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Journal articles on the topic 'Dynamic cracking'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 24 August 2024

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1

Carpinteri, A., G. Lacidogna, M. Corrado, and E. Di Battista. "Cracking and crackling in concrete-like materials: A dynamic energy balance." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 155 (April 2016): 130–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2016.01.013.

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2

Krupp, Ulrich. "Dynamic Embrittlement - Diffusion-Induced Intergranular Cracking." Defect and Diffusion Forum 258-260 (October 2006): 192–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.258-260.192.

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The present paper is about dynamic embrittlement as a generic damage mechanism. It involves grain-boundary diffusion of an embrittling species at elevated temperatures under the influence of mechanical stress. The embrittling species, either coming from the material itself or from the environment, reduces the grain-boundary cohesion and, hence, causes time-dependent intergranular fracture. Evidence of the technical significance of dynamic embrittlement is given by two examples, stress-relief cracking in steels and hold-time cracking during low-cycle-fatigue loading of nickel-base superalloys. There is an obvious relationship between the grain-boundary structure and the local susceptibility to dynamic embrittlement. This was proven by mechanical experiments on bicrystals and grain-boundary-engineering-type-processed specimens.

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3

Islam, M. R., S. A. Kalevela, J. A. Rivera, and T. B. Rashid. "Dynamic Modulus and Field Performance of Cold-in-Place Recycled Asphalt Pavement." Journal of Engineering Sciences 6, no. 2 (2019): b1—b7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/10.21272/jes.2019.6(2).b1.

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This study investigates the dynamic modulus of cold-in-place recycling (CIR) asphalt material and its performance using pavement performance data and laboratory dynamic modulus testing. Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT) has 37 projects with over 8 million square yards using CIR materials. Sites from ten projects were selected to monitor the performances and collect samples for laboratory testing. Dynamic modulus testing on the CIR cores was conducted by the CDOT. Results show measured distresses of CIR rehabilitation techniques are mostly below the threshold values during the service period. International Roughness Index, rutting, and transverse cracking never exceeded the threshold values during the studied period. Only two CIR pavements exceeded the threshold values for fatigue cracking after 8-10 years of service. Measured distresses of CIR rehabilitation techniques are similar to conventional pavements based on engineering judgment. The laboratory dynamic modulus test results show CIR has about 50 % less dynamic modulus compared to the traditional asphalt mixture. Keywords: asphalt pavement, cold-in-place recycling, dynamic modulus, fatigue cracking, transverse cracking.

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4

Wang, Yongfei, Junru Li, Zhenyu Wu, Jiankang Chen, Chuan Yin, and Kang Bian. "Dynamic Risk Evaluation and Early Warning of Crest Cracking for High Earth-Rockfill Dams through Bayesian Parameter Updating." Applied Sciences 10, no. 21 (October 29, 2020): 7627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10217627.

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Crest cracking is one of the most common damage types for high earth-rockfill dams. Cracking risk of dam crest is closely related to the duration of abnormal deformation state. In this paper, a methodology for dynamic risk evaluation and early warning of crest cracking for high earth-rockfill dams is proposed and mainly consists of: (a) The discrimination of abnormal deformation state related to crest cracking, which is implemented by comparing the crest settlement inclination with the threshold value. (b) Computation of crest cracking probability and estimation of cracking time. The exponential distribution is adopted to represent the probability distribution of the duration TAS of abnormal state before crest cracking. Then the crest cracking probability in a given time can be computed by integration with respect to TAS. Inversely, the cracking time corresponding to a given probability can be estimated. (c) Determination of the values of probability adopted to early warn crest cracking, which are suggested to be selected by statistical analysis of the calculated probabilities at the observed cracking times. (d) Bayesian estimation and updating of probability distribution of the parameter λ in the PDF of TAS, according to observed durations of abnormal state before crest cracking. The methodology is illustrated and verified by the case study for an actual earth-rockfill dam, of which crest cracking and recracking events were observed during the periods of high reservoir level. According to the observed values of TAS, the probability distribution for λ is progressively updated and the dispersion of the distributions of λ gradually decreases. The crest cracking probability increases with the duration of abnormal state and the width of confidence interval of the estimated cracking probability progressively contracts with the updating of the distribution for λ. Finally, the early warning of crest cracking for the dam is investigated by estimating the lower limit of cracking time. It is shown that early warning of crest cracking can be issued from at least 20 days ahead of the occurrence of crest cracking event. The idea of using duration of abnormal state of crest settlement to evaluate crest cracking risk of the earth-rockfill dam in this paper may be applicable to other dams.

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5

Darowicki, K., J. Orlikowski, and A. Arutunow. "Detection of stress corrosion cracking dynamics by dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy." Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology 39, no. 3 (September 2004): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/147842204x2844.

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6

Zhao, Chuanyu, Chaowei Liu, and Qiang Xu. "Dynamic Scheduling for Ethylene Cracking Furnace System." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 50, no. 21 (November 2, 2011): 12026–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie200318p.

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7

Zhang, Yiming, and Xiaoying Zhuang. "Cracking elements method for dynamic brittle fracture." Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics 102 (August 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2018.09.015.

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8

Shaheen-Mualim, Merna, Anna Gleizer, and Dov Sherman. "Dynamic stress corrosion cracking in silicon crystal." International Journal of Fracture 219, no. 2 (August 16, 2019): 161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10704-019-00387-5.

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9

Cui, Y. "Dynamic matrix cracking in fiber reinforced ceramics." Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 43, no. 12 (December 1995): 1875–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-5096(95)00060-v.

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10

Li, Yong, Haoyue Sui, Ruilin Hu, Fangpeng Cui, Yidi Qiu, and Wei Gao. "Study on the Effect of Rock Mass Structure on CO2 Transient Fissure Excavation." Applied Sciences 13, no. 23 (November 25, 2023): 12666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app132312666.

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As a new rock breaking method, CO2 transient cracking has been widely used in rock excavation projects in recent years. However, in the actual construction process, there are often situations where the fracturing effect varies due to different rock mass structures. Through theoretical analysis and on-site cracking tests, this article studies the effect of CO2 transient cracking under the control of different rock mass structures. The results show that: (1) the dynamic compressive strength of rock directly determines the number and range of dynamic impact fractures; the original fractures of rock mass and those caused by dynamic impact in the first stage jointly determine the effect of high-pressure gas expansion in the second stage. (2) The arrangement of holes along the strata is conducive to the action of high-pressure expanding gas along the soft structural plane in the rock mass, which is conducive to the fracturing of the rock mass; the amount of crack formation is small, but the influence range is large. (3) The cracking effect of carbon dioxide transient cracking applied to massive rock mass is better than that of monolithic rock mass, while the cracking effect of layered rock mass with soil interlayer is poor. The research results are of great significance for improving the effectiveness of carbon dioxide transient-induced cracking excavation and guiding actual construction.

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11

Javad Taherinezhad, M. Sofi, Priyan Mendis, and Tuan Ngo. "Strain Rates in Prestressed Concrete Sleepers and Effects on Cracking Loads." Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering 17 (January 1, 2017): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.56748/ejse.17220.

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Prestressed concrete sleepers (PCSs) play an essential role in structural response and performance of ballasted railway tracks. Due to defects in track or train components, high magnitude dynamic loads may generate at the rail head and transfer to the PCSs which can generate cracks in PCSs. Cracking from dynamic loads have been reported as the most critical problem of PCSs around the world and impose an early replacement of sleepers which is a financial burden to the rail industry. This paper investigates the effects of strain rates on the strength enhancement of PCS. By using available measurements, the strain rates are calculated at two critical points of the PCSs, the rail seat and midspan. Considering the dynamic increase factor (DIF) of concrete, the cracking loads of a PCS are calculated and are compared with commonly occurring dynamic loads. Results show that the maximum strain rates at both rail seat and midspan are about 0.08 and 0.016 1/s, respectively. The increase of cracking wheel load due to the strain rate effects is about 5 to 26 percent. The results are also shown to be able to demonstrate the level cracking from dynamic loads with very short return periods.

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12

Mirza, M. Saeed, O. Ferdjani, A. Hadj-Arab, K. Joucdar, A. Khaled, and A. G. Razaqpur. "An experimental study of static and dynamic responses of prestressed concrete box irder bridges." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 17, no. 3 (June 1, 1990): 481–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l90-052.

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Experimental data from static and dynamic tests on [Formula: see text] direct models of simply supported, one- and two-cell, box girder bridges are presented. Variation of flexural and torsional stiffnesses and dynamic characteristics, such as the natural frequency of vibrations and damping ratios of the bridge models at different levels of cracking damage, are examined; in turn, these dynamic characteristics can be used to estimate the cracking damage in the bridge. The physical model proved to be an adequate tool for the study of static and dynamic responses of box girder bridges at all load levels. Key words: box girder bridges, direct physical models, damping ratio, flexural and torsional stiffnesses, level of cracking damage, load–deformation response, load distribution characteristics, longitudinal and transverse strains, natural frequency of vibrations, simulated OHBDC truck.

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13

Ghosh, A., and V. Kumar. "Computational studies on fragmentation of brittle materials." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 227, no. 8 (November 21, 2012): 1650–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406212466766.

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We study dynamic fragmentation of metallic structures using the cracking particles method with obscuration zone. The cracking particles method is an efficient meshfree method for modeling dynamic fracture. Fracture is modeled by a set of crack segments. The cracking particles method does not require the representation of the crack topology. To avoid numerical fracture observed in discrete approaches, we employ obscuration zones proposed by Mott in his analytical work of fragmentation theory. We also study the influence of initial imperfections with different stochastic input parameters on the results.

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14

Liu, Xian Peng, Yang Han, and Hong Biao Liu. "Researches on High-Piled Wharf Cantilever Slab Cracking Causes and Reinforcement Measures." Advanced Materials Research 831 (December 2013): 186–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.831.186.

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As a common wharf structure, the high-piled beam-slab wharf is characterized by the cantilever slab arranged at the expansion joint between the structural sections in most cases. According to wharf routine tests, cantilever slab cracking is quite common. Relying on a typical high-piled wharf, in combination with actual wharf operations, this paper conducted the numerical analysis of the cantilever slab dynamic response under the dynamic load effect with its results showing that the dynamic load is the main cause for cracking. This paper suggested blocking up with steel plates should be adopted for reinforcement and reconstruction of high-piled wharf structure cantilever slab, with its calculation results showing blocking up with steel plates can effectively resolve cantilever slab cracking.

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15

Parab, Niranjan D., Zherui Guo, Matthew Hudspeth, Benjamin Claus, Boon Him Lim, Tao Sun, Xianghui Xiao, Kamel Fezzaa, and Weinong W. Chen. "In situ observation of fracture processes in high-strength concretes and limestone using high-speed X-ray phase-contrast imaging." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 375, no. 2085 (January 28, 2017): 20160178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0178.

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The mechanical properties and fracture mechanisms of geomaterials and construction materials such as concrete are reported to be dependent on the loading rates. However, the in situ cracking inside such specimens cannot be visualized using traditional optical imaging methods since the materials are opaque. In this study, the in situ sub-surface failure/damage mechanisms in Cor-Tuf (a reactive powder concrete), a high-strength concrete (HSC) and Indiana limestone under dynamic loading were investigated using high-speed synchrotron X-ray phase-contrast imaging. Dynamic compressive loading was applied using a modified Kolsky bar and fracture images were recorded using a synchronized high-speed synchrotron X-ray imaging set-up. Three-dimensional synchrotron X-ray tomography was also performed to record the microstructure of the specimens before dynamic loading. In the Cor-Tuf and HSC specimens, two different modes of cracking were observed: straight cracking or angular cracking with respect to the direction of loading. In limestone, cracks followed the grain boundaries and voids, ultimately fracturing the specimen. Cracks in HSC were more tortuous than the cracks in Cor-Tuf specimens. The effects of the microstructure on the observed cracking behaviour are discussed. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Experimental testing and modelling of brittle materials at high strain rates’.

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16

Yang, Bin, Qin Shou Huang, Xin Wang Qiu, and Hua Xu. "Dynamic Response Analysis of Stress Intensity Factors of Reflective Cracking in Asphalt Overlay Suffer Wheel Load." Advanced Materials Research 217-218 (March 2011): 187–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.217-218.187.

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Partial wheel loading of the existing old cement concrete pavement joint will easily causes shear-type reflective cracking of asphalt overlay, which will cut down the service life of the pavement. This paper conducts an research on the changing rules of stress intensity factors of reflective cracking in asphalt overlay suffer dynamic loads. Choose 3 asphalt overlays with typical reflective cracking extend length of 1cm, 4cm and 8cm to investigate the impacts of parametric variation of vehicle speed, asphalt overlays thickness and modulus and stress absorbing layer on stress intensity factors of reflective cracking in asphalt overlays suffer singe-wheel dynamic loads. Results show that time history curves of dynamic stress intensity factors declines with the increase of structure-layer parameters; the maximum amplitude decreases as time goes on; the larger the structure parameter is, the faster the degradation is; and the vibration levels to gentle in the later half period, but stress intensity factors are not equal to zero in the last period of vibration, which shows that there exists residual stress intensity factors.

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17

Ye, Wenya, Wenzhi Yuan, and Qun Yang. "Asphalt Pavement Transverse Cracking Detection Based on Vehicle Dynamic Response." Applied Sciences 13, no. 22 (November 20, 2023): 12527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app132212527.

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Transverse cracking is thought of as the typical distress of asphalt pavements. A faster detection technique can provide pavement performance information for maintenance administrations. This paper proposes a novel vehicle-vibration-based method for transverse cracking detection. A theoretical model of a vehicle-cracked pavement vibration system was constructed using the d’Alembert principle. A testing system installed with a vibration sensor was put in and applied to a testing road. Then, parameter optimization of the Short-time Fourier transform (STFT) was conducted. Transverse cracking and normal sections were processed by the optimized STFT algorithm, generating two ideal indicators. The maximum power spectral density and the relative power spectral density, which were extracted from 3D time–frequency maps, performed well. It was found that the power spectral density caused by transverse cracks was above 100 dB/Hz. The power spectral density at normal sections was below 80 dB/Hz. The distribution of the power spectral density for the cracked sections is more discrete than for normal sections. The classification model based on the above two indicators had an accuracy, true positive rate, and false positive rate of 94.96%, 92.86%, and 4.80%, respectively. The proposed vehicle-vibration-based method is capable of accurately detecting pavement transverse cracking.

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18

Han, Yuanfei, Xianglong Sun, Pinwang Liu, Guangfa Huang, Lv Xiao, and Weijie Lu. "Deformation and fracture behavior of in-situ Ti composites reinforced with TiB/nano-sized particles." MATEC Web of Conferences 321 (2020): 08004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032108004.

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The hot deformation and fracture behavior of TiB/nano-sized particulate reinforced titanium matrix composites were investigated. The effect of reinforcement contents and initial structures on the isothermal deformation and fracture characteristic were investigated through microstructure analysis, tensile tests and crack propagation tests. It was found that the optimal working parameters for Ti composites is determined at 900-950°C/0.01-0.1 s-1, which is associated with the continuous dynamic recrystallization of primary a grains and dynamic globularization of lamellar α. The necklace recrystallization was observed in β phase region, and the instability mechanisms include inhomogeneous deformation and breaking or debonding of TiB whiskers. Additionally, the addition of reinforcements refines α phases, decreasing the lamellar α width. The aspect ratio of TiB is much higher with the increase of reinforcement content. Higher content (2.5 vol. % and 5 vol. %) brings about more broken reinforcements and defects, which result in brittle fracture in Ti composite. Reinforcements and defects are believed to be the key factors to determine the crack propagation. Intergranular cracking is the main cracking way in the region where there are few reinforcements. Defects caused by fractured TiB play a dominant role in diverting intergranular cracking to transgranular cracking. Key words: Hot deformation, dynamic globularization, dynamic recrystallization, Titanium matrix composites

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19

Chen, Xiying, Erin Karasz, Nilesh Badwe, and Karl Sieradzki. "Dynamic fracture and dealloying induced stress-corrosion cracking." Corrosion Science 187 (July 2021): 109503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2021.109503.

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20

Yankelevsky, David Z., and Itzhak Avnon. "Controlled Dynamic Cracking of High‐Strength Concrete Specimens." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 6, no. 4 (November 1994): 564–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0899-1561(1994)6:4(564).

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21

Kumar, V., and A. Ghosh. "Non-linear dynamic fragmentation using Cracking Particles Method." Computational Materials Science 98 (February 2015): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2014.10.004.

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22

Avnon, Itzhak, David Z. Yankelevsky, and C. H. Jaegermann. "Controlled dynamic cracking of hardened cement paste specimens." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 40, no. 3 (January 1991): 667–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-7944(91)90159-x.

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23

Wang, S. "Meshfree cohesive cracking method for dynamic material failure." International Journal of Mechanics and Materials in Design 6, no. 2 (February 10, 2010): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10999-010-9109-3.

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24

Ghashghaee, M., and R. Karimzadeh. "Dynamic Modeling and Simulation of Steam Cracking Furnaces." Chemical Engineering & Technology 30, no. 7 (July 2007): 835–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.200700028.

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25

F. Daneshjoo and A. Gharighoran. "Experimental and theoretical dynamic system identification of damaged RC beams." Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering 8 (June 1, 2008): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.56748/ejse.897.

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Dynamic system identification of RC beams i.e. natural frequencies, damping ratios and mode shapes is of high importance due to their special role in most civil engineering structures. In this paper, the effects of damage on dynamic characteristics of reinforced concrete beams are investigated experimentally. The possibility of obtaining load displacement curves through dynamic testing for in situ reinforced concrete beams is evaluated and the proposed methods are verified. Damage is considered as reduction in the flexural stiffness with increasing degree of cracking. A vibrating motor with aluminum flywheels to which masses could be attached at varying eccentricities are used for producing the dynamic cyclic loads. The variation in natural frequency, amplitude of vibration, damping and bending stiffness with increasing eccentric mass and for increasing degree of cracking are evaluated through steady state vibration at resonance with gradual increase of concentrated load at mid span. The changes in the secant stiffness with increasing degree of cracking and for increasing and decreasing concentrated static loads are obtained. Damping values are calculated from free vibration decay function using logarithmic decrement method. The results indicate that the damping ratio in the vicinity of the cracked region is not merely viscous, but rather is a combination of viscous and frictional damping. The contribution of the frictional damping will increase by increasing degree of cracking.

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26

Luo, Yi, and Xin Ping Li. "Numerical Simulation Study of Crack Development Induced by Transient Release of Excavation Load during Deep Underground Cavern." Applied Mechanics and Materials 638-640 (September 2014): 851–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.638-640.851.

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The cracking and developing of structural surfaces is one of the main causes for surrounding rock mass large deformation and failure in deep underground cavern excavation. A numerical simulation method for discontinuous structural surface development is proposed based on the transient unloading of excavation load during underground cavern excavation. The program will automatically evaluate every substep in the dynamic calculation, and determine if the development stops and the cracking direction based on dynamic fracture mechanics. The penalty function is adopted to simulate the opening and sliding characteristic of structural surfaces. And the cracking path would be shown by iterative calculation. Results show that, the lateral pressure coefficient (LPC) is the main factor of cracking direction. When structural surface is shallow to the side wall, the crack would develop to the surface of the side wall. When it is deep enough into the side wall, the cracking might stop before it goes to the surface of the side wall. The accuracy of this simulation is verified by the comparison to relative laboratory tests.

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27

Nanchari, K. "Linear Analysis of Tall Buildings and Tension Cracking of Shear Walls." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 12, no. 6 (June 30, 2024): 1327–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.63316.

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Abstract: This thesis presents a comprehensive study on the linear dynamic analysis of tall buildings and the tension cracking of shear walls, focusing on the structural integrity and seismic performance of high-rise structures. The research addresses the critical role of shear walls in providing lateral stiffness and strength, essential for resisting seismic forces in tall buildings. The study is divided into several key areas: the fundamentals of tall building design, the importance of shear walls, the mechanisms of tension cracking, and advanced methods for linear dynamic analysis. A detailed literature review sets the foundation by exploring historical developments, structural systems in tall buildings, and the significance of shear walls. Previous studies on linear dynamic analysis and tension cracking are critically examined to highlight gaps and establish the need for integrated analysis approaches. The methodology section outlines the selection of case studies, data collection, and the analytical procedures employed. Advanced software tools are used for modeling and simulation, incorporating architectural and design criteria. Linear dynamic analysis procedures, including response spectrum analysis (RSA), and modal analysis, are utilized to evaluate the dynamic response of tall buildings. Additionally, the study investigates tension cracking in shear walls, identifying causes, mechanisms, and influencing factors. The thesis concludes with a summary of findings, contributions to structural engineering, and suggestions for future research to enhance the seismic resilience of tall buildings. This work aims to inform and guide engineers and researchers in developing safer, more reliable tall building structures in earthquake-prone areas

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28

Rao, Si Xian, Su Ping Yang, Ji Bin Tong, and Jing Ru Wang. "Cracking Behavior of Oxide Films under Applied Stress." Advanced Materials Research 284-286 (July 2011): 671–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.284-286.671.

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Cracking behaviors of oxide films on A3, 30CrMnSiA steel under applied stress were investigated in this paper. Theoretical deductions confirmed that critical cracking conditions for oxide films on A3 and 30CrMnSiA steel did exist. Electrochemical tensile experiments in 3%NaCl aqueous solution showed that the critical cracking stress for oxide film on A3 steel is about 220MPa,the critical cracking stress for oxide film on 30CrMnSiA steel is about 80MPa.In-situ dynamic tensile experiments verified the correctness of the experiments results in the electrochemical tensile experiments.

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Zhao, Tao, Gengshe Yang, Lei Wang, Hailiang Jia, and Yuzhe Qiao. "Dynamic Splitting Behavior and the Constitutive Relationship of Frozen Sandstone Containing a Single Fissure." Shock and Vibration 2021 (April 21, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6661037.

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Fractured sandstone is widely distributed in mining areas throughout western China where the artificial freezing method is extensively adopted to construct vertical shafts. Blasting and excavation generate stress waves and break frozen fractured sandstone. Among the failure modes of frozen fractured rocks, tensile failure is very common. In this study, the dynamic tensile strength of fractured sandstone samples with four crack inclination angles (0°, 30°, 60°, and 90°) is tested by using a split Hopkinson pressure bar at four subzero temperatures (−5, −10, −15, and −20°C). Accordingly, a damage constitutive relationship that considers the effect of fissure angle and freezing temperature is established. The results show the following: (1) the fissure angle does not significantly affect the dynamic tensile strength of frozen fractured sandstone but mainly affects the failure mode of the sample. (2) The dynamic tensile strength of fractured sandstone has a negative linear correlation with the freezing temperature. (3) When the fissure angle is small, only tensile cracking occurs; when the fissure angle is large, tensile cracking occurs along both the loading direction and the fissure; and shear cracking occurs along the fissure as well. (4) Regardless of the fissure angle, tensile cracking is initiated at the stress-concentration zone and then propagates towards the loading end. Fissure ice provides both resistance to deformation and resistance to crack propagation which affects the crack propagation and coalescence mode. A dynamic constitutive relationship is established by considering the effects of fissure angle and freezing temperature on the dynamic properties of frozen fractured sandstone, which is proven to be highly reliable and provides a reference and basis to study the dynamic mechanical properties of similar rock types.

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Lana, Shirley Savet, Hiroomi Homma, and Kohji Nakazato. "Viscoelastic Effect on the Fracture Toughness of GFRP: Experimental Approach." Key Engineering Materials 306-308 (March 2006): 745–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.306-308.745.

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The dynamic fracture tests were carried out for a glass fiber reinforced plastic specimen with a crack and dynamic fracture toughness was evaluated by examination of cracking at an initial slit root. Before the crack initiated at the slit root, a whitened damage zone was created surrounding the slit tip. The damage zone consists of micro cracking in the matrix, debonding between a fiber and the matrix, and fracture of the fiber. The comparison of the dynamic fracture toughness and the static fracture toughness value shows that the former is around 12 MPa√m and apparently higher than the later, which is 7 MPa√m. To understand those experimental results and mechanics of the damage zone, a dynamic debonding test was carried out and dynamic bonding strength was estimated as around 70 MPa.

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31

Chen, Aijun, Chaohua Li, Shanshan Zhao, Bai Yang, and Chuanyang Ding. "Study on the Dynamic Mechanism of the Desiccation Crack Initiation and Propagation in Red Clay." Sustainability 15, no. 14 (July 18, 2023): 11156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151411156.

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Red clay is susceptible to cracking in desiccating environments, with resulting crisscrossing cracks that compromise the soil structure and increase the likelihood of geological hazards. To investigate the dynamic mechanism of the initiation and propagation of soil desiccation cracks under natural hygrothermal conditions, a desiccation test was conducted on a red clay slurry using three-dimensional digital image correlation (3D DIC) technology. The evolution behaviour of desiccation cracks was analysed, and the dynamic relationships between moisture content, displacement field, strain field, and soil desiccation cracking were explored. The test results showed that the Atterberg limits of red clay are correlated with desiccation cracking. Cracks tend to initiate in areas where tensile strain is concentrated or significant displacement differences exist. Following crack initiation, the surrounding strain and displacement fields redistribute, influencing the propagation direction, development rate, and morphology of subsequent cracks nearby. Additionally, the relative displacement and strain at the edges of cracks are related to the crack propagation direction. Earlier crack initiation usually corresponds to a larger relative displacement and strain at the crack edges, while the displacement and strain at the soil clod centre are typically smaller than those at the crack edges. DIC technology can quickly and accurately obtain dynamic information about displacement and strain fields, providing feasible technical support for analysing the dynamic mechanism behind soil desiccation cracking. It has potential value in engineering hazard prevention and sustainable development.

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32

Taketomi, S., A. Toshimitsu Yokobori Jr., and Tetsuo Shoji. "Mechanism of Hydrogen Embrittlement Due to the Interaction of a Crack, Moving Dislocations and Hydrogen Cluster." Key Engineering Materials 261-263 (April 2004): 937–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.261-263.937.

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Previously, we proposed stress corrosion cracking model on the basis of interaction of dislocation and hydrogen around a crack tip to predict discontinuous cleavage-like fracture during stress corrosion cracking (SCC) for ductile fcc alloys. Furthermore, we conducted numerical analyses using this proposed model. In the analysis, hydrogen was treated as a static cluster. However, actually, both of hydrogen and dislocations move with interaction each other. Therefore, in this paper, a physical model of dislocation and hydrogen dynamics with interaction was proposed. And the behavior of interaction between dynamic dislocations and hydrogen was investigated. On the basis of this analysis, the discontinuous cleavage-like fracture during SCC for ductile fcc alloys was clarified.

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Feng, Weiying, Daniel Bonamy, Fabrice Célarié, Paul C. M. Fossati, Stéphane Gossé, Patrick Houizot, and Cindy L. Rountree. "Stress Corrosion Cracking in Amorphous Phase Separated Oxide Glasses: A Holistic Review of Their Structures, Physical, Mechanical and Fracture Properties." Corrosion and Materials Degradation 2, no. 3 (July 23, 2021): 412–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cmd2030022.

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Stress corrosion cracking is a well-known phenomenon in oxide glasses. However, how amorphous phase separation (APS) alters stress corrosion cracking, and the overall mechanical response of an oxide glass is less known in literature. APS is a dominant feature concerning many multicomponent systems, particularly the ternary sodium borosilicate (SBN) glass systems. Its three constituent oxides have significant industrial relevance, as they are the principal components of many industrial oxide glasses. Simulations and experimental studies demonstrate the existence of a two-phase metastable miscibility gap. Furthermore, theory suggests the possibility of three-phase APS in these oxide glasses. Literature already details the mechanisms of phase separation and characterizes SBN microstructures. Realizing that glasses are structurally sensitive materials opens a number of other questions concerning how the mesoscopic APS affects the continuum behavior of glasses, including dynamic fracture and stress corrosion cracking. This paper reviews current literature and provides a synthetic viewpoint on how APS structures of oxide glasses alter physical, mechanical, dynamic fracture, and stress corrosion cracking properties.

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34

Naumenko, V. V., and A. V. Shiyan. "Cryogenic-alloy strength and cracking resistance under dynamic loading." Strength of Materials 24, no. 9 (September 1992): 568–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00773131.

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Edwin, Emil H., and Jens G. Balchen. "Dynamic Optimization and Production Planning of Thermal Cracking Operation." Modeling, Identification and Control: A Norwegian Research Bulletin 24, no. 2 (2003): 99–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.4173/mic.2003.2.3.

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Lee, Jeffrey L. Y., Dar-Hao Chen, Kenneth H. Stokoe, and Thomas Scullion. "Evaluating Potential for Reflection Cracking with Rolling Dynamic Deflectometer." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1869, no. 1 (January 2004): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1869-02.

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Zhang, Shujing, Sujing Wang, and Qiang Xu. "Emission Constrained Dynamic Scheduling for Ethylene Cracking Furnace System." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 56, no. 5 (January 31, 2017): 1327–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.6b02822.

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López-Isunza, Felipe. "Dynamic modelling of an industrial fluid catalytic cracking unit." Computers & Chemical Engineering 16 (May 1992): S139—S148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0098-1354(09)80016-1.

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Han, In-Su, James B. Riggs, and Cbang-Bock Chung. "Dynamic matrix control of a fluidized catalytic cracking process." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 34, no. 25 (June 2001): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)33837-5.

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Zacharopoulos, N., D. J. Srolovitz, and R. Lesar. "Dynamic simulation of dislocation microstructures in Mode III cracking." Acta Materialia 45, no. 9 (September 1997): 3745–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6454(97)00029-3.

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Edwin, Emil H., and Jens G. Balchen. "Dynamic optimization and production planning of thermal cracking operation." Chemical Engineering Science 56, no. 3 (February 2001): 989–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2509(00)00314-6.

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Connolly, A. M., E. Hinton, and A. R. Luxmoore. "Finite-element modelling of dynamic cracking in wide plates." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 23, no. 1 (January 1986): 299–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-7944(86)90194-3.

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Božičevic, J., and D. Lukec. "Dynamic mathematical model of the fluid catalytic cracking process." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 9, no. 1 (January 1987): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014233128700900102.

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Zheng, Y. Y. "Dynamic modeling and simulation of a catalytic cracking unit." Computers & Chemical Engineering 18, no. 1 (January 1994): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0098-1354(94)85021-6.

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Song, Jeong-Hoon, and Ted Belytschko. "Cracking node method for dynamic fracture with finite elements." International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 77, no. 3 (January 15, 2009): 360–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.2415.

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Liu, Guanzhi, Xinfu Pang, and Jishen Wan. "A Multiobjective Optimization Algorithm for Fluid Catalytic Cracking Process with Constraints and Dynamic Environments." Mathematics 12, no. 14 (July 22, 2024): 2285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math12142285.

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The optimization problems in a fluid catalytic cracking process with dynamic constraints and conflicting objectives are challenging due to the complicated constraints and dynamic environments. The decision variables need to be reoptimized to obtain the best objectives when dynamic environments arise. To solve these problems, we established a mathematical model and proposed a dynamic constrained multiobjective optimization evolution algorithm for the fluid catalytic cracking process. In this algorithm, we design an offspring generation strategy based on minimax solutions, which can explore more feasible regions and converge quickly. Additionally, a dynamic response strategy based on population feasibility is proposed to improve the feasible and infeasible solutions by different perturbations, respectively. To verify the effectiveness of the algorithm, we test the algorithm on ten instances based on the hypervolume metric. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is highly competitive with several state-of-the-art competitors.

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Jiang, Ze Zhong, Tao Xie, Yan Jun Qiu, and Bo Lan. "Crack Propagation Behavior of Asphalt Concrete; Part II: A Study into Influence of Loading Rates." Key Engineering Materials 385-387 (July 2008): 301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.385-387.301.

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Cracking has long been accepted as a major mode of premature failure in flexible pavements. Expected life of pavements, pavement condition and maintenance cost are directly related to pavement cracking. It is crucial to have a sufficient understanding of cracking mechanism in order to produce a sound and safe material and structural design of asphalt pavements. Simulation, surveying, observation, and measurement of cracking in pavement structures have been reported in literature in last three decades. However, cracking process in asphalt mixtures in a three dimensional scale is still a great challenge to road engineers. Using SIEMENS SOMATOM plus X-ray CT (computerized tomography) and multi-functional testing rig, a dynamic observation of cracking propagation of hot mix asphalt was conducted in this research. Marshall samples of AC20 were used under uniaxial compressive stress state. Stress and strain behavior was observed during the compressive failure process of asphalt mixtures. Cracking propagation in the samples can be clearly observed and failure mode and stress-strain behavior can then be simulated. Research results show that loading rate is a critical factor influencing cracking velocity and cracking density.

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Shinozaki, K., M. Yamamoto, A. Kawasaki, T. Tamura, and Peng Wen. "Development of Evaluation Method for Solidification Cracking Susceptibility of Inconel600/SUS347 Dissimilar Laser Weld Metal by In-Situ Observation." Materials Science Forum 580-582 (June 2008): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.580-582.49.

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This study was carried out on the development of the evaluation method for solidification cracking susceptibility of Inconel600/SUS347 dissimilar weld metals during laser welding. Some dissimilar weld metals which have different ratios of Inconel600/SUS347 were prepared by TIG welding and then were remelted on the U-type hot cracking tester by laser. Solidification cracking behavior during hot cracking test was observed by a high speed camera and the dynamic strain, close to the solidification crack, was evaluated. It appeared that local critical strain, for the initiation of solidification crack, was obtained by this strain measurement method. So the solidification cracking susceptibility could be directly evaluated based on the critical strain for different dissimilar joint. By using this method, it was discovered that solidification cracking occurred most easily when the ratio of Inconel600/SUS347 is 40%/60%, in the case of the Inconel600/SUS347 dissimilar laser welded joints.

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Cheng, Gang, Yong Zheng, Jie Yu, Jun Liu, and Xinhe Hu. "Investigation of the Fatigue Life of Bottom-Up Cracking in Asphalt Concrete Pavements." Applied Sciences 12, no. 23 (November 26, 2022): 12119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122312119.

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Traditionally, fatigue cracking in asphalt pavement means fatigue failure, which is the basis for controlling the design thickness of asphalt pavements. In fact, the fatigue failure of asphalt pavements includes three stages: fatigue cracking, crack expansion, and structural failure. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the fatigue life of the bottom-up cracking of asphalt concrete (AC) pavements considering the different stages of fatigue failure. The dynamic modulus of AC of different grades was experimentally determined. The tensile stresses at the bottom of the AC layer were evaluated by embedding the tested dynamic modulus into a numerical simulation, which can be used to calculate the fatigue cracking life. Then, overlay tests (OTs) at different temperatures were conducted to obtain the fracture parameters A and n from the asphalt mixture. The crack propagation life was calculated via the Paris formula based on the fracture parameters A and n. The analysis results showed that an increase in AC thickness could effectively improve the fatigue crack life of the pavement structure, and the proportion of crack propagation life to fatigue crack life at different temperatures varied significantly. Therefore, when analyzing and calculating the fatigue life of pavement structures, besides the fatigue cracking life, the crack propagation life after cracking should also be considered, which is very important for accurately calculating the entire fatigue life of asphalt pavement structures. This will offer guidance for asphalt pavement thickness design.

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Grace, Nabil F., and John B. Kennedy. "Dynamic response of two-span continuous composite bridges." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 15, no. 4 (August 1, 1988): 579–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l88-078.

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With the continuing trend towards lighter and more flexible continuous composite bridges, problems of vibration are becoming increasingly more important. Furthermore, fatigue cracking can be a real problem in such bridges when subjected to several thousands of resonance cycles over its life. In this paper the dynamic response of continuous composite bridges and the influence of repeated loading at resonance frequency on the structural response are investigated. A closed-form series solution based on orthotropic plate theory is developed to predict the natural frequencies of two-span continuous composite bridges. Expressions for the equivalent rigidities of a composite bridge are also given. The results are verified and substantiated by experimental results from 1/4-scale bridge model. Estimates of frequencies based on beam theory as well as the effects of concrete and fatigue cracking on the natural frequencies and strain range are examined. Finally, it is shown that a fatigue-cracked composite bridge, when properly repaired, can regain most of its stiffness and ultimate load-carrying capacity. Key words: bridges, composite, concrete, continuous, dynamics, fatigue, orthotropic, rigidities, steel, tests.

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