Relevant bibliographies by topics / DYNAMIC ROUTING PROTOCOL

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
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  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'DYNAMIC ROUTING PROTOCOL'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 11 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "DYNAMIC ROUTING PROTOCOL"

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Yusuf, Muhammad, and Radityo Anggoro. "Analisis perbandingan wireless network standard 802.11a dan 802.11p berdasarkan protokol dynamic source routing di lingkungan vehicular ad hoc networks." Register: Jurnal Ilmiah Teknologi Sistem Informasi 3, no. 2 (July 1, 2017): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.26594/register.v3i2.1040.

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Routing pada Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) merupakan kasus yang unik karena tingginya perubahan jaringannya. VANET sendiri juga digolongkan dalam Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET), sehingga protokol-protokol routing yang ada pada MANET dapat juga dipakai pada VANET. Pemilihan protokol routing menjadi salah satu aspek yang cukup penting. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini akan melakukan evaluasi seberapa kuatnya protokol Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) dalam menghadapi berbagai skenario VANET yang memiliki kepadatan bervariasi di dalam lalu lintas perkotaan. Digunakan protokol 802.11p dalam ruang lingkup lalu lintas perkotaan yang didapat dari SUMo simulator, dan dianalisa menggunakan NS-2. Pemilihan 802.11p juga dipilih dari hasil perbandingan antara 802.11p dan 802.11a pada ruang lingkup lalu lintas yang berbentuk grid yang didapat juga dari simulator yang sama. Dari hasil analisa menunjukkan bahwa 802.11p memiliki performa yang lebih bagus dan bervariasi terhadap kepadatan-kepadatan yang telah ditentukan. Routing on Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is a unique case due to the high network changes. VANET itself is also classified in Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET), so the MANET routing protocols can also be used on VANET. Selection of routing protocols becomes one of the most important aspects. Therefore, this study will evaluate how strong the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol in dealing with various VANET scenarios that have varied densities in urban traffic. This research is using an 802.11p protocol that obtained from SUMO simulator and then analyzed by NS-2. The 802.11p protocol was selected based on the result of performance comparison between 802.11p and 802.11a on some grid-shaped traffic scenarios. The results show that 802.11p has better performance and more robust than 802.11a while using predefined densities.
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Jeyaprakash, Thangakumar, and Rajeswari Mukesh. "An Optimized Node Selection Routing Protocol for Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks – A Hybrid Model." Journal of Communications Software and Systems 11, no. 2 (June 23, 2015): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24138/jcomss.v11i2.106.

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Vehicular Ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are a subset of Mobile Ad-hoc Networks made by vehicles communicating among themselves on roadways. The Routing protocols implemented for MANETs such as Ad-hoc on Demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), and Destination Sequence Distance Vector Routing Protocol (DSDV) are not suitable for VANET due to high Mobility. Trusted routing in VANET is a challenging task due to highly dynamic network topology and openness of wireless architecture. To avoid a frequent communication link failure, to reduce the communication overhead and to provide a trusted routing among the vehicular nodes for achieving high packet transmission, we implemented an Optimized Node Selection Routing protocol (ONSRP) of VANET based on Trust. In our proposed work, we implemented an enhanced routing protocol which prevents the network from communication link failure frequently. The testing results stated that the ONSRP routing have a high performance measures than the above mentioned existing routing protocols.
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Ameen, Nabeena, Najumnissa Jamal, and L. Arun Raj. "Comparative analysis of energy based optimized dynamic source multipath routing protocol in WSNs." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 16, no. 1 (October 1, 2019): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v16.i1.pp441-455.

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<p>Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has been considered to be a formula for overcoming various requirements like surveillance, health care, traffic surveillance and defense systems. As an aid to the demands for Wireless sensor network, research has been going on the efficient consumption of energy and secure communication areas for WSN. Here introducing Ant colony optimization based Optimized dynamic Secure multipath routing protocol (ODMRP) have improvised WSN in terms of energy efficiency, performance, strength and scalability. This paper proposed mechanism of Ant Colony Optimization based on the optimized dynamic secure multipath routing protocol (ODMRP-ACO) for data transmission in the WSNs. This eases the data transmission via WSNs. The shortest path between the source node and the destination node is analyzed by the ant colony cooperation which is based on the ACO. There are several routing protocols like Energy-aware and Secure Routing with Trust (ESRT-ACO), Split multipath routing protocol-Ant colony Optimization (SMR-ACO), Light Weight Trust Based routing protocol (TLB-AODV) and AODV routing protocols that are built with the ACO based Routing Protocol. They are concerned over the End to End Delay, Packet Delivery Rate, Routing Overhead, Throughput and Energy Efficiency. The data analytic results have proven to be effective compared to the other routing protocols designed for WSN. This is because; the overall ODMRP-ACO was calculated to be 96.98% better than the other existing. For the newly developed ODMRP-ACO protocol, the simulation platform used is NS2 simulation software.</p>
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Kadhim, Dheyaa Jasim, and Ali Abdulwahhab Mohammed. "Proposed emerged and enhanced routing protocols for wireless networks." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 24, no. 2 (November 1, 2021): 871. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v24.i2.pp871-879.

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The problem motivation of this work deals with how to control the network overhead and reduce the network latency that may cause many unwanted loops resulting from using standard routing. This work proposes three different wireless routing protocols which they are originally using some advantages for famous wireless ad-hoc routing protocols such as dynamic source routing (DSR), optimized link state routing (OLSR), destination sequenced distance vector (DSDV) and zone routing protocol (ZRP). The first proposed routing protocol is presented an enhanced destination sequenced distance vector (E-DSDV) routing protocol, while the second proposed routing protocol is designed based on using the advantages of DSDV and ZRP and we named it as DS-ZRP routing protocol. The third proposed routing protocol is designed based on using the advantaged of multipoint relays in OSLR protocol with the advantages of route cashing in DSR protocol, and we named it as OLS-DSR routing protocol. Then, some experimental tests are doing by demonstration case studies and the experimental results proved that our proposed routing protocols outperformed than current wireless routing protocols in terms of important network performance metrics such as periodical broadcast, network control overhead, bandwidth overhead, energy consumed and latency.
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Mishra, Salonee, and Binod Kumar Pattanayak. "Power Efficient Dynamic Source Routing Protocol." International Journal of Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering 9, no. 7 (July 31, 2014): 185–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijmue.2014.9.7.16.

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Hu, Xing, Linhua Ma, Yongqiang Ding, Jin Xu, Yan Li, and Shiping Ma. "Fuzzy Logic-Based Geographic Routing Protocol for Dynamic Wireless Sensor Networks." Sensors 19, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19010196.

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The geographic routing protocol only requires the location information of local nodes for routing decisions, and is considered very efficient in multi-hop wireless sensor networks. However, in dynamic wireless sensor networks, it increases the routing overhead while obtaining the location information of destination nodes by using a location server algorithm. In addition, the routing void problem and location inaccuracy problem also occur in geographic routing. To solve these problems, a novel fuzzy logic-based geographic routing protocol (FLGR) is proposed. The selection criteria and parameters for the assessment of the next forwarding node are also proposed. In FLGR protocol, the next forward node can be selected based on the fuzzy location region of the destination node. Finally, the feasibility of the FLGR forwarding mode is verified and the performance of FLGR protocol is analyzed via simulation. Simulation results show that the proposed FLGR forwarding mode can effectively avoid the routing void problem. Compared with existing protocols, the FLGR protocol has lower routing overhead, and a higher packet delivery rate in a sparse network.
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Nampally, Venkatamangarao, and M. Raghavender Sharma. "Reliable and Efficient Routing Mechanisms for Vehicular ad-hoc Network." Asian Journal of Computer Science and Technology 7, no. 2 (August 5, 2018): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajcst-2018.7.2.1879.

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In order to provide stable connections among nodes, a routing protocol is necessary in VANET system. Dynamic topology and frequent disconnection makes difficult to design an efficient routing protocol for VANET to route information among nodes. The survey of routing protocols in VANET system helps in understanding the concepts of smart intelligent transport system (ITS). It is observed that carry-and-forward is the key consideration and main function of an efficient routing protocol in VANET system. This paper explains various routing protocols for VANET system.
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Al-Shehri, Salman, and Pavel Loskot. "Enhancing Reliability of Tactical MANETs by Improving Routing Decisions." Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications 8, no. 4 (November 28, 2018): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jlpea8040049.

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Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) have been primarily designed to enhance tactical communications in a battlefield. They provide dynamic connectivity without requiring any pre-existing infrastructure. Their multi-hop capabilities can improve radio coverage significantly. The nature of tactical MANET operations requires more specialized routing protocols compared to the ones which are used in commercial MANET. Routing decisions in MANETs are usually conditioned on signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) measurements. In order to improve routing decisions for use in highly dynamic tactical MANETs, this paper proposes to combine two different metrics to achieve reliable multicast in multi-hop ad hoc networks. The resulting protocol combining received signal strength (RSS) with SINR to make routing decisions is referred to as Link Quality Aware Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (LQA-AODV) routing. The proposed routing protocol can quickly adapt to dynamic changes in network topology and link quality variations often encountered in tactical field operations. Using computer simulations, the performance of proposed protocol is shown to outperform other widely used reactive routing protocols assuming several performance metrics.
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Omer, Khaled Ahmed Abood. "Impact of Jellyfish attack on routing protocols in TCP-based MANETs." University of Aden Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 27, no. 1 (April 22, 2023): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.47372/uajnas.2023.n1.a09.

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Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are self-organized infrastructure-less network of mobile wireless devices that could be deployed for communication. Due to the insecure wireless communication medium, multi-hop routing communication process, and dynamic behavior of the nodes in MANETs, routing protocols are vulnerable to various security attacks, such as Jellyfish attacks. A Jellyfish node targets TCP-based MANET and exploits its working mechanism to degrade the communication performance. This attack is hard to detect since it is a TCP protocol compliant methodology.In this paper, we evaluate the performance of the Ad hoc on-demand vector (AODV), Dynamic source routing (DSR), Temporally ordered routing algorithm (TORA), Geographic routing protocol (GRP), and optimized link state routing (OLSR) routing protocols under the Jellyfish delay variance attacks for TCP-based MANETs. Further, the TAHOE, RENO, and SACK variants of TCP protocol are considered for comparison. These routing protocols are simulated using the OPNET simulator to compare their performance, using specific performance metrics on the network. The experimental results show that the AODV protocol performs better than the DSR, TORA, OLSR, and GRP protocols under the jellyfish delay variance attack. Further, the SACK TCP variant performs better than the other TCP variants under the Jellyfish delay variance attack.
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Waleed Iftikhar. "Performance Evaluation of Dynamic Routing Protocols." Lahore Garrison University Research Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology 4, no. 1 (March 26, 2020): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.54692/lgurjcsit.2020.0401141.

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Routing protocols are an essential component while performing routing. Majority of the researches put stress on the analysis of the security of IPv6 routing protocols as a future research work. In case of DB query response time, EIGRPv6 did not perform well as compare to other two routing protocols. While for voice and video, jitter, packet end-to-end delay, EIGRPv6 performed best among other routing protocols. Their evaluation involved four pairs of scenarios and each pair dedicated to respective routing protocols to be analyzed. Finally, their results also predicted that communication between ISIS and OSPF routing protocols is quite noticeable. The major purpose of their research was to figure out the best possible combined solution of routing protocols in a complex scenario to provide a seamless flow of communication. While, in the combined network, RIP-OSPF combination had a low CPU utilization in comparison to EIGRP-OSPF combination. This paper will conduct a performance evaluation and analysis of routing protocols, RIP, OSPF, EIGRP and IGRP using different performance metrics. In a situation where there are frequent network topological changes, RIP and IGRP are the least suited routing protocols. While EIGRP and OSPF are the best suited routing protocols in a changing network environment. OSPF can be a better choice than EIGRP considering transmission cost and router overhead, while EIGRP performed best in terms of convergence, utilization, delay and throughput. Hence it becomes really difficult to select among OPSF and EIGRP. Future research can be based on selecting a routing protocol among OSPF
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "DYNAMIC ROUTING PROTOCOL"

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Macintosh, Adam. "Local area dynamic routing protocol : a position based routing protocol for MANET." Thesis, London South Bank University, 2015. http://researchopen.lsbu.ac.uk/2070/.

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A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) comprises mobile nodes (MNs), equipped with wireless communications devices; which form a temporary communication network without fixed network infrastructure or topology. The characteristics of MANET are: limited bandwidth; limited radio range; high mobility; and vulnerability to attacks that degrade the signal to noise ratio and bit error rates. These characteristics create challenges to MANET routing protocols. In addition, the mobility pattern of the MNs also has major impact on the MANET routing protocols. The issue of routing and maintaining packets between MNs in the mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) has always been a challenge; i.e. encountering broadcast storm under high node density, geographically constrained broadcasting of a service discovery message and local minimum problem under low node density. This requires an efficient design and development of a lightweight routing algorithm which can be handled by those GPS equipped devices. Most proposed location based routing protocols however, rely on a single route for each data transmission. They also use a location based system to find the destination address of MNs which over time, will not be accurate and may result in routing loop or routing failure. Our proposed lightweight protocol, ‘Local Area Network Dynamic Routing’ (LANDY) uses a localized routing technique which combines a unique locomotion prediction method and velocity information of MNs to route packets. The protocol is capable of optimising routing performance in advanced mobility scenarios, by reducing the control overhead and improving the data packet delivery. In addition, the approach of using locomotion prediction, has the advantage of fast and accurate routing over other position based routing algorithms in mobile scenarios. Recovery with LANDY is faster than other location protocols, which use mainly greedy algorithms, (such as GPRS), no signalling or configuration of the intermediate nodes is required after a failure. The key difference is that it allows sharing of locomotion and velocity information among the nodes through locomotion table. The protocol is designed for applications in which we expect that nodes will have access to a position service (e.g., future combat system). Simulation results show that LANDY`s performance improves upon other position based routing protocols.
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Nilsson, Kim. "Reactive Networking using Dynamic Link Exchange Protocol." Thesis, KTH, Kommunikationsnät, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-154832.

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This master thesis studies the possibilities of using a radio-router protocol in order to increase the quality of service in dynamic tactical network environments. We cover three radio-router protocols with emphasis on Dynamic Link Exchange Protocol (DLEP). Many applications, such as voice and video communication, have bandwidth and latency requirements which need to be fulfilled in order to provide a sufficient level of quality. This poses a problem in tactical network environments where links are typically dynamic and both bandwidth andlatency can vary. A radio-router protocol can alleviate this problem and also improve the routing in a network by allowing routers to take part of link-layer information. By using a radio link emulator (RLE) developed by Saab we are able to simulate dynamic network environments. We have performed two experiments by combining the RLE and an implementation of a subset ofthe DLEP specification draft. Both experiments simulate typical military network scenarios and allow us to analyse the effects of utilizing link-layerfeedback.Our results show that by using DLEP it is possible to provide better quality of service in highly dynamic conditions. We also show that DLEP can influence Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) by making OLSR aware of changes in the network topology. This leads to a reduced network convergence time with only a small increase in OLSR overhead.
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Matheus, Luiz Eduardo Mendes. "DYRP-VLC: a dynamic routing protocol for visible light communication networks." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2018. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/8076.

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Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2018-11-19T12:44:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 luizeduardomendesmatheus.pdf: 1606990 bytes, checksum: 2736fa2230ff16ef4aaa41155178b616 (MD5)
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Na última década, o interesse (acadêmico e comercial) em torno da Comunicação por Luz Visível (VLC) aumentou consideravelmente, devido a fatores como a crescente demanda por recursos sem fio na Internet e às vantagens oferecidas pela transmissão de dados através da luz visível. Entretanto, a utilização da luz como meio de comunicação, principalmente em ambientes internos, oferece diversos desafios, como interferência e bloqueios criados por obstáculos. Ao mesmo tempo, este tipo de ambiente oferece uma rica infraestrutura de fontes de luz, que podem ser utilizadas para auxiliar na comunicação através de mecanismos multi-hop. A maioria dos trabalhos presentes na literatura adotam técnicas simples para construção de mecanismos multi-hop em redes VLC, focando principalmente em aumento de distância. Neste trabalho, foi desenvolvido um protocolo de roteamento dinâmico, DYRP-VLC (DynamicRoutingProtocolforVisibleLightCommunication),quetemcomoobjetivo aumentar o desempenho de sistemas VLC em ambientes dinâmicos, enquanto reage à obstáculos construindo rotas alternativas na rede. A avaliação do protocolo foi realizada em um ambiente real, utilizando a plataforma embarcada OpenVLC 1.0 e métricas adotadas para problemas de roteamento. Os resultados obtidos mostram que, usando o DYRP-VLC, a rede foi capaz de se adaptar a mudanças dinâmicas na comunicação, como sombras e obstáculos, com pouca sobrecarga.
In the last decade, the interest in Visible Light Communication (VLC) has increased considerably, from both academic and commercial perspectives, due to factors such as the growing demand for wireless resources and the advantages offered by the transmission of data through visible light. However, the use of light as a communication medium, especially in indoor environments, offers several challenges, which includes shadowing and interference caused by obstacles. At the same time, this type of environment offers a rich infrastructure of light sources, which can be used to aid communication through multi-hop mechanisms. Most of the works present in the literature adopt simple techniques to construct multi-hop mechanisms in VLC networks, focusing mainly on increasing distance. Inthisthesis,wedevelopedDYRP-VLC(DynamicRoutingProtocolforVisibleLight Communication), a reactive routing protocol which aims to increase the performance ofVLCsystemsindynamicenvironments,whilereactingtoobstaclesbyconstructing alternative routes in the network. The evaluation of the protocol was performed in a real environment, using OpenVLC 1.0 embedded platform and adopting metrics for routing problems. The results show that, by using DYRP-VLC, the network was able to adapt to dynamic changes in communication, such as shadows and obstacles, with low overhead.
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Ramakrishnan, Karthik. "An Improved Model for the Dynamic Routing Effect Algorithm for Mobility Protocol." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/864.

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An ad-hoc network is a packet radio network in which individual mobile nodes perform routing functions. Typically, an ad-hoc networking concept allows users wanting to communicate with each other while forming a temporary network, without any form of centralized administration. Each node participating in the network performs both the host and router function, and willing to forward packets for other nodes. For this purpose a routing protocol is needed. A novel approach utilizes the uniqueness of such a network i. e. distance, location and speed of the nodes, introducing a Distance Routing Effect Algorithm for Mobility (DREAM). The protocol uses the distance effect and the mobility rate as a means to assure routing accuracy. When data needs to be exchanged between two nodes, the directional algorithm sends messages in the recorded direction of the destination node, guaranteeing the delivery by following the direction. The improved algorithm suggested within this thesis project includes an additional parameter, direction of travel, as a means of determining the location of a destination node. When data needs to be exchanged between two nodes, the directional algorithm sends messages in the recorded direction of the destination node, guaranteeing the delivery by following the direction. The end result is an enhancement to the delivery ratio, of the sent to the received packet. This also allows the reduction in the number of control packets that need to be distributed, reducing the overall control overhead of the Improved Dream protocol.
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Jabbar, Abdul. "AeroRP: A Geolocation Assisted Aeronautical Routing Protocol for Highly Dynamic Telemetry Environments." International Foundation for Telemetering, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/605970.

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ITC/USA 2009 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Fifth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 26-29, 2009 / Riviera Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada
With the increasing importance of networked systems for telemetry, there is a need for efficient routing algorithms in aeronautical environments. Unlike traditional mobile networks, the highly dynamic nature of airborne networks results in extremely short-lived paths, especially for multi-hop scenarios thereby necessitating domain-specific protocols. In this paper, we present the detailed design and evaluation of AeroRP, a cross-layered routing protocol designed specifically for airborne telemetry applications. AeroRP exploits the broadcast nature of the wireless medium along with the physical node location and trajectory to improve the data delivery in Mach-speed mobile scenarios We present a multi-modal protocol that addresses various operational scenarios of test and telemetry networks. Preliminary simulation results show that AeroRP significantly outperforms traditional MANET routing protocols while limiting the overhead.
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Hari, Krishnan Prem Kumar. "Design and Analysis of a Dynamic SpaceWire Routing Protocol for Reconfigurable and Distributed On-Board Computing Systems." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Rymdteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-76534.

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Future spacecrafts will require more computational and processing power to keep up with the growing demand in requirements and complexity. ScOSA is the next generation on-board computer developed by the German Aerospace Centre (DLR). The main motivation behind ScOSA is to replace the conventional on-board computer with distributed and reconfigurable computing nodes which provides higher performance, reliability, availability and stability by using a combination of the COTS components and reliable computing processors that are space qualified. In the current ScOSA system reconfiguration and routing of data between nodes are based on a static decision graph. SpaceWire protocol is used to communicate between nodes to provide reliability. The focus of the thesis is to design and implement a dynamic routing protocol for ScOSA which can be used in future for not only communicating between the nodes but also for reconfiguration. SpaceWire IPC is a customized protocol developed by DLR to provide communication between the nodes in a distributed network and to support monitoring, management and reconfiguration services. The dynamic routing protocol proposed in this thesis is primarily derived from the monitoring mechanism used in the SpaceWire IPC. PULL type monitoring mechanism is modelled and simulated using OMNeT++. The results obtained provide a qualitative outlook of the dynamic routing protocol implemented.
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Adugna, Leykun, and Goran Laic. "Kan projekt med öppen källkod användas delvis eller helt för at tuppfylla behoven för routing-applikationer?" Thesis, KTH, Medicinteknik och hälsosystem, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-272732.

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I dagens samhälle är det inte ovanligt för företag och organisationer att hitta bättre och alternativa mjukvaror med öppen källkod för att lösa sina behov. De söker programvaror som har de nödvändiga egenskaperna som krävs för att driva sin verksamhet och eventuellt ersätta egenutvecklad programvara för att spara tid och undvika onödiga kostnader. Denna avhandling har undersökt företagens behov av routing-applikationer och tagit fram ett förslag med hjälp av egenutvecklad testbädd. Den egenutvecklade testbädden kan användas av företag för att avgöra om den önskade öppen källkod programvara är lönsamt att implementera i ens verksamhet. Den routing-applikation som visade sig vara bättre än den befintliga är FRRouting(Free Range Routing). Lösningen som föreslås av studien har givit bevisad effekt genom ett pilotprojekt där öppen källkod har varit framgångsrikt på ett kvalitetsmässigt, funktionellt och kostnadseffektivt sätt att ersätta en befintlig programvara
Companies are looking into the open source community in the hope of finding a better alternative software to replace their existing software suit. They are looking for software that has the necessary properties required to run their business and possibly help them avoid unnecessary costs and save time. This thesis has examined the needs of routing application for companies and presented a suggestion by using self-developed testbed. The testbed can be used by companies to decide the beneficial of implementing the desired routing application software. The routing application that gave the best result in this study is FRRouting (Free Range Routing). The solution proposed by the study has been proven to be effective through a pilot project where open source program has been successful by retaining the expected quality, functionality in a cost-effective way.
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Almotiri, Sultan H. "Design and Evaluation of Security Mechanism for Routing in MANETs. Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman cryptography mechanism to secure Dynamic Source Routing protocol (DSR) in Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET)." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5718.

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Ensuring trustworthiness through mobile nodes is a serious issue. Indeed, securing the routing protocols in Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is of paramount importance. A key exchange cryptography technique is one such protocol. Trust relationship between mobile nodes is essential. Without it, security will be further threatened. The absence of infrastructure and a dynamic topology changing reduce the performance of security and trust in mobile networks. Current proposed security solutions cannot cope with eavesdroppers and misbehaving mobile nodes. Practically, designing a key exchange cryptography system is very challenging. Some key exchanges have been proposed which cause decrease in power, memory and bandwidth and increase in computational processing for each mobile node in the network consequently leading to a high overhead. Some of the trust models have been investigated to calculate the level of trust based on recommendations or reputations. These might be the cause of internal malicious attacks. Our contribution is to provide trustworthy communications among the mobile nodes in the network in order to discourage untrustworthy mobile nodes from participating in the network to gain services. As a result, we have presented an Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange and trust framework mechanism for securing the communication between mobile nodes. Since our proposed model uses a small key and less calculation, it leads to a reduction in memory and bandwidth without compromising on security level. Another advantage of the trust framework model is to detect and eliminate any kind of distrust route that contain any malicious node or suspects its behavior.
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Shah, Vijay K. "A DIVERSE BAND-AWARE DYNAMIC SPECTRUM ACCESS ARCHITECTURE FOR CONNECTIVITY IN RURAL COMMUNITIES." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/cs_etds/82.

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Ubiquitous connectivity plays an important role in improving the quality of life in terms of economic development, health and well being, social justice and equity, as well as in providing new educational opportunities. However, rural communities which account for 46% of the world's population lacks access to proper connectivity to avail such societal benefits, creating a huge "digital divide" between the urban and rural areas. A primary reason is that the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) providers have less incentives to invest in rural areas due to lack of promising revenue returns. Existing research and industrial attempts in providing connectivity to rural communities suffer from severe drawbacks, such as expensive wireless spectrum licenses and infrastructures, under- and over-provisioning of spectrum resources while handling heterogeneous traffic, lack of novel wireless technologies tailored to the unique challenges and requirements of rural communities (e.g., agricultural fields). Leveraging the recent advances in Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) technologies like wide band spectrum analyzers and spectrum access systems, and multi-radio access technologies (multi-RAT), this dissertation proposes a novel Diverse Band-aware DSA (d-DSA) network architecture, that addresses the drawbacks of existing standard and DSA wireless solutions, and extends ubiquitous connectivity to rural communities; a step forward in the direction of the societal and economic improvements in rural communities, and hence, narrowing the "digital divide" between the rural and urban societies. According to this paradigm, a certain wireless device is equipped with software defined radios (SDRs) that are capable of accessing multiple (un)licensed spectrum bands, such as, TV, LTE, GSM, CBRS, ISM, and possibly futuristic mmWaves. In order to fully exploit the potential of the d-DSA paradigm, while meeting heterogeneous traffic demands that may be generated in rural communities, we design efficient routing strategies and optimization techniques, which are based on a variety of tools such as graph modeling, integer linear programming, dynamic programming, and heuristic design. Our results on realistic traces in a large variety of rural scenarios show that the proposed techniques are able to meet the heterogeneous traffic requirements of rural applications, while ensuring energy efficiency and robustness of the architecture for providing connectivity to rural communities.
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Bizagwira, Honoré. "Réseaux de capteurs sans fil étendu robuste exploitant des liens atypiques." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF22770/document.

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Ce mémoire de thèse se place dans le contexte des applications de surveillance de l’environnement nécessitant des mesures régulières de caractéristiques biologiques ou géo-physiques. Il s’agit par exemple de mesurer la propagation de polluants dans les cours d’eau, de surveiller le développement de bactérie dans des eaux de baignade. Les réseaux de capteurs sans fils (RCsF) apparaissent comme des solutions économiques et fiables pour permettre l’automatisation de la collecte de telles données. Le bon fonctionnement de ces réseaux dépend de la qualité des transmissions radio, ce qui est particulièrement vrai dans des milieux où les conditions sont peu favorables à la propagation des ondes radio et où les liens peuvent donc se révéler intermittents. L’objectif de ce travail est de proposer une solution protocolaire efficace dans de telles conditions, dans le cas particulier d’un réseau de capteur déployé à la surface de l’eau. Le mémoire débute par la description d’une méthodologie, des mécanismes et d’une plate-forme destinée à explorer la qualité d’un lien radio situé à la surface de l’eau. Nous présentons différentes mesures qui ont été effectuées. Les solutions protocolaires que nous proposons prennent en compte le caractère évolutif de la topologie due à l’instabilité des liens radio afin d’améliorer l’efficacité de la collecte et de réduire la consommation énergétique des noeuds. Notre approche est basée sur la reconstruction périodique de la topologie, la communication entre les noeuds par rendez-vous définis par des fenêtres de transmissions, l’utilisation du multi-canal pour drainer les données et l’adaptation de la taille des fenêtres de transmission en fonction du trafic local. L’ensemble de ces propositions est validé par prototypage et par simulation sur NS-3. Les résultats montrent que notre solution est capable de collecter les données dans une topologie dynamique tout en réduisant à la fois le délai de collecte et la consommation énergétique
This thesis takes place in the context of environmental monitoring applications requiring regular measurements of biological or geophysical characteristics. These applications include for instance the measuring of the spread of pollutants in rivers, monitoring of the development of bacteria in bathing waters, etc. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) provide cost-effective and reliable solutions to allow the automation of such data gathering. The good functioning of these networks depends on the quality of the radio transmissions, which is particularly true in environments where the conditions are not suitable for the propagation of radio waves and where the links may therefore be intermittent. The objective of this work is to propose an effective protocol solution under such conditions, in the particular case of a sensor network deployed on the water surface. The thesis begins with a description of the methodology, mechanisms and a platform for exploring the quality of a radio link displayed at the water surface. We present different measures that have been carried out. The protocol solutions we propose take into account the evolutionary nature of the topology due to the instability of the radio links in order to improve the efficiency of the data gathering and to reduce the energy consumption of the nodes. Our approach is based on the periodic reconstruction of the topology, the communication between nodes by appointments defined by transmission windows, the use of the multi-channel to drain the data and the adaptation of the transmission window size as a function of local traffic. All these propositions are validated by prototyping and simulation using NS-3. The results show that our solution is capable of collecting data in a dynamic topology while reducing both gathering time and energy consumption
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Books on the topic "DYNAMIC ROUTING PROTOCOL"

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Intellectual Dynamic Source Routing Protocol to Increase the Network Lifetime. Karur, India: ASDF International, 2017.

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Dourish, Paul. Protocols, Packets, and Proximity. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039362.003.0008.

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This chapter analyzes the materialities of Internet protocols, focusing on the relationship between content and conduit, which involves both the compression and modulation of signals. Network protocols are shaped by material constraints. Similarly, the centrality of routing to the Internet can be understood materially in terms of the arrangement of network nodes, the cost of routing, the structure of networks, the size of routing tables, and the dynamics of connectivity. Critically, this materiality cuts across apparently different domains of concern—from the practice of network operations to the rhetoric of democratic access. The chapter then contrasts two different protocols, the Routing Information Protocol and the Exterior Gateway Protocol, which emerged in different historical moments and cultural conditions. Examining the social construction of these network protocols can help differentiate the actual Internet from a possible or imagined Internet.
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Performance Analysis of Dynamic Routing Protocols in a Low Earth Orbit Satellite Data Network. Storming Media, 1996.

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Lademann, Amy, and Rick Lademann. Pilates and Conditioning for Athletes. Human Kinetics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781718214163.

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Gain the competitive edge with the innovative training methods in Pilates and Conditioning for Athletes. This science-based, multidimensional approach to athletic conditioning helps you build a strong and flexible foundation by infusing Pilates into training, resulting in complete training programs that tap into the seven pillars of training needed for success: • Agility • Flexibility • Mobility • Power • Speed • Stability • Strength Begin with proven assessment protocols that have helped elite and professional athletes reach the pinnacle of their careers and remain there. Evaluate your movement patterns, range of motion, strength base, flexibility, and core strength to determine your baseline and guide your selection of exercises and sequences to turn weaknesses into strengths. Then follow detailed instructions for 124 Pilates mat and traditional conditioning exercises to strengthen your core, improve your posture, increase flexibility, and correct muscle imbalances. You will learn the following: • Breathing exercises to increase lung capacity and reduce stress • Stretching routines to open your hips, hamstrings, and back • Joint articulation to improve range of motion and balance • Resistance training for strength and power • Medicine ball training for working in diagonal and transverse planes • A dynamic warm-up series to begin each training session You can take the confusion out of your training plan by adding one or more of the 19 foundational, intermediate, and sport-specific workouts to help you achieve your performance goals. Successful athletes never leave their training to chance: Every workout is planned, every exercise is done for a specific reason, and each movement and program builds upon the previous one. Whether you are a weekend warrior, a college or professional athlete, or a 70-year-old triathlete, Pilates and Conditioning for Athletes will help you incorporate Pilates training to become a stronger, faster, healthier, and better-equipped athlete.
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Book chapters on the topic "DYNAMIC ROUTING PROTOCOL"

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Wenning, Bernd-Ludwig. "Context-based Routing Protocol Development." In Context-Based Routing in Dynamic Networks, 19–42. Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8348-9709-1_3.

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Kiani, Farzad, and Sayyad Alizadeh. "Dynamic Routing Protocol for Virtual Cellular Networks." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 460–67. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3433-6_55.

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Lu, Huimei, Hongyu Hu, Quanshuang Xiang, and Yuanda Cao. "Multicast Routing Protocol with Heterogeneous and Dynamic Receivers." In Computational Science – ICCS 2006, 81–86. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11758549_11.

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Murshed, Md Golam, and Alastair R. Allen. "Energy Efficient Dynamic Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks." In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 41–52. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27299-8_5.

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Layuan, Li, and Li Chunlin. "A QoS Multicast Routing Protocol for Dynamic Group Topology." In Euro-Par 2003 Parallel Processing, 980–88. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-45209-6_134.

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Chen, Li, Ruijuan Yang, and Meirong Huang. "Ad Hoc High-Dynamic Routing Protocol Simulation and Research." In Wireless Communications, Networking and Applications, 399–408. New Delhi: Springer India, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2580-5_37.

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Chiu, Jih-Ching, Kai-Ming Yang, Yao-Chin Huang, and Ming-Shiou Wu. "Dynamic Multi-channel Multi-path Routing Protocol for Smart Grid." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 725–33. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2792-2_71.

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Zhang, Longbo, Chen Yu, and Hai Jin. "Dynamic Spray and Wait Routing Protocol for Delay Tolerant Networks." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 69–76. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35606-3_8.

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Talwar, Gaurika, Hemika Narang, Kavita Pandey, and Pakhi Singhal. "Analysis of Different Mobility Models for Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol and Dynamic Source Routing Protocol." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 579–88. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6154-8_57.

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Xia, Li, Shilin Jiang, Zhenglong Song, and Guangyan Sun. "An EST-Based Automatic Route Shortening in Dynamic Source Routing Protocol." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 637–44. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19853-3_94.

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Conference papers on the topic "DYNAMIC ROUTING PROTOCOL"

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Sun, Xue-Mei, Zi-Yi Liu, Hai-Tao Chen, and Chun-Qing Li. "Clustered Dynamic Source Routing Protocol." In 2007 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wicom.2007.387.

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Cheng, Yong, Chuanhe Huang, and Wenming Shi. "Trusted Dynamic Source Routing Protocol." In 2007 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wicom.2007.411.

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Sahu, Sanjib Kumar, Pankaj Kumar, and Amit Prakash Singh. "Dynamic Routing Using Inter Capsule Routing Protocol between Capsules." In 2018 UKSim-AMSS 20th International Conference on Computer Modelling and Simulation (UKSim). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/uksim.2018.00012.

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Jin Wang, Cenzhe Zhu, Qinfeng Guo, Chai Teck Yoong, and Wai-Choong Wong. "SCAR: A dynamic Coding-Aware Routing protocol." In 2012 6th International Conference on Signal Processing and Communication Systems (ICSPCS 2012). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icspcs.2012.6507982.

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Bizagwira, Honore, Joel Toussaint, and Michel Misson. "Multi-channel routing protocol for dynamic WSN." In 2016 Wireless Days (WD). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wd.2016.7461512.

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Lopez, Antonio Mira, and Douglas R. Heisterkamp. "Simulated Annealing Based Hierarchical Q-Routing: A Dynamic Routing Protocol." In 2011 Eighth International Conference on Information Technology: New Generations (ITNG). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itng.2011.138.

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Sen, Jaydip. "An analysis of routing disruption attack on dynamic source routing protocol." In Electronic Systems Technology (Wireless VITAE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wirelessvitae.2011.5940898.

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Li, Yongjun, Geshi Huang, Hu Chen, Shaocong Zou, and Rong Xie. "DLRP: Dynamic layered routing protocol for IP multicast." In Signal Processing (WCSP 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wcsp.2010.5633780.

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Shankaran, Rajan, Vijay Varadharajan, and Michael Hitchens. "Securing the Ad Hoc Dynamic Source Routing Protocol." In 2006 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wicom.2006.209.

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Rifa-Pous, Helena, and Jordi Herrera-Joancomarti. "Secure Dynamic MANET On-demand (SEDYMO) Routing Protocol." In Fifth Annual Conference on Communication Networks and Services Research. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cnsr.2007.57.

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Reports on the topic "DYNAMIC ROUTING PROTOCOL"

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Yu, Xin, and Zvi M. Kedem. A Distributed Adaptive Cache Update Algorithm for the Dynamic Source Routing Protocol. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada439506.

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Johnson, D., Y. Hu, and D. Maltz. The Dynamic Source Routing Protocol (DSR) for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks for IPv4. RFC Editor, February 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc4728.

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Kumar, Sunil. Design of Intelligent Cross-Layer Routing Protocols for Airborne Wireless Networks Under Dynamic Spectrum Access Paradigm. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada543607.

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Whitaker, Stephen. Rocky intertidal community monitoring at Channel Islands National Park: 2018–19 annual report. National Park Service, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2299674.

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Channel Islands National Park includes the five northern islands off the coast of southern California (San Miguel, Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, Anacapa, and Santa Barbara Islands) and the surrounding waters out one nautical mile. There are approximately 176 miles of coastline around the islands, about 80% of which is composed of rock. The diversity and undisturbed nature of the tidepools of this rocky coastline were recognized as special features of the islands in the enabling legislation. To conserve these communities unimpaired for future generations, the National Park Service has been monitoring the rocky intertidal communities at the islands since 1982. Sites were established between 1982 and 1998. Site selection considered visitation, accessibility, presence of representative organisms, wildlife disturbance, and safety. This report summarizes the 2018–2019 sampling year efforts (from November 2018 to April 2019) and findings of the Channel Islands National Park Rocky Intertidal Community Monitoring Program. Specific monitoring objectives are 1) to determine the long-term trends in percent cover of key sessile organisms in the rocky intertidal ecosystem, and 2) to determine population dynamics of black abalone (Haliotis cracherodii), owl limpets (Lottia gigantea), and ochre sea stars (Pisaster ochraceus). Objectives were met by monitoring percent cover of core species in target intertidal zones using photoplots and transects, and by measuring size frequency and abundance of black abalone, owl limpets, and sea stars using fixed plots or timed searches. Twelve key species or assemblages, as well as the substrate, tar, have been monitored twice per year at 21 sites on the five park islands as part of the rocky intertidal community monitoring program. Fixed photoplots were used to monitor the percent cover of thatched and acorn barnacles (Tetraclita rubescens, Balanus glandula/Chthamalus spp., respectively), mussels (Mytilus californianus), rockweeds (Silvetia compressa, and Pelvetiopsis californica (formerly Hesperophycus californicus), turfweed (Endocladia muricata), goose barnacles (Pollicipes polymerus) and tar. Point-intercept transects were used to determine the percent cover of surfgrass (Phyllospadix spp.). Information about size distribution (i.e., “size frequency” data) was collected for owl limpets in circular plots. Size distribution and relative abundance of black abalone and ochre sea stars were determined using timed searches. The maximum number of shorebirds and pinnipeds seen at one time were counted at each site. The number of concession boat visitors to the Anacapa tidepools was collected and reported. All sites were monitored in 2018–2019. This was the third year that we officially reduced our sampling interval from twice per year (spring and fall) to once in order to streamline the program and allow for the implementation of additional protocols. Weather conditions during the site visits were satisfactory, but high wind coupled with strong swell and surge limited or prevented the completion of some of the abalone and sea star searches. The percent cover for most key species or assemblages targeted in the photoplots was highly variable among sites. Mussel (Mytilus californianus) cover remained below average at Anacapa and Santa Barbara Islands. Record or near record low abundances for Mytilus were measured at Middle West Anacapa (Anacapa Island), Harris Point (San Miguel Island), Prisoner’s Harbor (Santa Cruz Island), and Sea Lion Rookery (Santa Barbara Island) sites. The only site that appeared to have above average Mytilus cover was Scorpion Rock on Santa Cruz Island. All other sites had mussel cover near or below the long-term mean. Qualitatively, Mytilus recruitment appeared low at most sites. Both rockweed species, Silvetia compressa and Pelvetiopsis californica (formerly Hesperophycus californicus), continued to decrease markedly in abundance this year at the majority of sites compared to combined averages for previous years. Fossil Reef and Northwest-Talcott on Santa Rosa Island, Sea Lion Rookery on Santa Barbara Island, and South Frenchy’s Cove on Anacapa Island were the only sites that supported Silvetia cover that was near the long-term mean. No sites exhibited above average cover of rockweed. Extremely high levels of recruitment for Silvetia and Pelvetiopsis were documented at many sites. Most sites exhibited marked declines in S. compressa abundances beginning in the early 2000s, with little recovery observed for the rockweed through this year. Barnacle (Chthamalus/Balanus spp.) cover fell below the long-term means at all islands except Anacapa, where barnacle cover was slightly above average. Endocladia muricata abundances remained comparable to the grand mean calculated for previous years at Santa Barbara, Santa Cruz, and Santa Rosa Islands, while cover of the alga decreased slightly below the long-term means at Anacapa and San Miguel Islands. Black abalone (Haliotis cracherodii) abundances at the islands remain less than one percent of 1985 population levels. Zero abalone were found throughout the entire site at Landing Cove on Santa Barbara Island and South Frenchy’s Cove on Anacapa Island. Above average abundances relative to the long-term mean generated from post-1995 data were observed at all but five sites. Juvenile black abalone were seen at all islands except Santa Barbara. Ochre sea star (Pisaster ochraceus) populations crashed in 2014 at all monitoring sites due to Sea Star Wasting Syndrome, an illness characterized by a suite of symptoms that generally result in death. The mortality event was widely considered to be the largest mortality event for marine diseases ever seen. Beginning in June 2013, the disease swiftly and significantly impacted P. ochraceus (among other species of sea stars) populations along the North American Pacific coast from Alaska to Baja California, Mexico. By the beginning of 2014, P. ochraceus abundances had declined by >95% at nearly all Channel Islands long-term intertidal monitoring sites, in addition to numerous other locations along the West Coast. At various times during the past decade, extremely high abundances (~ 500 P. ochraceus) have been observed at multiple sites, and most locations have supported >100 sea stars counted during 30-minute site-wide searches. This year, abundances ranged 0–13 individuals per site with all but one site having fewer than 10 P. ochraceus seen during routine searches. Insufficient numbers of sea stars were seen to accurately estimate the size structure of P. ochraceus populations. Only two juveniles (i.e., <50 mm) were observed at all sites combined. Giant owl limpet densities in 2018–2019 were comparable or slightly above the long-term mean at seven sites. Exceptionally high densities were measured at Northwest-Talcott on Santa Rosa Island, Otter Harbor on San Miguel Island, and Willows Anchorage on Santa Cruz Island. The sizes of L. gigantea this year varied among sites and islands. The smallest L. gigantea were observed at Otter Harbor followed closely by Willows Anchorage and Anacapa Middle West, and the largest were seen at Northwest-Talcott. Temporally, the mean sizes of L. gigantea in 2018–2019 decreased below the long-term mean at each island except Anacapa. Surfgrasses (Phyllospadix spp.) are typically monitored biannually at two sites each on Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa Islands. Beginning in 2015, all transects at each of the monitoring sites were only sampled once per year. At East Point on Santa Rosa Island, the conditions were not conducive to sampling the surfgrass transects, but qualitatively, percent cover of surfgrass appeared to be near 100% on all three transects. Relative to past years, cover of surfgrass increased above the long-term mean at Fraser Cove on Santa Cruz Island, fell slightly below the mean at Trailer on Santa Cruz Island, and remained approximately equivalent to the mean at the two Santa Rosa Island sites. Overall, the abundance and diversity of shorebirds in 2018–2019 at all sites appeared similar to observations made in recent years, with the exception of elevated numbers of brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis) observed at East Point on Santa Rosa Island. Black oystercatchers (Haematopus bachmani) were the most ubiquitous shorebird seen at all sites. Black turnstones (Arenaria melanocephala) were not common relative to past years. Pinniped abundances remained comparable in 2018–2019 to historical counts for all three species that are commonly seen at the islands. Harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) were seen in the vicinity of eight sites this year. As in past years, harbor seals were most abundant at Otter Harbor and Harris Point on San Miguel Island. Elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) were seen at six sites during the year, where abundances ranged 1–5 individuals per location. California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) were common at Santa Barbara Island; 117 individuals were observed at Sea Lion Rookery. Sea lion abundances were higher than usual at Harris Point (N = 160) and Otter Harbor (N = 82) on San Miguel Island. Relative to past years, abundances this year were considered average at other locations.
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