Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Dynamic layout'
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Crawford, Carl Jonathan. "Dynamic multilevel graph layout and visualisation." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2016. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/18104/.
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This thesis addresses the issue of efficient dynamic graph drawing for large scale connected graphs with around 10,000 vertices. It contains three main contributions. Firstly, an efficient method for approximating the n-body calculations used in Force Directed Placement (FDP) is described, exploiting use of a multilevel scheme to approximate distance between groups of vertices much like the Barnes Hut Octree. The method suggests better representation of the graphs underlying relationships. In experiments this algorithm, referred to as Multilevel Global Force (MGF), reduces running time by an average of 40% compared to the popular Barnes Hut Octree approximation method. Secondly, optimisation methods used in static graph drawing (such as multilevel and approximation schemes) are adapted for use in dynamic graph drawing, simultaneously improving the quality of layouts produced and reducing the complexity such that large graphs with thousands of vertices can be drawn in interactive time. Thirdly, several techniques are introduced for incorporating graph changes into the dynamic graph drawing to differing extents, allowing the viewer to decide whether the ongoing layout should preserve the original layout or prioritise the graph changes. The works are combined to form an efficient multilevel dynamic graph drawing algorithm.
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Kanya, Denise L. "Preprocessing rules for the dynamic layout problem." Ohio : Ohio University, 1994. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1177533808.
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Nayak, Chandan N. "Solutions to dynamic facility layout problems: Development of Dynamic From Between Chart (DFBC) and its applications to continuous layout modeling." Diss., Wichita State University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/1493.
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Manufacturing facility layout is determined by minimizing the Material Handling (MH) cost associated with the manufacturing of products. A manufacturing facility operates in a dynamic environment where the production rates and product mix are continuously changing. In addition, the introduction of new products/machines and removal of existing products/machines render the existing layout completely unreliable to yield improved productivity. Hence, it is often necessary to analyze the current layout and redesign the layout in accordance with the constantly changes in demand. Existing methods for the analysis of redesign uses multiple, static, and tabular from-to charts. These charts assume and exhibit the timely demand as a discrete invariable quantity. A new tool, “Dynamic From Between Chart (DFBC)” that allows easier visualization of the changes in product rates and mix is introduced and developed in this research. DFBC models the production rate changes using a continuous function. The development process of the new tool, the formulation of the cost function and its application to the solution of Dynamic Facility Layout Problems (DFLP) for multiple time periods is presented with the use of a case study. The solution methodology uses a tradeoff analysis between increased MH cost and the rearrangement cost for the transition from existing layout to a new layout. To further authenticate and strengthen the developed methodology, real world case studies are considered and evaluated. Importance of any department flow over the other departments (crossover) occurs only if there is variation in the flow volumes between relative departments. In previous research, the redesign is carried out at the end of specific time period in a given time horizon. In most instances, the need for redesign or change in flow occurs somewhere during the period and identifying such crossover points will assist to yield better savings. In addition, the exact time at which the layout should be modified can be determined. For large size problems, the number of crossover points sited in DFBC will be large and evaluating each of these points to identify the point of change in layout will be tedious and time consuming. Thus, along with the methodology to identify the crossover points a concept of Upper bound and Lower bound (UB–LB) to discover the set of redesign points which may warrant a change in layout has been developed. Further analysis is necessary to detect the point(s) that initiate the change. Limiting the solution space facilitates the evaluation of large size problems by reducing and simplifying the computation. Multiple case studies are considered and evaluated to indicate the applicability of the concept. It is also evident in current manufacturing paradigms that the introduction of new products/machines and removal of existing products/machines in-between the time horizon induces huge flow variations between departments. Previous research on DFLP does not deal with models which adopt such scenarios. In this research the application of DFBC to analyze the impact of introduction of new products/machines and removal of existing products/machines in between the time horizon is considered. The ability of the DFBC to address such scenarios is evaluated using a case study. Finally, the possible extensions of this research are listed along with the conclusions on the proposed approach.Thesis (Ph.D.)--Wichita State University, College of Engineering, Dept. of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
"December 2007."
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Nayak, Chandan N. Krishnan Krishna. "Solutions to dynamic facility layout problems: Development of Dynamic From Between Chart (DFBC) and its applications to continuous layout modeling /." Diss., A link to full text of this thesis in SOAR, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/1493.
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Huang, Xiaodi, and xhuang@turing une edu au. "Filtering, clustering and dynamic layout for graph visualization." Swinburne University of Technology, 2004. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au./public/adt-VSWT20050428.111554.
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Graph visualization plays an increasingly important role in software engineering and
information systems. Examples include UML, E-R diagrams, database structures,
visual programming, web visualization, network protocols, molecular structures,
genome diagrams, and social structures.
Many classical algorithms for graph visualization have already been developed
over the past decades. However, these algorithms face difficulties in practice, such as
the overlapping nodes, large graph layout, and dynamic graph layout. In order to solve
these problems, this research aims to systematically address both algorithmic and
approach issues related to a novel framework that describes the process of graph
visualization applications. At the same time, all the proposed algorithms and
approaches can be applied to other situations as well.
First of all, a framework for graph visualization is described, along with a generic
approach to the graphical representation of a relational information source. As the
important parts of this framework, two main approaches, Filtering and Clustering, are
then particularly investigated to deal with large graph layouts effectively.
In order to filter 'noise' or less important nodes in a given graph, two new
methods are proposed to compute importance scores of nodes called NodeRank, and
then to control the appearances of nodes in a layout by ranking them.
Two novel algorithms for clustering graphs, KNN and SKM, are developed to
reduce visual complexity. Identifying seed nodes as initial members of clusters, both
algorithms make use of either the k-nearest neighbour search or a novel node
similarity matrix to seek groups of nodes with most affinities or similarities among
them. Such groups of relatively highly connected nodes are then replaced with
abstract nodes to form a coarse graph with reduced dimensions.
An approach called MMD to the layout of clustered graphs is provided using a
multiple-window�multiple-level display.
As for the dynamic graph layout, a new approach to removing overlapping nodes
called Force-Transfer algorithm is developed to greatly improve the classical Force-
Scan algorithm.
Demonstrating the performance of the proposed algorithms and approaches, the
framework has been implemented in a prototype called PGD. A number of
experiments as well as a case study have been carried out.
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Trivedi, Nihar. "An approach to display layout of dynamic windows." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 1997. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/884.
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The development of windows based user interface has introduced a new dimension to the field of human computer interaction. Now a user is able to perform multiple tasks at a time, often switching from one task to another. However windows environment also imposes the burden of manual windows management on the user. Several studies have suggested that manual window management is an unproductive chore often resulting in clutter and confusion on the display screen. Therefore we need a automatic windows layout generator to free the user to perform other useful tasks. This thesis introduces SPORDAC {Shadow Propagation for Overlap Removal and Display Area Compaction) algorithm. This algorithm aims to remove overlap from the display layout and encapsulate the layout in the finite display area. The SPORDAC prototype integrates the SPORDAC algorithm with simulated annealing to optimise the display area usage. The usefulness and applicability of the SPORDAC approach are illustrated with the implementation of a prototype, samples of generated layouts and analysis of the collected data
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Liu, Wen-Hsing. "Tabu search heuristics for the dynamic facility layout problem." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2005. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=3973.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2005.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 88 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 83-88).
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Kuppusamy, Saravanan. "Simulated annealing heuristics for the dynamic facility layout problem." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2138.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2001.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 133 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 88-94).
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Shang, Jin. "Ant colony heuristics for the dynamic facility layout problem." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2002. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2579.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2002.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 76 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 72-76).
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Jariwala, Anish. "Efficient branch and bound algorithm for the dynamic layout problem." Ohio : Ohio University, 1995. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1179426531.
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Hakobyan, Artak. "Heuristics for the dynamic facility layout problem with unequal area departments." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2008. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5699.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2008.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 109 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 97-103).
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Ozen, Aykut. "Material Flow Cost Versus Congestion In Dynamic Distributed Facility Layout Problem." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609602/index.pdf.
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In this thesis, we study both dynamic and distributed facility layout problems, where the demand for product mix changes over time. We propose a new simulated annealing algorithm, SALAB, for the dynamic facility layout problem. Four variants of SALAB find the best known solution for 20 of the 48 benchmark problems from the literature, improving upon the best known solutions of 18 problems. We modify SALAB to obtain DSALAB, solving the dynamic distributed facility layout problem with the objective of minimizing relocation cost and total (full and empty) travel cost of the material handling system. We simulate DSALAB solutions of randomly generated problems to study the tradeoff between total cost and congestion in the system. Our experimental results indicate that distributing the department duplicates throughout the facility reduces the total cost with diminishing returns and causes increasing congestion. Therefore, distribution beyond a certain level is not justified.
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Mai, Dung Hoang. "A Heuristic for the Constrained One-Sided Two-Layered Crossing Reduction Problem for Dynamic Graph Layout." NSUWorks, 2011. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/gscis_etd/225.
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Data in real-world graph drawing applications often change frequently but incrementally. Any drastic change in the graph layout could disrupt a user's "mental map." Furthermore, real-world applications like enterprise process or e-commerce graphing, where data change rapidly in both content and quantity, demand a comprehensive responsiveness when rendering the graph layout in a multi-user environment in real time. Most standard static graph drawing algorithms apply global changes and redraw the entire graph layout whenever the data change. The new layout may be very different from the previous layout and the time taken to redraw the entire graph degrades quickly as the amount of graph data grows. Dynamic behavior and the quantity of data generated by real-world applications pose challenges for existing graph drawing algorithms in terms of incremental stability and scalability.
A constrained hierarchical graph drawing framework and modified Sugiyama heuristic were developed in this research. The goal of this research was to improve the scalability of the constrained graph drawing framework while preserving layout stability. The framework's use of the relational data model shifts the graph application from the traditional desktop to a collaborative and distributed environment by reusing vertex and edge information stored in a relational database. This research was based on the work of North and Woodhull (2001) and the constrained crossing reduction problem proposed by Forster (2004). The result of the constrained hierarchical graph drawing framework and the new Sugiyama heuristic, especially the modified barycenter algorithms, were tested and evaluated against the Graphviz framework and North and Woodhull's (2001) online graph drawing framework.
The performance test results showed that the constrained graph drawing framework run time is comparable with the performance of the Graphviz framework in terms of generating static graph layouts, which is independent of database accesses. Decoupling graph visualization from the graph editing modules improved scalability, enabling the rendering of large graphs in real time. The visualization test also showed that the constrained framework satisfied the aesthetic criteria for constrained graph layouts. Future enhancements for this proposed framework include implementation of (1) the horizontal coordinate assignment algorithm, (2) drawing polylines for multilayer edges in the rendering module, and (3) displaying subgraphs for very large graph layouts.
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Elgendi, E. M. O. "An automated dynamic site layout planning system : a case study of Egypt." Thesis, University of Salford, 2016. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/41604/.
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One of the serious tasks in the construction planning was the site layout planning as it had a considerable effect on construction sites. However, in practice site layout planning was often ignored or overlooked due to its complexity. Project Managers often performed a site layout planning based on experience, ad-hoc rules and first-come-first-serve approach which may lead to inefficient site layouts that had a negative effect on construction projects. Therefore, the automated systems can be considered as the most effective methods to develop an efficient site layout as they fully covered all concerns that cannot be taken into account by manual methods. Although, a lot of automated site layout planning systems had been developed to support this serious planning task. However, they remained having serious limitations and drawbacks such as a single objective, integrating with regular facilities and site areas only, 2D site layouts representation, inefficient approaches to reflect the dynamic nature of construction sites, ignoring space reuse and facilities relocation, equal area space search, generating static layout, did not cover end users’ requirements, highly complex for users, ignoring the user interaction and lacking of flexibility in the system design. This revealed the need to develop new automated systems to cover the limitations and drawbacks of the existing automated systems and offer the end users’ requirements. Furtherer more, the quantitative study of survey returned by twelve participations from the Egyptian sites guided this research to list the end users’ requirements. These results led to identifying MATrix LABoratory (MATLAB) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) as the suitable tool and technique to overcome the site layout planning limitations and shortcomings as well as offer the end users’ requirements. Therefore, this research had developed an automated dynamic site layout planning system (ASLS) which had positive impacts on the construction industry in terms of: (1) improving the site layout and space planning (2) maintaining the construction projects cost and time; (3) improving the overall safety of construction sites; and (4) protecting the surrounding environment. The automated system subjected to a validation process through two construction projects based in Egypt to examine its accuracy and effectiveness. The validation process results proved its accuracy and effectiveness in developing optimal site layouts for construction projects. In addition, an evaluation process was used to examine its functionality, completeness, performance, usability and user acceptance through functional (black-box) test, structural (white-box) test and users’ trial. The functional (black-box) and structural (white-box) tests results verified its completeness and performance. The users’ trial results indicated its usability in terms of effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction and revealed that it was acceptable to use and efficient as it saved time. This research concluded that the developed automated system (ASLS) was effective and outperformed existing automated systems in generating global site layouts while satisfying the layout constraints by offering a number of new capabilities. Furthermore, this research contributed to knowledge by creating an innovative dynamic space search method and formulation of a novel objective function that minimized the harmful effect of construction activity on the surrounding neighboring. Recommendation emerged from the research findings were used to suggest the integrating of the automated system with the Computer Aided Drafting (CAD) and Building Information Modelling (BIM) to facilitate the data exchange and provide the project stakeholder with different scenarios of site layout.
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Hatami, Khosrowshahi S. R. "A non-deterministic approach to dynamic layout planning of flexible manufacturing systems." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1991. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/106904/.
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A new approach to the dynamic layout planning problem is proposed which provides solutions to highly variable material flow patterns occurring over a multi-period planning horizon and is especially suitable for flexible manufacturing systems. A non-deterministic environment is considered in which there is assumed to be uncertainty in the future material flow data. The performance of the method is assessed by comparing the solution produced by this method with a set of data provided in the literature for which the claimed optimal solution is known. There is close agreement with the stated solution and the result is obtained with a fraction of the computational effort. The computational efficiency is due to a new construction method to generate static layout solutions. This method uses an algorithm in which the number of stages is proportional to the number of facilities rather than an exponentional relationship as found in most other methods. The method also uses an element of forward planning to ensure that early location assignments provide minimum restriction to assignments made later in the procedure. Results of extensive tests show that the new static layout planning procedure produces solutions generally better than existing construction techniques and comparable with improvement techniques such as CRAFT. The execution speed of the procedure makes it possible to solve large scale problems ( >30 )in very short time scales on Microcomputers. Incorporation of the fast new construction method into dynamic layout planning allows decision making concerning when and how to re-layout facilities in response to changes in predicted material flow.
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Jeelani, Ashfaq Ahmed. "A data layout descriptor language (LADEL)." [Johnson City, Tenn. : East Tennessee State University], 2001. http://etd-submit.etsu.edu/etd/theses/available/etd-0301101-022022/unrestricted/Thesis.pdf.
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Jaramillo, Juan R. "A tabu search approach for the dynamic space allocation problem." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2002. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2712.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2002.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 87 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 84-87).
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AGARWAL, ANURADHA. "ALGORITHMS FOR LAYOUT-AWARE AND PERFORMANCE MODEL DRIVEN SYNTHESIS OF ANALOG CIRCUITS." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1132259454.
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Shaporin, Alexey. "Dynamic parameter identification techniques and test structures for microsystems characterization on wafer level." Doctoral thesis, Chemnitz Univ.-Verl, 2009. http://d-nb.info/1000815250/04.
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Кухтій, П. В. "Проект легкового автомобіля з модернізацією гальмівної системи." Thesis, Чернігів, 2021. http://ir.stu.cn.ua/123456789/23185.
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Кухтій, П. В. Проект легкового автомобіля з модернізацією гальмівної системи випускна кваліфікаційна робота : 274 «Автомобільний транспорт / П. В. Кухтій ; керівник роботи В. М. Скляр ; НУ "Чернігівська політехніка", кафедра автомобільного транспорту та галузевого машинобудування. – Чернігів, 2021. – 76 с.Проведено аналітичний огляд легкових автомобілів одного класу й схожої компонувальної схеми автомобілів. Проведено визначення масових показників та параметрів автомобіля та його двигуна. Проведено розрахунок зовнішньої швидкісної характеристики двигуна, силового балансу автомобіля та визначення параметрів трансмісії. Проведено розрахунок показників динамічності автомобіля при рівномірному та не рівномірному русі, метод силового балансу та динамічної характеристики. Проведено розрахунок паливної економічності автомобіля. Розглянули види гальмівних систем автомобіля, виконали розрахунок та модернізацію гальмівної системи автомобіля. При виконанні кваліфікаційної роботи бакалавра розрахунки та креслення виконували в таких програмах, як: “Компас” та “Mathcad”.
An analytical review of cars of the same class and a similar layout of cars. The determination of mass indicators and parameters of the car and its engine is carried out. The calculation of the external speed characteristics of the engine, the power balance of the car and the definition of transmission parameters. The calculation of the dynamics of the car with uniform and non-uniform motion, the method of force balance and dynamic characteristics. The calculation of fuel efficiency of the car is carried out. The types of car brake systems were considered, the calculation and modernization of the car brake system were performed. During the bachelor's qualification work, calculations and drawings were performed in such programs as "Compass" and "Mathcad".
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Сеневич, О. І. "Проект легкового автомобіля ВАЗ 2110 з модернізацією механізму зчеплення." Thesis, Чернігів, 2021. http://ir.stu.cn.ua/123456789/23188.
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Сеневич, О. І. Проект легкового автомобіля ВАЗ 2110 з модернізацією механізму зчеплення випускна кваліфікаційна робота : 274 «Автомобільний транспорт / О. І. Сеневич ; керівник роботи В. М. Скляр ; НУ "Чернігівська політехніка", кафедра автомобільного транспорту та галузевого машинобудування. – Чернігів, 2021. – 72 с.Проведено аналітичний огляд легкових автомобілів певного класу й модельного ряду автомобілів. Проведено визначення масових показників та параметрів автомобіля та його двигуна. Проведено розрахунок зовнішньої швидкісної характеристики двигуна, силового балансу автомобіля та визначення параметрів трансмісії. Проведено розрахунок показників динамічності автомобіля при рівномірному та не рівномірному русі, метод силового балансу та динамічної характеристики. Проведено розрахунок паливної економічності автомобіля. Розглянули види гальмівних механізмів, виконали розрахунок та модернізацію гальмівної системи. При виконанні кваліфікаційної роботи розрахунки та креслення виконували в таких програмах, як: “Компас” та “Mathcad”.
An analytical review of cars of a certain class and model range of cars was conducted. The determination of mass indicators and parameters of the car and its engine is carried out. The calculation of the external speed characteristics of the engine, the power balance of the car and the definition of transmission parameters. The calculation of the dynamics of the car with uniform and non-uniform motion, the method of force balance and dynamic characteristics. The calculation of fuel efficiency of the car is carried out. The types of brake mechanisms were considered, the calculation and modernization of the brake system were performed.
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Нехай, Я. В. "Проект легкового автомобіля з розрахунком підвіски." Thesis, Чернігів, 2021. http://ir.stu.cn.ua/123456789/23187.
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Нехай, Я. В. Проект легкового автомобіля з розрахунком підвіски випускна кваліфікаційна робота : 274 «Автомобільний транспорт / Я. В. Нехай ; керівник роботи В. М. Скляр ; НУ "Чернігівська політехніка", кафедра автомобільного транспорту та галузевого машинобудування. – Чернігів, 2021. – 70 с.Проведено аналітичний огляд легкових автомобілів схожих за парамерами та компонувальною схемою. Проведено визначення масових показників та параметрів автомобіля та двигуна. Проведено розрахунок зовнішньої швидкісної характеристики двигуна, силового балансу автомобіля та визначення параметрів трансмісії. Проведено розрахунок тягово-динамічних характеристик. Проведено розрахунок гальмівних властивостей і паливної економічності автомобіля. Розглянули види підвісок автомобілів, проаналізували підвіску автомобіля Ford F-150, виконали розрахунок підвіски. При виконанні кваліфікаційної роботи бакалавра, розрахунки та креслення виконували в таких програмах, як: “Компас 3D” та “Mathcad”.
An analytical review of cars similar in parameters and layout was conducted. The mass indicators and parameters of the car and the engine were determined. The calculation of the external speed characteristics of the engine, the power balance of the car and the definition of transmission parameters. The calculation of traction-dynamic characteristics is carried out. The calculation of braking properties and fuel efficiency of the car is carried out. Considered the types of car suspensions, analyzed the suspension of the car Ford F-150, performed the calculation of the suspension. When performing the bachelor's qualification work, calculations and drawings were performed in such programs as: "Compass 3D" and "Mathcad".
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Ревенок, О. В. "Проєкт легкового автомобіля Ford з розрахунком рульового керування та механізму зчеплення /комплексний проєкт/." Thesis, Чернігів, 2021. http://ir.stu.cn.ua/123456789/23221.
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Ревенок, О. В. Проєкт легкового автомобіля Ford з розрахунком рульового керування та механізму зчеплення /комплексний проект/ : випускна кваліфікаційна робота : 274 «Автомобільний транспорт» / О. В. Ревенок ; керівник роботи О. О. Литвин ; НУ "Чернігівська політехніка", кафедра автомобільного транспорту та галузевого машинобудування. – Чернігів, 2021. – 72 с.Проведено аналітичний огляд легкових автомобілів певного класу й модельного ряду. Проведено визначення масових показників та параметрів автомобіля та його двигуна. Проведено розрахунок зовнішньої швидкісної характеристики двигуна, силового балансу автомобіля та визначення параметрів трансмісії. Проведено розрахунок показників динамічності автомобіля при рівномірному та не рівномірному русі, метод силового балансу та динамічної характеристики. Проведено розрахунок паливної економічності автомобіля. Розглянули види зчеплень автомобіля, виконали розрахунок муфти зчеплення автомобіля. При виконанні кваліфікаційної роботи бакалавра розрахунки та креслення виконували в таких програмах, як: “Компас” та “Mathcad”.
An analytical inspection of cars of a certain class and model range was carried out. The determination of mass indicators and parameters of the car and its engine is carried out. The calculation of the external speed characteristics of the engine, the power balance of the car and the definition of transmission parameters. The calculation of the dynamics of the car with uniform and non-uniform motion, the method of force balance and dynamic characteristics. The calculation of fuel efficiency of the car is carried out. Considered the types of clutches of the car, performed the calculation of the clutch of the car. During the bachelor's qualification work, calculations and drawings were performed in such programs as "Compass" and "Mathcad".
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Каптель, Д. В. "Проєкт легкового автомобіля Opel з розрахунком зчеплення та рульового керування /комплексний проєкт/." Thesis, Чернігів, 2021. http://ir.stu.cn.ua/123456789/23226.
Full textAbstract:
Каптель, Д. В. Проєкт легкового автомобіля Opel з розрахунком зчеплення та рульового керування /комплексний проєкт/ : випускна кваліфікаційна робота : 274 «Автомобільний транспорт» / Д. В. каптель ; керівник роботи О. О. Литвин ; НУ "Чернігівська політехніка", кафедра автомобільного транспорту та галузевого машинобудування. – Чернігів, 2021. – 74 с.Проведено аналітичний огляд легкових автомобілів схожих за параметрами та компонувальною схемою. Проведено визначення масових показників та параметрів автомобіля та двигуна. Проведено розрахунок зовнішньої швидкісної характеристики двигуна, силового балансу автомобіля та визначення параметрів трансмісії. Проведено розрахунок тягово-динамічних характеристик. Проведено розрахунок гальмівних властивостей і паливної економічності автомобіля. Розглянули види зчеплень автомобілів, виконали аналіз зчеплення автомобіля Opel Admiral, виконали розрахунок зчеплення. При виконанні кваліфікаційної роботи бакалавра, розрахунки та креслення виконували в таких програмах, як: “Компас 3D” та “Mathcad”.
An analytical inspection of cars similar in parameters and layout was conducted. The mass indicators and parameters of the car and the engine were determined. The calculation of the external speed characteristics of the engine, the power balance of the car and the definition of transmission parameters. The calculation of traction-dynamic characteristics is carried out. The braking properties and fuel efficiency of the car are calculated. We considered the types of clutches of cars, performed the analysis of the clutch of the car Opel Admiral, performed the calculation of the clutch. When performing the bachelor's qualification work, calculations and drawings were performed in such programs as: "Compass 3D" and "Mathcad".
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Ganesan, Admanathan. "Modeling of distributed layouts for dynamic period cases." Thesis, Wichita State University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/1482.
Full textAbstract:
In this work, a systematic methodology to construct distributed layouts has been
developed. Previous researches in this field suggest distributed layouts as an alternative to
process layouts. But there has been no systematic methodology so far to develop distributed
layouts. Earlier works concentrate on evaluating different production schedules for randomly
distributed resources throughout the plant floor. As opposed to former approaches, in this work,
distributed layouts are developed based on actual production and routing data. Taking into
account the exact capacity requirements of machines, a methodical approach to distribute
resources rather than random assignment is considered. The need for developing process layouts
is analyzed and justified using product similarity and cell utilization. Process layouts are
developed only when the given production data meets process layout requirements. The
efficiency of proposed approach relative to traditional process layout strategy has been evaluated
in terms of material handling cost for both single and multi period settings.
In a multi period setting, the impact of demand disturbances on both process and
distributed layouts is studied using case studies. From the case study results, it is concluded that
distributed layouts constructed using proposed approach performs exceedingly well over
traditional process layout approach. Distributed layouts proved to be efficient and robust for
both single and multi-period cases. Even huge fluctuations in demand level of products had only
little impact on distributed layouts whereas process layouts suffered tremendous loss in terms of material handling cost. It turned out that for all cases, the improvement in efficiency of distributed layouts was more than 30% over process layouts.Thesis (M.S.)--Wichita State University, College of Engineering, Dept. of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering.
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Ganesan, Admanathan Krishnan Krishna. "Modeling of distributed layouts for dynamic period cases." Diss., A link to full text of this thesis in SOAR, 2006. http://soar.wichita.edu/dspace/handle/10057/1482.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.S.)--Wichita State University, College of Engineering, Dept. of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering."December 2006." Title from PDF title page (viewed on Oct. 27, 2008). Thesis adviser: Krishna Krishnan. Includes bibliographic references (leaves 116-120).
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Остроух, В. О. "Проєкт легкового автомобіля Opel з розрахунком зчеплення та рульового керування /комплексний проєкт/." Thesis, Чернігів, 2021. http://ir.stu.cn.ua/123456789/23225.
Full textAbstract:
Остроух, В. О. Проект легкового автомобіля Opel з розрахунком зчеплення та рульового керування/комплексний проект/ : випускна кваліфікаційна робота : 274 «Автомобільний транспорт» / В. О. Остроух ; керівник роботи О. О. Литвин ; НУ "Чернігівська політехніка", кафедра автомобільного транспорту та галузевого машинобудування. – Чернігів, 2021. – 70 с.Проведено аналітичний огляд кількох легкових автомобілів зі схожими параметрами та компонувальною схемою. Проведено визначення масових показників та параметрів автомобіля та його двигуна. Проведено розрахунок зовнішньої швидкісної характеристики двигуна, силового балансу автомобіля та визначення параметрів трансмісії. Проведено розрахунок показників динамічності автомобіля при рівномірному та не рівномірному русі, метод силового балансу та динамічної характеристики. Проведено розрахунок паливної економічності автомобіля. Розглянули види рульового керування автомобілів, описали рульове керування автомобіля Opel Record E Caravan та виконали розрахунок елементів рульового керування. При виконанні кваліфікаційної роботи бакалавра розрахунки та креслення виконували в таких програмах, як: ―Компас‖ та ―Mathcad‖.
An analytical inspection of several cars with similar parameters and layout was conducted. The mass indicators and parameters of the car and its engine were determined. The calculation of the external speed characteristics of the engine, the power balance of the car and the definition of transmission parameters. The calculation of the dynamics of the car with uniform and non-uniform motion, the method of force balance and dynamic characteristics. The calculation of fuel efficiency of the car is carried out. The types of steering of the cars were considered, the steering of the Opel Record E Caravan was described and the steering elements were calculated. During the bachelor's qualification work, calculations and drawings were performed in such programs as "Compass" and "Mathcad".
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Neumann, Carla Simone Ruppenthal. "Sistemática para avaliação e melhoria da flexibilidade de layout em ambientes dinâmicos." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/17152.
Full textAbstract:
Tradicionalmente, para que um layout possa ser avaliado, devem-se enfocar fatores de proximidade e de adjacência, já que os mesmos aumentam a eficiência da movimentação de materiais, o que reduz custos operacionais. Adicionalmente, se sugere acrescentar robustez, flexibilidade, suficiência e utilização do espaço a esses fatores. Nesta tese se apresenta uma sistemática de avaliação e melhoria da flexibilidade de layout em ambientes dinâmicos. Mais explicitamente, propõe-se mensurar os habilitadores de flexibilidade de um layout, ou seja, que o torna capaz de reagir às incertezas externas e internas que surgem à medida que mudam as necessidades futuras da produção. A sistemática proposta é desenvolvida em dez etapas, as quais partem de matrizes semelhantes as do Quality Function Deployment (QFD) para verificar o impacto de fatores de proximidade de departamentos, de utilização de área e de associação com outros tipos de flexibilidade de manufatura na flexibilidade de layout. A tese também traz uma proposta de análise reversa do QFD para comparar o que está realmente sendo valorado pela instalação ao ponderar os indicadores medidos. As proposições apresentadas são ilustradas em um caso prático de uma empresa do setor metal mecânico, representado pela sistemática, pelos índices de flexibilidade de layout e pelos direcionamentos de melhoria.In the traditional evaluation of layouts emphasis is placed on factors such as proximity and adjacency, as they increase materials handling efficiency, reducing operational costs. It is usually recommended to consider additional factors in the analysis, such as robustness, flexibility, sufficiency and use of space. In this dissertation we propose a method to evaluate and improve layout flexibility in dynamic environments. More explicitly, we propose measuring the enablers of a layout that are capable of reacting to external and internal uncertainties that arise as production needs change. The proposed method is implemented in ten stages. We start using matrices similar to those in the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) method to measure the impact of proximity between departments, use of production space, and association with other types of manufacturing flexibility on layout flexibility. The thesis also presents a proposition where the traditional QFD analysis is performed in reverse. The propositions presented are illustrated in a case study from the metal component processing sector.
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Вергелюк, О. О. "Проєкт легкового автомобіля Opel Campo з розрахунком підвіски." Thesis, Чернігів, 2021. http://ir.stu.cn.ua/123456789/23199.
Full textAbstract:
Вергелюк, О. О. Проєкт легкового автомобіля Opel Campo з розрахунком підвіски : випускна кваліфікаційна робота : 274 «Автомобільний транспорт» / О. О. Вергелюк ; керівник роботи В. І. Венжега ; НУ "Чернігівська політехніка", кафедра автомобільного транспорту та галузевого машинобудування. – Чернігів, 2021. – 69 с.Проведено аналітичний огляд трьох легкових автомобілів схожих за параметрами та компонувальною схемою. Проведено визначення масових показників та параметрів автомобіля та двигуна. Проведено розрахунок зовнішньої швидкісної характеристики двигуна, силового балансу автомобіля та визначення параметрів трансмісії. Проведено розрахунок тягово-динамічних характеристик. Проведено розрахунок гальмівних властивостей і паливної економічності автомобіля. Розглянули види підвісок автомобілів, проаналізували підвіску автомобіля Opel Campo, виконали розрахунок підвіски. При виконанні кваліфікаційної роботи бакалавра, розрахунки та креслення виконували в таких програмах, як: “Компас 3D” та “Mathcad”.
An analytical inspection of three cars with similar parameters and layout was carried out. The mass indicators and parameters of the car and the engine were determined. The calculation of the external speed characteristics of the engine, the power balance of the car and the definition of transmission parameters. The calculation of traction-dynamic characteristics is carried out. The braking properties and fuel efficiency of the car are calculated. Considered the types of car suspensions, analyzed the suspension of the car Opel Campo, performed the calculation of the suspension. During the qualification work of the bachelor, calculations and drawings were performed in such programs as: "Compass 3D" and "Mathcad".
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Єрмоленко, Д. В. "Проєкт легкового автомобіля Opel з розрахунком підвіски та розрахунком рульового керування /комплексний проєкт/." Thesis, Чернігів, 2021. http://ir.stu.cn.ua/123456789/23223.
Full textAbstract:
Єрмоленко, Д. В. Проєкт легкового автомобіля Opel з розрахунком підвіски та розрахунком рульового керування /комплексний проєкт/ : випускна кваліфікаційна робота : 274 «Автомобільний транспорт» / Д. В. Єрмоленко ; керівник роботи О. О. Литвин ; НУ "Чернігівська політехніка", кафедра автомобільного транспорту та галузевого машинобудування. – Чернігів, 2021. – 68 с.Проведено аналітичний огляд кілької легкових автомобілів даного класу й модельного ряду. Проведено визначення масових показників та параметрів автомобіля та його двигуна. Проведено розрахунок зовнішньої швидкісної характеристики двигуна, силового балансу автомобіля та визначення параметрів трансмісії. Проведено розрахунок показників динамічності автомобіля при рівномірному та не рівномірному русі, метод силового балансу та динамічної характеристики. Проведено розрахунок паливної економічності автомобіля. Розглянули види рульового керування автомобілів, описали рулове керування автомобіля Opel Ascona та виконали розрахунок елементів рульового керування. При виконанні кваліфікаційної роботи бакалавра розрахунки та креслення виконували в таких програмах, як: “Компас” та “Mathcad”.
n analytical review of several cars of this class and model range was conducted. The mass indicators and parameters of the car and its engine were determined. The calculation of the external speed characteristics of the engine, the power balance of the car and the definition of transmission parameters. The calculation of the dynamics of the car with uniform and non-uniform motion, the method of force balance and dynamic characteristics. The calculation of fuel efficiency of the car is carried out. We considered the types of steering of cars, described the steering of the car Opel Ascona and performed the calculation of the steering elements. During the bachelor's qualification work, calculations and drawings were performed in such programs as "Compass" and "Mathcad".
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Гармаш, Д. А. "Проект легкового автомобіля ЗАЗ 1103 з модернізацією передньої підвіски." Thesis, Чернігів, 2021. http://ir.stu.cn.ua/123456789/23183.
Full textAbstract:
Гармаш, Д. А. Проект легкового автомобіля ЗАЗ 1103 з модернізацією передньої підвіски : випускна кваліфікаційна робота : 274 «Автомобільний транспорт» / Д. А. Гармаш ; науковий керівник В. М. Скляр ; НУ "Чернігівська політехніка, кафедра автомобільного транспорту та галузевого машинобудування. – Чернігів, 2021. – 74 с.Проведено аналітичний огляд легкових автомобілів певного класу й модельного ряду автомобілів. Проведено визначення масових показників та параметрів автомобіля та його двигуна. Проведено розрахунок зовнішньої швидкісної характеристики двигуна, силового балансу автомобіля та визначення параметрів трансмісії. Проведено розрахунок показників динамічності автомобіля при рівномірному та не рівномірному русі, метод силового балансу та динамічної характеристики. Проведено розрахунок паливної економічності автомобіля.
An analytical inspection of cars of a certain class and model range of cars was carried out. The determination of mass indicators and parameters of the car and its engine is carried out. The calculation of the external speed characteristics of the engine, the power balance of the car and the definition of transmission parameters. The calculation of the dynamics of the car with uniform and non-uniform motion, the method of force balance and dynamic characteristics. The calculation of fuel efficiency of the car is carried out. The types of car suspensions were considered, the calculation and modernization of the ZAZ 1103 car suspension were performed. During the bachelor's qualification work, calculations and drawings were performed in such programs as "Compass" and "Mathcad".
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Johnson, Virginia Wilson. "Architectural correlates of privacy : the dynamics of privacy regulation /." Diss., This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-07132007-143142/.
Full text
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Tingey, Eric Blaine. "The Development of a Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine Wake Model for Use in Wind Farm Layout Optimization with Noise Level Constraints." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2017. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6553.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis focuses on providing the means to use vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs) in wind farms as an alternative form of harnessing wind energy in offshore and urban environments where both wake and acoustic effects of turbines are important considerations. In order for VAWTs to be used in wind farm layout analysis and optimization, a reduced-order wake model is needed to calculate velocities around a turbine quickly and accurately. However, a VAWT wake model has not been available to accomplish this task. Using vorticity data from computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations of VAWTs and cross-validated Gaussian distribution and polynomial surface fitting, a wake model is produced that can estimate a wake velocity deficit of an isolated VAWT at any downstream and lateral position based on nondimensional parameters describing the turbine speed and geometry. When compared to CFD, which takes over a day to run one simulation, the wake model predicts the velocity deficit at any location with a normalized root mean squared error of 0.059 in about 0.02 seconds. The model agrees with two experimental VAWT wake studies with a percent difference of the maximum wake deficit of 6.3% and 14.6%. Using the actuator cylinder model with predicted wake velocities of multiple turbines, aerodynamic loads can be calculated on the turbine blades to estimate the power production of a VAWT wind farm. As VAWTs could be used in urban environments near residential areas, the noise disturbance coming from the turbine blades is an important consideration in the layout of a wind farm. Noise restrictions may be imposed on a wind farm to limit the disturbance, often impacting the wind farm's power producing capability. Two specific horizontal-axis wind turbine farm designs are studied and optimized using the FLORIS wake model and an acoustic model based on semi-empirical turbine noise calculations to demonstrate the impact a noise level constraint has on maximizing wind farm power production. When a noise level constraint was not active, the average power production increased, up to 8.01% in one wind farm and 3.63% in the other. Including a noise restriction in the optimization had about a 5% impact on the optimal average power production over a 5 decibel range. By analyzing power and noise together, the multi-modality of the optimization problem can be used to find solutions were noise impact can be improved while still maximizing wind farm power production.
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PAOLICELLI, FEDERICA. "Hydraulic circuit layout analysis, diagnostics and control of the injection process in Common Rail diesel fuel injection systems." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2690958.
Full textAbstract:
Current fuel injection systems should provide more and more reliable performance in management and control of the injection event, to improve the efficiency of the fuel combustion process and thus meet both environmental and consumer demands. Small fuel quantities are usually injected before the main injection to reduce the combustion noise. Whereas, small injections following the main shot are employed to optimize the combustion development and to reduce pollutant emissions. Since the number of shots in multiple injections has increased over the years, the injected amount of fuel for each shot has become smaller, given a fix total amount of fuel. The control of injected fuel quantities is therefore a demanding task and any failure causes a worse combustion process and higher pollutant emissions.
This study is focused on the modelling of Common Rail (CR) fuel injection systems for diesel applications and the implementation of specific mathematical techniques to examine phenomena pertaining to the fuel injection dynamics. New methodologies for detecting key events of the injection process and to estimate the injected fuel quantity have been developed for control purposes.
A 1D numerical model of a solenoid-actuated injector equipped with a pressure-balanced pilot-valve has internally been developed to evaluate the main hydraulic and mechanical quantities. The impact of a pressure-balanced and a standard pilot-valve layout has been investigated, and the performance of a standard CR system has been compared to that of a novel injection system concept, i.e., the Common Feeding (CF). A sensitivity analysis of the main design parameters of the pressure-balanced pilot-valve layout has been carried out, with the purpose of improving the general performance of the system.
A dedicated lumped parameter model of the high-pressure hydraulic circuit of the CR system has been used to calculate the natural frequencies and modes of vibration. It has been found that the direction and the magnitude of the fuel flow rates along each pipe of the apparatus can be derived from the first three modes (and the corresponding eigenvectors). The main objective is to identify which components could primarily be stressed for the main modes of vibration. Finally, external forcing terms acting on the system have been investigated to determine possible causes of hydraulic resonance.
The identification of specific events that characterize the injection process, such as pilot-valve and injector nozzle opening and closure phases, might play a significant role for diagnostics and control of the system in on-board and real-life applications. To this end, time-frequency analysis techniques have been used to detect key events of the injection process. The method has then been applied to several working conditions to test its robustness. Specifically, the pressure time-history acquired along the rail-to-injector pipe has been transformed from the time domain into the joint time-frequency domain, so that changes within the new signal would highlight the events to be detected.
Even though the diagnostics of injection events is an important topic, one of the main issues for injection systems is the absence of a closed-loop real-time control. The control unit should be able to evaluate the amount of fuel injected into the combustion chamber and eventually to correct it, based on the comparison with the target quantity stored in the engine maps. In this perspective, a quadratic correlation between the fuel amount that enters the injector and the injected fuel quantity has been found. The presented algorithm, which is specific for small injections, converts the pressure time-history acquired along the rail-to-injector pipe into an instantaneous fuel flow rate, calculates the fuel amount at the injector inlet by integration and the actual injected fuel quantity by means of the quadratic correlation. The entire process can be executed in real-time.
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Ozgen, Onur. "Design Improvements On Mixed Flow Pumps By Means Of Computational Fluid Dynamics." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12608093/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The demand on high efficiency pumps leads the manufacturers to develop new design and manufacturing techniques for rotodynamic pumps. Computational Fluid
Dynamics (CFD) software are started to be used during the design periods for this reason in order to validate the designs before the pumps are produced. However the integration process of CFD software into the design procedure should be made carefully in order to improve the designs.
In this thesis, the CFD software is aimed to be integrated into the pump design procedure. In this frame, a vertical turbine type mixed flow pump is aimed to be designed and design improvements are intended to be made by applying numerical
experimentations on the pump. The pump that is designed in this study can deliver 115 l/s flow rate against the head of 16 mWC in 2900 rpm. The effects of various parameters in the design are investigated by the help of CFD software during the
design and best performance characteristics of the pump are aimed to be reached.
The pump that is designed in this study is manufactured and tested in Layne Bowler Pumps Company Inc. The design point of the pump is reached within the tolerance limits given in the related standard.
In addition, the results of actual test and numerical experimentation are compared and found to be in agreement with each other. The integration of CFD code to the design procedure is found quite useful by means of shortening design periods, lowering manufacturing and testing costs. In deed the effects of the design parameters are understood better by applying numerical experimentations to the designed pump.
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Somani, Ankit. "Advanced thermal management strategies for energy-efficient data centers." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/26527.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M. S.)--Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.Committee Chair: Joshi, Yogendra; Committee Member: ghiaasiaan, mostafa; Committee Member: Schwan, Karsten. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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Набоченко, Ольга Сергіївна, Ольга Сергеевна Набоченко, and Olga S. Nabochenko. "Підвищення ефективності роботи щебеневого баластного шару залізничної колії." Thesis, Видавництво Дніпропетровського національного університету залізничного транспорту імені академіка В. Лазаряна, 2013. http://eadnurt.diit.edu.ua:82/jspui/handle/123456789/1596.
Full textAbstract:
Набоченко, О. С. Підвищення ефективності роботи щебеневого баластного шару залізничної колії : авт. дис. к. т. н.: 05.22.06 / О. С. Набоченко ; Дніпропетр. нац. ун-т залізн. трансп. ім. акад. В. Лазаряна. - Д. : Вид-во Дніпропетр. нац. ун-ту залізн. трансп. ім. акад. В. Лазаряна, 2013. УДК 625.141.021(043.3) ГРНТИ 73.29.11 Захист - 25 квітня 2013 р.UK: АНОТАЦІЯ Дисертація присвячена підвищенню ефективності експлуатації баластної залізничної колії з точки зору покращення роботи баластного шару шляхом встановлення раціональних параметрів конструкції колії та рухомого складу, експлуатаційних умов при оптимальних міжремонтних інтервалах. Виконано аналіз впливу та взаємозв'язків факторів впливу на розладнання баластного шару. Розроблено модель короткотривалих та довготривалих процесів взаємодії рухомого складу та залізничної колії, яка враховує розладнання баластного шару при багатократній дії рухомого складу та внутрішні динамічні процеси руху частинок щебеню та шпали у баластному шарі. Розроблено метод розрахунку розладнання геометрії колії, який враховує одночасний взаємний вплив основних груп факторів на роботу баластного шару. Запропоновано спосіб виміру ступеня ущільнення баласту, який ґрунтується на динамічній інтерпретації імпульсного відклику баластного шару. Виконано лабораторні та натурні вимірювання імпульсного відклику баластного шару з подальшим аналізом на реальних ділянках колії з різним ступенем ущільнення баласту при різних комбінаціях проходження важких колійних машин. Сформульовано практичні рекомендації щодо вибору епюри шпал в залежності від вантажонапруженості; ефективних параметрів роботи динамічних стабілізаторів колії та технології виконання робіт; раціонального співвідношення між швидкістю руху та осьовим навантаженням з точки зору роботи баластного шару та встановлено раціональні значення критерію призначення виконання підбивок баластного шару для пасажирського та вантажного руху
RU: АННОТАЦИЯ Диссертация посвящена повышению эффективности эксплуатации балластного железнодорожного пути с точки зрения улучшения работы балластного слоя путем установления рациональных параметров конструкции пути и подвижного состава, эксплуатационных условий при оптимальных межремонтных интервалах. Выполнен анализ влияния и взаимосвязей факторов влияния на расстройство балластного слоя и обобщены имеющиеся потенциалы улучшения работы балластного слоя с точки зрения уменьшения затрат жизненного цикла пути. Разработана модель кратковременных и длительных процессов взаимодействия подвижного состава и железнодорожного пути, которая учитывает расстройство балластного слоя при многократном воздействии подвижного состава, нелинейность работы подрельсовых опор и балластного слоя при взаимодействии пути и движущейся квазистатической силы, а также внутренние динамические процессы движения частиц щебня и шпалы в балластном слое. Моделирование динамических процессов, происходящих внутри балластного слоя под воздействием вибрационной нагрузки, выполняется с использованием метода молекулярной динамики. Согласно этому методу, каждая отдельная частица балластного слоя рассматривается как отдельное тело в контактном взаимодействии с соседними частицами, которое имеет вязко-упругие свойства и свойства трения. Разработан метод расчета расстройства геометрии пути, учитывающий одновременное взаимное влияние основных групп факторов на работу балластного слоя: факторов конструкции пути, подвижного состава, эксплуатационных условий и факторов содержания пути. В данном методе учтено влияние выполнения путевых работ на работу балластного слоя, а именно: после выполнения подбивки достигается определенная степень улучшения геометри пути, но одновременно происходит рост интенсивности деформаций при многократной подбивке из-за измельчения балластного материала. Степень улучшения зависит от геометрического состояния пути до подбивки. При этом учитывается, что с помощью побивки нельзя получить качество лучше, чем начальное качество пути, т.е. неровность из-за неравнопругости земляного полотна и неравномерной осадки при однослойной стабилизации пути. На основании знания механизмов расстройства балластного слоя и факторов, которые на него влияют, прогнозируется процесс расстройства геометрии пути и, соответственно этому, определяются рациональные строки текущего содержания и ремонтов пути. Предложен способ измерения степени уплотнения балласта, основанный на динамической интерпретации импульсного отклика балластного слоя, в основе которого лежит частотный анализ. Выполнено лабораторные и натурные измерения импульсного отклика балластного слоя с последующим анализом на реальных участках пути с разной степенью уплотнения балласта при различных комбинациях прохождения тяжелых путевых машин. Вследствие статистического анализа лабораторных и натурных измерений импульсного отклика балластного слоя выбрано параметры динамической интерпретации сигнала, которые позволяют надежно оценивать плотность балластного слоя, а именно: передний фронт волны, мгновенную частоту, начало спектра. На основании натурных измерений деформаций пути получены аналитические зависимости связи остаточных просадок пути в фазе стабилизации с параметрами импульсного отклика балластного слоя при различных степенях уплотнения. Сформулированы практические рекомендации по выбору эпюры шпал в зависимости от грузонапряженности; эффективным параметрам работы динамических стабилизаторов пути и технологии выполнения работ; рациональному соотношению между скоростью движения и осевой нагрузкой с точки зрения работы балластного слоя и установлены оптимальные значения критерия назначения выполнения подбивок балластного слоя для пассажирского и грузового движения; дана рекомендация рациональных величин вертикальных неровностей с точки зрения содержания балластного слоя, при которых назначаются работы по подбивке пути.
EN: ABSTRACT The thesis is dedicated to increasing the efficiency of operation of the railway ballast in the point of view of ballast improvement by means of establishment of rational track design parameters and operating conditions. The analysis of effects and interactions of factors on the ballast work is done. A model of short-term and long-term processes of interaction between the rolling stock and railway track is developed. The model takes into account the ballast deterioration under the rolling stock loading and the internal dynamic processes of particles of ballast and sleepers in the ballast layer. A method of calculation of railway track geometry deterioration is completed. The method takes into account the simultaneous mutual influence of the main groups of factors. A method for measuring the degree of compaction of ballast is proposed. The method is based on a dynamic interpretation of the ballast impulse response, which is grounded on frequency analysis. Laboratory and field measurements of the ballast impulse response with the following analysis on real track sections with a different degree of ballast compaction are fulfilled. Practical recommendations are proposed: the sleeper layout depending on the traffic density; the effective parameters of the dynamic stabilizers; the optimal ratio between the train velocity and axial load depending on the ballast maintenance intervals.
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"On the dynamic layout problem." 1997. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5889341.
Full textAbstract:
Lau Chun Ming.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 122-125).
Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Overview --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Static Plant Layout Problem --- p.1
Chapter 1.3 --- Dynamic Plant Layout Problem --- p.3
Chapter 1.4 --- Example Problem of SPLP --- p.4
Chapter 1.5 --- Formulation of SPLP --- p.7
Chapter 1.6 --- Example Problem of DPLP --- p.8
Chapter 1.7 --- Mathematical Model of DPLP --- p.12
Chapter 1.8 --- Characteristics of the DPLP --- p.13
Chapter 1.9 --- Constrained Dynamic Plant Layout Problem (CDPLP) --- p.14
Chapter 1.10 --- Mathematical Model of CDPLP --- p.14
Chapter 1.11 --- Objective of the Research --- p.15
Chapter 1.12 --- Conclusion --- p.16
Chapter Chapter 2: --- Literature Review --- p.17
Chapter 2.1 --- Overview --- p.17
Chapter 2.2 --- Static Plant Layout Problem (SPLP) --- p.17
Chapter 2.2.1 --- The optimal algorithms
Chapter 2.2.2 --- The sub-optimal algorithms
Chapter 2.2.3 --- Construction algorithms
Chapter 2.2.4 --- Improvement algorithms
Chapter 2.3 --- Dynamic Plant Layout Problem (DPLP) --- p.21
Chapter 2.4 --- Conclusion: --- p.26
Chapter Chapter 3: --- Genetic Algorithms in DPLP --- p.27
Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction of Genetic Algorithms --- p.27
Chapter 3.2 --- Genetic Algorithms in DPLP --- p.28
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Encoding of a solution
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Fitness function
Chapter 3.2.3 --- Crossover operator
Chapter 3.2.4 --- Selection scheme
Chapter 3.2.5 --- Replacement and reproduction
Chapter 3.2.6 --- Mutation
Chapter 3.2.7 --- Initialization of parent pool
Chapter 3.2.8 --- Termination criterion
Chapter 3.3 --- Summary of the Proposed Method --- p.50
Chapter Chapter 4: --- Computational Result of GA in DPLP --- p.51
Chapter 4.1 --- Overview --- p.51
Chapter 4.2 --- Characteristics of the Testing Problems --- p.51
Chapter 4.3 --- Mathematical Model of DPLP for the Testing Problem --- p.52
Chapter 4.4 --- The Design of Experiment --- p.53
Chapter 4.4.1 --- The experiment
Chapter 4.4.2 --- Generating the initial layouts:
Chapter 4.5 --- Result: --- p.56
Chapter 4.6 --- Analysis of Results --- p.60
Chapter 4.6.1 --- 6department problems
Chapter 4.6.2 --- 15and 30 department problems
Chapter 4.7 --- Conclusion --- p.66
Chapter Chapter 5: --- Constrained Dynamic Plant Layout Problem --- p.68
Chapter 5.1 --- Overview --- p.68
Chapter 5.2 --- The Mathematical Model of CDPLP --- p.69
Chapter 5.3 --- Properties of CDPLP --- p.69
Chapter 5.4 --- The Proposed GA on CDPLP --- p.71
Chapter 5.4.1 --- Introduction
Chapter 5.4.2 --- Procedure
Chapter 5.4.3 --- Properties of dynamic programming under the dummy periods
Chapter 5.4.4 --- Properties of the proposed GA under the dummy periods
Chapter 5.4.5 --- The maximum number of iteration for the procedure
Chapter 5.5 --- Design of Experiment --- p.78
Chapter 5.6 --- Result of Experiment on CDPLP --- p.81
Chapter 5.7 --- Analysis of Results --- p.91
Chapter 5.7.1 --- Type 1 budget (self):
Chapter 5.7.2 --- The average cost of the test
Chapter 5.8 --- Conclusion: --- p.93
Chapter Chapter 6: --- Conclusion --- p.94
Appendix A: The Improved Implementation for Conway and Venkataramanan's GA --- p.96
Appendix B: Computational Result for CDPLP --- p.98
Bibliography --- p.122
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Chang, Nai-Wen, and 張乃文. "Optimized Construction Project Dynamic Material Layout Planning." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/cw7m5z.
Full textAbstract:
博士國立臺灣科技大學
營建工程系
106
Construction material layout planning is a key project in temporary facility layouts. When allocating materials without effective resource consolidation and planning in advance, construction managers usually have difficulties in comprehensively determining resource demand to optimize material layout. This also leads to reduced efficiency, increased cost, and unnecessary loss of time. Currently, various sources of information concerning layout planning are disorganized and lack a consistent format, forcing construction managers to continually collect the required data from various sources and consolidate them into diagrams. This repetitive and time-consuming process is extremely cumbersome for construction managers. This study proposed the Dynamic Construction Material Layout Planning Optimization Model to investigate the optimization of material layout from the perspective of dynamic task scheduling. In addition to the variables of schedule advancement and evolution, dynamic material requirements, and changes in storage sites and areas, task float times were analyzed to account for the changes in three-dimensional travel distances between material supply and demand sites concurrently with changes in task schedules and ensure that the observations conformed to real-time conditions. First, schedule and building information modeling techniques as well as the procedures for quantity take-off and construction materials and quantity analysis were consolidated to produce dynamic material requirements data for construction layout planning. Second, the symbiotic organisms search algorithm was applied to derive the optimized construction site material layout plan. Finally, the proposed model was applied to a construction project. The required total distance for the dynamic material layout plan was 954,736 m, which saved roughly half of the required distance compared with the fixed material layout plan of 1,659,457 m. This greatly reduced material transportation costs and validated the effectiveness of the proposed model.
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Huang, Xiaodi. "Filtering, clustering and dynamic layout for graph visualization /." 2004. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au/public/adt-VSWT20050428.111554.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (PhD) - Swinburne University of Technology, School of Information Technology, 2004.A dissertation submitted to the School of Information Technology, Swinburne University of Technology for the award of Doctor of Philosophy - 2004. Typescript. Bibliography: p. [180]-192.
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Meng, Yuejing. "A dynamic layout algorithm for graph drawing in three dimensions." Thesis, 2002. http://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/1860/1/MQ72941.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Graph drawing is the problem of representing graphs visually. How to efficiently represent graphs for visualization and intuition, as well as the pure beauty of the interplay between graph theory and geometry, has been investigated by mathematicians for centuries. Methodologies for creating graph displays have typically focused on drawing the graph on a two-dimensional surface. Today, interest in computer-based visualization has increased attention on methodologies for the display of graphs in three dimensions. A dynamic layout algorithm designed by Szirmay-Kalos takes a description of a graph G = ( V, E ) and assigns coordinates to the vertices and edges so that the graph can be drawn by a graphics program. The algorithm is based on physical simulation of an analogous mechanical system in which the vertices correspond to particles and the presence or absence of edges correspond to driving forces among these vertices. From the initial configuration of the vertices, the system is replacing them in such a way so that the local forces exerted on a vertex for all vertices are at minimum, which is defined as stable state of the system. Allowing the system to reach the stable state in three dimensions would enable the use of interactive computer visualization as a tool in revealing the graph's structure. The purpose of this Report is to describe the algorithm introduced by Szirmay-Kalos and discusses the utilization of this algorithm in three dimensions.
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Chung, Chia-Lin, and 鍾佳玲. "A Genetic Algorithm for Solving the Dynamic Facility Layout Problem." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/73648825051649511015.
Full textAbstract:
碩士義守大學
工業工程與管理學系碩士班
95
In a classical static facility layout problem (SFLP), the facility is divided into a group of divisions, each called a department, a set of candidate locations are preserved for locating these departments, and the quantity of material flows between each pair of departments, the distance of each pair of candidate locations, and the cost per unit of flow per unit distance are calculated in which the material flows between pairs of departments or relative material flows are assumed to be constant over time. The dynamic facility layout problem (DFLP) extends the SFLP by designing the facility layouts based on multiple period planning horizons that assumes the material flows between pairs of departments might be changed over time periods in order to take today’s highly changeable manufacturing environment into account. The trade-offs between costs of excess material handling if a layout is not rearranged when required and costs of such rearrangements make the DFLP much more difficult than the SFLP. There are N! possible solutions in the SFLP and (N!)T possible solutions for the DFLP instance with N departments and T periods. For their high combinatorial complexities, we need to apply the modern heuristic solution methods to solve those DFLP problems with reasonable large departments. In this thesis, we develop a new heuristic method based on the basic idea of the genetic algorithm for solving the dynamic facility layout problem (DFLP), and test numerically the new method with test problems taken from literature. The new heuristic method produces 11 new best solutions of 48 problems in the literature. The new heuristic produces solutions with average deviation of 1.29% and -0.34% for the shorter and longer period smaller size test problems respectively while comparing with the best solution in the literature, -5.76% and -7.01% for the medium size test problems, and -10.47% and -9.04% for the larger size test problem.
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Hsieh, Hsiang-fan, and 謝祥凡. "Solving the Dynamic Facility Layout Problem with graph pair-based heuristics." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/48712133894912505639.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中央大學
工業管理研究所
98
Recently, competitions among companies have been increased by advanced technology. Therefore, the facility layout of corporation will play an important role in the future and it will have influence on operational efficiency. In the past, traditional facilities planning always focused on the single-period. Because it did not consider the long-term layout planning for the future, it should pay extra cost and time when it need to re-layout. Basically, manufacturing organizations often adjust and vary layout periodically for the business strategy. For example, expanding, shrinking and moving the departments. Dynamic strategy is adjusting design of moving materials, varying space of departments via planning periods, to design and arrange the most efficient facility layout. But it will produce some relocation costs since change the layout from certain period to the next. However, we proposed a heuristic algorithm to minimize both material handling costs and relocation costs. Assuming all the departments are rectangular in shape, varying departments in area, given facility in area and planning period. We operate graph-pair to control the location of departments in layout. Solving the dynamic facility layout by a mixed-integer programming and dynamic heuristic algorithm.
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Liao, Wen-Hsuan, and 廖文璿. "Apply Heuristics to Solve Multi-Objective Green Dynamic Facility Layout Problem." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/44824402479066725094.
Full textAbstract:
碩士中原大學
工業與系統工程研究所
103
In the twenty-first century, sustainable development has become a topic can’t be ignored. The earth’s effect of global warming due to greenhouse gases(GHG) continue to increase caused seriously increasing. Many studies have shown that it’s caused by the manufacturing industry and supply chain. How to reduce the damage made by enterprise to the Earth has become a problem decision-makers need to face now. This study apply reducing carbon emissions generated by the supply chain as one objective, and in order to measure the carbon footprint of sustainable management of enterprise. To create more similar environment to real world scenario, this study apply dynamic facility layout as research methodology. At the same time, consider material handling cost between departments and closeness rating of neighboring departments. This study can be defined as a multiple objective optimization problem. Because of this dynamic facility layout problem with three objectives and three periods and lots of data, this problem is a NP-Hard problem, so this study choose Meta-heuristic to solve it. Multi-objective Bat algorithm and Multi-objective Simulated Annealing algorithm are used in this problem. After running the two algorithm, Pareto optimal solution is used to compare the solution which with three objectives can’t be compared with each other. Finally, this study also compare the solving efficiency and the solution diversity of the two algorithm. The results show that the diversity of two algorithm are almost the same, but for the solving efficiency, Multi-objective Bat algorithm has an edge over Multi-objective Simulated Annealing algorithm.
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Lo, Ju-Chieh, and 羅儒杰. "Apply Ant Colony Optimization to Multi-Objective Dynamic Facility Layout Problem." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/24021641102591174815.
Full textAbstract:
碩士中原大學
工業與系統工程研究所
99
With today’s booming economy, in order to keep with product demand, manufacturing factory must find a way to raise productivity and reduce cost to obtain maximum profits. Thus, the purpose of the study is to improve facility layout. In order to reflect the reality situation, this study combines multi-objective and dynamic facility layout, considing the both material flow cost and closeness ranking between departments. Therefore, Multi-objective dynamic facility layout problem is developed. Multi-objective dynamic facility layout problem is a NP-Hard problem, which and resembles the quadratic assignment problem. It uses “Heuristic” to solve NP-Hard problem to save production time and cost. Therefore, this study uses hybrid ant colony system with Pareto optimal front. The Pareto optimal front is combined with Ant Colony Optimization to form Pareto optimal Multi-objective Dynamic Layout (ACO-PMDL) to solve the Multi-objective Dynamic Facility Layout problem. In this study, we use ACO-PMDL method to solve for dynamic facility layout problem, multi-objective facility layout problem and Multi-objective dynamic facility layout problem, based on datasets from literatures to test ACO-PMDL solution quality. The results show ACO-PMDL has better solutions for dynamic facility layout problem and multi-objective facility layout problem. For multi-objective dynamic facility layout problem, the ACO-PMDL solution effectively places one department next to another in terms of importance departments. In terms of total material flow cost, the results from ACO-PMDL are much better than reference solution. From the results, ACO-PMDL of this study is proven to find the best department assignment of Multi-objective dynamic facility layout problem.
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Wu, Chen-Hsiung, and 吳振雄. "Production Layout Optimization with Multi-Period Dynamic Demand and Multi-Row Cells." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/47040020331806127723.
Full textAbstract:
碩士中原大學
工業與系統工程研究所
98
Cellular manufacturing systems are one of well-known and efficient approaches for the production environment with high variety and low volume products. In the clustering research, people first consider the correlation between product and machine, then consider the order and machine utilization, and then intra-cell and inter-cell layout, but there are few researches to consider cell formation and inter-cell layout simultaneously. This research developed an optimization cost model of production layout with multi-period dynamic demand and multi-row. Under this dynamic demand environment, we considered intra-cell and inter-cell handling cost, machine fixed cost, machine manufacturing cost, and machine relocation cost. Besides, we verified the results in the case of three, four and five cells and got the lower cost of machine selection and layout, respectively. Finally, we had parameters sensitivity analysis with material handling cost, batch size, machine fixed cost, machine manufacturing cost, and machine available time. We believe that the results found in this study can be served as a reference for the optimization of inter-cell layout in the factory under the dynamic demand environment.
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CHENG, MAO-HUNG, and 鄭茂宏. "Applying Particle Swarm Optimization to Solve Unequal-Area Dynamic Facility Layout Problem." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/88402157223514835963.
Full textAbstract:
碩士中原大學
工業與系統工程研究所
100
Nowadays, facility layout problems exist in places like companies or even countries. In the past, researches are conducted on Static Facility Layout Problem (SFLP); later, the focus has been shifted to Dynamic Facility Layout Problem (DFLP). In the past, most researches are about Equal-Area Static Facility Layout Problem (EA-SFLP) or Unequal-Area Static Facility Layout Problem (UA-SFLP) and Equal-Area Dynamic Facility Layout Problem (EA-DFLP). A few journal articles are published about Unequal-Area Dynamic Facility Layout Problem (UA-DFLP). In reality, generally the areas of facilities and departments are unequal in sizes. Therefore, this research will be conducted on Unequal-Area Dynamic Facility Layout Problem to better reflect the real situation. This research applies the method of Flexible Bay Structure (FBS) to solve the unequal area aspect of UN-DFLP with consideration of flow line for each department. Regarding the rearrangement cost, previous researches take the centroid-to-centroid approach for interdepartmental rearrangement. However, in reality there are aisles along each department; the consideration is part of the research. Because the problem is a NP-hard problem, we apply the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to find the near-optimal solution and compare it with the Hill Climbing heuristic. Based on the result, PSO is proven to be better than Hill Climbing. A case study is also presented to illustrate the practical use of the proposed ideas and techniques.
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Lin, Peng-Hsuan, and 林芃萱. "Applying Ant Colony Optimization To Solve Unequal-Area Dynamic Facility Layout Problem." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/67798228697290412073.
Full textAbstract:
碩士中原大學
工業與系統工程研究所
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As the world economy moves toward globalization, the increasing competition between enterprises has been becoming fierce. Enterprises, in order to survive, must continually update production strategy and improve production efficiency while reducing costs. One of important factors that impact production efficiency is the design of facilities. Currently, little attention is given to considering the Unequal-Area Problem (UAP) and the Dynamic Facility Layout Problem (DFLP) at the same time. However, in the real environment, companies often will update production strategies and rearrange departments in sequence. And in the enterprise, department areas typically are not all equal. Therefore, this study takes Flexible Bay Structure (FBS) approach to consider Unequal-Area and Dynamic Facility Layout at the same time. Taking a layout’s costs into account, most literatures take the centroid-to-centroid approach to compute costs after departmental exchanges; nevertheless, that approach is abstracted from the real-world scenario, and some distances are skipped from consideration. Accordingly, this study sets the departmental exit points and measures the distances for transportation along aisles to the entry points of some other departments. Facility Layout Problem is a NP-hard problem. In this study, the Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) is used on the facility layout problem and compared with the Particle Swarm Optimization over data from a metal parts factory. The findings from the study have shown that Ant Colony Optimization is better than Particle Swarm Optimization and is promising to solve the unequal, dynamic facility layout problem in a real-world situation.
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"Study of Layout Techniques in Dynamic Logic Circuitry for Single Event Effect Mitigation." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10388/ETD-2015-09-2253.
Full textAbstract:
Dynamic logic circuits are highly suitable for high-speed applications, considering the fact that they have a smaller area and faster transition. However, their application in space or other radiation-rich environments has been significantly inhibited by their susceptibility to radiation effects. This work begins with the basic operations of dynamic logic circuits, elaborates upon the physics underlying their radiation vulnerability, and evaluates three techniques that harden dynamic logic from the layout: drain extension, pulse quenching, and a proposed method. The drain extension method adds an extra drain to the sensitive node in order to improve charge sharing, the pulse quenching scheme utilizes charge sharing by duplicating a component that offsets the transient pulse, and the proposed technique takes advantage of both. Domino buffers designed using these three techniques, along with a conventional design as reference, were modeled and simulated using a 3D TCAD tool. Simulation results confirm a significant reduction of soft error rate in the proposed technique and suggest a greater reduction with angled incidence. A 130 nm chip containing designed buffer and register chains was fabricated and tested with heavy ion irradiation. According to the experiment results, the proposed design achieved 30% soft error rate reduction, with 19%, 20%, and 10% overhead in speed, power, and area, respectively.
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Nainggolan, Sabam S. M. "Optimal resource allocation for land settlement in Indonesia : a combined static linear programming and dynamic budgeting approach." Master's thesis, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/122933.
Full textAbstract:
The integration of land settlement under Nucleus Estate-Smallholder
(NES) schemes in Indonesia is aimed at increasing export crop production
and improving the settlers' well-being. In spite of improvements in the
schemes' implementation, profit-maximising farm plans have rarely been
formulated and used as a basis for settlement development. As a result,
the productivity of existing resources has not been optimised.
Consequently, incomes accruing to the farms have not been a stimulus to
the development of both settlements and regions.
This study seeks to devise an optima] farm plan that maximises farm
incomes within the framework imposed by limited resources and other
restraints. The approach is a combination of static linear programming
and multi-period budgeting. Although planning for long-lasting perennial
crop farming systems can be handled by dynamic linear programming, this
technique requires a main-frame computer. Such computational facilities
are not available at a regional planning level. By contrast, the chosen
approach relies on readily available microcomputer hardware and
software. Thus, the technique can be adopted even at more remote
regional planning offices.
The optimal farm plan is formulated in three steps. First, static
linear programming is employed to formulate an optimal combination of
enterprises when the farm is assumed to be at 'maturity'. This is when
the main perennial (rubber) reaches its yield plateau. Two perennial
crops, rubber and coconut, are included in the optimal plan. The former
is forced into the farm plan by the scheme management (nucleus estate),
while the latter dominates the third of the three parcels of land that
make up the settler's holding.
Based on this solution, in the second step, a linear programming
problem at 'immaturity' is specified. Here, the perennials are given
equality constraints at their mature levels although their current
returns are negative. Also, intercropping is allowed on the perennial blocks for the first several years. Static linear programming is used to
derive the optimal farm plan at immaturity.
In the third step, multi-period budgeting is employed to link the
optimal static solutions and to span the total 30 year planning horizon.
The empirical results show that rubber, with the establishment cost
charged to the settler, does not pay. The rubber block is subsidised not
only by the government through its credit scheme, but also by the other
crops. Intercropping the rubber block for the first three years and the
coconut block for five years, allows the second parcel of farm land to
remain fallow. The delay in utilising this parcel has two advantages.
Firstly, the nucleus estate will have sufficient time to clear the
second parcel and allot it to the settler. Therefore, together with the
settler, they can concentrate on the upkeep of the immature rubber.
Secondly, the newly opened second parcel of farm land will give good
yields, at least for several years, before the demanding efforts of soil
management need to be undertaken.
Without taking explicit account of the cost of family labour, the
investment in the farm as a whole is highly remunerative as is shown by
its benefit-cost ratio of 2.3. The internal rate of return is 37.8 per
cent. Net income, as a return to family labour and management, is
substantially higher than the poverty level that settlers are assumed to
face in their places of origin. The sum of net present value is more
sensitive to changes (over the whole planning horizon) in the gross
revenue than to material costs.
However, it is important to stress that the actual solution should
not be used for any current policy conclusions owing to the inadequacy
of the data used. What is far more important is that this study has
demonstrated an innovative technique for optimal planning of
long-lasting farming systems. The combination of static linear
programming and dynamic budgeting provides a wider range of economic
measures than does either technique in isolation.