivities above 0 dBZ aloft, which was related to the dominance of ice crystals and was improved by allowing only aggregates as an ice particle habit. Simulations with graupel outperformed the standard configuration for heavy-rain profiles, but the storm structures were a factor of 2 too wide and the convective cores 2 km too deep.

1 Background: In 2011, Stanford Cancer Institute (SCI) clinical leadership began process improvements to enhance patient satisfaction and quality of care. To measure impacts, unnecessary care variation, and outcomes, we recently developed an informatics infrastructure utilizing data from our EHR (epic modules: BEACON, Cadence, OpTime). We report successful initial efforts including real-time cohort identification (comparing with “gold standard” registry data), and improvements in time to treatment. Methods: A cohort of 1,692 patients was defined by 3 criteria: newly evaluated at SCI, AND received treatment [surgery, chemotherapy (chemo), or radiation (XRT)] at SCI, AND had a breast cancer related ICD-9 code. We analyzed data by fiscal year (FY), starting September, 2010 to FY13 year-to-date. “Time to treatment (Rx)” was measured as the interval between first EHR time stamp for SCI patient contact and Rx date. We used discrete data from the BEACON staging module to create sub-cohorts by stage, and used BEACON protocols to identify chemo regimens. Our cohorts were compared with SCI tumor registry data, and presented in a dynamic Qlikview dashboard. Results: 98% of the EHR-defined cohort matched a similarly defined tumor registry cohort. We detected the effect of process improvements (including scheduling a visit on first contact, coordinating among surgical specialties, outside records available pre-visit, etc.), which resulted in an accelerated time to Rx (Table). Discrete BEACON stage is available for 7% of these 1692 patients. The methodology is scalable and has been successfully replicated in GI and thoracic cohorts. Conclusions: Our work demonstrates utility of EHR data to track process improvements. Uniform use of the BEACON staging module will facilitate variation analysis across cancer types and stages, and allow us to explore variation within modalities (chemo, surgery, XRT). We will analyze associated costs and intermediate clinical outcomes (e.g., unplanned emergency visits and hospitalizations) to inform care pathway choice. [Table: see text]

Introduction Chemotherapy is a dynamic, complex process involving cross-functional healthcare teams and comprises dosing, scheduling, safety checks, compounding and administration. Coupled with team silos, legacy systems, escalating workload and cost, efficient chemotherapy delivery is increasingly challenging, resulting in negative staff and patient experience. A design thinking methodology focused on end-users is ideal for addressing complex problems with no clear best practices. Aim We hypothesized that a multidisciplinary team using a data-driven, design thinking approach to redesign chemotherapy workflows can reduce time to treatment, improve operational efficiency and staff and patient experience. Methods A process mapping exercise was undertaken to understand the chemotherapy process. Patients and staff from different job groups were shadowed. The problem statement was "60% of patients are waiting more than an hour from their appointment time to start treatment". The following examples of "how might we" questions were used for the ideation phase: 1. How might we increase advanced chemotherapy preparations (premakes) for patients? 2. How might we ensure only premakes are listed in the mornings? Separately, we also designed an anonymized database to track chemotherapy delivery and care provision outcomes by writing an algorithm to link data extracted from appointment, queue management and chemotherapy systems. New workflows were drafted, iterated, and implemented from 1 May 2020 with the following major changes: 1. No same day blood tests and chemotherapy, with physicians reminded to complete chemotherapy orders by 3pm the day before to allow advance compounding. 2. All chemotherapy regimens were consolidated into a directory containing properties like infusion duration, premake eligibility (based on drug stability and cost) and other scheduling characteristics. This was made searchable via an Excel (Microsoft, USA) algorithm, which also recommended ideal booking slots for the scheduling team. Premakes were prioritized for morning (0830 - 1030) slots. 3. Outcome targets were agreed on and tracked daily. These were made accessible to all staff via a dashboard. The workgroup met weekly to discuss targets, barriers and iterate workflows. Daily, intra-group communication was facilitated by TigerConnect (TigerConnect, USA). We included consecutive outpatients treated at our institution from 1 Jan - 27 Jul 2020. Patients were split into two groups: a historical control group (1 Jan - 30 Apr) and a post-intervention study group (1 May - 27 Jul). The primary outcome measure was the difference between appointment time and time treatment started. Secondary outcome measures included (a) proportion of premade chemotherapy; (b) number of patients starting treatment within an hour of appointment time; and (c) number of patients finishing treatment after 6pm. Continuous data are reported as median (25th-75th centile) and analysed with the Mann-Whitney U test, while categorical data were assessed with the chi-square test. Analysis was done with SPSS v22 (IBM, USA). Results Results are summarized in Table 1. From 1 Jan - 27 July 2020, 14314 treatments were completed. Of these, 5946 (41.5%) were in the 0830 - 1030 slots prioritized for premade chemotherapy. 18.8% of patients arrived after their appointment time. The proportion of premade chemotherapy increased to 70.8% from 30.6% (p<0.001). The median time to start treatment decreased from 83 (51-128) minutes in the control to 49 (27-87) minutes in the study group (p<0.001). This translated into an improvement for the day overall (Figure 1). The proportion of patients with morning appointments starting treatment within 1 hour of their appointment time increased to 58.4% from 31.7% (p<0.001). For the whole day, this increased to 59.6% from 37.8% (p<0.001), resulting in less patients finishing treatment after 6pm (20.5% to 10.6%, p<0.001). Conclusion We have shown that a multidisciplinary group using a data-driven, design thinking approach to address team silos, reorganize and track work processes can improve the time taken to start treatment. Changes were made at no added cost to the healthcare system and using accessible software. Potential cost savings in terms of less overtime claims for staff have yet to be factored in. Addressing patient punctuality and registration and triage processes will help further decrease time to treatment. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

In the course of the study, the activity of Ukrainian enterprises was analyzed. It was revealed that the main aspects that require increased attention, regardless of the industry, are staff management and order management. The activity of any enterprise consists of fulfilling orders and, as a consequence, satisfying customers. It is proposed to develop an automated system that will enable to keep records of orders, namely: the time of order receipt, the number of products, the urgency, the necessary material and time resources, the priority of the order, the executor, the predicted and actual time of the order. This system will help to organize the work of staff, namely: to optimize the working hours of employees due to the dynamic scheduling of the task list; to introduce responsibility for an order that is tied to a specific employee, to keep records of shifts and working hours, automatically form a payroll with due account of worked shifts/hours. The work designed an automated system for managing orders and staff at middle-class enterprises. The requirements for this system are defined and two types of architecture are proposed. For a better understanding of the design phase of the automated system, a class diagram, activity diagram and interaction diagrams are presented. In the process of research, the end product was created with a user-friendly and intuitive user interface that maximally satisfies all the requirements that have been defined for this system. For today the system works in a test mode at the enterprise of Ukraine. The introduction of the system to the filter element manufacturing company allowed to improve the interaction with customers by 40 % due to faster fulfillment of orders; 80 % facilitate the work of managers to track and control the execution of orders; and also, by 20% increase the efficiency of the staff department. What on the whole positively affected the work of the enterprise as a whole.

Rising demands on railroad infrastructure operator by means of profitability and punctuality call for advanced concepts of Prognostics and Health Management. Condition based preventive maintenance aims at strengthening the rail mode of transport through an optimized scheduling of maintenance actions based on the actual and prognosticated infrastructure condition, respectively. When applying model-based algorithms within the framework of Prognostics and Health Management unknown model parameters have to be identified first. Which of these parameters should be known as precisely as possible can be figured out systematically by a sensitivity analysis. A comprehensive global sensitivity analysis, however, might be prohibitive by means of computation load when standard algorithms are implemented. In this study, it is shown how global parameter sensitivities can be calculated efficiently by combining Polynomial Chaos Expansion and Point Estimate Method principles. The proposed framework is demonstrated by a model inversion problem which aims to recalculate the track quality by measurements of the vehicle acceleration, i.e. analyzing the dynamic railway track-vehicle interaction.

Abstract Proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer with the ability to produce gases at the pressure suitable for direct storage into metal hydride cylinders allows bypassing of compressors and other auxiliary components. For direct storage into metal hydride containers, hydrogen gas's pressure and flow rate must be well controlled. However, the PEM electrolyzer's time-variant and nonlinear dynamics call for an adaptive control to maintain its output performance. Therefore, in this paper, a model-free relay-feedback auto-tuning approach is proposed to tune a proportional-integral (PI) controller online. The controller determines the voltage supply to the electrolyzer to track a certain current set-point, which corresponds to a constant hydrogen production rate. A gain scheduling approach is developed to pick up the right controller gain at different set-points, minimizing the tuning frequency. A self-assessment algorithm is developed to determine the situations where the auto-tuner should activate to update the PI parameters, thus allowing the control system to be tuned autonomously. The auto-tuning PI control is successfully tested with a PEM electrolyzer setup. Experiment results showed that auto-tuner with gain scheduling could tune the controller parameters producing a desired transient behavior and is adaptive to the variations in set-point and operating conditions.

В данной статье рассматривается проблема планирования проведения консультационных дополнительных занятий со студентами вуза. Основным фактором, определяющим необходимость разработки автоматизированной информационной системы, является отсутствие на рынке программного обеспечения, позволяющего использовать его в качестве решения проблемы. В публикации приведен тщательный и детальный анализ: рассматриваемой проблемы организации занятий существующих автоматизированных систем по составлению расписаний программного обеспечения, необходимого для разработки системы, а также средств обеспечения информационной безопасности. В результате анализа предложена автоматизированная информационная система планирования проведения дополнительных занятий со студентами вуза, которая позволит студенту в электронном режиме произвести запись на консультацию, а также отслеживать динамику изменения в графике учебного процесса, что повысит качество подготовки студентов. This article discusses the problem of planning additional consultative classes with university students. The main factor determining the need to develop an automated information system is the lack of software on the market that allows it to be used as a solution to the problem. The publication provides a thorough and detailed analysis of: the issue of the organization of classes existing automated scheduling systems software necessary for the development of the system, as well as information security tools. As a result of the analysis, an automated information system was proposed for planning additional classes with university students, which will allow the student to electronically record a consultation, as well as track the dynamics of changes in the schedule of the educational process, which will improve the quality of students preparation.

Introduction In an era of upheaval and uncertainty for higher education institutions around the world, scholars, like those in many in other professions, are increasingly using social media to build communities around mutual support and professional development. These communities appear to offer opportunities for participants to exert more positive influence over the types of interactions they engage in with colleagues, in many cases being valued as more altruistic, transformational, or supportive than established academic structures (Gibson, and Gibbs; Mewburn, and Thomson; Maitzen). What has been described as ‘digital scholarship’ applies social media to “different facets of scholarly activity in a helpful and productive way” (Carrigan 5), with online scholarly communities being likened to evolutions of face-to-face practices including peer mentoring (Ferguson, and Wheat) or a “virtual staffroom” (Mewburn, and Thomson). To a large extent, these accounts of scholarly practice adapted for digital media have resonance. From writing groups (O’Dwyer, McDonough, Jefferson, Goff, and Redman-MacLaren) to conference attendance (Spilker, Silva, and Morgado) and funding (Osimo, Priego, and Vuorikari), the transformational possibilities of social media have been applied to almost every facet of existing academic practices. These practices have increasingly attracted scrutiny from higher education institutions, with social media profiles of staff both a potential asset and risk to institutions’ brands. Around the world, institutions use social media for marketing, student recruitment, student support and alumni communication (Palmer). As such, social media policies have emerged in recent years in attempts to ensure staff engage in ways that align with the interests of their employers (Solberg; Carrigan). However, engagement via social media is also still largely considered “supplementary to ‘real’ scholarly work” (Mussell 347).Paralleling this trend, guides to effectively managing an online profile as a component of professional reputation have also become increasingly common (e.g. Carrigan). While public relations and management literatures have approached reputation management in terms of how an organisation is regarded by its multiple stakeholders (Fombrun) this is increasingly being applied to individuals on social media. According to Gandini a “reputation economy” (22) has come to function for knowledge workers who seek to cultivate a reputation as a good community member through sociality in order to secure more (or better) work.The popularity of professional social media communities and scrutiny of participants raises questions about the work involved in building and participating in them. This article explores these questions through analysis of tweets from the first year of #ECRchat, a Twitter group for early career researchers (ECRs). The group was established in 2012 to provide an opportunity for ECRs (typically within five years of PhD completion) to discuss career-related issues. Since it was founded, the group has been administered through partnerships between early career scholars using a Twitter account (@ECRchat) and a blog. Tweets, the posts of 140 characters or fewer, which appear on a user’s profile and in followers’ feeds (Twitter) are organised into a ‘chat’ by participants through the use of the hashtag ‘#ECRchat’. Participants vote on chat topics and take on the role of hosting on a volunteer basis. The explicit career focus of this group provides an ideal case study to explore how work is represented in an online professionally-focused community, in order to reflect on what this might mean for the norms of knowledge work.Digital Labour The impact of Internet Communication Technologies (ICT), including social media, on the lives of workers has long been a source of both concern and hope. Mobile devices, wireless Internet and associated communications software enable increasing numbers of people to take work home. This flexibility has been welcomed as the means by which workers might more successfully access jobs and manage competing commitments (Raja, Imaizumi, Kelly, Narimatsu, and Paradi-Guilford). However, hours worked from home are often unpaid and carry with them a strong likelihood of interfering with rest, recreation and family time (Pocock and Skinner). Melissa Gregg describes this as “presence bleed” (2): the dilutions of focus from everyday activities as workers increasingly use electronic devices to ‘check in’ during non-work time. Moving beyond the limitations of this work-life balance approach, which tends to over-state divisions between employment and other everyday life practices, a growing literature seeks to address work in online environments by analysing the types of labour being practiced, rather than seeing such practices as adjunct to physical workplaces. Responding to claims that digital communication heralds a new age of greater freedom, creativity and democratic participation, this work draws attention to the reliance of such networks on unpaid labour (e.g. Hearn; Hesmondhalgh) with ratings, reviews and relationship maintenance serving business’ economic ends alongside the individual interests which motivate participants. The immaterial, affective, and often precarious labour that has been observed is “simultaneously voluntarily given and unwaged, enjoyed and exploited” (Terranova). This work builds particularly on feminist analysis of work (see McRobbie for a discussion of this), with behind the scenes moderator, convenor, and community builder roles largely female and largely unrecognised, be they activist (Gleeson), creative (Duffy) or consumer (Arcy) groups. For some, this suggests the emergence of a new ‘women’s work’ of affective immaterial labour which goes into building transformational communities (Jarrett). Yet, digital labour has not yet been foregrounded within research into higher education, where it is largely practiced in the messy intersections of employment, unpaid professional development, and leisure. Joyce Goggin argues that convergence of these spheres is a feature of digital labour. Consequently, this article seeks to add a consideration of digital labour, specifically the cultural politics of work that emerge in these spaces, to the literature on digital practices as a translation of existing academic responsibilities online. In the context of widespread concerns over academic workload and job market (Bentley, Coates, Dobson, Goedegebuure, and Meek) and the growing international engagement and impact agenda (Priem, Piwowar, and Hemminger), it raises questions about the implications of these practices. Researching Twitter Communities This article analyses tweets from the publicly available Twitter timeline, containing the hashtag #ECRchat, during scheduled chats, from 1 July 2012 to 31 July 2013 (the first year of operation). Initially, all tweets in this time period were analysed in anonymised form to determine the most commonly mentioned topics during chats. This content analysis removed the most common English language words, such as: the; it; I; and RT (which stands for retweet), which would otherwise appear as top results in almost any content analysis regardless of the community of interest. This was followed by qualitative analysis of tweets, to explore in more depth how important issues were articulated and rationalised within the group. This draws on Catherine Driscoll’s and Melissa Gregg’s idea of “sympathetic online cultural studies” which seeks to explore online communities first and foremost as communities rather than as exemplars of online communications (15-20). Here, a narrative approach was undertaken to analyse how participants curated, made sense of, and explained their own career stories (drawing on Pamphilon). Although I do not claim that participants are representative of all ECRs, or that the ideas given the most attention during chats are representative of the experiences of all participants, representations of work articulated here are suggestive of the kinds of public utterances that were considered reasonable within this open online space. Participants are identified according to the twitter handle and user name they had chosen to use for the chats being analysed. This is because the practical infeasibility of guaranteeing online anonymity (readers need only to Google the text of any tweet to associate it with a particular user, in most cases) and the importance of actively involving participants as agents in the research process, in part by identifying them as authors of their own stories, rather than informants (e.g. Butz; Evans; Svalastog and Eriksson).Representations of Work in #ECRchat The co-creation of the #ECRchat community through participant hosts and community votes on chat topics gave rise to a discussion group that was heavily focused on ‘the work’ of academia, including its importance in the lives of participants, relative appeal over other options, and negative effects on leisure time. I was clear that participants regarded participation as serving their professional interests, despite participation not being paid or formally recognised by employers. With the exception of two discussions focused on making decisions about the future of the group, #ECRchat discussions during the year of analysis focused on topics designed to help participants succeed at work such as “career progression and planning”, “different routes to postdoc funding”, and “collaboration”. At a micro-level, ‘work’ (and related terms) was the most frequently used term in #ECRchat, with its total number of uses (1372) almost double that of research (700), the next most used term. Comments during the chats reiterated this emphasis: “It’s all about the work. Be decent to people and jump through the hoops you need to, but always keep your eyes on the work” (Magennis).The depth of participants’ commitment comes through strongly in discussions comparing academic work with other options: “pretty much everyone I know with ‘real jobs’ hates their work. I feel truly lucky to say that I love mine #ECRchat” (McGettigan). This was seen in particular in the discussion about ‘careers outside academia’. Hashtags such as #altac (referring to alternative-academic careers such as university research support or learning and teaching administration roles) and #postac (referring to PhD holders working outside of universities in research or non-research roles) used both alongside the #ECRchat hashtag and separately, provide an ongoing site of these kinds of representations. While participants in #ECRchat sought to shift this perception and were critically aware that it could lead to undesirable outcomes: “PhDs and ECRs in Humanities don’t seem to consider working outside of academia – that limits their engagement with training #ECRchat” (Faculty of Humanities at the University of Manchester), such discussions frequently describe alternative academic careers as a ‘backup plan’, should academic employment not be found. Additionally, many participants suggested that their working hours were excessive, extending the professional into personal spaces and times in ways that they did not see as positive. This was often described as the only way to achieve success: “I hate to say it, but one of the best ways to improve track record is to work 70+ hours a week, every week. Forever. #ecrchat” (Dunn). One of the key examples of this dynamic was the scheduling of the chat itself. When founded in 2012, #ECRchat ran in the Australian evening and UK morning, eliding the personal/work distinction for both its coordinators and participants. While considerable discussion was concerned with scheduling the chat during times when a large number of international participants could attend, this discussion centred on waking rather than working hours. The use of scheduled tweets and shared work between convenors in different time zones (Australia and the United Kingdom) maintained an around the clock online presence, extending well beyond the ordinary working hours of any individual participant.Personal Disclosure The norms that were articulated in #ECRchat are perhaps not surprising for a group of participants seeking to establish themselves in a profession where a long-hours culture and work-life interference are common (Bentley, Coates, Dobson, Goedegebuure, and Meek). However, what is notable is that participation frequently involved the extension of the personal into the professional and in support of professional aims. In the chat’s first year, an element of personal disclosure and support for others became key to acting as a good community member. Beyond the well-established norms of white collar workers demonstrating professionalism by deploying “courtesy, helpfulness, and kindness” (Mills xvii), this community building relied on personal disclosure which to some extent collapsed personal and professional boundaries.By disclosing individual struggles, anxieties, and past experiences participants contributed to a culture of support. This largely functioned through discussions of work stress rather than leisure: “I definitely don’t have [work-life balance]. I think it’s because I don’t have a routine so work and home constantly blend into one another” (Feely). Arising from these discussions, ideas to help participants better navigate and build academic careers was one of the main ways this community support and concern was practiced: “I think I’m often more productive and less anxious if I'm working on a couple of things in parallel, too #ecrchat” (Brian).Activities such as preparing meals, caring for family, and leisure activities, became part of the discussion. “@snarkyphd Sorry, late, had to deal with toddler. Also new; currently doing casual teaching/industry work & applying for postdocs #ecrchat” (Ronald). Exclusively professional profiles were considered less engaging than the combination of personal and professional that most participants adopted: “@jeanmadams I’ve answered a few queries on ResearchGate, but agree lack of non-work opinions / personality makes them dull #ecrchat” (Tennant). However, this is not to suggest that these networks become indistinguishable from more informal, personal, or leisurely uses of social media: “@networkedres My ‘professional’ online identity is slightly more guarded than my ‘facebook’ id which is for friends and family #ECRchat” (Wheat). Instead, disclosure of certain kinds of work struggles came to function as a positive contribution to a more reflexive professionalism. In the context of work-focused discussion, #ECRchat opens important spaces for scholars to question norms they considered damaging or at least make these tacit norms explicit and receive support to manage them. Affective Labour The professional goals and focus of #ECRchat, combined with the personal support and disclosure that forms the basis for the supportive elements in this group is arguably one of its strongest and most important elements. Mark Carrigan suggests that the practices of revealing something of the struggles we experience could form the basis for a new collegiality, where common experiences which had previously not been discussed publicly are for the first time recognised as systemic, not individual challenges. However, there is work required to provide context and support for these emotional experiences which is largely invisible here, as has typically been the case in other communities. Such ‘affective labour’ “involves the production and manipulation of affect and requires (virtual or actual) human contact, labour in the bodily mode … the labour is immaterial, even if it is corporeal and affective, in the sense that its products are intangible, a feeling of ease, well-being, satisfaction, excitement or passion” (Hardt, and Negri 292). In #ECRchat, this ranges from managing the schedule and organising discussions – which involves following up offers to help, assisting people to understand the task, and then ensuring things go ahead as planned –to support offered by members of the group within discussions. This occurs in the overlaps between personal and professional representations, taking a variety of forms from everyday reassurance, affirmation, and patience: “Sorry to hear - hang in there. Hope you have a good support network. #ECRchat” (Galea) to empathy often articulated alongside the disclosure discussed earlier: “The feeling of guilt over not working sounds VERY familiar! #ecrchat” (Vredeveldt).The point here is not to suggest that this work is not sufficiently valued by participants, or that it does not parallel the kinds of work undertaken in more formal job roles, including in academia, where management, conference convening or participation in professional societies, and teaching, as just a few examples, involve degrees of affective labour. However, as a consequence of the (semi)public nature of these groups, the interactions observed here appear to represent a new inflection of professional reputation work, where, in building online professional communities, individuals peg their professional reputations to these forms of affective labour. Importantly, given the explicitly professional nature of the group, these efforts are not counted as part of the formal workload of those involved, be they employed (temporarily or more securely) inside or outside universities, or not in the paid workforce. Conclusion A growing body of literature demonstrates that online academic communities can provide opportunities for collegiality, professional development, and support: particularly among emerging scholars. These accounts demonstrate the value of digital scholarly practices across a range of academic work. However, this article’s discussion of the work undertaken to build and maintain #ECRchat in its first year suggests that these practices at the messy intersections of employment, unpaid professional development, and leisure constitute a new inflection of professional reputation and service work. This work involves publicly building a reputation as a good community member through a combination of personal disclosure and affective labour.In the context of growing emphasis on the economic, social, and other impacts of academic research and concerns over work intensification, this raises questions about possible scope for, and impact of, formal recognition of digital academic labour. While institutions’ work planning and promotion processes may provide opportunities to recognise work developing professional societies or conferences as a leadership or service to a discipline, this new digital service work remains outside the purview of such recognition and reward systems. Further research into the relationships between academic reputation and digital labour will be needed to explore the implications of this for institutions and academics alike. AcknowledgementsI would like to gratefully acknowledge the contributions and support of everyone who participated in developing and sustaining #ECRchat. Both online and offline, this paper and the community itself would not have been possible without many generous contributions of time, understanding and thoughtful discussion. In particular, I would like to thank Katherine L. Wheat, co-founder and convenor, as well as Beth Montague-Hellen, Ellie Mackin, and Motje Wolf, who have taken on convening the group in the years since my involvement. ReferencesArcy, Jacquelyn. “Emotion Work: Considering Gender in Digital Labor.” Feminist Media Studies 16.2 (2016): 365-68.Bentley, Peter, Hamish Coates, Ian Dobson, Leo Goedegebuure, and Lynn Meek. Job Satisfaction around the Academic World. Dordrecht: Springer, 2013. Brian, Deborah (@deborahbrian). “I think I’m often more productive and less anxious if I’m working on a couple of things in parallel, too #ecrchat” (11 April 2013, 10:25). 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Diaspora This article looks at diaspora through the transformations of an established public service broadcaster, the BBC World Service, by considering some of the findings of the AHRC-funded Tuning In: Contact Zones at the BBC World Service, which is part of the Diasporas, Migration and Identities program. Tuning In has six themes, each of which focuses upon the role of the BBC WS: The Politics of Translation, Diasporic Nationhood, Religious Transnationalism, Sport across Diasporas, Migrating Music and Drama for Development. The World Service, which was until 2011 funded by the Foreign Office, was set up to cater for the British diaspora and had the specific remit of transmitting ideas about Britishness to its audiences overseas. Tuning In demonstrates interrelationships between the global and the local in the diasporic contact zone of the BBC World Service, which has provided a mediated home for the worldwide British diaspora since its inception in 1932. The local and the global have merged, elided, and separated at different times and in different spaces in the changing story of the BBC (Briggs). The BBC WS is both local and global with activities that present Britishness both at home and abroad. The service has, however, come a long way since its early days as the Empire Service. Audiences for the World Service’s 31 foreign language services, radio, television, and Internet facilities include substantive non-British/English-speaking constituencies, rendering it a contact zone for the exploration of ideas and political opportunities on a truly transnational scale. This heterogeneous body of exilic, refugee intellectuals, writers, and artists now operates alongside an ongoing expression of Britishness in all its diverse reconfiguration. This includes the residual voice of empire and its patriarchal paternalism, the embrace of more recent expressions of neoliberalism as well as traditional values of impartiality and objectivism and, in the case of the arts, elements of bohemianism and creative innovation. The World Service might have begun as a communication system for the British ex-pat diaspora, but its role has changed along with the changing relationship between Britain and its colonial past. In the terrain of sport, for example, cricket, the “game of empire,” has shifted from Britain to the Indian subcontinent (Guha) with the rise of “Twenty 20” and the Indian Premier League (IPL); summed up in Ashis Nandy’s claim that “cricket is an Indian game accidentally discovered by the English” (Nandy viii). English county cricket dominated the airways of the World Service well into the latter half of the twentieth century, but the audiences of the service have demanded a response to social and cultural change and the service has responded. Sport can thus be seen to have offered a democratic space in which new diasporic relations can be forged as well as one in which colonial and patriarchal values are maintained. The BBC WS today is part of a network through which non-British diasporic peoples can reconnect with their home countries via the service, as well as an online forum for debate across the globe. In many regions of the world, it continues to be the single most trusted source of information at times of crisis and disaster because of its traditions of impartiality and objectivity, even though (as noted in the article on Al-Jazeera in this special issue) this view is hotly contested. The principles of objectivity and impartiality are central to the BBC WS, which may seem paradoxical since it is funded by the Commonwealth and Foreign office, and its origins lie in empire and colonial discourse. Archive material researched by our project demonstrates the specifically ideological role of what was first called the Empire Service. The language of empire was deployed in this early programming, and there is an explicit expression of an ideological purpose (Hill). For example, at the Imperial Conference in 1930, the service was supported in terms of its political powers of “strengthening ties” between parts of the empire. This view comes from a speech by John Reith, the BBC’s first Director General, which was broadcast when the service opened. In this speech, broadcasting is identified as having come to involve a “connecting and co-ordinating link between the scattered parts of the British Empire” (Reith). Local British values are transmitted across the globe. Through the service, empire and nation are reinstated through the routine broadcasting of cyclical events, the importance of which Scannell and Cardiff describe as follows: Nothing so well illustrates the noiseless manner in which the BBC became perhaps the central agent of national culture as its cyclical role; the cyclical production year in year out, of an orderly, regular progression of festivities, rituals and celebrations—major and minor, civic and sacred—that mark the unfolding of the broadcast year. (278; italics in the original) State occasions and big moments, including those directly concerned with governance and affairs of state, and those which focused upon sport and religion, were a big part in these “noiseless” cycles, and became key elements in the making of Britishness across the globe. The BBC is “noiseless” because the timetable is assumed and taken for granted as not only what is but what should be. However, the BBC WS has been and has had to be responsive to major shifts in global and local—and, indeed, glocal—power geometries that have led to spatial transformations, notably in the reconfiguration of the service in the era of postcolonialism. Some of these massive changes have involved the large-scale movement of people and a concomitant rethinking of diaspora as a concept. Empire, like nation, operates as an “imagined community,” too big to be grasped by individuals (Anderson), as well as a material actuality. The dynamics of identification are rarely linear and there are inconsistencies and disruptions: even when the voice is officially that of empire, the practice of the World Service is much more diverse, nuanced, and dialogical. The BBC WS challenges boundaries through the connectivities of communication and through different ways of belonging and, similarly, through a problematisation of concepts like attachment and detachment; this is most notable in the way in which programming has adapted to new diasporic audiences and in the reworkings of spatiality in the shift from empire to diversity via multiculturalism. There are tensions between diaspora and multiculturalism that are apparent in a discussion of broadcasting and communication networks. Diaspora has been distinguished by mobility and hybridity (Clifford, Hall, Bhaba, Gilroy) and it has been argued that the adjectival use of diasporic offers more opportunity for fluidity and transformation (Clifford). The concept of diaspora, as it has been used to explain the fluidity and mobility of diasporic identifications, can challenge more stabilised, “classic” understandings of diaspora (Chivallon). A hybrid version of diaspora might sit uneasily with a strong sense of belonging and with the idea that the broadcast media offer a multicultural space in which each voice can be heard and a wide range of cultures are present. Tuning In engaged with ways of rethinking the BBC’s relationship to diaspora in the twenty-first century in a number of ways: for example, in the intersection of discursive regimes of representation; in the status of public service broadcasting; vis-à-vis the consequences of diverse diasporic audiences; through the role of cultural intermediaries such as journalists and writers; and via global economic and political materialities (Gillespie, Webb and Baumann). Tuning In thus provided a multi-themed and methodologically diverse exploration of how the BBC WS is itself a series of spaces which are constitutive of the transformation of diasporic identifications. Exploring the part played by the BBC WS in changing and continuing social flows and networks involves, first, reconfiguring what is understood by transnationalism, diaspora, and postcolonial relationalities: in particular, attending to how these transform as well as sometimes reinstate colonial and patriarchal discourses and practices, thus bringing together different dimensions of the local and the global. Tuning In ranges across different fields, embracing cultural, social, and political areas of experience as represented in broadcasting coverage. These fields illustrate the educative role of the BBC and the World Service that is also linked to its particular version of impartiality; just as The Archers was set up to provide information and guidance through a narrative of everyday life to rural communities and farmers after the Second World War, so the Afghan version plays an “edutainment” role (Skuse) where entertainment also serves an educational, public service information role. Indeed, the use of soap opera genre such as The Archers as a vehicle for humanitarian and health information has been very successful over the past decade, with the “edutainment” genre becoming a feature of the World Service’s broadcasting in places such as Rwanda, Somalia, Nigeria, India, Nepal, Burma, Afghanistan, and Cambodia. In a genre that has been promoted by the World Service Trust, the charitable arm of the BBC WS uses drama formats to build transnational production relationships with media professionals and to strengthen creative capacities to undertake behaviour change through communication work. Such programming, which is in the tradition of the BBC WS, draws upon the service’s expertise and exhibits both an ideological commitment to progressive social intervention and a paternalist approach drawing upon colonialist legacies. Nowadays, however, the BBC WS can be considered a diasporic contact zone, providing sites of transnational intra-diasporic contact as well as cross-cultural encounters, spaces for cross-diasporic creativity and representation, and a forum for cross-cultural dialogue and potentially cosmopolitan translations (Pratt, Clifford). These activities are, however, still marked by historically forged asymmetric power relations, notably of colonialism, imperialism, and globalisation, as well as still being dominated by hegemonic masculinity in many parts of the service, which thus represent sites of contestation, conflict, and transgression. Conversely, diasporic identities are themselves co-shaped by media representations (Sreberny). The diasporic contact zone is a relational space in which diasporic identities are made and remade and contested. Tuning In employed a diverse range of methods to analyse the part played by the BBC WS in changing and continuing social and cultural flows, networks, and reconfigurations of transnationalisms and diaspora, as well as reinstating colonial, patriarchal practices. The research deconstructed some assumptions and conditions of class-based elitism, colonialism, and patriarchy through a range of strategies. Texts are, of course, central to this work, with the BBC Archives at Caversham (near Reading) representing the starting point for many researchers. The archive is a rich source of material for researchers which carries a vast range of data including fragile memos written on scraps of paper: a very local source of global communications. Other textual material occupies the less locatable cyberspace, for example in the case of Have Your Say exchanges on the Web. People also featured in the project, through the media, in cyberspace, and physical encounters, all of which demonstrate the diverse modes of connection that have been established. Researchers worked with the BBC WS in a variety of ways, not only through interviews and ethnographic approaches, such as participant observation and witness seminars, but also through exchanges between the service, its practitioners, and the researchers (for example, through broadcasts where the project provided the content and the ideas and researchers have been part of programs that have gone out on the BBC WS (Goldblatt, Webb), bringing together people who work for the BBC and Tuning In researchers). On this point, it should be remembered that Bush House is, itself, a diasporic space which, from its geographical location in the Strand in London, has brought together diasporic people from around the globe to establish international communication networks, and has thus become the focus and locus of some of our research. What we have understood by the term “diasporic space” in this context includes both the materialities of architecture and cyberspace which is the site of digital diasporas (Anderssen) and, indeed, the virtual exchanges featured on “Have Your Say,” the online feedback site (Tuning In). Living the Glocal The BBC WS offers a mode of communication and a series of networks that are spatially located both in the UK, through the material presence of Bush House, and abroad, through the diasporic communities constituting contemporary audiences. The service may have been set up to provide news and entertainment for the British diaspora abroad, but the transformation of the UK into a multi-ethnic society “at home,” alongside its commitment to, and the servicing of, no less than 32 countries abroad, demonstrates a new mission and a new balance of power. Different diasporic communities, such as multi-ethnic Londoners, and local and British Muslims in the north of England, demonstrate the dynamics and ambivalences of what is meant by “diaspora” today. For example, the BBC and the WS play an ambiguous role in the lives of UK Muslim communities with Pakistani connections, where consumers of the international news can feel that the BBC is complicit in the conflation of Muslims with terrorists. Engaging Diaspora Audiences demonstrated the diversity of audience reception in a climate of marginalisation, often bordering on moral panic, and showed how diasporic audiences often use Al-Jazeera or Pakistani and Urdu channels, which are seen to take up more sympathetic political positions. It seems, however, that more egalitarian conversations are becoming possible through the channels of the WS. The participation of local people in the BBC WS global project is seen, for example, as in the popular “Witness Seminars” that have both a current focus and one that is projected into the future, as in the case of the “2012 Generation” (that is, the young people who come of age in 2012, the year of the London Olympics). The Witness Seminars demonstrate the recuperation of past political and social events such as “Bangladesh in 1971” (Tuning In), “The Cold War seminar” (Tuning In) and “Diasporic Nationhood” (the cultural movements reiterated and recovered in the “Literary Lives” project (Gillespie, Baumann and Zinik). Indeed, the WS’s current focus on the “2012 Generation,” including an event in which 27 young people (each of whom speaks one of the WS languages) were invited to an open day at Bush House in 2009, vividly illustrates how things have changed. Whereas in 1948 (the last occasion when the Olympic Games were held in London), the world came to London, it is arguable that, in 2012, in contemporary multi-ethnic Britain, the world is already here (Webb). This enterprise has the advantage of giving voice to the present rather than filtering the present through the legacies of colonialism that remain a problem for the Witness Seminars more generally. The democratising possibilities of sport, as well as the restrictions of its globalising elements, are well represented by Tuning In (Woodward). Sport has, of course become more globalised, especially through the development of Internet and satellite technologies (Giulianotti) but it retains powerful local affiliations and identifications. At all levels and in diverse places, there are strong attachments to local and national teams that are constitutive of communities, including diasporic and multi-ethnic communities. Sport is both typical and distinctive of the BBC World Service; something that is part of a wider picture but also an area of experience with a life of its own. Our “Sport across Diasporas” project has thus explored some of the routes the World Service has travelled in its engagement with sport in order to provide some understanding of the legacy of empire and patriarchy, as well as engaging with the multiplicities of change in the reconstruction of Britishness. Here, it is important to recognise that what began as “BBC Sport” evolved into “World Service Sport.” Coverage of the world’s biggest sporting events was established through the 1930s to the 1960s in the development of the BBC WS. However, it is not only the global dimensions of sporting events that have been assumed; so too are national identifications. There is no question that the superiority of British/English sport is naturalised through its dominance of the BBC WS airways, but the possibilities of reinterpretation and re-accommodation have also been made possible. There has, indeed, been a changing place of sport in the BBC WS, which can only be understood with reference to wider changes in the relationship between broadcasting and sport, and demonstrates the powerful synchronies between social, political, technological, economic, and cultural factors, notably those that make up the media–sport–commerce nexus that drives so much of the trajectory of contemporary sport. Diasporic audiences shape the schedule as much as what is broadcast. There is no single voice of the BBC in sport. The BBC archive demonstrates a variety of narratives through the development and transformation of the World Service’s sports broadcasting. There are, however, silences: notably those involving women. Sport is still a patriarchal field. However, the imperial genealogies of sport are inextricably entwined with the social, political, and cultural changes taking place in the wider world. There is no detectable linear narrative but rather a series of tensions and contradictions that are reflected and reconfigured in the texts in which deliberations are made. In sport broadcasting, the relationship of the BBC WS with its listeners is, in many instances, genuinely dialogic: for example, through “Have Your Say” websites and internet forums, and some of the actors in these dialogic exchanges are the broadcasters themselves. The history of the BBC and the World Service is one which manifests a degree of autonomy and some spontaneity on the part of journalists and broadcasters. For example, in the case of the BBC WS African sports program, Fast Track (2009), many of the broadcasters interviewed report being able to cover material not technically within their brief; news journalists are able to engage with sporting events and sports journalists have covered social and political news (Woodward). Sometimes this is a matter of taking the initiative or simply of being in the right place at the right time, although this affords an agency to journalists which is increasingly unlikely in the twenty-first century. The Politics of Translation: Words and Music The World Service has played a key role as a cultural broker in the political arena through what could be construed as “educational broadcasting” via the wider terrain of the arts: for example, literature, drama, poetry, and music. Over the years, Bush House has been a home-from-home for poets: internationalists, translators from classical and modern languages, and bohemians; a constituency that, for all its cosmopolitanism, was predominantly white and male in the early days. For example, in the 1930s and 1940s, Louis MacNeice was commissioning editor and surrounded by a friendship network of salaried poets, such as W. H. Auden, Dylan Thomas, C. Day Lewis, and Stephen Spender, who wrote and performed their work for the WS. The foreign language departments of the BBC WS, meanwhile, hired émigrés and exiles from their countries’ educated elites to do similar work. The biannual, book-format journal Modern Poetry in Translation (MPT), which was founded in 1965 by Daniel Weissbort and Ted Hughes, included a dedication in Weissbort’s final issue (MPT 22, 2003) to “Poets at Bush House.” This volume amounts to a celebration of the BBC WS and its creative culture, which extended beyond the confines of broadcasting spaces. The reminiscences in “Poets at Bush House” suggest an institutional culture of informal connections and a fluidity of local exchanges that is resonant of the fluidity of the flows and networks of diaspora (Cheesman). Music, too, has distinctive characteristics that mark out this terrain on the broadcast schedule and in the culture of the BBC WS. Music is differentiated from language-centred genres, making it a particularly powerful medium of cross-cultural exchange. Music is portable and yet is marked by a cultural rootedness that may impede translation and interpretation. Music also carries ambiguities as a marker of status across borders, and it combines aesthetic intensity and diffuseness. The Migrating Music project demonstrated BBC WS mediation of music and identity flows (Toynbee). In the production and scheduling notes, issues of migration and diaspora are often addressed directly in the programming of music, while the movement of peoples is a leitmotif in all programs in which music is played and discussed. Music genres are mobile, diasporic, and can be constitutive of Paul Gilroy’s “Black Atlantic” (Gilroy), which foregrounds the itinerary of West African music to the Caribbean via the Middle Passage, cross-fertilising with European traditions in the Americas to produce blues and other hybrid forms, and the journey of these forms to Europe. The Migrating Music project focused upon the role of the BBC WS as narrator of the Black Atlantic story and of South Asian cross-over music, from bhangra to filmi, which can be situated among the South Asian diaspora in east and south Africa as well as the Caribbean where they now interact with reggae, calypso, Rapso, and Popso. The transversal flows of music and lyrics encompasses the lived experience of the different diasporas that are accommodated in the BBC WS schedules: for example, they keep alive the connection between the Irish “at home” and in the diaspora through programs featuring traditional music, further demonstrating the interconnections between local and global attachments as well as points of disconnection and contradiction. Textual analysis—including discourse analysis of presenters’ speech, program trailers and dialogue and the BBC’s own construction of “world music”—has revealed that the BBC WS itself performs a constitutive role in keeping alive these traditions. Music, too, has a range of emotional affects which are manifest in the semiotic analyses that have been conducted of recordings and performances. Further, the creative personnel who are involved in music programming, including musicians, play their own role in this ongoing process of musical migration. Once again, the networks of people involved as practitioners become central to the processes and systems through which diasporic audiences are re-produced and engaged. Conclusion The BBC WS can claim to be a global and local cultural intermediary not only because the service was set up to engage with the British diaspora in an international context but because the service, today, is demonstrably a voice that is continually negotiating multi-ethnic audiences both in the UK and across the world. At best, the World Service is a dynamic facilitator of conversations within and across diasporas: ideas are relocated, translated, and travel in different directions. The “local” of a British broadcasting service, established to promote British values across the globe, has been transformed, both through its engagements with an increasingly diverse set of diasporic audiences and through the transformations in how diasporas themselves self-define and operate. On the BBC WS, demographic, social, and cultural changes mean that the global is now to be found in the local of the UK and any simplistic separation of local and global is no longer tenable. The educative role once adopted by the BBC, and then the World Service, nevertheless still persists in other contexts (“from Ambridge to Afghanistan”), and clearly the WS still treads a dangerous path between the paternalism and patriarchy of its colonial past and its responsiveness to change. In spite of competition from television, satellite, and Internet technologies which challenge the BBC’s former hegemony, the BBC World Service continues to be a dynamic space for (re)creating and (re)instating diasporic audiences: audiences, texts, and broadcasters intersect with social, economic, political, and cultural forces. The monologic “voice of empire” has been countered and translated into the language of diversity and while, at times, the relationship between continuity and change may be seen to exist in awkward tension, it is clear that the Corporation is adapting to the needs of its twenty-first century audience. ReferencesAnderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities, Reflections of the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso, 1983. Anderssen, Matilda. “Digital Diasporas.” 2010. 30 Nov. 2010 ‹http://www8.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/diasporas/cross-research/digital-diasporas›. Bhabha, Homi. The Location of Culture. London: Routledge, 1994. Briggs, Asa. 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