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Crump, Timothy. "Modelling dynamic cracking of graphite." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/modelling-dynamic-cracking-of-graphite(71e81d6f-e712-458c-aa48-0a256749258a).html.
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Advances in dynamic fracture modelling have become more frequent due to increases in computer speed, meaning that its application to industrial problems has become viable. From this, the author has reviewed current literature in terms of graphite material properties, structural dynamics, fracture mechanics and modelling methodologies to be able to address operational issues related to the ageing of Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor (AGR) cores. In particular, the experimentally observed Prompt Secondary Cracking (PSC) of graphite moderator bricks which has yet to be observed within operational reactors, with the objective of supporting their plant life extension. A method known as eXtended Finite Element Method with Cohesive Zones (XCZM) was developed within Code_Aster open-source FEM software. This enabled the incorporation of velocity toughening, irradiation-induced material degradation effects and multiple 3D dynamic crack initiations, propagations and arrests into a single model, which covers the major known attributes of the PSC mechanism. Whilst developing XCZM, several publications were produced. This started with first demonstrating XCZM's ability to model the PSC mechanism in 2D and consequently that methane holes have a noticeable effect on crack propagation speeds. Following on from this, XCZM was benchmarked in 2D against literature experiments and available model data which consequently highlighted that velocity toughening was an integral feature in producing energetically correct fracture speeds. Leading on from this, XCZM was taken into 3D and demonstrated that it produced experimentally observed bifurcation angle from a literature example. This meant that when a 3D graphite brick was modelled that the crack profile was equivalent to an accepted quasi-static profile. As a consequence of this validation, the XCZM approach was able to model PSC and give insight into features that could not be investigated previously including: finer-scale heterogeneous effects on a dynamic crack profile, comparison between Primary and Secondary crack profiles and also, 3D crack interaction with a methane hole, including insight into possible crack arrest. XCZM was shown to improve upon previous 2D models of experiments that showed the plausibility of PSC; this was achieved by eliminating the need for user intervention and also incorporation of irradiation damage effects through User-defined Material properties (UMAT). Finally, while applying XCZM to a full-scale 3D graphite brick including reactor effects, it was shown that PSC is likely to occur under LEFM assumptions and that the Secondary crack initiates before the Primary crack arrests axially meaning that modal analysis would not be able to fully model PSC.
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Fejzo, R. "Dynamic behaviour of concrete structures with cracking." Thesis, Swansea University, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.636965.
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The subject of this thesis is the behaviour of concrete structures under dynamic loading conditions and its modelling. In particular, the modelling of material behaviour is treated and a new material model for the description of plain concrete behaviour is proposed. For the modelling of the uncracked concrete behaviour, a strain rate sensitive elasto - viscoplastic material model developed by Bicanic is used. For the modelling of cracked concete behaviour, a distributed - smeared crack representation has been adopted. Crack initiation and propagation are controlled by a crack monitoring algorithm employing a critical strain criterion, allowing multiple cracking and controlled strain softening during the first crack opening cycle, linking the shear transfer across the crack to the magnitude of crack opening and preserving the crack directionality. Implementation of the proposed material model in a finite element computer program DEGDYN is described and a computer program listing is given. An explicit time stepping scheme is used, so the computer memory requirement is small and the program may be run even on small personal computers. Material model and computer program performance are verified using simple examples. Application of the material model in the analysis of the Koyna dam is demonstrated and results of several parameter sensitivity analyses are presented.
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Marazzato, Frédéric. "Discrete element and time-integration methods forelasto-plasticity and dynamic cracking." Thesis, Paris Est, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PESC1001.
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Cette thèse propose des contributions aux méthodes éléments discrets (MED) et à l’intégration temporelle explicite avec pour objectif applicatif les calculs de fissuration et de fragmentation pour des matériaux métalliques soumis à des chargements dynamiques. Les MED, qui sont traditionnellement utilisées pour simuler le comportement de matériaux granulaires, sont ré-interprétées à la lumière des méthodes de discrétisation de gradient afin d’être appliquées à la simulation de matériaux continus. Les maillages utilisables avec la MED proposée ont été étendus des maillages de Voronoi à des maillages polyédriques généraux. Les comportements simulables par la méthode ont été étendus de l’élasto-dynamique à l’élasto-plasticité dynamique par l’ajout d’un degré de liberté tensoriel par cellule. De plus, la méthode est robuste par rap-port à la limite incompressible et ses paramètres ne dépendent que des paramètres matériau. Une méthode d’intégration temporelle explicite conservant une pseudo-énergie, même pour des comportements non-linéaires et des pas de temps variables, a également été développée afin d’éviter une dissipation numérique de l’énergie disponible pour la dissipation plastique et la fissuration. Cette méthode a été couplée avec la MED précédente. Enfin, la propagation de fissures de Griffith à travers les facettes du maillage a été intégrée à la MED pour des comportements élastiques linéaires en deux dimensions d’espace. Le taux de restitution d’énergie est calculé pour chaque mode de fissuration à partir des facteurs d’intensités des contraintes qui sont approchés près de la fissure. Enfin, un critère de maximisation de la densité d’énergie élastique sur les facettes liée à la pointe de fissure permet de simuler l’orientation de la propagationThe present Ph.D. dissertation proposes contributions to discrete element methods (DEM) and explicit time integration schemes with a view towards dynamic cracking for metallic materials under dynamic loading. DEM, which are usually used to simulate granular materials, are understood through the prism of gradient discretization methods in order to simulate continuous materials. The method has been extended from previous Voronoi meshes to support generalpolyhedral meshes. Material behaviours have been extended from elasto-dynamics to dynamic elasto-plasticity through the addition of a tensorial degree of freedom per mesh cell. The method is robust with respect to the incompressible limit and its parameters only depend on material parameters. Moreover, an explicit pseudo-energy conserving time integration method has been developed, even for nonlinear behaviours and variable time steps, so as to avoid thedissipation of energy available for plastic dissipation and cracking. The method has been coupled to the proposed DEM. Finally, Griffith crack propagation through the mesh facets has been adapted to the present DEM for linear elastic behaviours in two space dimensions. The energy release rate is computed for every cracking mode using the stress intensity factors approximated close to the crack. A criterion of maximization of elastic energy density is used tosimulate kinking
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Beskari, Mohamed Ali. "Dynamic analysis of diffusion and convection in porous catalysts." Thesis, University of Salford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244857.
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Illes-Smith, Peter C. "A study of the modelling, dynamic simulation and control of the modern fluid catalytic cracking process." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.330143.
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Añez, Javier. "Modélisation de l'injection de pétrole pour les procédés FCC (Fluid Catalytic Cracking)." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR132/document.
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Cette thèse est une entreprise commune de VINCI Technologies et du laboratoire CNRS CORIA. De nombreux injecteurs comportent une zone de mélange interne dans laquelle les phases liquides et gazeuses sont toutes deux présentes dans une proportion significative. Par conséquent, cette zone appartient à la catégorie des écoulements diphasiques denses. Pour simuler la dispersion du liquide et caractériser le spray de ces injecteurs, des modèles appropriés sont nécessaires. Les points clés de cette approche sont la dispersion du liquide qui peut être associé au flux liquide turbulent et la quantité de surface liquide-gaz. En particulier, ce manuscrit rapporte, d’une part le développement théorique des modèles de la famille ELSA et, d’autre part, les approximations industrielles correspondantes. Le solveur proposé bascule dynamiquement du spray ICM au spray de sous- maille, à travers le concept ELSA et grâce à l’indicateur basé sur la résolution (IRQ). D’autre part, une fois la zone diluée se forme, l’approche ELSA est couplée à la méthode d’écoulement multiphase, qui vise à déterminer la distribution du spray à l’aide de l’équation WBE. Cette dernière équation est résolue avec une méthode hybride Euler-Lagrange. Le but est de résoudre l’équation WBE avec une approche stochastique Lagrangienne, tout en préservant la compatibilité avec la description Eulerienne de l’écoulement diphasique, basée sur ELSA, pour tirer parti des deux approches. Finalement, ces approches développées ont été utilisées pour des applications industrielles montrant leur robustesse et leur capacité à aider dans le processus de développement de nouveaux injecteursThis PhD is a joint venture between VINCI Technologies and the CNRS Laboratory CORIA. For its application, VINCI Technologies, developed mainly oil-related equipments and in particular injection/atomization systems. Some of these injectors are characterized by a very big geometrical dimensions (several meters long), that leads to very high Reynolds and Weber number. In addition, many injectors incorporate an internal mixing zone, in which liquid and gas phases are both present in a significant proportion. Consequently, this zone belongs to the dense two-phase flow category. To simulate the liquid dispersion and to characterize the spray formation special from these injectors, appropriate models are required. On its side, the CORIA team, has developed a suitable approach, so-called ELSA, based on the pioneering work of Borghi and Vallet [1, 2]. Key points of this approach are the liquid dispersion that can be associated to the turbulent liquid flux and the amount of liquid-gas surface that can be used to determine eventually the Sauter mean diameter (SMD) of the spray. During this PhD, the applications proposed by V INCI Technologies, have promoted a review of a large part of the multiphase flow approaches to find the more appropriate for each case. This has been the opportunity to clarify the range of application of each approach, and therefore stress the necessity to develop coupled approaches, in order to cover the proposed application in the most suitable way. In particular, this manuscript reports, in one hand, the theoretical development of the ELSA family models, and on the other hand, the corresponding industrial approximations. Since ELSA approaches are originally developed for RANS simulation of the dense zone, it has been extended to LES description. The link of this approach to the DNS¡ ICM approach, has been studied with a special care. The resulting proposed solver, switches dynamically from ICM to subgrid spray, through the ELSA concept, and thanks to resolution based indicator (IRQ). On the opposite side, once the dispersed spray is formed, the ELSA approach is coupled to multiphase flow method, that aims to determine the spray distribution through the WBE equation. This later equation, is solved with an original hybrid Euler-Lagrange method. The purpose is to solve the WBE equation with a Lagrange stochastic approach, and at the same time, preserving the compatibility to the Euler description of two-phase flow, based on ELSA, to benefit from both approaches. This coupled approach has been tested against academic experimental data coming from ECN research initiative, a combined DNS and experimental measurement of dispersed spray on a Diesel jet, and under an air-blast atomizer numerical test case, for which the mean liquid volume fraction has been measured. Eventually, these developed approaches have been applied to industrial application showing there robustness and their capacity to help in the process of design development of new injectors
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Castelo, Branco Veronica Teixeira Franco. "A unified method for the analysis of nonlinear viscoelasticity and fatigue cracking of asphalt mixtures using the dynamic mechanical analyzer." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-3136.
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Pelissari, Daniel Cícero 1989. "Estudo da influência dos bicos injetores sobre o escoamento gás-sólido e as reações em um riser de FCC via CFD." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/266017.
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Orientador: Milton MoriDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química
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Resumo: A aplicação de fluidodinâmica computacional (CFD) em estudos de otimização e projeto de novos equipamentos de processos industriais vem aumentando significativamente, uma vez que apresenta custo reduzido e possibilidade de avaliar equipamentos complexos e de extremas condições de operação. Dentre os processos mais estudados via CFD está o processo de craqueamento catalítico fluidizado (FCC), onde as frações pesadas do petróleo de baixo valor são convertidas em produtos de maior valor agregado, sendo uma das aplicações de fluidização gás-sólido mais importante na indústria de petróleo. O presente trabalho avaliou especificamente a zona de injeção do FCC, na qual a matéria-prima, alimentada por bicos injetores, se mistura a sólidos quentes (catalisador) e a vapor de fluidização. A performance desses dispersores de carga para garantir uma boa distribuição das gotículas de gasóleo com o catalisador é a chave para melhorar a eficiência do riser de FCC. Desta forma, o principal objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes designs, ângulos (30°, 45° e 60°) e configurações dos injetores sobre o escoamento gás-sólido e o desempenho do riser. Para tal, simulou-se um escoamento gás-sólido reativo tridimensional baseado em uma abordagem Eulerian-Eulerian. Nas simulações foram utilizados o modelo cinético de 12-lumps de Wu et al. (2009), modelo de turbulência k-? e modelo de arraste de Gidaspow. Foi observado que o design, o ângulo e a configuração dos bicos injetores exercem uma forte influência sobre a fluidodinâmica e a performance do riser, sendo o ângulo a variável que apresentou maior influência. Pôde-se observar que o design de bico tipo multi-orifícios (Caso 3) foi o que apresentou os melhores resultados, sendo a partir deste avaliados os ângulos, onde notou-se que o aumento do ângulo de 30° para 60° melhorou a mistura entre as fases e o rendimento. A análise dos arranjos foi realizada utilizando o design de bico do Caso 3 e o ângulo de 45°, e observou-se que o arranjo com bicos intercalados (Arranjo 2) apresentou uma mistura mais homogênea entre as fases e, consequentemente, uma melhor conversão e rendimento de produtos desejados. Em geral, os resultados obtidos no presente trabalho salientam a importância da utilização de geometrias mais detalhadas para os bicos, uma vez que influenciam a mistura entre as fases, a qual afeta o desempenho do riser
Abstract: The Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) application in industrial process optimization and new equipments design studies has increased significantly, once it presents low cost and the possibility of evaluating complex and extreme operating conditions equipments . Among the most widely studied processes via CFD is the fluidized catalytic cracking process (FCC), where the oil heavy fractions of low-value are converted into higher value-added products and which is one of the most important gas-solid fluidization applications in the oil industry . The present study specifically evaluated the FCC injection zone, in which the feedstock fed by nozzles, is mixed with hot solids (catalyst) and fluidization steam. The nozzles performance to guarantee a good gas oil droplets distribution with the catalyst is the key to improve the efficiency of FCC riser. Thus, the study main objective was to evaluate the different nozzles designs, angles (30 °, 45 ° and 60 °) and arrangements effect on the gas-solid flow and the riser performance. For this purpose, it was simulated a three-dimensional reactive gas-solid flow based on an Eulerian-Eulerian approach. In the simulations it was used the 12 lumps kinetic model by Wu et al. (2009), turbulence model k- ? and drag model Gidaspow. It was observed that the nozzle design, angle and configuration have a strong influence on fluid dynamics and on the riser performance, and the angle was the variable with the greatest influence. It can be observed that the nozzle design of multi-orifice type (Case 3) showed the best results, and that¿s why it was used to evaluate the angle, in which was noted that the angle increase of 30 ° to 60 ° improved phases mixing and the yield. The arrangement analysis was performed using Case 3 nozzle design and the design angle of 45 °, and it was observed that the arrangement with intercalated nozzles (Arrangement 2) showed a more homogeneous phases mixture and therefore a better conversion and desired product yield. In general, the results obtained in this work highlighted the importance of using more detailed geometries for the nozzles, since they influence the mixing of the phases, which affects the riser performance
Mestrado
Engenharia Química
Mestre em Engenharia Química
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Wade, James. "Contact damage of ceramics and ceramic nanocomposites." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2017. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/24932.
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Herein, we study the contact damage performance of two armour ceramics, alumina and silicon carbide, with varying microstructures and one particle-reinforced ceramic nanocomposite, alumina/silicon carbide, in an attempt to understand the microstructural mechanisms that affect plasticity and cracking under quasi-static and dynamic conditions. Quasi-static contact damage was imitated using Vickers indentation over a varying load regime. Numerical analysis of the indentation size effect, performed using the proportional specimen resistance model, allowed the contributions of plastic deformation and cracking to be separated into two individual values. In all three samples, higher levels of surface energy were found to correlate with increased amounts of cracking per unit area of indentation impression. Analytical modelling of crack initiation during Vickers indentation together with quantitative measurements of surface flaw populations revealed that such an increase in cracking damage was the result of higher densities of larger flaws. The hardness of the monolithic ceramics was found vary based on grain size and porosity levels, a smaller average grain size and lower porosity levels resulting in higher hardness values. In the nanocomposite materials, hardening was found to occur with further additions of silicon carbide nanoparticles. Such an effect has been attributed to the increased dislocation densities, as measured using Cr3+/Al2O3 fluorescence spectroscopy, and the impedance of dislocation movement within the lattice due to the presence of silicon carbide nanoparticles. In order to simulate dynamic contact damage, a low velocity, scaled-down drop-weight test was designed and developed. The dynamic contact damage resistance was determined based on the depth of penetration of a blunt indenter. In the monolithic ceramics, the indenter penetration was found to be shallower in materials of higher hardness. However, the nanocomposite materials displayed an opposing trend, the indenter penetration becoming deeper in the samples of higher hardness. The macro-scale fracture patterns produced during drop-weight impacts were seen to vary based on flaw populations and indenter penetration. In certain microstructures, extensive micro-cracking was also observed.
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Eksi, Murat. "Optimization Of Mechanical And Microstructural Properties Of Weld Joints Between Aluminium-magnesium And Aluminium-magnesium-silicon Alloys With Different Thicknesses." Master's thesis, METU, 2013. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615649/index.pdf.
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For the last decades usage of aluminium alloys have been increasing tremendously. They have been used in aerospace industry widely and now aluminium alloys are becoming more and more popular in automotive and defense industries. Consequentlysuccessful welding of aluminium alloys gains importance. In this study a research is carried out on eldability of plates having different thicknesses of composition 5754 aluminium and 6063 aluminium in T-fillet geometry using Gas-metal Arc Welding technique. It was aimed to have a successful joint without using pre-weld and post-weld heat treatments. During tests welding current and voltage were the varying parameters as welding speed was held constant. Macro-examinations were performed to see the penetration of the weld metal. It was seen that the type of filler wire greatly effects weld penetration. Hardness tests, tensile tests were done to compare the mechanical properties of the welded joints with different filler wires. Despite having better penetration in 4043 filler wire used weld joints, 5356 filler wire used weld joints had higher tensile strength and ductility. In the second part of the study, a dynamic loading machine was designed and manufactured to see the behavior of the fillet welds under dynamic loading. The amount of stress and strain given to the specimen on this machine was adjustable but can&rsquo
t be measured. The tests that were made with this machine aimed only to compare the number of cycles of specimens before fracture. For dynamic loading tests two groups of specimens were prepared with filler wire 4043
each group having been welded with different heat inputs. It was aimed to see the effect of welding heat input on service lifes but no significant difference between cycle numbers of specimen groups having been welded with different heat inputs was observed. Microstructure examinations of these specimens revealed that coarsening the grains, grain boundaries, particles in PMZ and HAZ regions between Al 6063 base metal and weld zone made these areas more susceptible and favorable for crack propogation than Al 6063 base metal.
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Sjöström, Julia, and Helena Åkesson. "Investigation of Ductility Dip at 1000˚C in Alloy 617." Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-209823.
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Alloy 617 displays a ductility dip during straining at exactly 1000˚C, leading to brittle fracture. A sudden decrease in ductility appearing during Gleeble hot ductility tests of Ni-based superalloys is a well-known phenomenon, while its cause is unknown. Many mechanisms have been established as possible contributors to the issue, and in later years not one, but the simultaneous presence of several of these mechanisms were confirmed as the cause. The ductility dip leads to solid state cracking and a specific solid state cracking phenomenon known as ductility dip cracking is specifically common in Ni-based superalloys. Ductility dip cracking is identified by intergranular cracks and the occurrence of specific precipitates, among other things. This work investigates the possibility that the decreased ductility is due to ductility dip cracking. Furthermore, other possible explanations are investigated. Visual examination was conducted through LOM, SEM and chemical analysis using EDS technique. Combined with thermodynamic calculations, the existence of Cr-rich M23C6 carbides, Ti(N,C) and Mo-rich particles, most likely M3B2, were confirmed. Further, it is established that the ductility dip is related to the lack of dynamic recrystallization at 1000˚C. It is not confirmed that the ductility dip in alloy 617 is due to ductility dip cracking.Nickelbaslegeringen 617 uppvisar en minskning i duktilitet under Gleeble-dragprovning vid exakt 1000˚C vilket leder till sprött brott. En plötslig sänkning av duktiliteten vid varmdragning av Ni-baserade superlegeringar är ett välkänt fenomen, dock är orsaken inte fastställd. Många mekanismer har bekräftats som bidrag till problemet och under de senaste åren har den simultana närvaron av fler av dessa mekanismer bekräftats som orsaken. Sänkningen i duktilitet leder till sprickbildning i fast fas och en specifik typ av sprickbildning känd som ”ductility dip cracking” är speciellt förekommande i Ni-bas legeringar. Denna identifieras bland annat genom intergranulära sprickor och närvaron av specifika utskiljningar. Detta arbete undersöker möjligheten att duktilitetssänkningen beror på ”ductility dip cracking”. Dessutom undersöks fler tänkbara förklaringar. Visuell granskning genomfördes via LOM och SEM och analys av sammansättningar via EDS-analys. I kombination med termodynamiska simuleringar blev förekomsten av Cr-rika M23C6 karbider, Ti(N,C) och Mo-rika partiklar, troligtvis M3B2, bekräftad. Fortsatt är det bekräftat att duktilitetssänkningen är relaterat till avsaknaden av rekristallisation vid 1000˚C. Det är inte bekräftat i detta arbete att duktilitetssänkningen i legering 617 beror av ”ductility dip cracking”.
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Darestani, Mostafa Yousefi. "Response of concrete pavements under moving vehicular loads and environmental effects." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2007. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16662/1/Mostafa_Yousefi_Darestani_Thesis.pdf.
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The need for modern transportation systems together with the high demand for sustainable pavements under applied loads have led to a great deal of research on concrete pavements worldwide. Development of finite element techniques enabled researchers to analyse the concrete pavement under a combination of axle group loadings and environmental effects. Consequently, mechanistic approaches for designing of concrete pavements were developed based on results of finite element analyses. However, unpredictable failure modes of concrete pavements associated with expensive maintenance and rehabilitation costs have led to the use of empiricalmechanistic approach in concrete pavement design. Despite progressive knowledge of concrete pavement behaviour under applied loads, concrete pavements still suffer from deterioration due to crack initiation and propagation, indicating the need for further research. Cracks can be related to fatigue of the concrete and/or erosion of materials in sub-layers. Although longitudinal, midedge and corner cracks are the most common damage modes in concrete pavements, Austroads method for concrete pavement design was developed based on traditional mid-edge bottom-up transverse cracking introduced by Packard and Tayabji (1985). Research presented in this thesis aims to address the most common fatigue related distresses in concrete pavements. It uses comprehensive finite element models and analyses to determine the structural behaviour of concrete pavements under vehicular loads and environmental effects. Results of this research are supported by laboratory tests and an experimental field test. Results of this research indicate that the induced tensile stresses within the concrete pavement are significantly affected by vehicle speed, differential temperature gradient and loss of moisture content. Subsequently, the interaction between the above mentioned factors and concrete damage modes are discussed. Typical dynamic amplifications of different axle groups are presented. A new fatigue test setup is also developed to take into consideration effects of pavement curvature on fatigue life of the concrete. Ultimately, results of the research presented in this thesis are employed to develop a new guide for designing concrete pavements with zero maintenance of fatigue damage.
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Darestani, Mostafa Yousefi. "Response of concrete pavements under moving vehicular loads and environmental effects." Queensland University of Technology, 2007. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16662/.
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The need for modern transportation systems together with the high demand for sustainable pavements under applied loads have led to a great deal of research on concrete pavements worldwide. Development of finite element techniques enabled researchers to analyse the concrete pavement under a combination of axle group loadings and environmental effects. Consequently, mechanistic approaches for designing of concrete pavements were developed based on results of finite element analyses. However, unpredictable failure modes of concrete pavements associated with expensive maintenance and rehabilitation costs have led to the use of empiricalmechanistic approach in concrete pavement design. Despite progressive knowledge of concrete pavement behaviour under applied loads, concrete pavements still suffer from deterioration due to crack initiation and propagation, indicating the need for further research. Cracks can be related to fatigue of the concrete and/or erosion of materials in sub-layers. Although longitudinal, midedge and corner cracks are the most common damage modes in concrete pavements, Austroads method for concrete pavement design was developed based on traditional mid-edge bottom-up transverse cracking introduced by Packard and Tayabji (1985). Research presented in this thesis aims to address the most common fatigue related distresses in concrete pavements. It uses comprehensive finite element models and analyses to determine the structural behaviour of concrete pavements under vehicular loads and environmental effects. Results of this research are supported by laboratory tests and an experimental field test. Results of this research indicate that the induced tensile stresses within the concrete pavement are significantly affected by vehicle speed, differential temperature gradient and loss of moisture content. Subsequently, the interaction between the above mentioned factors and concrete damage modes are discussed. Typical dynamic amplifications of different axle groups are presented. A new fatigue test setup is also developed to take into consideration effects of pavement curvature on fatigue life of the concrete. Ultimately, results of the research presented in this thesis are employed to develop a new guide for designing concrete pavements with zero maintenance of fatigue damage.
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Àlvarez, Castro Helver Crispiniano 1984. "Análise de variáveis de processo via CFD visando aperfeiçoamento de performance em riser de FCC." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/266067.
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Orientador: Milton MoriTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química
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Resumo: Conversão de matéria-prima e rendimento são estudados através de um modelo 3D que simula o principal reator do processo de craqueamento catalítico fluidizado (FCC). Fluidodinâmica computacional (CFD) é usada como técnica com abordagem Euleriana-Euleriana para prever o comportamento do riser da FCC. O modelo considera 12 grupos com desativação do catalisador dada por coque e envenenamento por nitritos alcalinas e adsorção aromático policíclico para estimar o comportamento cinético, o qual partindo de uma determinada matéria prima, se craquea a diversos produtos. Composições diferentes para matérias-primas foram consideradas. Para validação o modelo foi comparado com dados experimentais em condições de operação industrial. O modelo é capaz de representar com precisão a geração de produtos para as diferentes condições de operação consideradas. Todas as condições consideradas foram resolvidos usando o solver Ansys CFX 14.0. As diferentes variáveis do processo de operação e efeitos hidrodinâmicos do riser industrial de craqueamento catalítico fluidizado (FCC) foram avaliadas. As previsões do modelo são apresentados e comparadas; conversão e produtos são apresentados. Recomendações para criar condições para obter maior rendimento do produto no processo industrial foram dadas
Abstract: Feedstock conversion and yield products are studied through a 3D model simulating the main reactor of the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process. Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) is used with Eulerian-Eulerian approach to predict the fluid catalytic cracking behavior. The model considers 12 lumps with catalyst deactivation by coke and poisoning by alkaline nitrides and polycyclic aromatic adsorption to estimate the kinetic behavior which, starting from a given feedstock, produces several cracking products. Different feedstock compositions are considered. The model is compared with sampling data at industrial operation conditions. The simulation model is able to represent accurately the products behavior for the different operating conditions considered. All the conditions considered were solved using a solver Ansys CFX 14.0. The different operation process variables and hydrodynamic effects of the industrial riser of a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) are evaluated. Predictions from the model are shown and comparison with experimental conversion and yields products are presented; recommendations are drawn to establish the conditions to obtain higher product yields in the industrial process
Doutorado
Engenharia de Processos
Doutor em Engenharia Química
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Yao, Lan. "Experimental and numerical study of dynamic crack propagation in ice under impact loading." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI043/document.
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Les phénomènes liés au comportement à la rupture de la glace sous impact sont fréquents dans le génie civil, pour les structures offshore, et les processus de dégivrage. Pour réduire les dommages causés par l'impact de la glace et optimiser la conception des structures ou des machines, l'étude sur le comportement à la rupture dynamique de la glace sous impact est nécessaire. Ces travaux de thèse portent donc sur la propagation dynamique des fissures dans la glace sous impact. Une série d'expériences d'impact est réalisée avec un dispositif de barres de Hopkinson. La température est contrôlée par une chambre de refroidissement. Le processus dynamique de la rupture de la glace est enregistré avec une caméra à grande vitesse et ensuite analysé par des méthodes d'analyse d'images. La méthode des éléments finis étendus complète cette analyse pour évaluer la ténacité dynamique. Au premier abord, le comportement dynamique de la glace sous impact est étudié avec des échantillons cylindriques afin d'établir la relation contrainte-déformation dynamique qui sera utilisée dans les simulations numériques plus tard. Nous avons observé de multi-fissuration dans les expériences sur les échantillons cylindriques mais son étude est trop difficile à mener. Pour mieux comprendre la propagation des fissures dans la glace, des échantillons rectangulaires avec une pré-fissure sont employés. En ajustant la vitesse d'impact on aboutit à la rupture des spécimens avec une fissure principale à partir de la pré-fissure. L'histoire de la propagation de fissure et de sa vitesse sont évaluées par analyse d'images basée sur les niveaux de gris et par corrélation d'images. La vitesse de propagation de la fissure principale est identifiée dans la plage de 450 à 610 m/s ce qui confirme les résultats précédents. Elle varie légèrement au cours de la propagation, dans un premier temps elle augmente et se maintient constante ensuite et diminue à la fin. Les paramètres obtenus expérimentalement, tels que la vitesse d'impact et la vitesse de propagation de fissure, sont utilisés pour la simulation avec la méthode des éléments finis étendus. La ténacité d'initiation dynamique et la ténacité dynamique en propagation de fissure sont déterminées lorsque la simulation correspond aux expériences. Les résultats indiquent que la ténacité dynamique en propagation de fissure est linéaire vis à vis de la vitesse de propagation et semble indépendante de la température dans l'intervalle -15 à -1 degrésThe phenomena relating to the fracture behaviour of ice under impact loading are common in civil engineering, for offshore structures, and de-ice processes. To reduce the damage caused by ice impact and to optimize the design of structures or machines, the investigation on the dynamic fracture behaviour of ice under impact loading is needed. This work focuses on the dynamic crack propagation in ice under impact loading. A series of impact experiments is conducted with the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar. The temperature is controlled by a cooling chamber. The dynamic process of the ice fracture is recorded with a high speed camera and then analysed by image methods. The extended finite element method is complementary to evaluate dynamic fracture toughness at the onset and during the propagation. The dynamic behaviour of ice under impact loading is firstly investigated with cylindrical specimen in order to obtain the dynamic stress-strain relation which will be used in later simulation. We observed multiple cracks in the experiments on the cylindrical specimens but their study is too complicated. To better understand the crack propagation in ice, a rectangular specimen with a pre-crack is employed. By controlling the impact velocity, the specimen fractures with a main crack starting from the pre-crack. The crack propagation history and velocity are evaluated by image analysis based on grey-scale and digital image correlation. The main crack propagation velocity is identified in the range of 450 to 610 m/s which confirms the previous results. It slightly varies during the propagation, first increases and keeps constant and then decreases. The experimentally obtained parameters, such as impact velocity and crack propagation velocity, are used for simulations with the extended finite element method. The dynamic crack initiation toughness and dynamic crack growth toughness are determined when the simulation fits the experiments. The results indicate that the dynamic crack growth toughness is linearly associated with crack propagation velocity and seems temperature independent in the range -15 to -1 degrees
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Novák, Jan. "Měření dynamických charakteristik zpětných armatur." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-318147.
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Master thesis presents overview of existing types of check valves, their features, uses and issue called "cracking". Experimental part of this thesis focuses on the lift and swing check valves. Results of the measurement are evaluated from non-stationary flow point of view by developing and analyzing static and dynamic characteristics. This thesis takes into account losses and dynamic effects as main viewpoints. Two methods for measuring non-stationary velocities are used. Direct method called Gibson and indirect method laser doppler anemometry. Goal of the master thesis is to increase understanding of the check valves and their applicability.
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Marchenko, Arina. "Analyse multi-échelles de la viscoplasticité à froid et de la rupture différée du titane en relation avec ses teneurs en hydrogène et oxygène." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENMP0030/document.
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Le titane et ses alliages qui sont largement répandus dans l'industrie aéronautique, sont concernés par le fluage à température ambiante ce qui conduit à une réduction de la résistance et provoque le phénomène de rupture différée. Une partie des études montrent que ce comportement viscoplastique inhabituel à température ambiante est lié aux phénomènes d'interactions entre les dislocations et les atomes interstitiels comme l'hydrogène et l'oxygène, aussi appelés vieillissement statique et dynamique. Le but de cette étude à la fois expérimentale et numérique multi-échelle est de mieux comprendre les effets souvent antagonistes et en partie couplés de l'oxygène et de l'hydrogène en solution sur le comportement viscoplastique du titane non-allié de phase alpha. Dans un premier volet, un scénario du vieillissement statique et dynamique dans le titane non-allié de phase alpha est proposé. La présence du pic de traction est attribuée à la ségrégation des atomes interstitiels d'oxygène sur les dislocations coin de vecteur de Burgers . Dans le cas du vieillissement dynamique les instabilités observées, typiques de l'effet Portevin-Le Chatelier, sont associées à l'étalement du cœur non planaire des dislocations vis de vecteur de Burgers . Une loi de comportement prenant en compte les effets liés aux interactions entre dislocations et atomes en solution a été développée. Le modèle de Kubin-Estrin-McCormick qui permet de prendre en compte l'effet du vieillissement a été étendu au cas de la plasticité cristalline. Les simulations par éléments finis ont été réalisées sur des agrégats polycristallins avec différents nombres de grains. Ensuite, les essais de fissuration (ténacité et rupture différée) ont été réalisés sur les matériaux bruts, et chargés en hydrogène. Enfin, des simulations numériques de la rupture de ces éprouvettes ont été réalisées pour toutes les conditions expérimentales testées en utilisant le modèle de comportement mécanique macroscopique identifié. Un modèle de zone cohésive a été développé pour la simulation de la propagation des fissuresWidely used for aircraft or rocket engine manufacturing titanium and its alloys are prone to the room-temperature creep that leads to the phenomenon of sustained load subcritical crack growth. One of the major cause of such unusual viscoplastic behavior of titanium is the phenomena of static and dynamic strain aging which represents an interaction between dislocations and interstitial atoms of oxygen and hydrogen. The aim of the present experimental and numerical multiscale study is to investigate the influence of the interstitial hydrogen and oxygen on the viscoplastic behavior and the resistance to sustained load cracking in commercially pure titanium of phase alpha.In a first step, a scenario of static and dynamic strain aging was proposed. The presence of the stress peak was attributed to the segregation of interstitial atoms of oxygen on the edge dislocations. In case of dynamic strain aging, the observed instabilities, typical for the Portevin-Le Chatelier effect, were associated with the non-planar core of screw -type dislocations. The crystal plasticity was introduced into the phenomenological model in order to capture the strain aging phenomena and the anisotropy of the mechanical properties. The modeling approach for strain aging suggested by Kubin-Estrin-McCormick is based on the internal variable called the aging time which corresponds to the waiting time of a dislocation in a pinned state. Finite element simulations were then performed on the polycrystalline aggregates for different number of grains. At the next step, fracture toughness and sustained load cracking tests were performed on the material with different levels of hydrogen. Finally, numerical simulations of toughness and sustained load cracking tests using the identified viscoplastic model were carried out for all experimental conditions. A cohesive zone model was then introduced ahead of the crack tip to simulate crack propagation
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Chantrait, Teddy. "Approche multiéchelle en espace et en temps pour la prévision des endommagements dans les structures composites soumises à un impact de faible énergie." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0129/document.
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Les stratifiés composites sont de plus en plus utilisés dans les pièces de structures des aéronefs ce qui fait émerger de nouvelles problématiques comme celle des Impacts de Faible Energie (IFE). En effet, bien qu’ils possèdent des propriétés rapportées à leur masse très intéressantes ces matériaux peuvent être vulnérables aux petits chocs. Or, compte tenu des nombreux paramètres influents lors d’un tel impact (énergie, vitesse, stratification...), les essais actuellement majoritairement privilégiés à l’échelle industrielle sont long et coûteux. Ainsi, l’apport de la simulation numérique pourrait être d’une grande aide pour les constructeurs. La pratique du « virtual testing », en particulier, permettrait d’aller dans cette direction ce qui aurait pour effet de rationaliser les campagnes d’essais et les coûts financier qui en découlent. Cependant, elle peine à être mise en place ici car le temps CPU nécessaire pour la simulation fine des ndommagements induits par les IFE est trop important avec les méthodes actuelles. Partant de ce constat, ce travail a consisté à tirer avantageusement partie de la localisation spatiale et temporelle des délaminages, fissurations matricielles et ruptures de fibres qui peuvent apparaître pendant l’impact pour diminuer le coût de calcul. Ainsi une méthode multiéchelle en espace et en temps a été mise en place. Elle consiste à découper la structure impactée en deux zones. L’une est située autour du point d’impact, elle contient l’ensemble des non-régularités du problème (contact, loi adoucissante, modèle de zone cohésive). Elle est traitée avec le code de dynamique explicite Europlexus. L’autre correspond à la partie complémentaire. Le problème mécanique y est beaucoup plus régulier et il est traité avec le code de dynamique implicite Zset/Zébulon. Un couplage peu intrusif basé sur la méthode GC est donc réalisé entre ces deux codes. Il permet d’utiliser une modélisation adaptée dans chacune des deux régions ce qui permet en particulier d’utiliser des pas de temps différents. Un rapport supérieur à 1000 peut ainsi être obtenu entre celui du code explicite fixé par la condition de stabilité et celui utilisé dans la partie complémentaire. Un gain de temps CPU significatif confirmé par la simulation d’un impact réalisé sur un panneau composite raidi est ainsi obtenu. Il est également montré que la répartition implicite/explicite peut évoluer au cours du calcul. Pour cela un mécanisme de bascule a été mis en place. Il permet ainsi de faire transiter la résolution d’une partie de la structure initialement traitée dans le code Zebulon dans Europlexus. Un gain de temps supplémentaire est alors obtenu grâce à cette méthode sur le même cas d’applicationThe composite laminates are increasingly used in aircraft structural parts which lead to new issues such as the Low Energy Impacts (LEI). Indeed, although they have well mechanical properties relative to their mass, small shocks may be very harmfull for laminates. Controlling such situations is essential for manufacturers that why lot of testing campaigns are currently performed. Yet, they are time consuming and expensive considering the many influential parameters (energy, speed, layup...). Numerical simulations of this phenomenon by practicing the so called “virtual testing” process could be really helpfull to rationalize testing campaigns in order to save money. Yet, this practice remain currently hard to do at the industrial scale due to the excessive CPU time required for fine simulation of damages induced by the LEI. Based on this observation, this work has consisted in taking advantage of the spatial and temporal location of delamination, matrix cracking and fiber breakage that can occur during impact in order to reduce the computational cost. Thus, a space and time multiscale method has been put in place. The impacted structure is split into two areas. One is located around the impacted point, it contains all the non-regularities of the problem (contact, softening law, cohesive zone model). This domain is treated with the explicit dynamics code Europlexus. The other one corresponds to the complementary part. The mechanical problem is much more regular and it is treated with the implicit dynamics code Zset / Zebulon. A low intrusive coupling based on the GC method is carried out between these two codes. It allows to use an adapted model in both regions different time step are in particular used. A time step ratio upper to 1000 can be reach between the one of the explicit code set by the stability condition and the one used in the complementary part. As a results, significant CPU time is saved. This is confirmed by the simulation of a stiffened composite panel impacted. It is also shown that the implicit / explicit allocation can change over the calculation. To do that, a switch mechanism has been established. It thus makes it possible to transit the resolution of a portion of the structure initially solved in the code Zebulon to Europlexus. As a results, further gain is obtained
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Rey, Jérôme. "Mechanisms and kinetics of alkenes isomerization and cracking in chabazite zeolite quantified by constrained ab initio molecular dynamics." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEN049.
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Les catalyseurs d’hydrocraquage et d’hydroisomérization sont bifonctionnels, avec une fonction hydro-déshydrogénante et une fonction acide, une zéolithe protonée, pour isomériser et craquer les alcènes. Par dynamique moléculaire ab initio avancée, et avec prise en compte explicite des effets thermiques (300 – 500 K), nous avons étudié les mécanismes d’isomérisation et de craquage d’alcènes C7 dans la zéolithe chabazite dans le but d’obtenir des constantes de vitesse fiables et d’interpréter la distribution des produits.Par la méthode blue moon, nous avons établi les premiers profils d’énergie libre d’isomérisations d’alcènes C7, avec des carbocations intermédiaires (et des états de transition cyclopropanes protonés, PCP), reliant des isomères di- à tri- et mono- à di-branchés (Sections III et IV). Nos simulations démontrent que les effets dynamiques et l’échantillonnage correct des rotamères jouent un rôle crucial sur la stabilité des intermédiaires et des états de transition. Ces effets ne pouvaient pas être décrits par les précédentes études de DFT statiques. Les barrières bien plus basses pour l’isomérisation de type A sont ainsi retrouvées, et expliquées par un état de transition mou, alors que l’état de transition de l’isomérisation de type B est contraint, à cause de la formation d’un edge PCP. L’étude des réactions de craquage avec les mêmes méthodes (Section V) éclaircit le rôle des cations secondaires. Pour la première fois, nous identifions les états de transitions des β-scissions. Nous déduisons de cette analyse des constantes de vitesse ab initio qui pourront être utilisées dans un modèle cinétique pour prédire l’activité et la sélectivité du catalyseurHydrocracking and hydroisomerization catalysts are bifunctional, with a hydro-dehydrogenation function and an acidic function, typically an acid zeolite, to isomerize and crack alkenes. With advanced ab initio molecular dynamics approach, and explicit simulation of the effects of temperature (300 – 500 K), we investigate the mechanisms of isomerization and cracking reactions of C7 alkenes within the chabazite zeolite in order to provide reliable rate constants and explain the observed products distribution. By blue moon sampling, we established for the first time, the free energy profiles for the isomerization of C7 alkenes in zeolites, with carbenium ions as intermediates (and protonated cyclopropane (PCP) as transition states), connecting di- to tri-branched, and mono- to di-branched alkene isomers (Sections III and IV). We demonstrate that the dynamic effects with the correct sampling of rotational conformers play an important role to quantify the stability of the key intermediates and transition states. These effects could not be captured by previous static DFT simulations. The much lower barriers for type A isomerization mechanisms are thus recovered, and assigned to a loose transition state, while the transition state of type B isomerization is tighter, due to the formation of an edge PCP. The study of cracking reactions (Section V) with the same methods, unravel the role of secondary cations. For the first time, we identify the structures of transition states involved in the β-scission mechanisms. From this analysis, we deduce the ab initio- rate constants that could be used in future kinetic modeling to predict activity and selectivity of the catalyst
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Shim, Sang-Hea. "The effect of fluid flow on the stress corrosion cracking of sensitized type 304 stainless steel in 0.01 M Na₂SO₄ solution at 250⁰C /." The Ohio State University, 1985. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487264603216315.
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Alvarez, Guevara Kervin Alexander, and Chumpitaz Marco Fabricio Medina. "Análisis de la influencia de las secciones agrietadas en la respuesta a una solicitud sísmica en edificios regulares e irregulares multifamiliares de 5, 10 y 15 pisos en la ciudad de Lima." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/653473.
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Esta investigación aborda la real influencia que tiene el agrietamiento de los elementos estructurales en la reducción de rigidez cuando se produce un evento sísmico. Para ello, en primer lugar, describió la realidad problemática, los antecedentes y generalidades previos acerca del tema para determinar qué tipo de edificación utilizar. En segundo lugar, el marco teórico expuso un conjunto de conceptos fundamentales necesarios para entender el agrietamiento del concreto, la obtención de la inercia efectiva, la irregularidad de edificaciones y se dio un repaso sobre las consideraciones de normas extranjeras. En tercer lugar, se determinó trabajar con 6 planos de viviendas multifamiliares, de los cuales 3 fueron estructuras regulares y 3 fueron irregulares. Asimismo, se subdividió las estructuras en alturas de 5, 10 y 15 pisos, ya que son el tipo de edificación que más se construyen en Lima. Después se halló los parámetros geográficos, de uso y geométricos a partir de la Norma E-030, para luego realizar el análisis sísmico lineal (estático y dinámico). Luego, se realizó los diagramas de momento – curvatura (vigas, columnas y placas), para que, a partir de ellos, obtener un factor de reducción de la inercia bruta y realizar un nuevo análisis sísmico considerando este valor como efecto del agrietamiento. Finalmente, se realizó un análisis comparativo entre los resultados obtenidos de acuerdo a la altura en edificaciones regulares e irregulares.This research addresses the real influence of the cracking of structural elements in the reduction of rigidity when a seismic event occurs. To do this, first, he described the problematic reality, the background and previous generalities about the topic to determine what type of building to use. Secondly, the theoretical framework exposed a set of fundamental concepts necessary to understand the cracking of concrete, the obtaining of effective inertia, the irregularity of buildings and a review of the considerations of foreign standards. In the third place, it was determined to work with 6 multifamily housing plans, of which 3 were regular structures and 3 were irregular. Likewise, the structures were subdivided into heights of 5, 10 and 15 floors, since they are the type of building that is most constructed in Lima. Afterwards, the geographic, use and geometrical parameters were found from the E-030 standard, to then perform the linear seismic analysis (static and dynamic). Then, the moment diagrams - curvature (beams, columns and plates) were made, so that from them, obtain a reduction factor of the gross inertia and perform a new seismic analysis considering this value as an effect of cracking. Finally, a comparative analysis was made between the results obtained according to the height in regular and irregular buildings.
Tesis
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Lammens, Bastien. "Caractérisation de la décohésion dynamique des matériaux composites à matrice organique (CMO)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ECDN0007.
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Les matériaux composites stratifiés à matrice organique sont utilisés dans le domaine de l'aéronautique pour alléger la masse des structures. Cependant, lors d'un impact sur ce type de matériaux, différents mécanismes d'endommagements peuvent apparaître comme le délaminage. C'est un processus de décohésion macroscopique du milieu interlaminaire qui peut être caractérisé par GIC (ou KIC). La littérature montre une grande disparité dans les mesures du fait d’un découplageincomplet des effets du confinement de la résine par les fibres, des non linéarités de comportement et/ou des effets de vitesse. Ce travail propose d’élaborer un protocole expérimental de caractérisation de résine pure via mesures de champs pour étudier méthodiquement ces couplages. L’objectif est d’élucider l’impact de la vitesse de propagation de fissure et des effets de structure sur le comportement en fissuration et ainsi étendre l’approche de Griffith aux stratifiés. Différentes géométries d’éprouvette sont utilisées pour reproduire certains effets de structure. Des vitesses de fissuration allant du quasi-statique à la dynamique sont étudiées et l’ensemble des essais sont interprétés au travers de la mécanique élastique linéaire de la rupture et de l’étude des facies. Ce travail propose finalement une modélisation décrivant l'évolution de KIC, pour la résine HexplyM21 utilisée dans l'aéronautique, à partir des termes non-singuliers du champ de contraintes, le Tstress,B-stress et aussi de la vitesse ȧ dans les gammes [0 - 15] MPa, [-200 - 10] MPa.m-0.5 et [10-6, 600] m.s-1 respectivementOrganic matrix laminated composites are increasingly used in the aeronautical field to reduce the weight of structures. However, during an impact on this type of material, various damage mechanism can occur, such as delamination. This is a process of macroscopic decohesion of the interlaminar environment, which can be characterised by GIC (or KIC ). The literature shows a wide disparity in measurements due to incomplete decoupling of the effects of resin confinement by fibers, nonlinearitiesbehaviour and/or velocity effects. This work proposes to develop an experimental protocol to characterise pure resin usingfullfields measurements to methodically study these couplings. The goal is to evaluate the impact of the crack propagation speed and the structural effects on the fracture behaviour and in particular to extend Griffith's theory to laminated composites. Different specimen geometries are used to reproduce structural effects. Crack propagation speeds ranging from quasi-static to dynamic are studied and all the tests are analysed using linear elastic fracture mechanics and the fracture surfaces. Finally, this work proposes a model to describe the evolution of KIC for the resin HexplyM21 used in aeronautics field, from the non-singularterms of the stress field T-stress, B-stress and also the speed ȧ in the ranges [0 - 15] MPa, [- 200 - 10] MPa.m-0.5 et [10-6, 600] m.s-1 respectively
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Jaafari, Chaimaa. "Effect of early age drying shrinkage on the seismic response of RC Structures." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI113.
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Les structures en béton armé s'endommagent au cours de leur vie à cause de plusieurs facteurs : conditions thermiques, attaques chimiques, retrait, fluage, carbonatation, corrosion, etc. Ce processus d'endommagement débute dès les premiers jours de la vie de l'ouvrage et continue lors de son vieillissement. L'endommagement au jeune âge peut influencer significativement le comportement dynamique des structures en béton armé. En effet, la fréquence propre d'une structure, qui constitue un paramètre de dimensionnement, peut être fortement réduite à cause de cet endommagement. Afin de déterminer l'influence de l'endommagement dû aux effets du jeûne âge (0 à 28 jours) sur la réponse sismique d'une structure en béton armé, ce travail de thèse a combiné à la fois modélisations numériques et essais pseudo-dynamiques sur deux groupes de portiques en béton armé. Le premier groupe a été gardé en conditions endogènes (échanges hydriques avec l'extérieur empêchés) durant le jeune âge afin de limiter les effets du retrait de séchage (fissuration). Le second groupe a quant à lui été gardé en conditions non-endogènes (échange d'eau avec le milieu extérieur possible) similaires aux conditions de chantier, ce qui a induit un endommagement initial (fissurations) dû notamment à un retrait de séchage plus important. Les deux types de portiques ont été soumis à la fin de leur jeune âge au même chargement sismique au moyen d'essais pseudo-dynamiques. D'une part, ce manuscrit présente les résultats expérimentaux obtenus à travers la réalisation d'essais pseudo-dynamiques afin d'évaluer le comportement dynamique des portiques face à un séisme d'intensité modérée. Les structures ont été instrumentées en utilisant de la fibre optique, des capteurs de déplacement et de force ainsi que des vélocimètres et de la corrélation d'image. D'autre part, le modèle numérique en poutres multifibres qui a été développé pour les portiques et qui permet de suivre l'évolution de leur endommagement au jeune âge et de déterminer leur réponse lorsqu'ils sont soumis à un accident sismique est présenté. Dans ce modèle numérique, le retrait et les déformations thermiques du béton sont calculés avant d'être réinjectés dans un modèle d'endommagement couplé permettant de tenir compte des effets de fluage et de déformations mécaniques. Le modèle numérique a été validé en comparant ses résultats à ceux obtenus expérimentalement, ce qui a permis d'évaluer l'évolution de fréquences propres des deux types de structures au jeune âge ainsi que de quantifier leur différence de comportement dans le domaine non-linéaire. Les travaux menés dans le cadre de cette thèse ont donc permis de proposer un modèle complet pour les structures en béton armé qui peut être utilisé afin de suivre l'évolution de leur endommagement allant de leur réalisation à l'application d'un accident sismique et de quantifier leur vulnérabilité sismiqueReinforced Concrete (RC) structures get damaged over time due to many factors: thermal conditions, chemical attacks, shrinkage, creep, carbonation, corrosion, etc. This damaging process starts at early-age and continues with structure aging. Early age damage can have a significant impact on the dynamic behavior of reinforced concrete structures. In fact, the natural frequency of a structure, which is a design parameter can be highly reduced due to this damage. In order to quantify the impact of early-age damage (0 to 28 days) on the seismic response of a reinforced concrete structure, this thesis combined both numerical modeling and pseudo-dynamic tests on two types of RC portal frames. The first one was kept in endogenous conditions (water exchange with the surrounding environment was prevented) during its early age period in a way to limit drying effects leading to cracks. As for the second one, it was kept in non-endogenous conditions (possibility of water exchange with the surrounding environment) similar to construction site conditions, which induced an initial damage (cracks apparition) due to a more important drying shrinkage. Both types of RC portal frames were subjected after their early age period to the same seismic loading using pseudodynamic tests. On the one hand, this manuscript presents the experimental results obtained through the use of pseudodynamic tests in order to evaluate the behavior of the two types of RC structures under a moderate intensity earthquake. The structures were instrumented using optical fiber sensors, displacement and load sensors, velocimeters and monitored using Digital Image Correlation. On the other hand, the enhanced multifiber beam model that was developed for the portal frames in order to follow their early age damage and to determine their static and dynamic behavior while accounting for their early age effects is presented. In this numerical model, shrinkage and concrete thermal deformations are calculated and then introduced as inputs of a coupled damage model accounting for creep and mechanical deformations. Such model was validated by comparing its results to the ones obtained experimentally, which made it possible to evaluate the evolution of frequency content of the two types of structures during early age and to quantify their difference of behavior in the non-linear domain. Work conducted within this thesis thus allowed proposing a complete model for reinforced concrete structures that can be used in order to follow their damage evolution from casting until being subjected to a seismic load and to quantify their seismic vulnerability
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Lopes, Gabriela Cantarelli. "Estudo computacional da dinâmica do escoamento reativo em risers industriais de FCC." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/266768.
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Orientadores: José Roberto Nunhez, Milton MoriTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química
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Resumo: O craqueamento catalítico fluido (FCC) é um dos processos de maior importância da indústria do refino de petróleo, já que converte as frações pesadas de baixo valor comercial provenientes de outros processos de refino, em produtos comercialmente mais importantes, como gasolina, GLP e diesel. Atualmente, com o aumento da demanda por combustíveis fósseis e a redução na extração de óleos convencionais, o aperfeiçoamento do processo de FCC tem se tornado essencial para as refinarias. Estudos empíricos sobre a dinâmica do escoamento em reatores industriais de FCC são raros, em parte devido às altas temperaturas e pressões presentes no interior desses reatores, o que dificulta a obtenção de dados, e em parte por causa da complexidade da operação, que envolve uma série de fenômenos simultâneos, como a vaporizacão da carga, reações heterogêneas, a expansão do leito devido ao craqueamento e a desativação das partículas de catalisador, por exemplo. Contudo, para que se possa melhorar a performance do processo, é necessário conhecer a dinâmica desse escoamento. Foi proposto então, neste estudo a simulação computacional de risers industriais de FCC, usando ferramentas de CFD. O nível de complexidade das simulações realizadas foi aumentado gradativamente e fenômenos como a adsorção das moléculas reagentes nos sítios ativos do catalisador e a vaporizacão da carga líquida, foram estudados separadamente, possibilitando a avaliação individual de sua influência sobre o processo em termos de variáveis globais. Para uma análise detalhada do escoamento, foram usados modelos tridimensionais e foram propostas configurações geométricas similares às encontradas em unidades típicas de FCC. Além disso, um estudo da sensibilidade das variáveis do escoamento ao uso de diferentes geometrias de saída para o reator foi realizado, tornando possível determinar as configurações que propiciam melhor rendimento para o processo. Em geral, os resultados fluidodinâmicos obtidos neste estudo ressaltam a importância da aplicação de modelos que representem os complexos fenômenos presentes no riser de FCC, já que estes influenciam consideravelmente as reações
Abstract: The fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is one of the most important process in the oil refining industry. It converts heavy distillation fractions with low commercial value into lighter and valuable hydrocarbon products such as gasoline, diesel and LPG. With the increase in the fossil fuels demand and the reduction in the conventional oil extraction, the improvement of the FCC process has become essential for the refineries. Empirical studies on the dynamics of the flow in industrial FCC reactors are rarely found, partly due to high temperatures and pressures present in these reactors, which difficult the data obtaining, and in part because of the complexity of the operation, which involves several simultaneous phenomena, such as the feedstock vaporization, heterogeneous reactions, the bed expansion due to cracking and deactivation of the catalyst particles, for example. However, it is necessary to understand the flow in order to improve the performance of the process. Then, a numerical study of industrial FCC riser reactors using CFD tools was proposed in this work. The level of complexity of the simulations was increased gradually and phenomena such as the adsorption of reactant molecules in catalyst active sites and the vaporization of liquid feedstock, were studied individually, allowing the evaluation of each phenomena on the process. For a detailed analysis of the flow, three-dimensional models were used in these simulations and geometric configurations similar to those found in typical FCC units have been applied. Furthermore, a study of the sensitivity of the variables of the flow to the use of different geometries for the reactor outlet was developed, enabling the determination of the output configuration that provides a better yield for the process. Overall, the fluid dynamic results obtained in this study emphasize the importance of application of models that represent the complex phenomena present in the FCC riser, since they substantially influence the reactions
Doutorado
Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos
Doutor em Engenharia Química
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OLIVEIRA, Talles Caio Linhares de. "Modelagem e simulação de um reator de craqueamento térmico do 1,2-Dicloroetano." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2014. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/526.
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CNPq
O monômero cloreto de vinila (MVC), matéria prima usada para a obtenção do policloreto de vinila (PVC), é produzido comercialmente em larga escala através da decomposição térmica do 1,2-dicloroetano (EDC) em um reator tubular inserido em um forno industrial. O PVC possui aplicações que vão desde produtos médico-hospitalares e embalagens para alimentos até peças de alta tecnologia como as usadas em equipamentos espaciais. O principal problema enfrentado na operação é a formação de uma camada de coque no interior do reator que limita o tempo de operação. O presente trabalho consiste no desenvolvimento de modelos matemáticos para a previsão do comportamento de um reator de craqueamento térmico de EDC. Um total de três modelos foram formulados, o primeiro modelo serviu para estruturação do algoritmo e para a análise geral da metodologia usada. No segundo modelo uma cinética reacional mais complexa envolvendo composto estáveis e radicais foi implementada, a deposição de coque foi considerada o que possibilitou estimar o seu impacto no tempo de produção e nas variáveis do processo como: pressão, temperatura e conversão. O último modelo foi desenvolvido utilizando técnicas de fluidodinâmica computacional (CFD) e forneceu as distribuições na direção radial e ao longo do reator para as variáveis do processo. Os resultados obtidos de todos os modelos estão em concordância com dados industriais disponíveis. Os modelos I e II podem ser usados para realização de testes no processo sem a necessidade de utilização de unidade piloto e como ponto de partida para a otimização nos fornos de craqueamento, enquanto o modelo em CFD pode contribuir para estudo de melhorias de projeto deste tipo de reator.
The vinyl chloride monomer (MVC) raw material used to obtain the polyvinyl chloride (PVC), is commercially produced on a large scale by thermal decomposition of 1,2dichloroethane (EDC) inserted into a tubular reactor in an oven industrial. PVC has applications ranging from medical products and food containers to high-tech parts like those used in space equipment. The main problem faced in the operation is the formation of a layer of coke inside the reactor which limits the time of operation. The present work is the development of mathematical models for predicting the behavior of reactor thermal cracking of EDC. A total of three models were formulated, the first model was used to structure the algorithm and the overall analysis of the methodology used. In the second model a more complex reaction kinetics involving radicals and stable compound was implemented, coke deposition was found which allowed to estimate their impact on production time and the process variables such as pressure, temperature and conversion. The last model was developed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and provided the distributions in the radial direction and along the reactor for the process variables. The results of all the models are in agreement with industrial data available. Models I and II can be used for testing the process without the need of using pilot unit and as a starting point to optimize the cracking furnaces while the CFD model study can contribute to improvements in the design of this type reactor.
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Lucar, Monzón Edgar Manuel. "Estudo da dinâmica do escoamento gás-sólido em resfriadores de catalisador de FCC usando fluidodinâmica computacional (CFD)." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/8834.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
The fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is an important process in oil industry, since it converts heavier fractions in lighter ones, which are more valuable. The catalyst particles (typically m) are deactivated during the reacting process and need to be regenerated before returning to the reactor. Temperature is a key factor that promotes coke formation and deactivation inside the reactor. As a consequence, it is necessary to cool down the solid catalyst particles before returning them to the reactor. The cooling system is usually outside the regenerator in a specific designed heat exchanger, that uses water as cold fluid. The catalyst cooler was not much studied before and many contributions can be made for improvements and intensification. The goal of this work was to contribute with this topic, using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to evaluate the gas-solid flow behavior in characteristic geometries of the catalyst cooler. Commercial package Fluent by ANSYS v14.5 was used during simulation and Eulerian model was applied for the solid phase. The volume fraction phase for the solid phase, solid and gas velocities were evaluated and described. The results were compared in terms of gas-solids flow in different geometries and showed a hydrodynamic explanation different from that currently used by the authors to justify the intensification of thermal exchange in this type of equipment. In short, longer solid-wall contact time will be primarily responsible for efficient heat transfer.
O craqueamento catalítico fluidizado é um processo amplamente utilizado no campo do refino de petróleo. Na unidade de craqueamento, frações pesadas são transformadas em outras mais leves e com maior valor de mercado (gasolina, diesel, naftas). Após o craqueamento, o catalisador é regenerado e retorna ao reator. A temperatura do catalisador é um parâmetro que possui forte influência sobre o processo. O resfriamento de catalisador é feito em unidades externas a fim de controlar a temperatura de entrada do catalisador no reator. O funcionamento deste sistema ainda foi pouco explorado e o objetivo deste trabalho foi o de simular o escoamento gás-sólido em geometrias características de colunas para resfriamento de catalisador com diferentes condições de operação, assim tentando contribuir com o conhecimento sobre este processo. Técnicas de Fluidodinâmica Computacional foram usadas para a simulação de diferentes geometrias com o programa comercial FLUENT do pacote ANSYS v14.5. As distribuições fração volumétrica dos sólidos e de velocidades do gás e fase particulada foram analisados como parâmetros de interesse hidrodinâmico. Os resultados foram comparados em termos de escoamento gás-sólido em diferentes geometrias e mostraram uma explicação hidrodinâmica diferente da atualmente utilizada pelos autores para justificar a intensificação de troca térmica em este tipo de equipamentos. Em suma, maior contato sólido-parede seria o principal responsável pela transferência eficiente de calor.
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González, Silva Germán. "Metodologia para aplicar LES ao craqueamento catalítico fluido em um reator riser industrial." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/266671.
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Orientador: Milton MoriTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química
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Resumo: O objetivo principal desta tese é propor uma metodologia para aplicar simulação de grandes escalas (LES) em uma unidade de craqueamento catalítico industrial. Para atingir este objetivo, iniciou-se propondo uma metodologia para a construção da malha, sendo uma malha quase-uniforme. As malhas propostas foram implementadas para minimizar o esforço computacional e procedimento para a refinação uniforme no domínio do sistema. Inicialmente, foi estudada a fluidodinâmica de um leito fluidizado gás-sólido na escala de laboratório sem reação química, utilizando Simulação de Grandes Escalas. Com base nos resultados numéricos obtidos a partir de resultados da escala de laboratório foi aplicado o modelo cinético de 4 lump em uma simulação CFD tridimensional para um reator industrial FCC, utilizando LES para a fase gasosa, e considerando o catalisador como uma fase contínua (Euleriana). Os pacotes de simulação utilizados foram Ansys ICEM versão 13 para a construção da malha e Ansys CFX versão 13 para o pós-processamento dos resultados. No pós-processamento dos resultados foi proposta uma metodologia para determinar as médias azimutais das variáveis em planos perpendiculares ao escoamento e finalmente foram validadas as simulações com dados reportados na literatura. As principais conclusões do trabalho foram que foi possível diminuir o tamanho da malha e o tempo de processamento. Notou-se também que, ao usar malhas com discretização quase-uniforme não foi necessário fazer um refinamento de malha elevado, nem refinar perto da parede para o sistema gás-sólido
Abstract: The main objective of this thesis is to propose a methodology in how to apply Large Eddy Simulation (LES) on a unit of catalytic cracking. In order to achieve this, it was proposed an alternative way of constructing the computational mesh, by using quasi-uniform meshes. The proposed meshes were implemented to minimize the computational effort and procedure for refining them in the entire domain of the system. Initially it was studied the fluid dynamics of a lab scale gas-solid system without chemical reaction, using Large Eddy Simulation. Based on the numerical results obtained from lab scale results it was implemented the 4 lump kinetic model in a three dimensional CFD simulation of an FCC industrial reactor, using LES for the gas phase and considering the catalyst as a continuous phase (Eulerian). The simulation packages used were Ansys ICEM, version 13 for mesh construction and Ansys CFX 13 for computation and post-processing of the results. In the data post-processing it was proposed a methodology for calculating average values of fluctuating variables between two circular sections in the azimuthal direction. The results were compared with data reported in literature. The main conclusions of the results showed that it was possible to decrease the mesh size and the computational time. It was also noticed that by using quasi-uniform discretization it was not necessary to make a high mesh refinement near the wall for a gas-solid system
Doutorado
Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos
Doutor em Engenharia Química
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Cuadros, Bohórquez José Fernando. "Estratégia alternativa de otimização em duas camadas de uma unidade de craqueamento catalítico-FCC : implementação de algoritmos genéticos e metodologia híbrida de otimização." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/266651.
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Orientadores: Rubens Maciel Filho, Delba Nisi Cosme MeloTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química
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Resumo: Esta pesquisa teve por finalidade o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia de otimização em duas camadas. A otimização preliminar foi baseada na técnica de planejamento de experimentos junto com a metodologia por superfície de resposta com a finalidade de identificar uma possível região de busca do ponto de operação ótimo, o qual foi obtido através da implementação de métodos híbridos de otimização desenvolvidos mediante associação do modelo determinístico de otimização por programação quadrática sucessiva (SQP) com a técnica dos algoritmos genéticos (GA) no modelo do processo de craqueamento catalítico fluidizado- FCC. Este processo é caracterizado por ser um sistema heterogêneo e não isotérmico, cuja modelagem detalhada engloba as equações de balanço de massa e energia das partículas do catalisador, como também para a fase líquida e gasosa, sendo um dos casos de estudo para a aplicação da metodologia de otimização desenvolvida. Como caso de estudo principal foi considerado o modelo do conversor do processo de FCC desenvolvido por Moro e Odloak (1995). Mediante a metodologia de otimização do processo baseado no uso do modelo determinístico da planta, foram definidas estratégias e políticas operacionais para a operação da unidade de FCC em estudo. Procurou-se alto nível de desempenho e segurança operacional, através da integração das etapas de operação, otimização e controle no contexto de otimização em tempo real do processo. As otimizações foram divididas em quatro etapas: 1) Análises preliminares dos fatores e das variáveis de resposta do modelo do conversor foram realizadas usando a técnica de planejamento de experimentos, com o objetivo de compreender a interação entre elas, assim como obter modelos simplificados das variáveis de resposta. A geração dos modelos simplificados é devido à necessidade de ganho no tempo computacional permitindo o conhecimento prévio da região de otimização já que em casos industriais pode não ser possível representar adequadamente o processo por modelos determinísticos; 2) Otimização usando algoritmos genéticos implementados no modelo simplificado da conversão, e no modelo determinístico com e sem restrições; 3) Otimização considerando o método de otimização SQP implementado no modelo simplificado da conversão e no modelo determinístico com restrições; e 4) otimização multi-objetivo do conversor usando x a técnica dos algoritmos genéticos, com o objetivo de maximizar a conversão, assim como a minimização da vazão dos gases de combustão, especificamente o monóxido de carbono (CO). Das otimizações foram obtidos ganhos em torno de 8% na conversão quando comparado com os valores de conversão sem otimização. Finalmente, foi realizada a integração do modelo do processo, com a otimização e o controle, dando como resultado a otimização em tempo real do conversor de FCC. A variável de otimização foi a conversão e, através da implementação do controle por matriz dinâmica com restrições (QDMC), aplicando a metodologia de controle inferencial. As variáveis escolhidas como variável controlada foi a temperatura de reação e como variável manipulada foi a temperatura da alimentação, com perturbações na vazão de alimentação do ar de regeneração. Valores de conversão da ordem de 88% foram atingidos para o esquema de otimização em tempo real, o método de otimização por algoritmo genético apresentou um desempenho satisfatório, com tempos e cargas computacionais razoáveis para implementação desta metodologia, em nível industrial
Abstract: The purpose of this research was the develop of an optimization methodology. Experimental design technique along with a hybrid optimization methodology obtained by association of sequential quadratic programming (SQP) with genetic algorithms (GA), were implemented in the model of a Fluid Catalytic Cracking process (FCC) developed by Moro and Odloak (1995). This process is described for a heterogeneous, non isothermal system, in which a detailed modeling comprises mass and energy balance equations for catalyst particles, liquid and gaseous phases that makes this process model, a case study for implementing the optimization methodology developed. The process optimization methodology developed; along with the deterministic model of the plant were applied to define operational strategies and policies for the operation of the FCC unit studied aiming to obtain high performance and operational safety, through the integration of control, operation and optimization stages in the context of real-time optimization (RTO) process. Optimizations were divided into four stages: 1) Preliminary analysis of factors and response variables of converter modeling were performed using experimental design technique aiming to understand the factors and response variables interaction, as well as to obtain response variables simplified models to be used as objective function in optimization stages, 2) a optimization using genetic algorithms was implemented in the simplified conversion model, in the deterministic modeling and the deterministic model considering factors restrictions, 3) a optimization considering a local search methodology like sequential quadratic programming (SPQ) was implemented in the simplified model of process conversion and also it was consided the deterministic model with restrictions. As initial estimative, the optimum factor values obtained with genetic algorithms were considered as well as two random points in the search space, and 4) a multi objective optimization considering genetic algorithms technique in order to maximize conversion and minimize combustion gases emissions, specifically carbon monoxide was developed. Applying this optimization methodology was obtained increments of around 8% in the feed conversion when compared with conversion values without optimization. xii Finally, it was developed the integration of optimization, control and process modeling giving as result the real time optimization (RTO) of FCC converter. The variable maximized by genetic algorithms was the feed conversion and the control technique implemented was based on the matrix named (QDMC) in conjunction with inferential control methodology. It was considered as controlled variable the reaction temperature adjusting the feed temperature (manipulated variable), for disturbances in the feed flow of the regeneration air. Feed conversion in the order of 88% were achieved for the real time optimization scheme considered, in which, the genetic algorithm showed an excellent performance in reasonable computational times and computational loads for implementation at industrial level
Doutorado
Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos
Doutor em Engenharia Química
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Akiki, Rana. "Développement d'un outil numérique pour la prévision de la fissuration d’une structure en béton de fibres sous impact." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLN056/document.
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Ce travail de recherche s'inscrit dans le cadre de la sécurité du transport et de manutention des colis de confinement de déchets nucléaires. Le but est de développer un outil numérique capable de simuler le comportement global d'une structure en béton de fibres soumise à des sollicitations dynamiques. Il permet également d'accéder à des informations plus locales telle que la fissuration, tant en terme de trajet que d'ouverture de fissures. Pour ce faire, un ensemble d'essais mécaniques est réalisé afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes d'endommagement et de fissuration du matériau sous sollicitations quasi-statique et dynamique. Le modèle capable de capturer à l'échelle globale les non-linéarités liées à la fissuration de la structure dans un cadre continu est détaillé. Les paramètres associés à la loi de comportement sont identifiés via une procédure d'identification basée sur les données expérimentales des essais conduits. La détermination de l'énergie de fissuration en dynamique est investiguée et la part inertielle structurelle de celle-ci est soulignée. Deux méthodes de post-traitement numérique des résultats des simulations numériques globales permettant d'accéder à des informations plus fines à l'échelle locale, en termes de trajet et d'ouverture de fissure, sont détaillées. Une étude d'une poutre en béton fibré soumis à un chargement de flexion 1-point dynamique post-traitée avec les deux approches est présentée. Les résultats du post-traitement numérique sont comparés à ceux obtenus expérimentalement par corrélation d'images numériquesThe research work falls within the framework of the transportation and handling safety of radioactive waste containment packages. The goal is to develop a numerical tool capable of simulating the overall behaviour of a fiber concrete structure subject to a dynamic loading. It also gives access to more local information such as cracking, both in terms of path and opening. To do this, a set of mechanical tests is carried out in order to better understand the mechanisms of damage and cracking of the material under quasi-static and dynamic loading. The model capable of capturing on a global scale the non-linearities related to the cracking of the structure in a continuous framework is detailed. The parameters associated with the material constitutive law are identified via an identification procedure based on the experimental data of the conducted tests. The determination of dynamic cracking energy is investigated and the structural inertial part of this is underlined. Two numerical methods used to post-process the results of the global numerical simulations, giving access to finer information at the local scale, in terms of path and crack opening, are detailed. The study of a fiber-reinforced concrete beam subjected to a dynamic 1-point bending loading, post-processed with the two approaches, is presented. The results of the numerical post-processing are compared with those obtained experimentally by correlation of digital images
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Almeida, Alexandre Barros de. "Análise e modelagem termodinâmica de um modelo de gás de rede para pontes líquidas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/43/43134/tde-14032013-153056/.
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Nesta dissertação, estudou-se um modelo tipo gás de rede em três dimensões para simular sistemas líquidos macroscópicos. Aplicou-se o modelo para o estudo das energias e forças envolvidas durante o processo de formação e ruptura de pontes líquidas entre duas placas planas. Esse estudo foi motivado por processos fisiológicos que acontecem no interior dos pulmões dos mamíferos. Além disso, foi feito um estudo das propriedades termodinâmicas do modelo. Com relação a aplicação fisiológica, observou-se que, no processo da formação da ponte líquida, a energia livre da ponte líquida é menor que a energia livre da gota, para diferentes sistemas líquidos. Com este resultado, fez a hipótese de que parte dessa energia é dissipada na forma de energia acústica. A emissão do som também deve ocorrer na ruptura da ponte líquida. Comparando a energia livre no processo de formação e ruptura da ponte líquida observou-se uma curva de histerese. Também foi verificado que para sistemas pequenos, a ponte líquida no modelo computacional se forma antes da previsão analítica. Para a análise termodinâmica, o modelo foi simplificado removendo as placas planas. Foi estudado o caso mais simples desse modelo que continha apenas duas partículas de líquido. Neste caso, calculou-se o calor específico e a energia interna numericamente, e esses resultados foram comparados com cálculos analíticos, validando o modelo numérico. Posteriormente, realizou-se um estudo da transição de fase desse sistema. Em seguida, a energia livre e a força da ponte líquida sobre as placas foram estudadas para diferentes temperaturas utilizando duas metodologias. Na primeira metodologia a entropia foi desprezada, na segunda metodologia, foi utilizando o método ``Overlapping Distribution\'\' que considera a entropia do sistema. Foi concluído que a entropia tem um efeito muito pequeno nas condições estudadas. O modelo é viável para a modelagem de fluidos a nível macroscópico e que portanto pode ser utilizado para quantificar não só as forças internas de estruturas pulmonares como também avaliar as energias liberadas após o processo de ruptura ou formação dessas pontes.This work studied a three dimension lattice gas model to simulate macroscopic liquid systems. We used the model to study the energy and the forces involved during the process of liquid bridge formation and rupture between two parallel planes. The motivarion of this study was a physiological processes which occur inside the mammals lungs. Furthermore, a study was made to elucidate thermodynamic properties of the model. Concerning to physiological application, it was observed that the free energy of liquid bridge is smaller than the free energy of the droplet, for different liquid systems. With this observation, was proposed that this energy is dissipated as an acoustic energy. This sound should also exist in the rupture of liquid bridge. Comparing the free energy of liquid bridge in the formation and rupture process was observed a hysteresis curve. It was also found an effect of finite size in the formation of small size of the liquid bridge. In the numerical model, the liquid bridge is always formed earlier than expected from the analytical model. In the thermodynamic study, the model was simplified removing both parallel planes. First, the simplest case of this model was studied, only two liquid particles in a large gas lattice. In this case, the specific heat and internal energy was numerically studied and the results was compared with analytical calculation. Subsequently, we carried out a study of the phase transition of this system. Then, the free energy and the force generated between two parallel planes due the presence of the liquid bridge. This studied was performed using two different temperatures and two distinct methods. In the first method the entropy was neglected, and in the second method not. The second method was the ``Overlapping Distribution\'\'. It was concluded that the entropy has a very small effect in the studied conditions. The model is viable for modeling fluids at macroscopic level and therefore can be used to quantify not only the internal forces of the lung structures, but evaluate the energies released after the rupture process of the formation of these bridges.
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Jan, Yannick. "Modélisation de la propagation de fissure sur des structures minces, soumises à des sollicitations intenses et rapides, par la méthode X-FEM." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI066/document.
Full textAbstract:
Actuellement, les méthodes classiques (éléments finis, endommagement, critère de rupture) pour analyser la tenue des structures sous des chargements extrêmes sont très dépendantes de la taille de maille du modèle et nécessitent à la fois un savoir-faire spé- cifique dans le domaine et des études de sensibilité au maillage. De nouvelles approches basées sur la méthode des éléments finis étendus permettent de traiter des propagations de fissure sur des structures de petites tailles et volumiques. Cependant, la propagation sur de grandes longueurs avec des modèles volumiques demande une puissance de calcul importante, souvent inaccessible dans le cadre industriel. Cette thèse a pour but de cou- pler des éléments finis de coque avec la méthode des éléments finis étendue (X-FEM). On peut ainsi diminuer la taille des modèles et gagner en temps de calcul. La fissure peut éga- lement évoluer librement dans le maillage. Après avoir fait le choix d’un élément fini de coque simple et de bonne qualité, l’objectif est de modifier cet élément afin de permettre la description d’une fissure au sein même de celui-ci. Ensuite, l’enjeu est d’adapter les critères de propagation qui existent déjà pour des modèles plans ou volumiques pour les matériaux dits "ductiles" afin de les utiliser dans le cadre d’une modélisation coque. Ces critères sont basés sur l’analyse des champs de contrainte et déformation sur un demi- disque aval à la pointe de fissure. Le calcul de la contrainte équivalente extraite de ces champs servant de seuil pour déclencher ou non la propagation est un point clef de ce travail. Cette étude se place dans le cadre de la plasticité généralisée et fait l’hypothèse d’une fissure initialement traversante dans l’épaisseur de la coque. La phase d’amorçage de la fissure n’est pas prise en compte et le défaut initial est supposé préexistant au sein de la structure. En vue de valider le couplage coque/X-FEM et le critère de propagation, des essais de fissuration sur des structures minces sont réalisés et présentés dans ce documentIn shipbuilding industry, classical methods to analyze the behavior of structures under extreme loadings are very dependent on the size of the mesh. Moreover, propagation over long lengths with volumetric models requires huge processing power, often inaccessible within this framework. In order to manage these issues and due to the geometry to be considered, a coupling between shell finite element and the extended finite element method (X-FEM) using an adapted propagation criterion is proposed. The developments are made in the fast explicit dynamic finite element code EUROPLEXUS, CEA Saclay. For shell structures involving significant thickness such as submarines, Mindlin-Reissner theory is needed to enable shear strain. Therefore, locking-free element are used to avoid the numerical issue of shear-locking that appears when the shell becomes too thin. The fracture of Mindlin-Reissner plates based on the X-FEM discrete approximation framework is studied by Dolbow and Belytschko with the MITC4. A four node shell element using the same formulation is here only enriched with a step function along the crack line to take into consideration the discontinuity of the displacement field across the crack. The calculation remains accurate without the asymptotic enrichment functions near the crack-tip, as long as the mesh is refined near the crack tip. The numerical integration issue for elements cut by the crack is solved by a partitioning strategy developed by Elguedj. Since the crack is contained in the shell for which the mid plane's position is entirely known, only one information left is needed to locate it. Therefore, a crack is represented by several line segments on the three-dimensional mesh. Only through thickness cracks are considered so far. As regards to the crack propagation, a local criteria proposed by Haboussa is used based on the calculation of mechanical equivalent quantities in the vicinity of the crack tip. The maximum of the equivalent stress tensor near the crack tip is used to decide if the crack propagates as well as its propagation direction, and the Kaninen equation gives the crack velocity
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Cavalcanti, De Sousa Pedro. "Automated Protocol for the Analysis of Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer Date from Fine Aggregate Asphalt Mixes." 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2010-08-8463.
Full textAbstract:
Fatigue cracking and moisture damage are two important modes of distresses in asphalt pavements. Recently, the Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (DMA) was used to characterize fatigue cracking and evaluate the effects of moisture damage on the Fine Aggregate Matrix (FAM) portion of asphalt mixtures. The FAM specimens should be properly fabricated to represent the composition and structure of the fine portion of the mixture.
The objective of the first phase of this study was to develop a standard test procedure for preparing FAM specimens such that it is representative of the mixture. The method consists of preparing loose full asphalt mixtures and sieving through different sizes. Then, the ignition oven was used to determine the binder content associated with the small size materials (passing on sieve #16). Sieve #16 is used to separate fine aggregates from the coarse aggregates. The applicability of this new method will be evaluated using a number of asphalt mixtures.
The objective of the second phase of this study was to develop software to analyze the data from DMA test. Such software will enable engineers and researchers to perform the complex analysis in very short time. This is Microsoft Windows ® based software, executable in any hardware configuration under this operational system.
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Yang, Chi, and 楊基. "Structural Evolution and Cracking Dynamics in 2D Cold Dusty Plasma Liquids." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/86v396.
Full textAbstract:
博士國立中央大學
物理學系
103
Microscopically, unlike intuitive expectation, the cold liquid around freezing is not completely disordered. The competition between the strong particle interaction and weak thermal agitation leads to the heterogeneous structure with coexisting crystalline ordered domains and surrounding defect clusters, and heterogeneous dynamics with alternating particle rattling in the caging wells of nearest neighbor particles and cooperative particle hopping which induces structural rearrangements. Namely, the cold liquid can be viewed as a patchwork of crystalline ordered domains, which partially possesses solid like behavior but can still be rearranged under thermal agitation or external stress. In this work, through direct experimental microscopic visualization of cold dusty plasma liquid and numerical simulation of cold Yukawa liquids, we address the following important unexplored fundamental issues. (1) What is the cooperative motion existing in cold liquids, (2) How is structure rearranged through the cooperative motion, (3) whether the growth of crystalline ordered domains in crystallization and cold liquids are similar, (4) what is the generic flow behavior of cold liquids under various applied stresses, and (5) what is the avalanche dynamics of cracking of crystalline ordered domains in the weakly stressed cold liquid? It is found, using a novel bond-dynamics analysis, the cooperative motion in cold liquids can be categorized into static patches, rotating patches, drifting patches, and shear strips located at the interface of co-rotating patches, beyond the earlier findings of the cooperative hopping strings and bands. The structural evolution is thereby accomplished by the drifting, rotation, rupture, and healing of crystalline ordered domains. In addition, the similar domain rotation, regarded as the kinetic origins of grain coalescence, is found in the crystallization of quenched two dimensional Yukawa liquids. Furthermore, suffering to the external stress which provides local force and torque, the above cooperative processes are enhanced persistently. Strong applied stress can cause the formation of the shear band with a higher averaged forward displacement and coherent vortical excitations. However, under weak stress, crystalline ordered domains either crack and heal in the loading zone, or temporally sustain and propagate stress to remote regions for avalanche cracking. The spatiotemporal behaviors of the avalanche cracking are discussed through the collision of dislocations with mismatched Burgers vectors, which is the key to generate the large crack clusters inside a crystalline ordered domain.
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Pham, Hieu. "Environmetally Assisted Cracking in Metals under Extreme Conditions." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2011-08-9671.
Full textAbstract:
Environmentally Assisted cracking (EAC) is a very critical materials science problem that concerns many technological areas such as petrochemical engineering,
aerospace operations and nuclear power generation, in which cracking or sudden failure of materials may happen at stress far below the tensile strength. This type of
corrosion is initiated at the microscopic level and is complicated due to the combination of chemistry (reaction caused by corrosive agents) and mechanics (varying load).
As EAC is generally related to the segregation of impurity elements to defects (mainly grain boundaries), the symptoms of risk may not be apparent from the exterior of the metal components: hence EAC remains latent and gives no sign of warning until the failure occurs.
Due to its intricate nature, conducting experiments on this phenomenon involves difficulties and requires much effort. In this work, we employed advanced molecular simulation techniques to study EAC in order to give insight into its atomistic behavior. First, Density-Functional Theory (DFT) method was used to investigate the fundamental processes and mechanism of EAC-related issues at the nanoscale level, with two case studies concerning the stress corrosion in iron and hydrogen embrittlement in palladium. When segregating to the grain boundary (GB) of iron, different impurity elements such as sulfur, phosphorus and nitrogen raise corrosion failures in a variety of ways. Hydrogen atoms, due to their mobility and small atomic size, are able to form high occupation at crystal defects, but show different interactions to vacancy and GB. Then, we used the classical Molecular Dynamics (MD) method to gain an
understanding of the dynamic response of materials to mechanical load and the effects of temperature, strain and extreme conditions (high pressure shock compression) on structural properties. The MD simulations show that hydrogen maintains the highest localization at grain boundaries in the vicinity of ambient temperatures, and grain boundaries are the preferred nucleation sites for dislocations and voids. This computational work, using DFT and MD techniques, is expected to contribute to the better understanding on chemistry and mechanisms of complex environment-assisted cracking phenomenon at a fundamental level in order to beneficially complement
conventional laboratory approaches.
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Wang, Wen, and 王彣. "Avalanche Cracking-Healing and Defect dynamics in Weakly Stressed Cold Dusty Plasma Liquids." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/3tkq68.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中央大學
物理學系
105
Under weak external stress, intermittent emergent responses in the form of avalanche type spatiotemporal clusters are ubiquitous phenomena in strongly coupled systems, such as granular systems, stressed solids, and seismic systems. The strong coupling not only sustains the structure from structural rearrangement but also spreads the local strain energy to remote regions inducing spatiotemporally correlated clusters once the accumulated local strain energy goes beyond a certain threshold. Unlike solids, under weak external stress, liquids exhibit plastic deformation. The local strain energy cannot accumulate and is rapidly relaxed through structural rearrangement. However, unlike the intuitive expectation, a cold liquid around freezing under weaker thermal agitations is not completely disordered. It possesses a patchwork of crystalline ordered domains (CODs), which not only sustains the local strain energy but also releases the energy through structural rearrangement. Recent studies showed that the thermal-excited structural rearrangement exhibits cooperative excitation hopping in the form of co-rotating CODs, which ruptures the large CODs into small CODs followed by healing back to large CODs, and that, under weak external stress, CODs can temporarily sustain and propagate the local stress to remote regions that further initiates the bond cracking near defects. Nevertheless, the generic spatiotemporal dynamics, the scaling behaviors and the kinetic classification of the cracking, and the alarms for warning the short quiescent period between cracking bursts, are still unexplored issues. In this work, we experimentally investigate spatiotemporal dynamical behaviors of the avalanche type structural rearrangement through cracking-healing processes in a weakly stressed dusty plasma cold liquid. It is found that the cracking cluster size in xyt space follows power law distribution. The histograms of the cracking burst and quiescent time periods between cracking, and the persistent times maintaining ordered and disordered structures all follow power law scaling behaviors. The temporal cracking behavior can be classified into single burst and successive cracking burst fluctuation. Kinetically, a COD is ruptured by cracking lines through co-rotating domains, which induce dislocation propagation into the region. If the directions of the Burgers vectors of incoming dislocations allow dislocation annihilation, deteriorated structure anneals into a large COD. If the directions of Burgers vectors forbid the annihilation process, the structure needs successive cracking behavior to resume a better structural order. The low regional structural order at the end of a cracking burst can be regarded as an alarm for predicting a short quiescent time period before the next cracking burst.
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Kreuzer, Steven Michael. "On the mechanical response of helical domains of biomolecular machines : computational exploration of the kinetics and pathways of cracking." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/25156.
Full textAbstract:
Protein mechanical responses play a critical role in a wide variety of biological phenomena, impacting events as diverse as muscle contraction and stem cell differentiation. Recent advances in both experimental and computational techniques have provided the opportunity to explore protein constitutive properties at the molecular level. However, despite these advances many questions remain about how proteins respond to applied mechanical forces, particularly as a function of load magnitude. In order to address these questions, relatively simple helical structures were computationally tested to determine the mechanisms and kinetics of unfolding at a range of physiologically relevant load magnitudes. Atomically detailed constant force molecular dynamics simulations combined with the Milestoning kinetic analysis framework revealed that the mean first passage time (MFPT) of the initiation of unfolding of long (~16nm) isolated helical domains was a non-monotonic function of the magnitude of applied tensile load. The unfolding kinetics followed a profile ranging from 2.5ns (0pN) to a peak of 3.75ns (20pN) with a decreasing MFPT beyond 40pN reflected by an MFPT of 1ns for 100pN. The application of the Milestoning framework with a coarse-grained network analysis approach revealed that intermediate loads (15pN-25pN) retarded unfolding by opening additional, slower unfolding pathways through non-native [pi]-helical conformations. Analysis of coiled-coil helical pairs revealed that the presence of the second neighboring helix delayed unfolding initiation by a factor of 20, with calculated MFPTs ranging from 55ns (0pN) to 85ns (25pN per helix) to 20ns (100pN per helix). The stability of the coiled-coil domains relative to the isolated helix was shown to reflect a decreased propensity to break flexibility restraining intra-helix hydrogen bonds, thereby delaying [psi] backbone dihedral angle rotation and unfolding. These results show for the first time a statistically determined profile of unfolding kinetics for an atomically detailed protein that is non-monotonic with respect to load caused by a change in the unfolding mechanism with load. Together, the methods introduced for analyzing the mechanical response of proteins as well as the timescales determined for the initiation of unfolding provide a framework for the determination of the constitutive properties of proteins and non-biological polymers with more complicated geometries.text