Relevant bibliographies by topics / Dynamic segregation

Academic literature on the topic 'Dynamic segregation'

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Published: 20 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Dynamic segregation"

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Netto, Vinicius De Moraes, and Romulo Krafta. "Segregação dinâmica urbana: modelagem e mensuração." Revista Brasileira de Estudos Urbanos e Regionais, no. 1 (May 31, 1999): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.22296/2317-1529.1999n1p133.

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A presente pesquisa oferece uma abordagem alternativa para a visão da segregação como processo de afastamento entre classes sociais pela produção de zonas de habitação segregadas. As rotinas sociais, formadas pela montagem dos percursos e atividades típicas das classes em função de diferentes lógicas e padrões de apropriação, estruturarão redes sociais distintas dentro de um mesmo sistema urbano. A segregação assim é observada na incompatibilidade ou pouca sobreposição das redes sociais constituídas pelas ações dos indivíduos sobre o espaço urbano, conformando-se como fenômeno dinâmico. Esta visão da segregação não como áreas segregadas mas como ação e apropriação dos espaços da cidade possibilita mensurar quanto há de segregação em uma cidade. O modelo mostra a dinâmica das classes sobre o espaço urbano, e o conseqüente panorama da segregação social, visualizado na sobreposição das redes (como um mapa dinâmico da segregação), resultando na propriedade do Nível de Segregação Urbana.Palavras-chave: segregação social; redes sociais; dinâmica das classes; modelagem. Abstract: The current work intends to propose a different approach to the phenomenon of segregation, usually analyzed as social distance motivated by the production of segregated areas. The individuals routines – made of typical-by-class daily activities and movement structure, based on different logics and patterns of social appropriation – will constitute social networks of class appropriation defined by specific income levels. Therefore, the notion of social segregation can be taken as particular dynamic networks, barely superimposed. The whole process gives a dynamic view on the phenomenon. The notion of segregation viewed not as segregated areas but as segregated appropriation on urban spaces (grid and attractors) permits to measure the level of segregation of a town. The model shows the classes dynamics on urban space and the panorama of social segregation, upon the level of superimposition of the different networks over the same urban macrostructure – resulting in the property of Urban Segregational Level.Keywords: social segregation; social networks; classes dynamics; modeling.
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Costa, Judite, Chuanhai Fu, V. Mohini Khare, and Phong T. Tran. "csi2p modulates microtubule dynamics and organizes the bipolar spindle for chromosome segregation." Molecular Biology of the Cell 25, no. 24 (December 2014): 3900–3908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e14-09-1370.

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Proper chromosome segregation is of paramount importance for proper genetic inheritance. Defects in chromosome segregation can lead to aneuploidy, which is a hallmark of cancer cells. Eukaryotic chromosome segregation is accomplished by the bipolar spindle. Additional mechanisms, such as the spindle assembly checkpoint and centromere positioning, further help to ensure complete segregation fidelity. Here we present the fission yeast csi2+. csi2p localizes to the spindle poles, where it regulates mitotic microtubule dynamics, bipolar spindle formation, and subsequent chromosome segregation. csi2 deletion (csi2Δ) results in abnormally long mitotic microtubules, high rate of transient monopolar spindles, and subsequent high rate of chromosome segregation defects. Because csi2Δ has multiple phenotypes, it enables estimates of the relative contribution of the different mechanisms to the overall chromosome segregation process. Centromere positioning, microtubule dynamics, and bipolar spindle formation can all contribute to chromosome segregation. However, the major determinant of chromosome segregation defects in fission yeast may be microtubule dynamic defects.
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Sengupta, Manjistha, Henrik Jorck Nielsen, Brenda Youngren, and Stuart Austin. "P1 Plasmid Segregation: Accurate Redistribution by Dynamic Plasmid Pairing and Separation." Journal of Bacteriology 192, no. 5 (November 6, 2009): 1175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01245-09.

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ABSTRACT Low-copy-number plasmids, such as P1 and F, encode a type Ia partition system (P1par or Fsop) for active segregation of copies to daughter cells. Typical descriptions show a single central plasmid focus dividing and the products moving to the cell quarter regions, ensuring segregation. However, using improved optical and analytical tools and large cell populations, we show that P1 plasmid foci are very broadly distributed. Moreover, under most growth conditions, more than two foci are frequently present. Each focus contains either one or two plasmid copies. Replication and focus splitting occur at almost any position in the cell. The products then move rapidly apart for approximately 40% of the cell length. They then tend to maintain their relative positions. The segregating foci often pass close to or come to rest close to other foci in the cell. Foci frequently appear to fuse during these encounters. Such events occur several times in each cell and cell generation on average. We argue that foci pair with their neighbors and then actively separate again. The net result is an approximately even distribution of foci along the long cell axis on average. We show mathematically that trans-pairing and active separation could greatly increase the accuracy of segregation and would produce the distributions of foci that we observe. Plasmid pairing and separation may constitute a novel fine-tuning mechanism that takes the basic pattern created when plasmids separate after replication and converts it to a roughly even pattern that greatly improves the fidelity of plasmid segregation.
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Bika, D., and C. J. McMahon. "Dynamic Embrittlement due to Surface Segregation." Materials Science Forum 126-128 (January 1993): 523–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.126-128.523.

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Ribe, Neil M. "Melt segregation driven by dynamic forcing." Geophysical Research Letters 13, no. 13 (December 1986): 1462–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gl013i013p01462.

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Zhang, Junfu. "A DYNAMIC MODEL OF RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION." Journal of Mathematical Sociology 28, no. 3 (July 2004): 147–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222500490480202.

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Wang, Xindan, and David J. Sherratt. "Independent Segregation of the Two Arms of the Escherichia coli ori Region Requires neither RNA Synthesis nor MreB Dynamics." Journal of Bacteriology 192, no. 23 (October 1, 2010): 6143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00861-10.

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ABSTRACT The mechanism of Escherichia coli chromosome segregation remains elusive. We present results on the simultaneous tracking of segregation of multiple loci in the ori region of the chromosome in cells growing under conditions in which a single round of replication is initiated and completed in the same generation. Loci segregated as expected for progressive replication-segregation from oriC, with markers placed symmetrically on either side of oriC segregating to opposite cell halves at the same time, showing that sister locus cohesion in the origin region is local rather than extensive. We were unable to observe any influence on segregation of the proposed centromeric site, migS, or indeed any other potential cis-acting element on either replication arm (replichore) in the AB1157 genetic background. Site-specific inhibition of replication close to oriC on one replichore did not prevent segregation of loci on the other replichore. Inhibition of RNA synthesis and inhibition of the dynamic polymerization of the actin homolog MreB did not affect ori and bulk chromosome segregation.
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Petuhov B. V. "The mechanism of the anomalous behavior of the plastic flow of materials with high crystal relief caused by the dynamic impurity subsystem." Physics of the Solid State 64, no. 14 (2022): 2395. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pss.2022.14.54339.157.

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A model of dynamic interaction of dislocations with an impurity subsystem of crystals with a high potential relief of the crystal lattice (Peierls barriers) is developed. Such materials include metals with body-centered cubic structure, semiconductors, ceramics, and many others. It is shown that the modification of impurity migration barriers near the dislocation core significantly affects the segregation of impurities on the moving dislocation. The presence of a substantially nonequilibrium initial stage of segregation kinetics leading to anomalies of dislocation dynamics and yield strength of materials is substantiated. Keywords: dislocation dynamics, segregation of impurities in the dislocation core, synergetics of dislocation and impurity subsystems, stable and unstable regimes, plastic flow anomalies.
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Shen, Lin, Hamed Bahrami Jovein, Zhihui Sun, Qian Wang, and Wenmei Li. "Testing dynamic segregation of self-consolidating concrete." Construction and Building Materials 75 (January 2015): 465–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.11.010.

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Balaskó, M., and E. Sváb. "Characterisation of Segregation by Dynamic Neutron Radiography." Acta Physica Polonica A 96, no. 1 (July 1999): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.12693/aphyspola.96.7.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Dynamic segregation"

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Dubois, Florent. "Dynamic models of segregation." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0313.

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Cette thèse étudie les causes et conséquences du processus de ségrégation résidentielle dans l’Afrique du Sud (AFS) post-Apartheid. Nous nous intéressons à plusieurs aspects encore débattus dans la littérature. Le premier concerne l’impact des préférences des individus pour la composition raciale de leur voisinage sur la ségrégation. Le second a trait à l’impact de la ségrégation résidentielle sur les niveaux de revenus des différents groupes raciaux. Le dernier quantifie les différentes causes de la ségrégation. Dans le premier chapitre, nous réconcilions la littérature théorique sur l’impact des préférences pour la composition raciale du voisinage avec les observations empiriques de niveaux décroissants de ségrégation aux US et en AFS. Nous soutenons l’idée que si les individus internalisent les apports économiques et sociaux de chaque nouvel arrivant dans leur voisinage alors des voisinages intégrés peuvent émerger. Cet effet est empiriquement plus fort que l’homophilie et le racisme. Dans le second chapitre, nous étudions l’impact de la ségrégation sur l’ensemble de la distribution des revenus. Nous montrons que la ségrégation a un effet positif sur les hauts revenus pour les Blancs tandis qu’elle a un effet négatif pour les Noirs au bas de la distribution. L’effet de la ségrégation est souvent plus important que l’effet de l’éducation. Enfin, dans le troisième chapitre, nous quantifions l’impact de chaque déterminant de la ségrégation. Nous trouvons que le manque d’accès aux services publics de base est le déterminant principal, alors que les différences de caractéristiques sociodémographiques ne comptent que pour une faible part pour les quartiers les plus ségrégués
This thesis studies the causes and consequences of the residential segregation process in the post-Apartheid South Africa.Inside this general issue, we are interested in several aspects still debated in the literature on residential segregation. Thefirst concerns the impact of individuals’ preferences for the racial composition of their neighborhood on the segregationlevels. The second question deals with the impact of residential segregation on the income levels of each racial group. Thelast issue is related to quantifying the different causes of segregation.Three chapters constitute this thesis. In the first chapter, we reconcile the theoretical literature on the impact of preferencesfor the racial composition of the neighborhood with the empirical evidences of declining levels of segregation in theUnited-States and South Africa. We argue that if individuals internalize the economic and social life that a new entrantbrings with him, then integrated neighborhoods can emerge. This effect is empirically stronger than homophilly andracism. In the second chapter, we study the impact of residential segregation on the whole income distribution. We showthat residential segregation has a positif effect on top incomes for Whites, whereas it has a negatif effect for Blacks at thebottom of the distribution. The effect of residential segregation is even more important than the effect of education inmost cases. In the third chapter, we quantify the impact of each determinant of segregation. We find that the lackof access to basic public services is the main determinant, whereas differences in sociodemographics only account for asmall part in the most segregated areas
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Kastyak, Beata Maria. "Applying Schelling's dynamic models of segregation to psychological decision making." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/32350.

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Agent-Based Models (ABM) have become accepted as an experimental technique in social psychology research. However, ABMs are rarely validated externally. This research attempted to experimentally validate, in particular the Schelling’s Dynamic Models of segregation. This model is an agent-based proximity model implemented with a new parameter, the tolerance level, which is based on perceived similarities of the agents. The introduction of this new parameter has made ABM applicable to social sciences. Five parameters (tolerance threshold, neighbourhood ranges, environment types, group size and proportions) of the model have been chosen to be tested experimentally and evaluated theoretically. Therefore, relevant chapters include an experimental and a theoretical section. In the experimental part group of participants played the linear public good game with altruistic punishment. The level of cooperation was measured through contributions scores. In the theoretical part the outcome of the simulation models was evaluated using the segregation factor. The experimental results and the simulation outcomes have been compared in each chapter separately. Five chapters inspected the five parameters of the Schelling model considering additional prospects. The tolerance threshold was tested using groups with different wealth origin. The neighbourhood ranges were tested using groups with different geographical proximities. The environment type parameter was tested using different gender groups. The group sizes parameter was tested using different community sizes. Finally the group proportions were tested by allocating the participants into groups with different ethnicity proportions. Additionally, the effects of these conditions were examined on altruistic punishment. The findings show that the contributions scores alter between the different scenarios. However, altruistic punishment is not always influenced. This thesis provides a partial validation of five parameters of the Schelling model and contributes to an effective development of all future ABMs. The research suggests unique recommendations for further research in both the experimental and theoretical parts.
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Makin, Simon J. "The role of static and dynamic fâ‚€ differences in concurrent vowel segregation." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.434481.

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Fabig, Gunar. "Dynamic and ultrastructural characterization of chromosome segregation in C. elegans male meiosis." Technische Universität Dresden, 2018. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A32727.

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The production of germ cells is an essential process in all sexually reproducing eukaryotes. During male meiosis, four haploid sperm cells are formed from one primary spermatocyte, thereby undergoing two consecutive cell divisions after only one round of chromosome duplication. This process was studied in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, as this model organism offers a number of experimental advantages to simultaneously analyze spindle dynamics and ultrastructure. The worm is easy to cultivate, completely sequenced and numerous mutants are available, the worm is small and thus ideal for light and electron microscopic investigations, and the transparent body allows live-cell imaging within living animals. Importantly, meiotic spindles in C. elegans males are organized by centrosomes and show a lagging X-chromosome, which is always segregated after the autosomes have been partitioned to the newly forming secondary spermatocytes. The aim of this thesis was to systematically investigate this characteristic feature of chromosome segregation in male meiotic spindles. For that, spindle dynamics in the first and second meiotic division was analyzed with fluorescence light microscopy. Furthermore, the spindle ultrastructure was investigated in spindles of various stages of meiosis I using electron tomography. Light microscopy revealed a shortening of the distance between centrosomes and chromosomes (anaphase A) and an increase in the pole-to-pole distance (anaphase B). Moreover, spindles in male meiosis I and II showed differences in certain aspects of spindle dynamics. In addition it was demonstrated that spindles in metaphase II in the presence of a single X-chromosome were shorter compared to spindles without the X-chromosome. In addition, it was found that the process of aging had an impact on spindle length in both metaphase I and II. By manipulating the number of unpaired chromosomes, it could be demonstrated that the lagging behavior of univalent chromosomes is caused by the incapability of pairing in meiotic prophase. After performing a quantitative analysis of the light microscopic data it was further shown that a dynamic microtubule bundle is connecting the X-chromosome to the spindle poles. Using laser microsurgery it could be demonstrated that this bundle exerts a pulling force to the univalent chromosome throughout anaphase. Unexpectedly, electron tomography showed that anaphase-type movements of the autosomes were not accompanied by a shortening of the kinetochore microtubules. Instead, three findings indicated a shortening of the centrosome-chromosome distance itself: (1) upon anaphase onset, tension is released on the beforehand stretched autosomes; (2) centrosomes shrink in preparation for meiosis II and (3) the attachment angle of end-on microtubules changes. Interestingly, microtubules connecting the X-chromosome to the spindle poles showed a high curvature around the kinetochore region of the X-chromosome, suggesting an involvement of motor proteins in the process of segregation. Taken together, this thesis gives the first detailed quantitative analysis of spindle dynamics and architecture during male meiosis in the nematode C. elegans. This wild-type data will serve as a basis for future mutant analyses and should help to further understand the complex dynamic and ultrastructural aspects of spindle organization in the meiotic divisions in C. elegans males.
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Waheed, Qaiser. "Molecular Dynamic Simulations of Biological Membranes." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Teoretisk biologisk fysik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-102268.

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Biological membranes mainly constituent lipid molecules along with some proteins and steroles. The properties of the pure lipid bilayers as well as in the presence of other constituents (in case of two or three component systems) are very important to be studied carefully to model these systems and compare them with the realistic systems. Molecular dynamic simulations provide a good opportunity to model such systems and to study them at microscopic level where experiments fail to do. In this thesis we study the structural and dynamic properties of the pure phospholipid bilayers and the phase behavior of phospholipid bilayers when other constituents are present in them. Material and structural properties like area per lipid and area compressibility of the phospholipids show a big scatter in experiments. These properties are studied for different system sizes and it was found that the increasing undulations in large systems effect these properties. A correction was applied to area per lipid and area compressibility using the Helfrich theory in Fourier space. Other structural properties like order of the lipid chains, electron density and radial distribution functions are calculated which give the structure of the lipid bilayer along the normal and in the lateral direction. These properties are compared to the X-ray and neutron scattering experiments after Fourier transform. Thermodynamic properties like heat capacity and heat of melting are also calculated from derivatives of energies available in molecular dynamics. Heat capacity on the other hand include quantum effect and are corrected for that by applying quantum correction using normal mode analysis for a simple as well as ambiguous system like water. Here it is done for SPC/E water model. The purpose of this study is to further apply the quantum corrections on macromolecules like lipids by using this technique. Furthermore the phase behavior of two component systems (phospholipids/cholesterol) is also studied. Phase transition in these systems is observed at different cholesterol concentrations as a function of temperature by looking at different quantities (as an order parameter) like the order of chains, area per molecule and partial specific area. Radial distribution functions are used to look at the in plane structure for different phases having a different lateral or positional order. Adding more cholesterol orders the lipid chains changing a liquid disordered system into a liquid ordered one and turning a solid ordered system into a liquid ordered one. Further more the free energy of domain formation is calculated to investigate the two phasecoexistence in binary systems. Free energy contains two terms. One is bulk freeenergy which was calculated by the chemical potential of cholesterol moleculein a homogeneous system which is favorable for segregation. Second is thefree energy of having an interface which is calculated from the line tension of the interface of two systems with different cholesterol concentration which in unfavorable for domain formation. The size of the domains calculated from these two contributions to the free energy gives the domains of a few nm in size. Though we could not find any such domains by directly looking at our simulations.

QC 20120913

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Choi, Sung Hugh. "The Role of Dynamic Cdk1 Phosphorylation in Chromosome Segregation in Schizosaccharomyces pombe: A Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2010. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/453.

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The proper transmission of genetic materials into progeny cells is crucial for maintenance of genetic integrity in eukaryotes and fundamental for reproduction of organisms. To achieve this goal, chromosomes must be attached to microtubules emanating from opposite poles in a bi-oriented manner at metaphase, and then should be separated equally through proper spindle elongation in anaphase. Failure to do so leads to aneuploidy, which is often associated with cancer. Despite the presence of a safety device called the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) to monitor chromosome bi-orientation, mammalian cells frequently possess merotelic kinetochore orientation, in which a single kinetochore binds microtubules emanating from both poles. Merotelically attached kinetochores escape from the surveillance mechanism of the SAC and when cells proceed to anaphase cause lagging chromosomes, which are a leading cause of aneuploidy in mammalian tissue cultured cells. The fission yeast monopolin complex functions in prevention of mal-orientation of kinetochores including merotelic attachments during mitosis. Despite the known importance of Cdk1 activity during mitosis, it has been unclear how oscillations in Cdk1 activity drive the dramatic changes in chromosome behavior and spindle dynamics that occur at the metaphase/anaphase transition. In two separate studies, we show how dynamic Cdk1 phosphorylation regulates chromosome segregation. First, we demonstrate that sequential phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of monopolin by Cdk1 and Cdc14 phosphatase respectively helps ensure the orderly execution of two discrete steps in mitosis, namely sister kinetochore bi-orientation at metaphase and spindle elongation in anaphase. Second, we show that elevated Cdk1 activity is crucial for correction of merotelic kinetochores produced in monopolin and heterochromatin mutants.
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Furtado, Bernardo Alves. "Modeling social heterogeneity, neighborhoods and local influences on urban estate prices : spatial dynamic analyses in the Belo Horizonte metropolitan area, Brazil /." Utrecht : Koninklijk Nederlands Aardrijskundig Genootschap [u.a.], 2009. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=018618333&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Fabig, Gunar [Verfasser], Michael [Gutachter] Göttfert, and Diana [Gutachter] Chu. "Dynamic and ultrastructural characterization of chromosome segregation in C. elegans male meiosis / Gunar Fabig ; Gutachter: Michael Göttfert, Diana Chu." Dresden : Technische Universität Dresden, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1226896804/34.

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Liu, Qingsong. "The Role of Mobility in the Socio-spatial Segregation Assessment with Social Media Data." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1618913543377221.

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Titos, Vivancos Iris 1986. "Topoisomerase II and dynamic microtubules solve sister chromatid intertwinings in anaphase." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/287225.

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At the metaphase-to-anaphase transition, spindle microtubules pull replicated chromosomes to the daughter cells, but full separation of long chromosome arms is achieved in late anaphase. We have created an allelic series of long chromosomes to elucidate the mechanisms involved in long chromosome resolution during mitosis. With this method we have shown that long chromosome cells are sensitized to the loss of genes involved in chromosome structure and segregation. We have discovered that Topoisomerase II is needed during anaphase to resolve distal regions of long chromosomes and that the activity of the microtubule polymerase Stu2 is crucial in the resolution of catenations. Moreover, we have identified the nuclear organization as a new source that contributes to the topological stress accumulated in chromosomes. Thus, topological constraints imposed by chromosome length and nuclear architecture determine the amount of sister chromatid intertwinings that must be resolved by Topoisomerase II and dynamic microtubules during anaphase.
A la transició entre metafase i anafase els microtúbuls del fus mitòtic transporten els cromosomes a les cèl·lules filles, tot i això la separació completa dels braços dels cromosomes no succeeix fins al final dʼanafase. Amb lʼobjectiu dʼentendre com es resolen els cromosomes llargs durant anafase, hem creat una sèrie al·lèlica de cromosomes artificalment llargs. Amb aquesta metodologia hem demostrat que les cèl·lules que contenen cromosomes llargs estan sensibilitzades a la pèrdua de gens involucrats en lʼestructura i la segregació de cromosomes. Hem descobert que la Topoisomerasa II es necesària durant anafase per resoldre les regions distals de cromosomes llargs i que lʼactivitat de la polimerasa de microtúbuls, Stu2, és essencial en la resolució de concatenacions entre cromàtides germanes. A més, hem pogut identificar lʼorganització nuclear com una nova font que contribueix a lʼestrés topològic acumulat als cromosomes. En conclusió, les restriccions topològiques que imposen tant la longitud dels cromosomes com lʼarquitectura nuclear determinen la quantitat de concatenacions entre cromàtides germanes que han de ser resoltes per la Topoisomerasa II i els microtúbuls dinàmics durant anafase.
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Books on the topic "Dynamic segregation"

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Hernbe, Philippe. From La Boaere to health resorts: Segregation and exclusion or freed men's dynamic. [S.l.]: Le Patriarche, 1989.

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Card, David E. Tipping and the dynamics of segregation. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007.

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Card, David E. Tipping and the dynamics of segregation in neighborhoods and schools. Princeton, NJ: Education Research Section, 2006.

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Milkman, Ruth. Gender at work: The dynamics of job segregation by sex during World War II. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987.

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Fryer, Roland G. The importance of segregation, discrimination, peer dynamics, and identity in explaining trends in the racial achievement gap. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2010.

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IUTAM Symposium on Segregation in Granular Flows (1999 Cape May, N.J.). IUTAM Symposium on Segregation in Granular Flows: Proceedings of the IUTAM Symposium held in Cape May, NJ, U.S.A., June 5-10, 1999. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000.

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Harks, Tobias, and Sebastian Vehlken. Neighborhood Technologies: Media and Mathematics of Dynamic Networks. University of Chicago Press, 2015.

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Kramer, Michael R. Residential Segregation and Health. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190843496.003.0012.

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Demographers and sociologists have long been interested in social inequality, including as it relates to space. Residential segregation is a specific type of social sorting that results in the spatial and physical separation of where individuals live in residential space. Residential location anchors the life course geography of opportunity and therefore drives the health-relevant exposure profile of individuals. This chapter develops an understanding of segregation as a spatiotemporally dynamic process rooted in history, with contemporary consequences. Sections on conventional and newly emerging measures of residential segregation (e.g., spatial and aspatial; local and regional), hypothesized mechanisms linking segregation to health, and future direction in segregation-health research are covered.
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Khan, Zeina Shereen. Granular segregation dynamics in a rotating drum. 2006.

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Felker-Kantor, Max. Policing Los Angeles. University of North Carolina Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469646831.001.0001.

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When the Los Angeles neighborhood of Watts erupted in violent protest in August 1965, the uprising drew strength from decades of pent-up frustration with employment discrimination, residential segregation, and poverty. But the more immediate grievance was anger at the racist and abusive practices of the Los Angeles Police Department. Yet in the decades after Watts, the LAPD resisted all but the most limited demands for reform made by activists and residents of color, instead intensifying its power. In Policing Los Angeles, Max Felker-Kantor narrates the dynamic history of policing, anti-police abuse movements, race, and politics in Los Angeles from the 1965 Watts uprising to the 1992 Los Angeles rebellion. Using the explosions of two large-scale uprisings in Los Angeles as bookends, Felker-Kantor highlights the racism at the heart of the city's expansive police power through a range of previously unused and rare archival sources. His book is a gripping and timely account of the transformation in police power, the convergence of interests in support of law and order policies, and African American and Mexican American resistance to police violence after the Watts uprising.
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Book chapters on the topic "Dynamic segregation"

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Tsui, Amy Bik May. "English as Lingua Franca on Campus: Cultural Integration or Segregation?" In Dynamic Ecologies, 75–93. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7972-3_6.

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Windle, Joel. "School segregation in Rio de Janeiro: geographical, racial and historical dimensions of a centre-periphery dynamic." In Comparative Perspectives on School Segregation, 91–105. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003439844-6.

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Cardaliaguet, Pierre, Alessio Porretta, and Daniela Tonon. "A Segregation Problem in Multi-Population Mean Field Games." In Advances in Dynamic and Mean Field Games, 49–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70619-1_3.

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Petot-Ervas, G. "Dynamic Segregation in Multicomponent Oxides Under Chemical Potential Gradients." In Surfaces and Interfaces of Ceramic Materials, 337–49. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1035-5_19.

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Kirchner, Nina P., and Kolumban Hutter. "Modelling Particle Size Segregation in Granular Mixtures." In Dynamic Response of Granular and Porous Materials under Large and Catastrophic Deformations, 367–91. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-36565-5_13.

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Fried, Eliot, and Bidhan C. Roy. "Gravity-Induced Segregation of Cohesionless Granular Mixtures." In Dynamic Response of Granular and Porous Materials under Large and Catastrophic Deformations, 393–421. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-36565-5_14.

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Rukmana, Deden, and Dinar Ramadhani. "Income Inequality and Socioeconomic Segregation in Jakarta." In The Urban Book Series, 135–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64569-4_7.

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AbstractSocioeconomic segregation has become a common phenomenon, both in the Global North and Global South, and highly relates to income inequality. The merging of these two notions affects the geography of residential areas which are based on the socio-occupational composition. This chapter focuses on the Jakarta Metropolitan Area (JMA). Not only is Jakarta the largest metropolitan area in Southeast Asia, it is also one of the most dynamic. Batavia, the colonial capital of the former Dutch East Indies in the first half of the twentieth century, was a small urban area of approximately 150,000 residents. In the second half of the century, Batavia became Jakarta, a megacity of 31 million people and the capital of independent Indonesia was beset with most of the same urban problems experienced in twenty-first-century Southeast Asia, including poverty, income inequality, and socioeconomic segregation. This study aims to identify the correlation among income inequality, socioeconomic segregation, and other institutional and contextual factors which caused residential segregation in JMA. The analysis consists of two stages. First, we examine income inequality measured by the Gini Index as well as the occupational structure based on the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO). Second, we investigate residential segregation by using the Dissimilarity Index as a result of socioeconomic intermixing in residential areas. The data in this study comes from multiple sources including Indonesia’s Central Bureau of Statistics, Indonesia’s National Socio-economic Survey (Susenas), Indonesia’s Economic Census, Jakarta’s Regional Bureau of Statistics, and policies related to the housing system and investment in the JMA. This study also produces maps of socioeconomic segregation patterns from several sources including Jakarta’s Geospatial Information Centre, Jakarta’s Spatial Plan Information System, and the Indonesian Poverty Map by the SMERU Research Institute.
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Cetin, Semih, N. Ilker Altintas, and Remzi Solmaz. "Business Rules Segregation for Dynamic Process Management with an Aspect-Oriented Framework." In Business Process Management Workshops, 193–204. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11837862_20.

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Zhang, Wenjing, and Yiming Wang. "Characterising Social Integration Between Rural Migrants and Local Residents in Urban China: An Exploratory Social Network Analysis of Care Workers in Shanghai." In The Urban Book Series, 233–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74544-8_12.

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AbstractRecentdecades have witnessed large migration flows from rural to urban China. This chapter explores the potential of social network analysis (SNA) for assessing and understanding social integration in contemporary Chinese cities. We begin by presenting the background and the complex, multi-dimensional and inter-connected factors that typically affect segregation and inequality within urban China. SNA is introduced as a potential analytical approach for characterising and examining the ongoing dynamic social integration process. We discuss some initial findings based upon an exploratory case study in Shanghai on multi-dimensional segregation in the social care sector. We also identify the limitations of SNA as a relatively innovative method for researching social integration and call for a mixed-methods approach towards its application in examining the intricacy and complexity of social integration in contemporary urban China.
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Kusinski, J., S. Jasienska, A. Rivière, and C. Monty. "Microstructural Changes and Dynamic Segregation Near an Interface Formed During the Reduction of (Fe1-x-yCay)O." In Surfaces and Interfaces of Ceramic Materials, 373–74. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1035-5_22.

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Conference papers on the topic "Dynamic segregation"

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Edwards, Victoria, Paulo Rezeck, Luiz Chaimowicz, and M. Ani Hsieh. "Segregation of Heterogeneous Robotics Swarms via Convex Optimization." In ASME 2016 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2016-9653.

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The division of labor amongst a heterogeneous swarm of robots increases the range and sophistication of the tasks the swarm can accomplish. To efficiently execute a task the swarm of robots must have some starting organization. Over the past decade segregation of robotic swarms has grown as a field of research drawing inspiration from natural phenomena such as cellular segregation. A variety of different approaches have been undertaken to devise control methods to organize a heterogeneous swarm of robots. In this work, we present a convex optimization approach to segregate a heterogeneous swarm into a set of homogeneous collectives. We present theoretical results that show our approach is guaranteed to achieve complete segregation and validate our strategy in simulation and experiments.
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Matsumura, Yuki, Shinya Kumagai, Tatsunori Obara, Tetsuya Yamamoto, and Fumiyuki Adachi. "Channel segregation based dynamic channel assignment for WLAN." In 2012 IEEE International Conference on Communication Systems (ICCS). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccs.2012.6406191.

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"Static and Dynamic Segregation Resistance of Self-Consolidating Rubberized Concrete." In International Conference on Disaster Management and Civil Engineering. Universal Researchers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/ur.u1015323.

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Temma, Katsuhiro, and Fumiyuki Adachi. "Multi-group interference-aware channel segregation based dynamic channel assignment." In 2014 4th IEEE International Conference on Network Infrastructure and Digital Content (IC-NIDC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icnidc.2014.7000264.

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Venkat, A. N., and R. D. Gudi. "Fuzzy segregation based identification and control of nonlinear dynamic systems." In Proceedings of American Control Conference. IEEE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acc.2001.946177.

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Sugai, Ren, Katsuhiro Temma, Abolfazl Mehbodniya, and Fumiyuki Adachi. "Interference-aware channel segregation for HetNet using time- and frequency-division channels." In 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dyspan.2015.7343921.

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Matsumura, Yuki, Katsuhiro Temma, Koichi Ishihara, B. A. Hirantha Sithira Abeysekera, Tomoaki Kumagai, and Fumiyuki Adachi. "Transmit power control suitable for interference-aware channel segregation based dynamic channel assignment." In 2013 9th International Conference on Information, Communications & Signal Processing (ICICS). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icics.2013.6782930.

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Foley, Simon N. "The specification and implementation of “commercial” security requirements including dynamic segregation of duties." In the 4th ACM conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/266420.266447.

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Matsumura, Yuki, Katsuhiro Temma, Koichi Ishihara, B. A. Hirantha Sithira Abeysekera, Tomoaki Kumagai, and Fumiyuki Adachi. "Interference-aware channel segregation based dynamic channel assignment using SNR-based transmit power control." In 2013 International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing and Communication Systems (ISPACS). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ispacs.2013.6704657.

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Cicerone, Carol M., and Donald D. Hoffman. "Dynamic neon colors: Perceptual evidence for parallel visual pathways." In Advances in Color Vision. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/acv.1992.fb19.

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There is accumulating neurophysiological evidence that the primate visual system constructs multiple representations of the visual world (1-5). Each of these representations, based on classes of neurons with distinctive properties and roles, provides an analysis of some aspect, for example motion, of the visual world. In everyday life, a smooth interleaving of the information provided by these parallel pathways leaves us unaware of this segregation of function: Effortlessly, we use a complex tapestry of form, color, depth, and motion to make sense of the patterns of light and dark falling upon our retinae.
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Reports on the topic "Dynamic segregation"

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Qamhia, Issam, Erol Tutumluer, and Han Wang. Aggregate Subgrade Improvements Using Quarry By-products: A Field Investigation. Illinois Center for Transportation, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-017.

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This report presents a case study for constructing aggregate subgrade improvement (ASI) layers using quarry by-product aggregates (QBA), a quarry mix of large primary crushed rocks (PCR) and sand-sized quarry fines. The construction took place at Larry Power Road in Bourbonnais Township in Kankakee County, Illinois, where the Illinois Department of Transportation placed two QBA mixes. The first mix (QBA_M1) consisted of 45% quarry by-products and 55% railroad ballast–sized 3×1 PCR. The second mix (QBA_M2) consisted of 31% and 69% quarry by-products and PCR, respectively. Two conventional ASI sections were also constructed conforming to Illinois Department of Transportation’s CS02 gradation. All sections consisted of a 9 in. (229 mm) QBA/PCR layer topped with a 3 in. (76 mm) dense-graded capping layer. Laboratory studies preceded the construction to recommend optimum quarry by-product content in the QBA materials and construction practice. The Illinois Center for Transportation research team monitored the quality and uniformity of the construction using nondestructive testing techniques such as dynamic cone penetrometer, lightweight deflectometer, and falling weight deflectometer. The segregation potential was monitored by visual inspection and imaging-based techniques. Short-term field evaluation of the constructed QBA layers, particularly QBA_M2 with a 31% quarry by-product content, showed no evidence of abnormal segregation and did not jeopardize the structural integrity of the QBA ASI layers, which had slightly lower but comparable strength and stiffness profiles to the conventional ASI sections. The use of QBA materials in ASI was field validated as a sustainable construction practice to provide stable pavement foundation layers.
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Card, David, Alexandre Mas, and Jesse Rothstein. Tipping and the Dynamics of Segregation. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w13052.

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Margo, Robert. The Competitive Dynamics of Racial Exclusion: Employment Segregation in the South, 1900-1950. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/h0014.

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Fryer, Roland. The Importance of Segregation, Discrimination, Peer Dynamics, and Identity in Explaining Trends in the Racial Achievement Gap. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w16257.

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Barney, G. S. Fluid dynamics, particulate segregation, chemical processes, and natural ore analog discussions that relate to the potential for criticality in Hanford tanks. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/16768.

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Brenan, J. M., K. Woods, J. E. Mungall, and R. Weston. Origin of chromitites in the Esker Intrusive Complex, Ring of Fire Intrusive Suite, as revealed by chromite trace element chemistry and simple crystallization models. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328981.

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To better constrain the origin of the chromitites associated with the Esker Intrusive Complex (EIC) of the Ring of Fire Intrusive Suite (RoFIS), a total of 50 chromite-bearing samples from the Black Thor, Big Daddy, Blackbird, and Black Label chromite deposits have been analysed for major and trace elements. The samples represent three textural groups, as defined by the relative abundance of cumulate silicate phases and chromite. To provide deposit-specific partition coefficients for modeling, we also report on the results of laboratory experiments to measure olivine- and chromite-melt partitioning of V and Ga, which are two elements readily detectable in the chromites analysed. Comparison of the Cr/Cr+Al and Fe/Fe+Mg of the EIC chromites and compositions from previous experimental studies indicates overlap in Cr/Cr+Al between the natural samples and experiments done at >1400oC, but significant offset of the natural samples to higher Fe/Fe+Mg. This is interpreted to be the result of subsolidus Fe-Mg exchange between chromite and the silicate matrix. However, little change in Cr/Cr+Al from magmatic values, owing to the lack of an exchangeable reservoir for these elements. A comparison of the composition of the EIC chromites and a subset of samples from other tectonic settings reveals a strong similarity to chromites from the similarly-aged Munro Township komatiites. Partition coefficients for V and Ga are consistent with past results in that both elements are compatible in chromite (DV = 2-4; DGa ~ 3), and incompatible in olivine (DV = 0.01-0.14; DGa ~ 0.02), with values for V increasing with decreasing fO2. Simple fractional crystallization models that use these partition coefficients are developed that monitor the change in element behaviour based on the relative proportions of olivine to chromite in the crystallizing assemblage; from 'normal' cotectic proportions involving predominantly olivine, to chromite-only crystallization. Comparison of models to the natural chromite V-Ga array suggests that the overall positive correlation between these two elements is consistent with chromite formed from a Munro Township-like komatiitic magma crystallizing olivine and chromite in 'normal' cotectic proportions, with no evidence of the strong depletion in these elements expected for chromite-only crystallization. The V-Ga array can be explained if the initial magma responsible for chromite formation is slightly reduced with respect to the FMQ oxygen buffer (~FMQ- 0.5), and has assimilated up to ~20% of wall-rock banded iron formation or granodiorite. Despite the evidence for contamination, results indicate that the EIC chromitites crystallized from 'normal' cotectic proportions of olivine to chromite, and therefore no specific causative link is made between contamination and chromitite formation. Instead, the development of near- monomineralic chromite layers likely involves the preferential removal of olivine relative to chromite by physical segregation during magma flow. As suggested for some other chromitite-forming systems, the specific fluid dynamic regime during magma emplacement may therefore be responsible for crystal sorting and chromite accumulation.
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David, Lior, Yaniv Palti, Moshe Kotler, Gideon Hulata, and Eric M. Hallerman. Genetic Basis of Cyprinid Herpes Virus-3 Resistance in Common Carp. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592645.bard.

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The goal of this project was to provide scientific and technical basis for initiating the development of breeding protocols using marker assisted selection for viral disease resistance in common carp. The specific objectives were: 1) Establishing families and characterizing the phenotypic and genetic variation of viral resistance; 2) Measuring the dynamics of immune response and developing a method to measure the long term immune memory; 3) Developing markers and generating a new genetic linkage map, which will enable initial QTL mapping; and, 4) Identifying genetic linkage of markers and candidate genes (like MHC and TLRs) with resistance to CyHV-3. The common carp is an important farmed freshwater fish species in the world. Edible carp is second only to tilapia in Israeli aquaculture production and ornamental carp (koi) is an important product in both the US and Israel. Carp industries worldwide have recently suffered enormous economic damage due to a viral disease caused by Cyprinid herpes virus 3 (CyHV-3). Aside from preventative measures, a sustainable solution to this problem will be to establish a genetic improvement program of the resistance of fish to the pathogen. The aims of the project was to take the necessary first steps towards that. The differences in survival rates after infection with CyHV-3 virus among 20 families from six types of crosses between three carp lines (two commercial lines and one wild-type carp) revealed that the wild-type carp and its crosses had a much-improved survival over the crosses of the commercial lines themselves. These crosses set the starting point for breeding of commercial strains with improved resistance. Resistant fish had lower antibody titer against the virus suggesting that resistance might depend more on the innate immunity. A set of 500 microsateliite markers was developed and the markers are currently being used for generating a genetic linkage map for carp and for identifying disease resistance QTL. Fourteen candidate immune genes, some of which were duplicated, were cloned from the carp and SNP markers were identified in them. The expression of these genes varied between tissues and suggested functional divergence of some duplicated genes. Initial association between CyHV-3 resistance and one of the genes was found when SNP alleles in these genes were tested for their segregation between susceptible and resistant progeny. The results of this project have implications to the development of viral resistant commercial carp strains and effective immunization against this aggressive disease. The genetic and immunological knowledge accumulated in this project will not only promote carp and koi production but will also contribute to a broader understanding of fish immunogenetics.
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Ginzberg, Idit, Richard E. Veilleux, and James G. Tokuhisa. Identification and Allelic Variation of Genes Involved in the Potato Glycoalkaloid Biosynthetic Pathway. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7593386.bard.

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Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are secondary metabolites being part of the plant defense response. The two major SGAs in cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum) are α-chaconine and α-solanine, which exhibit strong cellular lytic properties and inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity, and are poisonous at high concentrations for humans. As SGAs are not destroyed during cooking and frying commercial cultivars have been bred to contain low levels, and their content in tubers should not exceed 20 mg/100 g fresh weight. However, environmental factors can increase tuber SGA content above the safe level. The focus of the proposed research was to apply genomic approaches to identify candidate genes that control potato SGA content in order to develop tools for potato improvement by marker-assisted selection and/or transgenic approaches. To this end, the objectives of the proposal included identification of genes, metabolic intermediates and allelic variations in the potato SGAbiosynthetic pathway. The SGAs are biosynthesized by the sterol branch of the mevalonic acid/isoprenoid pathway. Transgenic potato plants that overexpress 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase 1 (HMG1) or squalene synthase 1 (SQS1), key enzymes of the mevalonic acid/isoprenoid pathway, exhibited elevated levels of solanine and chaconine as well as induced expression of genes downstream the pathway. These results suggest of coordinated regulation of isoprenoid (primary) metabolism and SGA secondary metabolism. The transgenic plants were further used to identify new SGA-related candidate genes by cDNA-AFLP approach and a novel glycosyltransferase was isolated. In addition, genes involved in phytosterol biosynthesis may have dual role and synthesize defense-related steroidal metabolites, such as SGAs, via lanosterol pathway. Potato lanosterol synthase sequence (LAS) was isolated and used to prepare transgenic plants with overexpressing and silencing constructs. Plants are currently being analyzed for SGA content. The dynamics of SGA accumulation in the various organs of a potato species with high SGA content gave insights into the general regulation of SGA abundance. Leaf SGA levels in S. chacoense were 10 to 20-fold greater than those of S. tuberosum. The leptines, SGAs with strong antifeedant properties against Colorado potato beetles, were present in all aerial tissues except for early and mid-developmental stages of above ground stolons, and accounted for the high SGA content of S. chacoense. These results indicate the presence of regulatory mechanisms in most tissues except in stolons that limit the levels of α-solanine and α-chaconine and confine leptine accumulation to the aerial tissues. The genomes of cultivated and wild potato contain a 4-member gene family coding for SQS. Three orthologs were cloned as cDNAs from S. chacoense and heterologously expressed in E. coli. Squalene accumulated in all E. coli lines transformed with each of the three gene constructs. Differential transcript abundance in various organs and amino acid sequence differences in the conserved domains of three isoenzymes indicate subfunctionalization of SQS activity and triterpene/sterol metabolism. Because S. chacoense and S. phureja differ so greatly for presence and accumulation of SGAs, we selected four candidate genes from different points along the biosynthetic pathway to determine if chcor phuspecific alleles were associated with SGA expression in a segregating interspecific diploid population. For two of the four genes (HMG2 and SGT2) F2 plants with chcalleles expressed significantly greater total SGAs compared with heterozygotes and those with phualleles. Although there are other determinants of SGA biosynthesis and composition in potato, the ability of allelic states at two genes to affect SGA levels confirms some of the above transgenic work where chcalleles at two other loci altered SGA expression in Desiree. Present results reveal new opportunities to manipulate triterpene/sterol biosynthesis in more targeted ways with the objective of altering SGA content for both human health concerns and natural pesticide content without disrupting the essential metabolism and function of the phytosterol component of the membranes and the growth regulating brassinosteroids.
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Hovav, Ran, Peggy Ozias-Akins, and Scott A. Jackson. The genetics of pod-filling in peanut under water-limiting conditions. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597923.bard.

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Pod-filling, an important yield-determining stage is strongly influenced by water stress. This is particularly true for peanut (Arachishypogaea), wherein pods are developed underground and are directly affected by the water condition. Pod-filling in peanut has a significant genetic component as well, since genotypes are considerably varied in their pod-fill (PF) and seed-fill (SF) potential. The goals of this research were to: Examine the effects of genotype, irrigation, and genotype X irrigation on PF and SF. Detect global changes in mRNA and metabolites levels that accompany PF and SF. Explore the response of the duplicate peanut pod transcriptome to drought stress. Study how entire duplicated PF regulatory processes are networked within a polyploid organism. Discover locus-specific SNP markers and map pod quality traits under different environments. The research included genotypes and segregating populations from Israel and US that are varied in PF, SF and their tolerance to water deficit. Initially, an extensive field trial was conducted to investigate the effects of genotype, irrigation, and genotype X irrigation on PF and SF. Significant irrigation and genotypic effect was observed for the two main PF related traits, "seed ratio" and "dead-end ratio", demonstrating that reduction in irrigation directly influences the developing pods as a result of low water potential. Although the Irrigation × Genotype interaction was not statistically significant, one genotype (line 53) was found to be more sensitive to low irrigation treatments. Two RNAseq studies were simultaneously conducted in IL and the USA to characterize expression changes that accompany shell ("source") and seed ("sink") biogenesis in peanut. Both studies showed that SF and PF processes are very dynamic and undergo very rapid change in the accumulation of RNA, nutrients, and oil. Some genotypes differ in transcript accumulation rates, which can explain their difference in SF and PF potential; like cvHanoch that was found to be more enriched than line 53 in processes involving the generation of metabolites and energy at the beginning of seed development. Interestingly, an opposite situation was found in pericarp development, wherein rapid cell wall maturation processes were up-regulated in line 53. Although no significant effect was found for the irrigation level on seed transcriptome in general, and particularly on subgenomic assignment (that was found almost comparable to a 1:1 for A- and B- subgenomes), more specific homoeologous expression changes associated with particular biosynthesis pathways were found. For example, some significant A- and B- biases were observed in particular parts of the oil related gene expression network and several candidate genes with potential influence on oil content and SF were further examined. Substation achievement of the current program was the development and application of new SNP detection and mapping methods for peanut. Two major efforts on this direction were performed. In IL, a GBS approach was developed to map pod quality traits on Hanoch X 53 F2/F3 generations. Although the GBS approach was found to be less effective for our genetic system, it still succeeded to find significant mapping locations for several traits like testa color (linkage A10), number of seeds/pods (A5) and pod wart resistance (B7). In the USA, a SNP array was developed and applied for peanut, which is based on whole genome re-sequencing of 20 genotypes. This chip was used to map pod quality related traits in a Tifrunner x NC3033 RIL population. It was phenotyped for three years, including a new x-ray method to phenotype seed-fill and seed density. The total map size was 1229.7 cM with 1320 markers assigned. Based on this linkage map, 21 QTLs were identified for the traits 16/64 weight, kernel percentage, seed and pod weight, double pod and pod area. Collectively, this research serves as the first fundamental effort in peanut for understanding the PF and SF components, as a whole, and as influenced by the irrigation level. Results of the proposed study will also generate information and materials that will benefit peanut breeding by facilitating selection for reduced linkage drag during introgression of disease resistance traits into elite cultivars. BARD Report - Project4540 Page 2 of 10
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The space between: Analysis of gender and ethnicity pay gaps in UK-based organisations active in global health. Global Health 50/50, November 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56649/zhpp4836.

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Inequalities in opportunities, power and privilege are evident in our working lives. Historical structures shape opportunities in the career pipelines of different groups of people, including access to education, recruitment and promotion, occupational segregation and the so-called ‘motherhood penalty’. Often these dynamics result in certain groups, particularly men and traditionally privileged ethnic groups, occupying higher status and better paid positions, than other groups – resulting in what are called ‘pay gaps’. Increasing transparency on pay gaps helps to ensure that employers are being fair in providing equitable (fair) opportunities and reducing inequalities across the workforce it also holds them accountable for closing the gap. In the UK, reporting the gender pay gap has been mandatory since 2017 for organisations with more than 250 employees. The law has driven an unprecedented level of transparency on the gender pay gap in the UK and provided valuable information to employers and employees on inequality inside their organisations. To date, however, reporting the ethnicity pay gap remains voluntary. Global Health 50/50 (GH5050) tracks and publicises the policies and practices of nearly 200 organisations active in global health for their commitments to gender equality. This Report takes a deep dive into the reporting of gender and ethnicity pay gap data of 43 organisations in the GH5050 sample which have a presence in the UK. This Report focuses specifically on UK-based organisations given the general lack of pay gap reporting worldwide. The Report finds that, between 2017 and 2022, some progress was made in closing the gap – from 12.7% to 10.9% for median pay gap, and from 14.3% to 10.8% for mean pay gap. A quarter of organisations, however, saw an increase in their gender pay gap by a median 3.6 percentage points. In the absence of mandatory reporting, we found that only 13 organisations voluntarily reported their ethnicity pay gaps in 2022, mostly reporting binary gaps between white and ethnic minority employees. While binary reporting in isolation is generally not recommended, it may be needed to protect salary information of ethnic minority employees when numbers of employees are small. Among this (limited) data, we found a median gap of 3.7% and a mean gap of 6.9% favouring white employees. This Report finds that there has been some positive change since mandatory gender pay gap reporting was introduced in 2017. Yet slow and uneven progress indicates a clear need for continued advocacy to ensure pay gap transparency and to close the gender pay gap. This advocacy should include the expansion of mandatory pay gap reporting to include ethnicity; and for very large organisations, an intersectional approach to the data (combining gender and ethnicity, for example) will provide even more nuance and understanding of where action is needed. Even in the absence of legislative requirements, employers in global health, which are often working to advance social justice and gender equality, should act as models for career equality including by publicly reporting pay gap data. This data can inform target-setting and the development of policies to reduce the gap, such as including multiple women in shortlists for recruitment and promotion, and transparency in pay negotiations. Closing the unjust space between women’s and men’s pay is an urgent priority and would ensure that women are equally and fairly paid for their contributions to organisations and to society. Increasing transparency of the pay gaps will rely on more countries passing legislation, as a critical component of comprehensive frameworks for diversity, inclusion and equality in the workplace.
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