Journal articles: 'DYNAMIC ROUTING PROTOCOL'

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Yusuf, Muhammad, and Radityo Anggoro. "Analisis perbandingan wireless network standard 802.11a dan 802.11p berdasarkan protokol dynamic source routing di lingkungan vehicular ad hoc networks." Register: Jurnal Ilmiah Teknologi Sistem Informasi 3, no. 2 (July 1, 2017): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.26594/register.v3i2.1040.

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Routing pada Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) merupakan kasus yang unik karena tingginya perubahan jaringannya. VANET sendiri juga digolongkan dalam Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET), sehingga protokol-protokol routing yang ada pada MANET dapat juga dipakai pada VANET. Pemilihan protokol routing menjadi salah satu aspek yang cukup penting. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini akan melakukan evaluasi seberapa kuatnya protokol Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) dalam menghadapi berbagai skenario VANET yang memiliki kepadatan bervariasi di dalam lalu lintas perkotaan. Digunakan protokol 802.11p dalam ruang lingkup lalu lintas perkotaan yang didapat dari SUMo simulator, dan dianalisa menggunakan NS-2. Pemilihan 802.11p juga dipilih dari hasil perbandingan antara 802.11p dan 802.11a pada ruang lingkup lalu lintas yang berbentuk grid yang didapat juga dari simulator yang sama. Dari hasil analisa menunjukkan bahwa 802.11p memiliki performa yang lebih bagus dan bervariasi terhadap kepadatan-kepadatan yang telah ditentukan. Routing on Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is a unique case due to the high network changes. VANET itself is also classified in Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET), so the MANET routing protocols can also be used on VANET. Selection of routing protocols becomes one of the most important aspects. Therefore, this study will evaluate how strong the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol in dealing with various VANET scenarios that have varied densities in urban traffic. This research is using an 802.11p protocol that obtained from SUMO simulator and then analyzed by NS-2. The 802.11p protocol was selected based on the result of performance comparison between 802.11p and 802.11a on some grid-shaped traffic scenarios. The results show that 802.11p has better performance and more robust than 802.11a while using predefined densities.

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Jeyaprakash, Thangakumar, and Rajeswari Mukesh. "An Optimized Node Selection Routing Protocol for Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks – A Hybrid Model." Journal of Communications Software and Systems 11, no. 2 (June 23, 2015): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24138/jcomss.v11i2.106.

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Vehicular Ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are a subset of Mobile Ad-hoc Networks made by vehicles communicating among themselves on roadways. The Routing protocols implemented for MANETs such as Ad-hoc on Demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), and Destination Sequence Distance Vector Routing Protocol (DSDV) are not suitable for VANET due to high Mobility. Trusted routing in VANET is a challenging task due to highly dynamic network topology and openness of wireless architecture. To avoid a frequent communication link failure, to reduce the communication overhead and to provide a trusted routing among the vehicular nodes for achieving high packet transmission, we implemented an Optimized Node Selection Routing protocol (ONSRP) of VANET based on Trust. In our proposed work, we implemented an enhanced routing protocol which prevents the network from communication link failure frequently. The testing results stated that the ONSRP routing have a high performance measures than the above mentioned existing routing protocols.

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Ameen, Nabeena, Najumnissa Jamal, and L. Arun Raj. "Comparative analysis of energy based optimized dynamic source multipath routing protocol in WSNs." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 16, no. 1 (October 1, 2019): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v16.i1.pp441-455.

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Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has been considered to be a formula for overcoming various requirements like surveillance, health care, traffic surveillance and defense systems. As an aid to the demands for Wireless sensor network, research has been going on the efficient consumption of energy and secure communication areas for WSN. Here introducing Ant colony optimization based Optimized dynamic Secure multipath routing protocol (ODMRP) have improvised WSN in terms of energy efficiency, performance, strength and scalability. This paper proposed mechanism of Ant Colony Optimization based on the optimized dynamic secure multipath routing protocol (ODMRP-ACO) for data transmission in the WSNs. This eases the data transmission via WSNs. The shortest path between the source node and the destination node is analyzed by the ant colony cooperation which is based on the ACO. There are several routing protocols like Energy-aware and Secure Routing with Trust (ESRT-ACO), Split multipath routing protocol-Ant colony Optimization (SMR-ACO), Light Weight Trust Based routing protocol (TLB-AODV) and AODV routing protocols that are built with the ACO based Routing Protocol. They are concerned over the End to End Delay, Packet Delivery Rate, Routing Overhead, Throughput and Energy Efficiency. The data analytic results have proven to be effective compared to the other routing protocols designed for WSN. This is because; the overall ODMRP-ACO was calculated to be 96.98% better than the other existing. For the newly developed ODMRP-ACO protocol, the simulation platform used is NS2 simulation software.

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Kadhim, Dheyaa Jasim, and Ali Abdulwahhab Mohammed. "Proposed emerged and enhanced routing protocols for wireless networks." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 24, no. 2 (November 1, 2021): 871. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v24.i2.pp871-879.

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The problem motivation of this work deals with how to control the network overhead and reduce the network latency that may cause many unwanted loops resulting from using standard routing. This work proposes three different wireless routing protocols which they are originally using some advantages for famous wireless ad-hoc routing protocols such as dynamic source routing (DSR), optimized link state routing (OLSR), destination sequenced distance vector (DSDV) and zone routing protocol (ZRP). The first proposed routing protocol is presented an enhanced destination sequenced distance vector (E-DSDV) routing protocol, while the second proposed routing protocol is designed based on using the advantages of DSDV and ZRP and we named it as DS-ZRP routing protocol. The third proposed routing protocol is designed based on using the advantaged of multipoint relays in OSLR protocol with the advantages of route cashing in DSR protocol, and we named it as OLS-DSR routing protocol. Then, some experimental tests are doing by demonstration case studies and the experimental results proved that our proposed routing protocols outperformed than current wireless routing protocols in terms of important network performance metrics such as periodical broadcast, network control overhead, bandwidth overhead, energy consumed and latency.

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Mishra, Salonee, and Binod Kumar Pattanayak. "Power Efficient Dynamic Source Routing Protocol." International Journal of Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering 9, no. 7 (July 31, 2014): 185–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijmue.2014.9.7.16.

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Hu, Xing, Linhua Ma, Yongqiang Ding, Jin Xu, Yan Li, and Shiping Ma. "Fuzzy Logic-Based Geographic Routing Protocol for Dynamic Wireless Sensor Networks." Sensors 19, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19010196.

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The geographic routing protocol only requires the location information of local nodes for routing decisions, and is considered very efficient in multi-hop wireless sensor networks. However, in dynamic wireless sensor networks, it increases the routing overhead while obtaining the location information of destination nodes by using a location server algorithm. In addition, the routing void problem and location inaccuracy problem also occur in geographic routing. To solve these problems, a novel fuzzy logic-based geographic routing protocol (FLGR) is proposed. The selection criteria and parameters for the assessment of the next forwarding node are also proposed. In FLGR protocol, the next forward node can be selected based on the fuzzy location region of the destination node. Finally, the feasibility of the FLGR forwarding mode is verified and the performance of FLGR protocol is analyzed via simulation. Simulation results show that the proposed FLGR forwarding mode can effectively avoid the routing void problem. Compared with existing protocols, the FLGR protocol has lower routing overhead, and a higher packet delivery rate in a sparse network.

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Nampally, Venkatamangarao, and M. Raghavender Sharma. "Reliable and Efficient Routing Mechanisms for Vehicular ad-hoc Network." Asian Journal of Computer Science and Technology 7, no. 2 (August 5, 2018): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajcst-2018.7.2.1879.

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In order to provide stable connections among nodes, a routing protocol is necessary in VANET system. Dynamic topology and frequent disconnection makes difficult to design an efficient routing protocol for VANET to route information among nodes. The survey of routing protocols in VANET system helps in understanding the concepts of smart intelligent transport system (ITS). It is observed that carry-and-forward is the key consideration and main function of an efficient routing protocol in VANET system. This paper explains various routing protocols for VANET system.

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Al-Shehri, Salman, and Pavel Loskot. "Enhancing Reliability of Tactical MANETs by Improving Routing Decisions." Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications 8, no. 4 (November 28, 2018): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jlpea8040049.

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Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) have been primarily designed to enhance tactical communications in a battlefield. They provide dynamic connectivity without requiring any pre-existing infrastructure. Their multi-hop capabilities can improve radio coverage significantly. The nature of tactical MANET operations requires more specialized routing protocols compared to the ones which are used in commercial MANET. Routing decisions in MANETs are usually conditioned on signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) measurements. In order to improve routing decisions for use in highly dynamic tactical MANETs, this paper proposes to combine two different metrics to achieve reliable multicast in multi-hop ad hoc networks. The resulting protocol combining received signal strength (RSS) with SINR to make routing decisions is referred to as Link Quality Aware Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (LQA-AODV) routing. The proposed routing protocol can quickly adapt to dynamic changes in network topology and link quality variations often encountered in tactical field operations. Using computer simulations, the performance of proposed protocol is shown to outperform other widely used reactive routing protocols assuming several performance metrics.

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Omer, Khaled Ahmed Abood. "Impact of Jellyfish attack on routing protocols in TCP-based MANETs." University of Aden Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 27, no. 1 (April 22, 2023): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.47372/uajnas.2023.n1.a09.

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Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are self-organized infrastructure-less network of mobile wireless devices that could be deployed for communication. Due to the insecure wireless communication medium, multi-hop routing communication process, and dynamic behavior of the nodes in MANETs, routing protocols are vulnerable to various security attacks, such as Jellyfish attacks. A Jellyfish node targets TCP-based MANET and exploits its working mechanism to degrade the communication performance. This attack is hard to detect since it is a TCP protocol compliant methodology.In this paper, we evaluate the performance of the Ad hoc on-demand vector (AODV), Dynamic source routing (DSR), Temporally ordered routing algorithm (TORA), Geographic routing protocol (GRP), and optimized link state routing (OLSR) routing protocols under the Jellyfish delay variance attacks for TCP-based MANETs. Further, the TAHOE, RENO, and SACK variants of TCP protocol are considered for comparison. These routing protocols are simulated using the OPNET simulator to compare their performance, using specific performance metrics on the network. The experimental results show that the AODV protocol performs better than the DSR, TORA, OLSR, and GRP protocols under the jellyfish delay variance attack. Further, the SACK TCP variant performs better than the other TCP variants under the Jellyfish delay variance attack.

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Waleed Iftikhar. "Performance Evaluation of Dynamic Routing Protocols." Lahore Garrison University Research Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology 4, no. 1 (March 26, 2020): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.54692/lgurjcsit.2020.0401141.

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Routing protocols are an essential component while performing routing. Majority of the researches put stress on the analysis of the security of IPv6 routing protocols as a future research work. In case of DB query response time, EIGRPv6 did not perform well as compare to other two routing protocols. While for voice and video, jitter, packet end-to-end delay, EIGRPv6 performed best among other routing protocols. Their evaluation involved four pairs of scenarios and each pair dedicated to respective routing protocols to be analyzed. Finally, their results also predicted that communication between ISIS and OSPF routing protocols is quite noticeable. The major purpose of their research was to figure out the best possible combined solution of routing protocols in a complex scenario to provide a seamless flow of communication. While, in the combined network, RIP-OSPF combination had a low CPU utilization in comparison to EIGRP-OSPF combination. This paper will conduct a performance evaluation and analysis of routing protocols, RIP, OSPF, EIGRP and IGRP using different performance metrics. In a situation where there are frequent network topological changes, RIP and IGRP are the least suited routing protocols. While EIGRP and OSPF are the best suited routing protocols in a changing network environment. OSPF can be a better choice than EIGRP considering transmission cost and router overhead, while EIGRP performed best in terms of convergence, utilization, delay and throughput. Hence it becomes really difficult to select among OPSF and EIGRP. Future research can be based on selecting a routing protocol among OSPF

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Барбарук, Л. В., A. O. Михайлова, and Д. Е. Бакитько. "Analysis and modeling of dynamic routing network protocols." ВІСНИК СХІДНОУКРАЇНСЬКОГО НАЦІОНАЛЬНОГО УНІВЕРСИТЕТУ імені Володимира Даля, no. 5(253) (September 5, 2019): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33216/1998-7927-2019-253-5-12-16.

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This article analyzes the work of the OSPF routing protocol. Considered and justified the need for its use, identified the advantages and disadvantages. Analyzed the main features.A comparative analysis of the protocols OSPF and RIP. Based on the work done, conclusions formulated.

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Saad, Saad Elsayed, and Mohammed Ibrahim Youssef. "Performance evaluation of dynamic source routing protocol with variation in transmission power and speed." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 13, no. 2 (April 1, 2023): 1795. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v13i2.pp1795-1802.

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Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a set of mobile wireless nodes (devices) which is not rely on a fixed infrastructure. In MANETs, each device is responsible for routing its data according to a specific routing protocol. The three most common MANET routing protocols are: dynamic source routing protocol (DSR), optimized link state routing protocol (OLSR), and ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV). This paper proposes an efficient evaluation of DSR protocol by testing the MANETs routing protocol with variation in transmission power at different speeds. The performance analysis has been given using optimized network engineering tools (OPNET) modeler simulations and evaluated using metrics of average end to end delay and throughput. The results show that the throughput increases as the transmission power increases up to a certain value after which the throughput decreases, also the network work optimally at a certain transmission power which varied at different speed.

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Mukmin, Chairul, and Edi Surya Negara. "ANALISIS KINERJA REDISTRIBUSI ROUTING PROTOKOL DINAMIK (Studi Kasus : RIP, EIGRP, IS-IS)." KLIK - KUMPULAN JURNAL ILMU KOMPUTER 6, no. 3 (November 3, 2019): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/klik.v6i3.262.

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Each routing protocol has different algorithms and metrics in determining the best path on a network. Differences 1) Applications that only run on routing protocols 2) hardware from various vendors 3) Networks with different routing areas or domains. Some aspects that become a reference for some routing protocols that are issued from data sent and lost in the process of sending data (packet loss), speed in sending data (delay), as well as the ability of some routing protocols in choosing the closest distance when sending data transmission packets. Routing protocol characteristics. This study studies analyzing routing redistribution in dynamic routing protocols, in order to find out which routing protocols perform better in networks that are different from autonomous systems (AS) with measurement parameters of Throughput, Delay and Packet Loss.Keywords : EIGRP, IS-IS, Redistribution Routing, RIP, Routing ProtocolSetiap protokol routing memiliki algoritma dan metrik yang berbeda-beda dalam menentukan jalur terbaik pada sebuah jaringan. Perbedaan karakteristik tersebut menimbulkan beberapa masalah 1)aplikasi yang hanya berjalan pada protokol routing tertentu 2)hardware dari berbagai vendor 3)Jaringan dengan area atau domain routing berbeda. Beberapa aspek yang menjadi acuan suatu protokol routing diantaranya dari segi data yang terkirim dan hilang dalam proses pengiriman data (packet loss), kecepatan dalam pengiriman data (delay), juga kemampuan suatu protokol routing dalam memilih jarak terdekat bahkan jalur terbaik dalam pengiriman paket data. Perbedaan karakteristik protokol routing tersebut tersebut dapat diselesaikan dengan cara menggunakan redistribusi routing. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis perbandingan redistribusi routing pada protokol routing dinamik, guna mencari tahu protokol routing mana yang lebih baik kinerjanya dalam jaringan yang berbeda autonomous system (AS) dengan parameter pengukuran Throughput, Delay dan Packet Loss.Kata Kunci : EIGRP, IS-IS, Redistribusi Routing, RIP, Protokol Routing

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Thuneibat, Saed, and Buthayna Al Sharaa. "Dynamic source routing protocol with transmission control and user datagram protocols." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 30, no. 1 (April 1, 2023): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v30.i1.pp137-143.

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Dynamic source routing protocol (DSR) is a common routing protocol in wireless network without infrastructure, called ad-hoc network, DSR used just above internet protocol (IP) at the network layer. The upper transport layer provides reliability by transmission control protocol (TCP) and user datagram protocol (UDP). The choice between DSR/TCP and DSR/UDP is an actual issue for network designers and engineers. The question arises: which one provides better quality of service (QoS) parameters, less delay and jitter, greater throughput, and data rates. This paper focuses on the study and analysis of DSR and comparison of DSR/TCP and DSR/UDP by simulation in network simulator (NS2) environment. Another comparison of DSR and ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) is provided. Design and simulation of the protocols in ad hoc network accurately describe the behavior in real system and QoS parameters are obtained.

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Vatambeti, Ramesh, Nrusingha Charan Pradhan, E. Sandhya, Surendra Reddy Vinta, V. Anbarasu, and K. Venkateswara Rao. "Energy Management and Network Traffic Avoidance Using GAODM and E-AODV Protocols in Mobile Ad-Hoc Network." International Journal of Computer Network and Information Security 15, no. 3 (June 8, 2013): 78–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5815/ijcnis.2023.03.06.

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Because of the mobility of its nodes, MANET plays a significant role in mobile communication. As a result, network infrastructure is frequently changed, resulting in data loss and communication overheads. Despite this, the large packet size causes network congestion or traffic. The difficult task is efficient routing through a dynamic network. For node generation and energy management, the proposed approach in this paper employs GAODM (Geography-based Ad-hoc On Demand disjoint multipath) and E-AODM (Energy Ad-hoc On Demand Vector routing). The proposed GAODM routing protocol reduces congestion using Spider Monkey (SM) Optimization. The E- AODM protocol assesses the energy management solution based on parameters such as delay, energy consumption, routing overhead, and node energy. By choosing the best path through the network, the proposed protocol's effectiveness is increased. The proposed protocol reduces routing overload, delay, and congestion. The simulated results show that increasing the number of packets transmitted in the network using the proposed GAODM and E-AODM routing protocols over the existing protocols on NS 2 reduces node energy and, as a result, overload and delay.

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Huang, Jinke, Xiaoguang Fan, Xin Xiang, Min Wan, Zhenfu Zhuo, and Yongjian Yang. "A Clustering Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5395894.

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The dynamic topology of a mobile ad hoc network poses a real challenge in the design of hierarchical routing protocol, which combines proactive with reactive routing protocols and takes advantages of both. And as an essential technique of hierarchical routing protocol, clustering of nodes provides an efficient method of establishing a hierarchical structure in mobile ad hoc networks. In this paper, we designed a novel clustering algorithm and a corresponding hierarchical routing protocol for large-scale mobile ad hoc networks. Each cluster is composed of a cluster head, several cluster gateway nodes, several cluster guest nodes, and other cluster members. The proposed routing protocol uses proactive protocol between nodes within individual clusters and reactive protocol between clusters. Simulation results show that the proposed clustering algorithm and hierarchical routing protocol provide superior performance with several advantages over existing clustering algorithm and routing protocol, respectively.

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Desai, Rahul M., B. P. Patil, and Davinder Pal Sharma. "Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad Hoc Network - A Survey and Analysis." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 7, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 795. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v7.i3.pp795-801.

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Ad hoc networks are mobile wireless networks where each node is acting as a router. The existing routing protocols such as Destination sequences distance vector, Optimized list state routing protocols, Ad hoc on demand routing protocol, Ad hoc on demand multipath routing protocol, Dynamic source routing are optimized versions of distance vector or link state routing protocols. In this paper, existing protocols such as DSDV, AODV, AOMDV, OLSR and DSR are analyzed on 50 nodes Mobile Ad Hoc network with random mobility. Packet delivery ratio, delay, control overhead and throughput parameters are used for performance analysis.

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Rathee, Geetanjali, and Hemraj Saini. "Secure Buffer-Based Routing Protocol for WMN." International Journal of Business Data Communications and Networking 13, no. 1 (January 2017): 28–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijbdcn.2017010103.

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Secure routing is considered as one of a key challenge in mesh networks because of its dynamic and broadcasting nature. The broadcasting nature of mesh environment invites number of security vulnerabilities to come and affect the network metrics drastically. Further, any node/link failure of a routed path may reduce the performance of the entire network. A number of secure routing protocols have been proposed by different researchers but enhancement of a single network parameter (i.e. security) may affect another performance metrics significantly i.e. throughput, end to end delay, packet delivery ratio etc. In order to ensure secure routing with improved network metrics, a Secure Buffer based Routing Protocol i.e. SBRP is proposed which ensures better network performance with increased level of security. SBRP protocol uses buffers at alternate positions to fasten re-routing mechanism during node/link failure and ensures the security using AES encryption. Further the protocol is analyzed against mAODV protocol in both static and dynamic environment in terms of security, packet delivery ratio, end to end delay and network throughput.

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Prasath, N., and J. Sreemathy. "Optimized dynamic source routing protocol for MANETs." Cluster Computing 22, S5 (January 19, 2018): 12397–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10586-017-1638-1.

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Abolhasan, Mehran, and Tadeusz A. Wysocki. "Dynamic zone topology routing protocol for MANETs." European Transactions on Telecommunications 18, no. 4 (2007): 351–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ett.1156.

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Abdul Aziz, Siti Rahayu, Nor Adora Endut, Shapina Abdullah, and Mior Norazman Mior Daud. "Performance Evaluation of AODV, DSR and DYMO Routing Protocol in MANET." Scientific Research Journal 5, no. 2 (December 31, 2008): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/srj.v5i2.5645.

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A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a kind of wireless ad-hoc network, and is a self-configuring network of mobile routers connected wirelessly. MANET may operate in a standalone fashion, or may be connected to the larger Internet. Many routing protocols have been developed for MANETs over the past few years. This project evaluated three specific MANET routing protocols which are Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Dynamic MANET On-demand routing protocol (DYMO) to better understand the major characteristics of these routing protocols. Different performance aspects were investigated in this project including; packet delivery ratio, routing overhead, throughput and average end-to-end delay. This project used Linux as an operating system based platform and discrete event simulator NS-2 as simulation software to compare the three MANET routing protocols. This project’s results indicated that all routing protocols perform well according to the performance metrics that have been selected. For packet delivery ratio metric, performance of AODV, DSR and DYMO routing protocols are quite similar to each other. The DSR performance is better compared to AODV and DYMO and has stable normalized routing overhead. In terms of throughput, DYMO routing protocol performs the best as compared to AODV and DSR. Finally, for average end to end delay, DYMO and AODV perform well in comparison with DSR.

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Saini, Trilok Kumar, and Subhash C. Sharma. "Context aware Routing to Assist Routing Decisions for Quality Improvement in Multi Hop Ad hoc Networks." Defence Science Journal 71, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.71.16067.

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The context information is an intriguing aspect of decision making. The context-awareness can be useful in the ad hoc networks in which nodes are mobile, and the conditions are dynamic. In ad hoc networks, routing protocols are intended to discover the route over multi-hop wireless links under varying conditions. The context-awareness can assist the routing protocols in determining the appropriate path. This paper investigates into choosing the appropriate route by applying the context information and presents the approach to improve the decision making and the quality of the route. We consider nodes, connecting links, and different layers as the context. The paper introduces the scalability and flexibility in the set of parameters that govern the eminence of the node inter-connection that, in turn, influences the overall quality of the route. We propose the context-aware dynamic routing protocol (CADR) and present the approach, algorithm, and analysis. We simulate the protocol by taking the flexible combination of the context attributes and the values, also compares the performance with AODV. The simulation results show that the protocol chooses the appropriate route as per the considered attributes and weight, and provide the enhanced performance

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Emilselvan, G. s. r., N. Gayathri, Ankush Rai, and Jagadish Kannan R. "ENERGY AWARE ZONE ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR MANET." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 13 (April 1, 2017): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10s1.19985.

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Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a dynamic network consisting of a collection of wireless mobile nodes that communicate with each other without the need of centralized authority. Each node can send and receive data, and it should also forward routing information unrelated to its own use. Routing protocols in MANET establish path between source and destination based on number of hops. Establishment of shortest path alone is not sufficient to prolong the network lifetime. Energy consumption reduction methods are necessary as the nodes in MANET are restricted by battery supply. Energy is drained when the MANET nodes transmit and receive the data. For itself, energy management techniques are necessary in order to improve the performance of the routing protocol. Both proactive and reactive protocols have trade-off in them. ZRP is a hybrid protocol which overcomes the shortcomings of proactive and reactive routing protocols. ZRP divides the entire network into zones of variable size where routing inside the zone is performed using proactive routing approach and exterior to zone is performed using reactive routing approach. The performance characteristics of the ZRP protocol are established through simulations by comparing it to well-known routing protocol namely AODV.

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Chakravarthy, V. J. "Comparative Analysis of SRAAA, SDSR, SAODV Routing Protocol for Video Streaming in MANET." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 11, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 1075. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v11.i3.pp1075-1082.

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The most challenging concern in MANET is video streaming and it essentially exaggerated by these important factors such as fading, node mobility, interference, topology on change in dynamic, collusion, shadowing in multi-path etc. One of the very attractive and considered for many applications is Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET).Routing Protocol is most significant element which is considered as the MANET. Though, the quite demanding task is video streaming over MANET. This paper have been investigated the analysis of routing protocols over MANET for video streaming. The comparison of the three routing protocols are Secure Dynamic Source Routing (SDSR), Secure Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (SAODV) and secured Right angled and Ant search routing Protocol (SRAAA) on the basis of various performance metrics such as Throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Delay, Packet Delivery Fraction (PDF), Energy Consumption, Link Failure and Packet Drop has been obtainable in this paper for supporting video streaming applications. Based on the compared stimulated results concluded that SRAAA routing protocol is comparatively better in performance of all metrics than the SAODV and SDSR routing protocols.

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Paszkowska, Agnieszka, and Konrad Iwanicki. "Modeling and proving dynamic behaviors of a routing protocol: A tutorial." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 17, no. 12 (December 2021): 155014772110586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15501477211058667.

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With the increasing adoption of Internet of Things technologies for controlling physical processes, their dependability becomes important. One of the fundamental functionalities on which such technologies rely for transferring information between devices is packet routing. However, while the performance of Internet of Things–oriented routing protocols has been widely studied experimentally, little work has been done on provable guarantees on their correctness in various scenarios. To stimulate this type of work, in this article, we give a tutorial on how such guarantees can be derived formally. Our focus is the dynamic behavior of distance-vector route maintenance in an evolving network. As a running example of a routing protocol, we employ routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks, and as the underlying formalism, a variant of linear temporal logic. By building a dedicated model of the protocol, we illustrate common problems, such as keeping complexity in control, modeling processing and communication, abstracting algorithms comprising the protocol, and dealing with open issues and external dependencies. Using the model to derive various safety and liveness guarantees for the protocol and conditions under which they hold, we demonstrate in turn a few proof techniques and the iterative nature of protocol verification, which facilitates obtaining results that are realistic and relevant in practice.

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Sultan, Mohamad T., Khaled N. Yasen, and Ali Q. Saeed. "Simulation-based Evaluation of Mobile Ad Hoc Network Routing Protocols: Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector, Fisheye State Routing, and Zone Routing Protocol." Cihan University-Erbil Scientific Journal 3, no. 2 (August 20, 2019): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/cuesj.v3n2y2019.pp64-69.

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Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is an infrastructure-less and decentralized network without any physical connections. Nodes are mobile, free to move, and independent of each other which makes routing a difficult task. Hence, a dynamic routing protocol is needed to make MANET reliable and function properly. Several routing protocols have been proposed with different working mechanisms and performance levels. Therefore, the performance study of those protocols is needed. This paper evaluates the performance of MANET routing protocols using simulation based experiments to observe the behavior of the network as the density of the nodes increases. The paper evaluates the performance of proactive (fisheye state routing), reactive (ad hoc on-demand distance vector), and hybrid (zone routing protocol) routing protocols in terms of the packet delivery fraction, average throughput, and average end-to-end delay. The simulations of protocols to analyze their performance in different conditions were performed using the network simulator 2 (NS 2).

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Alam, Muhammad Morshed, and Sangman Moh. "Survey on Q-Learning-Based Position-Aware Routing Protocols in Flying Ad Hoc Networks." Electronics 11, no. 7 (March 30, 2022): 1099. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11071099.

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A flying ad hoc network (FANETs), also known as a swarm of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), can be deployed in a wide range of applications including surveillance, monitoring, and emergency communications. UAVs must perform real-time communication among themselves and the base station via an efficient routing protocol. However, designing an efficient multihop routing protocol for FANETs is challenging due to high mobility, dynamic topology, limited energy, and short transmission range. Recently, owing to the advantages of multi-objective optimization, Q-learning (QL)-based position-aware routing protocols have improved the performance of routing in FANETs. In his article, we provide a comprehensive review of existing QL-based position-aware routing protocols for FANETs. We rigorously address dynamic topology, mobility models, and the relationship between QL and routing in FANETs, and extensively review the existing QL-based position-aware routing protocols along with their advantages and limitations. Then, we compare the reviewed protocols qualitatively in terms of operational features, characteristics, and performance metrics. We also discuss important open issues and research challenges with potential research directions.

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Meng, Fan Bo, Hong Hao Zhao, Qing Qi Zhao, and Wei Zhe Ma. "Performance Evaluation of Efficient MANET Routing Protocol in Smart Grid." Applied Mechanics and Materials 347-350 (August 2013): 1425–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.347-350.1425.

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Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is an effective method to solve the bottleneck of information collection and wireless transmission in Smart Grid. The particularity of MANET determines the importance of routing protocols. In order to improve the performance of MANET routing protocol, in this paper we evaluate the routing protocol, i.e., Ad hoc On demand Distance Vector (AODV), from several perspectives that did not draw attention in previous works. Furthermore, we also compare AODV with the routing protocol Dynamic source Routing (DSR). The simulation shows that AODV outperforms DSR in generally, and the former is suitable for larger MANET network. The simulation results in this paper not only provide effective evidence for further optimized routing protocols and the current protocols, but also provide feasible solution for Smart Grid to collect and transmission data by using MANET technology.

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Kumar, Mahendra, and A. K. Jain. "Comparative Performance Analysis of Different Routing Protocols in Wireless Ad-hoc networks (IEEE 802.11)." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 8, no. 3 (June 30, 2018): 874–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v8i3.3398.

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Wireless Ad-hoc networks have lack of mass deployment. An Ad hoc wireless network has a dynamic nature that leads to constant changes in its network topology.Â There is an infrastructure less and decentralized network which need a robust dynamic routing protocol. This article presents performance comparison of wireless Ad-hoc network on different routing protocols. Network simulator QualNet 5.0.2 has been used to evaluate the performance of wireless networks with various routing protocols.

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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Dynamic Routing Method over Hybrid SDN for Flying Ad Hoc Networks." Baghdad Science Journal 15, no. 3 (September 13, 2018): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.15.3.361-368.

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Due to the high mobility and dynamic topology of the FANET network, maintaining communication links between UAVs is a challenging task. The topology of these networks is more dynamic than traditional mobile networks, which raises challenges for the routing protocol. The existing routing protocols for these networks partly fail to detect network topology changes. Few methods have recently been proposed to overcome this problem due to the rapid changes of network topology. We try to solve this problem by designing a new dynamic routing method for a group of UAVs using Hybrid SDN technology (SDN and a distributed routing protocol) with a highly dynamic topology. Comparison of the proposed method performance and two other algorithms is simulated. The simulation results show that the proposed method has better results than traditional algorithms in the package delivery ratio, average end to end delay, packet loss, throughput and normalized routing Load.

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Xue, Qiubei, Yang Yang, Jie Yang, Xiaodong Tan, Jie Sun, Gun Li, and Yong Chen. "QEHLR: A Q-Learning Empowered Highly Dynamic and Latency-Aware Routing Algorithm for Flying Ad-Hoc Networks." Drones 7, no. 7 (July 10, 2023): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones7070459.

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With the growing utilization of intelligent unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) clusters in both military and civilian domains, the routing protocol of flying ad-hoc networks (FANETs) has promised a crucial role in facilitating cluster communication. However, the highly dynamic nature of the network topology, owing to the rapid movement and changing direction of aircraft nodes, as well as frequent accesses and exits from the network, has resulted in an increased interruption rate of FANETs links. While traditional protocols can satisfy basic network service quality (QoS) requirements in mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) with relatively fixed topology changes, they may fail to achieve optimal routes and consequently restrict information dissemination in FANETs with topology changes, which ultimately leads to elevated packet loss and delay. This paper undertakes an in-depth investigation of the challenges faced by current routing protocols in high dynamic topology scenarios, such as delay and packet loss. It proposes a Q-learning empowered highly dynamic, and latency-aware routing algorithm for flying ad-hoc networks (QEHLR). Traditional routing algorithms are unable to effectively route packets in highly dynamic FANETs; hence, this paper employs a Q-learning method to learn the link status in the network and effectively select routes through Q-values to avoid connection loss. Additionally, the remaining time of the link or path lifespan is incorporated into the routing protocol to construct the routing table. QEHLR can delete predicted failed links based on network status, thereby reducing packet loss caused by failed route selection. Simulations show that the enhanced algorithm significantly improves the packet transmission rate, which addresses the challenge of routing protocols’ inability to adapt to various mobility scenarios in FANETs with dynamic topology by introducing a calculation factor based on the QEHLR protocol. The experimental results indicate that the improved routing algorithm achieves superior network performance.

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Hijazi, Sherin, Mahmoud Moshref, and Saleh Al-Sharaeh. "Enhanced AODV Protocol for Detection and Prevention of Blackhole Attack in Mobile Ad Hoc Network." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 16, no. 1 (February 21, 2017): 7535–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v16i1.5728.

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Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a kind of wireless network that has the most challenging network infrastructure. It is formed using the mobile nodes without any centralized administration from the security perspective and is a self-configuring fastest emerging wireless technology, each node on the MANET will act like a router which forwards the packets. Dynamic nature of this network makes routing protocols to play a prominent role in setting up efficient route among a pair of nodes. Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (ADOV) is a reactive MANET routing protocols. Most of the attacks on MANETs are routing protocol attacks. Attacks on routing protocols, especially internal attacks will cause the damage to MANETs. Sinkhole and black hole attacks are a type of internal attack which is affected by attempting to draw all network traffic to malicious nodes that fake routing update and degrade the performance of the network. The black hole nodes should be detected from the network as early as possible via detection mechanism and should also guarantee the higher detection rate and less cross-over error rate. In this paper, we studied the characteristics of black hole attack and how it will affect the performance of the distance vector routing on demand routing protocol such as (ADOV) protocol, which recognizes the presence of black hole node from packet flow information between nodes and isolates it from the network via applying AODV protocol that one of popular routing protocol. We have evaluated the performance of the system using widely used simulator NS2, results prove the effectiveness of our prevention and detection method.

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Lawal, Bello, Panos Bakalis, Samuel John Manam, and Titus Eneh. "Performance Optimisation of Mobile Ad hoc Reactive Routing Protocols." Advanced Materials Research 367 (October 2011): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.367.249.

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In this paper, we optimized the performance of Ad hoc on Demand Vector (AODV) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocols through simulation. Numerical and simulation results presented illustrate how the performance of an ad hoc network protocol drastically changes as a result of changing the mobility model and ambient noise level in the network. The simulation results showed that, in the presence of ambient noise level in the network, AODV and DSR protocols have a significant improvement in end-to-end delay reduction with 68.5 % for AODV and 86.8% for DSR respectively. The network load simulation result revealed that DSR protocol maintains a constant routing load while the AODV protocol shows a 75% drop in routing load.

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Kaje, Ram Sudhakarrao. "Review of Different Routing Protocols and Routing Techniques." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 6 (June 30, 2022): 3540–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.44679.

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Abstract: Mobile Ad- hoc Network could be a dynamic network that works with the characteristic of wireless Communication Network. It doesn't have a centralized server or an arbiter. it's a system that works separately connecting with wireless links using mobile routers. because of the infrastructure less network each mobile node moves freely with the absolute direction with no warranted path. Routing in Manet could be a challenge because of the quality of Nodes and lack of server. thus a routing protocol is important to own an economical communication between nodes in numerous network things that are heavily loaded at some purpose. This paper presents a review based on Manet and Manet rooting Protocols.

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P., Dr Ponmuthuramalingam. "An Implementation of Modified Branch Bound and Dynamic Source Routing Protocol in MANET." Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems 12, no. 01-Special Issue (February 13, 2020): 461–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5373/jardcs/v12sp1/20201093.

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Sang, Lei, and Duo Long. "Application of Ant Colony Algorithm to the Hierarchical Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks." Advanced Materials Research 989-994 (July 2014): 1833–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.1833.

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Wireless sensor networks (WSN) have become a hot research topic in the field of computer science. Since WSNs are characterized by limited node energy, dynamic topological structure and data fusion, the design of WSN routing protocols is faced with new problems and challenges. In recent years, many new routing algorithms for wireless sensor networks have appeared, but they all have some shortcomings. This paper studies and analyzes these routing protocols, and in view of their shortcomings, proposes a WSN hierarchical routing protocol based on ant colony algorithm. And a simulation test is conducted on this improved routing protocol, and the simulation result proves that this algorithm basically achieves the design objectives of WSN routing algorithms.

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Tuli, Esmot Ara, Mohtasin Golam, Dong-Seong Kim, and Jae-Min Lee. "Performance Enhancement of Optimized Link State Routing Protocol by Parameter Configuration for UANET." Drones 6, no. 1 (January 13, 2022): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones6010022.

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The growing need for wireless communication has resulted in the widespread usage of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in a variety of applications. Designing a routing protocol for UAVs is paramount as well as challenging due to its dynamic attributes. The difficulty stems from features other than mobile ad hoc networks (MANET), such as aerial mobility in 3D space and frequently changing topology. This paper analyzes the performance of four topology-based routing protocols, dynamic source routing (DSR), ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV), geographic routing protocol (GRP), and optimized link state routing (OLSR), by using practical simulation software OPNET 14.5. Performance evaluation carries out various metrics such as throughput, delay, and data drop rate. Moreover, the performance of the OLSR routing protocol is enhanced and named “E-OLSR” by tuning parameters and reducing holding time. The optimized E-OLSR settings provide better performance than the conventional request for comments (RFC 3626) in the experiment, making it suitable for use in UAV ad hoc network (UANET) environments. Simulation results indicate the proposed E-OLSR outperforms the existing OLSR and achieves supremacy over other protocols mentioned in this paper.

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Nurdiansyah, Yanuar, Nail Pratama, Muhammad Ifantara Putra, and Muhammad Ali Sya’roni. "Analisis Perbandingan Metode Interior Gateway Protocol RIP Dengan OSPF Pada Jaringan MPLS-VPLS." INFORMAL: Informatics Journal 5, no. 2 (August 30, 2020): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/isj.v5i2.18668.

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Routing is a process for forwarding network packets from one network such as static routing and dynamic routing. This research will evaluate and implement protocols in dynamic routing such as RIP (Routing Information Protocol) and OSPF (Open Short Path First). What will later be simulated with GNS3, from this study will be obtained results For traceroute, OSPF is about 7% faster than RIP time, while for ping, OSPF is 5.9% faster than RIP and for traceroute in the topology the average result of the average traceroute time is 2.58 for RIP and 2.23 for OSPF.

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Yagoub, Mudathir F. S., Othman O. Khalifa, Abdelzahir Abdelmaboud, Valery Korotaev, Sergei A. Kozlov, and Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues. "Lightweight and Efficient Dynamic Cluster Head Election Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks." Sensors 21, no. 15 (July 31, 2021): 5206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21155206.

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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have gained great significance from researchers and industry due to their wide applications. Energy and resource conservation challenges are facing the WSNs. Nevertheless, clustering techniques offer many solutions to address the WSN issues, such as energy efficiency, service redundancy, routing delay, scalability, and making WSNs more efficient. Unfortunately, the WSNs are still immature, and suffering in several aspects. This paper aims to solve some of the downsides in existing routing protocols for WSNs; a Lightweight and Efficient Dynamic Cluster Head Election routing protocol (LEDCHE-WSN) is proposed. The proposed routing algorithm comprises two integrated methods, electing the optimum cluster head, and organizing the re-clustering process dynamically. Furthermore, the proposed protocol improves on others present in the literature by combining the random and periodic electing method in the same round, and the random method starts first at the beginning of each round/cycle. Moreover, both random and periodic electing methods are preceded by checking the remaining power to skip the dead nodes and continue in the same way periodically with the rest of the nodes in the round. Additionally, the proposed protocol is distinguished by deleting dead nodes from the network topology list during the re-clustering process to address the black holes and routing delay problems. Finally, the proposed algorithm’s mathematical modeling and analysis are introduced. The experimental results reveal the proposed protocol outperforms the LEACH protocol by approximately 32% and the FBCFP protocol by 8%, in terms of power consumption and network lifetime. In terms of Mean Package Delay, LEDCHE-WSN improves the LEACH protocol by 42% and the FBCFP protocol by 15%, and regarding Loss Ratio, it improves the LEACH protocol by approximately 46% and FBCFP protocol by 25%.

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Khan, Muhammad Asghar, Inam Ullah Khan, Alamgir Safi, and Ijaz Mansoor Quershi. "Dynamic Routing in Flying Ad-Hoc Networks Using Topology-Based Routing Protocols." Drones 2, no. 3 (August 14, 2018): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones2030027.

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The ever-increasing demand for flexible and portable communications has led to a rapid evolution in networking between unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) often referred to as flying ad-hoc networks (FANETs). However, due to the exclusive characteristics of UAVs such as high mobility, frequent topology change and 3D space movement, make routing a challenging task in FANETs. Due to these characteristics, designing new routing protocols for FANETs is quite difficult. In the literature study of FANETs, a variety of traditional ad-hoc networking protocols have been suggested and tested for FANETs to establish an efficient and robust communication among the UAVs. In this context, topology-based routing is considered the most significant approach for solving the routing issues in FANETs. Therefore, in this article we specifically focus on topology-based routing protocols with the aim of improving the efficiency of the network in terms of throughput, end-to-end delay, and network load. We present a brief review of the most important topology-based routing protocols in the context of FANETs. We provide them with their working features for exchanging information, along with the pros and cons of each protocol. Moreover, simulation analyses of some of the topology-based routing protocols are also evaluated in terms of end-to-end delay, throughput and network load the using optimized network engineering tools (OPNET) simulator. Furthermore, this work can be used as a source of reference for researchers and network engineers who seek literature that is relevant to routing in FANETs.

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Sathish, K., C. V. Ravikumar, Asadi Srinivasulu, A. Rajesh, and Olutayo Oyeyemi Oyerinde. "Performance and Improvement Analysis of the Underwater WSN Using a Diverse Routing Protocol Approach." Journal of Computer Networks and Communications 2022 (November 9, 2022): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9418392.

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The planet Earth is the most water-rich place because oceans cover more than 75% of its land area. Because of the extraordinary activities that occur in the depths, we know very little about oceans. Underwater wireless sensors are tools that can continuously transmit data to one of the source sensors while also monitoring and recording the physical and environmental parameters of their surroundings. An underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN) is the name given to the network created by the collection of these underwater wireless sensors. This particular technology is the most efficient way to analyse performance parameters. A network path is chosen to send traffic by using the routing method, a process that is also known as a protocol. The routing protocols ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV), dynamic source routing (DSR), dynamic manet on demand routing protocol (DYMO), location-aided routing 1 (LAR 1), optimized link state routing (OLSR), source-tree adaptive routing optimum routing approach (STAR-ORA), zone routing protocol (ZRP), and STAR-least overhead routing approach (STAR-LORA) are a few models of routing techniques. By changing the number of nodes in the model and the maximum speed of each node, performance parameters such as average transmission delay, average jitter, percentage of utilisation, and power used in transmit and receive modes are explored. The results obtained using QualNet 7.1 simulator suggest the suitability of routing protocols in the UWSN.

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Antonova, Anastasiya Anatolievna, and Nataliya Evgenievna Surkova. "Performance Evaluation in Dynamic Routing Protocol Streaming Video." International Journal of Advanced Studies 4, no. 2 (January 14, 2015): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2227-930x-2014-2-4.

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Robinson, Y. Harold, E. Golden Julie, Krishnan Saravanan, Raghvendra Kumar, and Le Hoang Son. "DRP: Dynamic Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks." Wireless Personal Communications 111, no. 1 (October 14, 2019): 313–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11277-019-06859-0.

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Sukumran, Sangheetaa, Venkatesh Jaganathan, and Arun Korath. "Reputation based Dynamic Source Routing Protocol for MANET." International Journal of Computer Applications 47, no. 4 (June 30, 2012): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/7179-9839.

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Zhu, Li, and Lan Bai. "Network Routing Mechanism Simulation Research Based on VANETs." Applied Mechanics and Materials 651-653 (September 2014): 1868–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.651-653.1868.

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VANETs is a rapid developed wireless mobile MANETs network with special challenge nature. It is a distributed and self-organized communication network based on moving vehicle. This network has characteristics like limited bandwidth, strong mobility, strong dynamic network topology, limited node degrees freedom, equipment capacity constraints and weak physical security. These characteristics usually make typical routing protocol in mobile MANET show a low efficiency in mobile VANETs, even fail. MANET routing algorithm is roughly divided into two categories, namely table driven routing protocol and on-demand routing protocol. It is due to the particularity of driving cars on the road. So how to improve network routing protocol in the performance is now a challenging problem. The purpose of this article studies network routing mechanism based on wireless vehicular networks simulation method. On the basis of analyzing the performance of typical routing protocols in MANET, such as DSDV, AODV and DSR, the improved scheme of AODV on-demand routing algorithm is put forward.

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Jayakumar, Geetha, and Gopinath Ganapathi. "Reference Point Group Mobility and Random Waypoint Models in Performance Evaluation of MANET Routing Protocols." Journal of Computer Systems, Networks, and Communications 2008 (2008): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/860364.

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Ad hoc networks are characterized by multihop wireless connectivity, frequently changing network topology and the need for efficient dynamic routing protocols plays an important role. We compare the performance of two prominent on-demand routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks: dynamic source routing (DSR), ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing (AODV). A detailed simulation model with medium access control (MAC) and physical layer models is used to study the interlayer interactions and their performance implications. We demonstrate that even though DSR and AODV share similar on-demand behavior, the differences in the protocol mechanisms can lead to significant performance differentials. In this paper, we examine both on-demand routing protocols AODV and DSR based on packet delivery ratio, normalized routing load, normalized MAC load, average end-to-end delay by varying the node density, network loading, and mobility variations for reference point group mobility and random waypoint models. This framework aims to evaluate the effect of mobility models on the performance of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) routing protocols. Our results show that the protocol performance may vary drastically across mobility models and performance rankings of protocols may vary with the mobility models used. This effect can be explained by the interaction of the mobility characteristics with the connectivity graph properties.

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Li, Xian Li, Jia Wei Zhang, and Liang Bing Liu. "Dynamic Multi-Hop Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 442 (October 2013): 532–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.442.532.

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Considering the shortage of LEACH protocol, a novel dynamic multi-hop routing protocol named Balance Energy-efficient and Real-time with Reliable communication protocol based on Connected Dominant Set (BERR-CDS) is proposed in this paper. BERR-CDS protocol fully takes account of the energy consumption of an individual node and entire network, a rational transmission path from source node to sink node is searched, aiming at the network topology changes which are caused by the death of cluster head, the invalidation of cluster member nodes and new nodes joining, BERR-CDS designs the corresponding valid mechanism to respond, and it can rapidly adapt to the topology change of network. Simulation results show that BERR-CDS protocol has better performances in term of energy consumption, network lifetime and reliability, it is an ideal routing protocol in wireless sensor networks.

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D., Sathish Kumar, Thenmozhi R., Chinnasamy A., and Kalpanadevi S. "A Survey: Position based Non DTN and DTN Routing Protocol in VANET." Webology 19, no. 1 (January 20, 2022): 1607–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/web/v19i1/web19108.

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An Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is an advanced technology which aims to provide modern services such as smart parking, Emergency vehicle alert notification systems, automatic traffic management, direction of safe driving, accident prevention system and many. Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) play a significant role to implement an ITS system. In Vehicular Ad-hoc network, every vehicle and Road Side Units (RSU) take part in a communication to achieve the ITS services. Since nodes of VANET are different kind of vehicles with various speed, the formation of network will be more dynamic and scalability of network varies continuously. Due to dynamic characteristics of VANET, high density of traffic and more obstacles, routing is one the biggest challenge in urban area than rural area. In this paper we present an outline of VANET, taxonomy of routing, followed by a brief discussion of position based Non DTN and DTN routing protocol. Finally, we conclude the paper with comparison result of various position-based routing protocol.

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Hemavathy, N., S. Sudha, and K. Ramesh. "A Dynamic Routing Path Reduction Protocol in Underwater Wireless Sensor Network." Sensor Letters 18, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 379–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sl.2020.4238.

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Recently, underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) have emerged as a promising networking technique for various underwater applications. An energy efficient routing protocol plays a vital role in data transmission and practical applications. However, due to the specific characteristics of UWSNs, such as dynamic structure, narrow bandwidth, rapid energy consumption, and high latency, it is difficult to build routing protocols for UWSNs. In this paper, We propose a location aware opportunistic routing algorithm for under water communication. We analyse three main problems in under water communication; forwarding set selection forwarding set ranking to handle FSR problem, void handling method to handle the communication void (CV) and overhear and suppression procedure to deal with duplicate forwarding suppression (DFS) problems. The importance of the work is that it will provide an energy efficient pressure based opportunistic routing algorithm for wireless sensor network (UWSN). The routing protocol has been implemented in the ns2-AqaSim simulator and testbed for measurement of the performance metrics of the UASN. The simulation results showed that the novel routing method throughput has increased by 16%, 33%, and 55% when compared with SUN, VBF and DF method. It can effectively improve the throughput of nodes, balance positioning performance as well as energy use efficiency, and optimize the positioning result of UWASN.

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Wahid, Ishtiaq, Ata Ul Aziz Ikram, Masood Ahmad, and Fasee Ullah. "An improved supervisory protocol for automatic selection of routing protocols in environment-aware vehicular ad hoc networks." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 14, no. 11 (November 2018): 155014771881505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147718815051.

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With resource constraint’s distributed architecture and dynamic topology, network issues such as congestion, latency, power awareness, mobility, and other quality of service issues need to be addressed by optimizing the routing protocols. As a result, a number of routing protocols have been proposed. Routing protocols have trade-offs in performance parameters and their performance varies with the underlying mobility model. For designing an improved vehicular ad hoc network, three components of the network are to be focused: routing protocols, mobility models, and performance metrics. This article describes the relationship of these components, trade-offs in performance, and proposes a supervisory protocol, which monitors the scenario and detects the realistic mobility model through analysis of the microscopic features of the mobility model. An analytical model is used to determine the best protocol for a particular mobility model. The supervisory protocol then selects the best routing protocol for the mobility model of the current operational environment. For this, EstiNet 8.1 Simulator is used to validate the proposed scheme and compare its performance with existing schemes. Simulation results of the proposed scheme show the consistency in the performance of network throughout its operation.

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Journal articles on the topic 'DYNAMIC ROUTING PROTOCOL'

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