Journal articles on the topic 'Dyett'

Conventional dyeing processes currently practiced in the textile industry have a great environmental impact, mainly in relation to the quantity and pollution of water, use of toxic chemicals, atmospheric emissions, and high energy consumption. This study aims to discuss the relationship between the variables that involve conventional dyeing processes and environmental issues. It presents the mapping of the materials and emerging technologies for ecological coloration, specifically for the pretreatment and dyeing stages. Regarding pretreatment, it discusses biochemical (enzymes) and physical treatment (ultraviolet radiation, plasma, and ozone technology) approaches. With respect to the dyeing processes, it addresses ecological materials (natural dyes) and emerging technologies (such as plasma, supercritical CO2, AirDye®, ultrasonic, microwave, Nano-DyeTM, and electrochemical). Given the importance of ecological coloration, this study provides important reflections on the urgency of resolving issues related to barriers and economic viability in the implementation of the alternatives presented and demonstrates the need to develop educational projects to prepare fashion and textile professionals.

Abstract Objectives Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) incidence and prevalence have been reported to be higher in men than women, however, the effects of sexual dimorphism on NAFLD risk and progression have not been adequately examined. Our lab has previously shown that a liquid high-refined carbohydrate diet (HRCD) induced more severe hepatic steatosis compared to an isocaloric high fat diet in male mice. Also, HRCD-induced reduction in sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), an NAD-dependent deacetylase protein, has previously been implicated in NAFLD pathogenesis. Therefore, we investigated whether there were sexually dimorphic responses to a liquid high-refined carbohydrate diet (HRCD) in male and female, wildtype and SIRT1-deficient mice. Methods Male and female 10–12-week-old wildtype (SIRT1 +/+: n = 12; M = 6, F = 6) and mice carrying a heterozygous H355Y SIRT1 point mutation (SIRT1 +/y: n = 14; M = 7, F = 7) were both fed a HRCD (Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet supplemented with maltose dextrin; 47% energy from refined carbohydrate, Dyets, #710,260) for 5 weeks and 9 weeks. Hepatic gene expression was examined using qRT-PCR. Plasma ALT (alanine transaminase) and hepatic MDA (malondialdehyde) levels were determined using colorimetric assay kits. Hepatic steatosis scoring was conducted by analyzing Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stains. Results 9 weeks of HRCD induced significantly less hepatic steatosis in female mice irrespective of genotype compared to male mice as determined by grading of H&E stains (P < 0.05). Furthermore, liver expression of several fatty acid oxidation genes (CPT1, ACOX1) was significantly higher in females (P < 0.05), which potentially suggests increased fatty acid oxidation. Additionally, female mice had significantly increased antioxidant gene expression (GPX4, SOD1, SOD2, Catalase) and significantly lower hepatic MDA (P < 0.05), which indicate an increased capacity to mitigate oxidative stress. Lastly, plasma ALT levels were significantly lower in females compared to males after 9 weeks of HRCD (P < 0.05). Conclusions Collectively, these data indicate that female mice are moderately protected against HRCD-induced NAFLD compared to male mice, potentially through increased hepatic fatty acid oxidation and superior mitigation of oxidative stress due to increased antioxidant system gene expression in the liver. Funding Sources HNRCA, USDA/ARS Grants.

BackgroundA high-fat/high-sucrose (HFS) diet leads to osteoarthritis-like damage in the knee and shoulder (Collins et al., 2018), and to a low-level systemic inflammation that is accompanied by a decrease in insulin sensitivity. Recently, we demonstrated in a rat model, that when prebiotic fibre supplementation, aerobic exercise, or their combination is started at the onset of the HFS diet exposure, the development of the osteoarthritis-like lesions in the knee joints and the metabolic dysfunction is prevented (Rios et al., 2019).A central role in the altered metabolic state of rats fed a HFS diet is thought to be played by skeletal muscle (Collins et al., 2018). Besides the detrimental effect on metabolic and inflammatory regulation, muscular dysfunction might be a contributor to the decline in running endurance and coordination observed with prolonged exposure to a low quality diet (Clayton et al., 2022).ObjectivesTo evaluate the changes in insulin sensitivity and vastus lateralis and soleus muscle composition in a HFS diet rat model and determine whether the expected muscle alterations can be prevented with a prebiotic fibre supplementation, aerobic exercise, or their combination.MethodsTwelve-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats fed a high-fat/high-sucrose diet (HFS, Diet #102412, Dyets) were randomized into a sedentary (HFS, n=12), moderate aerobic exercise (HFS+E, n=12), prebiotic fibre supplementation (HFS+F, n=12), or moderate aerobic exercise combined with prebiotic fibre supplementation (HFS+F+E, n=12) group for 12 weeks. Eight chow-fed (Diet #5001) age- and sex-matched animals were used as controls.Whole body insulin sensitivity (composite insulin sensitivity index – CISI) was determined at the end of the intervention period and, after sacrifice, the VL and soleus muscle composition was evaluated through a triglyceride colorimetric assay and histological analysis of collagen with picrosirius red staining. Non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis testing with pairwise comparisons was used to compare groups.ResultsHFS group rats had less than half (40%, p = 0.001) of the whole-body insulin sensitivity of control rats while rats in the HFS+E, HFS+F and HFS+F+E groups were similar to control.Rats that were fed the HFS diet showed increased VL (p = 0.033) but not soleus (p = 0.644) triglycerides content compared to control (Figure 1 A). Both VL and soleus showed increased collagen content in the groups fed the HFS diet compared to the control group (p<0.001 for VL and soleus) (Figure 1 B). Moderate aerobic exercise, prebiotic fibre supplementation, or their combination did not prevent the observed alterations in muscle composition in the groups fed the HFS diet.ConclusionWhile a positive effect of prebiotic fibre and exercise in managing metabolic disturbance was present with a clear recovery of insulin sensitivity to control levels in the groups that were fed the HFS diet, the protective effect of exercise and prebiotic fibre that has been previously described for knee joints in this model was not observed for the VL and soleus muscles. The HFS diet led to alterations in muscle composition that seem to be muscle-specific and cannot be prevented by combining prebiotic fibre or exercise with the HFS diet.References[1]Clayton, Z.S.et al.. 2022. Lifelong physical activity attenuates age- and Western-style diet-related declines in physical function and adverse changes in skeletal muscle mass and inflammation. Exp. Gerontol. 157, 111632.[2]Collins, K. H. et al.. 2018. Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Musculoskeletal Disease: Common Inflammatory Pathways Suggest a Central Role for Loss of Muscle Integrity. Front. Physiol. 9.[3]Rios, J.L., Bomhof, M.R., Reimer, R.A., Hart, D.A., Collins, K.H., Herzog, W., 2019. Protective effect of prebiotic and exercise intervention on knee health in a rat model of diet-induced obesity. Sci. Rep. 9, 3893.AcknowledgementsThis work was supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research # RT736475 (WH) and MOP 115076, the Canada Research Chair Programme (WH), the Alberta Innovates Health Solutions Osteoarthritis Team Grant (DAH, WH), Alberta Innovates Health Solutions, Killam Foundation (WH), Alberta Innovates (JLR), and theCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001.Disclosure of InterestsNone declared

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To alleviate traffic congestion in urban areas, electronic toll collection (ETC) systems are deployed all over the world. Despite the merits, tolls are usually pre-determined and fixed from day to day, which fail to consider traffic dynamics and thus have limited regulation effect when traffic conditions are abnormal. In this paper, we propose a novel dynamic ETC (DyETC) scheme which adjusts tolls to traffic conditions in realtime. The DyETC problem is formulated as a Markov decision process (MDP), the solution of which is very challenging due to its 1) multi-dimensional state space, 2) multi-dimensional, continuous and bounded action space, and 3) time-dependent state and action values. Due to the complexity of the formulated MDP, existing methods cannot be applied to our problem. Therefore, we develop a novel algorithm, PG-beta, which makes three improvements to traditional policy gradient method by proposing 1) time-dependent value and policy functions, 2) Beta distribution policy function and 3) state abstraction. Experimental results show that, compared with existing ETC schemes, DyETC increases traffic volume by around 8%, and reduces travel time by around 14:6% during rush hour. Considering the total traffic volume in a traffic network, this contributes to a substantial increase to social welfare.

Abstract Objectives The goal of this study was to determine fermentation of four novel resistant starch (RS) type 4 products (RSA, B, C, and D) in Sprague Dawley male rats compared to control (CON). Assessment was by standard measures: empty cecum weight (ECW), cecal contents weight (CCW), cecal contents pH (pH), cecal contents short-chain fatty acids: acetate, propionate and butyrate, cecal contents RS (CCRS), and serum active glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). Abdominal cavity fat (abfat)/body weight was determined. Methods Forty weanling rats (Envigo), after a week quarantine, were randomly assigned to five groups (n = 8) for a 3-week study. Starches (Ingredion Incorporated) were RS products as 10% of weight of RS diets (equivalent to human fiber requirement) and AMIOCA® starch (100% amylopectin) comprised 53.6% weight of CON and 43.6% weight of the RS diets (RSA – RSD). The RS products varied by % purity and origin (e.g.,potato, tapioca, corn). Other ingredients (DYETS) were used (AIN-93 G). A one-way ANOVA was followed by Tukey post hoc test (P < 0.05). At euthanasia, cecal contents, serum, GI tract, and abfat were collected. Emboweled body weight (EBW) was calculated as body weight minus GI contents. Results RSB, RSC, and RSD demonstrated greater fermentation than CON and RSA. This was based on pH below 6.5 vs above 8.0, ECW above 0.7 g vs. below 0.54, CCW above 7.5 g vs below 3.86, and cecal contents acetate above 0.36 mmol/cecum vs below 0.21. Cecal contents propionate was increased for RSB and RSC (above 0.08 mmol/cecum vs below 0.06), but cecal contents butyrate and GLP-1 were not statistically significant. Post hoc power analysis for the latter two demonstrated power <80%. All groups had low CCRS. All four RS groups had lower abfat/EBW% than CON, but only RSA had a lower body weight. Conclusions RSB, RSC, and RSD products were fermented; but it was inconclusive whether fermentation led to increased butyrate and serum GLP-1. Compared to CON all four novel RS groups had reduced abfat% indicating reduced energy density of the RS diets. Estimates of RS disappearance from cecum indicated digestion and/or fermentation of RS products with RSA apparently mainly digested. Funding Sources Ingredion Incorporated, LSU AgCenter.

Salt-sensitive (SS) hypertension is accompanied with severe cardiorenal complications. In this condition, elevated blood pressure (BP) resulting from high salt intake can be partially associated with a lower level of the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). In plasma, ANP is quickly degraded by neprilysin; therefore, pharmacological inhibition of this metalloprotease (f.i. with sacubitril) can increase ANP level. We have shown earlier that lower dose of sacubitril in combination with valsartan (75 μg/day) has beneficial effects on renal function in SS hypertension. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of sacubitril administered at a higher dose on renal damage of Dahl SS rats. Sacubitril (125 μg/day) or vehicle were administered to male Dahl SS rats (Charles River) via s.c. osmotic pumps. To induce hypertension, both groups were fed a purified 4% NaCl diet (HS, Dyets Inc) for 21 days. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR, FITC-inulin) and BP (tail cuff) values were obtained before and after the HS challenge. Data was analyzed with 1-way ANOVA. When compared to vehicle treated rats, 125 μg/day of sacubitril insignificantly increased systolic BP measured at the end of the 21-day HS challenge; no changes in GFR, heart weight, plasma electrolytes, BUN and creatinine were observed. However, sacubitril caused kidney hypertrophy (two kidneys to body weight: 8.8±0.4 vs 10.4±0.4 mg/g, p=0.04,), but did not affect renal medullary of cortical fibrosis. We also observed aggravated glomerular lesions in the sacubitril-treated animals compared to controls (glomerular injury score: 1.6±0.02 vs 0.9±0.08 au, p=0.034), and increased formation of protein casts (1.8±0.3 vs 1.3±0.2 au, p=0.034). Thus, in Dahl SS rats, administration of sacubitril at 125 μg/day had adverse effects on renal disease progression, especially glomerular damage and protein casts formation. In our prior study we showed that the combination of sacubitril at 75 μg/day with the angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), valsartan, is effective to alleviate these outcomes. It is likely that the inhibition of neprilysin by sacubitril results in accumulation of Ang II and/or bradykinin and/or RAAS activation, which masks the beneficial effects of ANP level increase.

Our recent data show that female Dahl Salt-Sensitive (SS) rats are significantly protected from salt-induced hypertension and renal injury and have stark differences in gut microbiota composition compared to males. Gut-derived metabolites are gaining recognition as mechanistic links between the microbiota and disease. One such metabolite is propionate, a protective short-chain fatty acid byproduct of bacterial fiber fermentation. Metabolomics revealed a specific elevation in serum propionate in female versus male SS rats after high salt (HS) (40.3±3.8 vs 24.4±4.2 μM, female vs male, p<0.02, n=6), and propionate administration to male SS rats blunts salt-induced elevations in mean arterial pressure and albuminuria (MAP, HS21: 160.5±6.6 vs 141.8±3.5 mmHg, p<0.05; albuminuria: 437.8±108.6 vs 263.6±50.33 mg/day, p<0.19, control vs propionate, 200mM p.o.; n=3-4). Therefore, the current study hypothesized that substitution of non-fermentable fiber cellulose with the fermentable fiber inulin (AIN-76A, Dyets Inc), a known precursor of short-chain fatty acids, would attenuate salt-sensitivity in males. Males and females were placed on the 0.4% NaCl (LS) inulin diet for one week prior to the switch to a 4.0% NaCl (HS) inulin diet for 4 weeks (inulin-M: n=7, inulin-F: n=6). Controls were maintained on either LS or HS diets containing cellulose (control-M: n=9, control-F: n=11). While there were no significant MAP differences observed in males, the inulin diet significantly reduced albuminuria (370.8±32.4 vs 174.4±30.0 mg/day on HS28, control-M vs inulin-M, p<0.001), reduced CD45+ renal leukocytes (35% reduction, p<0.03), reduced BUN (21.6±2.0 vs 15.4±0.5 mg/dL, p<0.05), and increased creatinine clearance (0.44±0.02 vs 0.55±0.02 ml/min/g KW, p<0.001). In females, inulin significantly lowered MAP (170.2±6.2 vs 154.6±4.5 mmHg on HS28, control-F vs inulin-F, p<0.01), albuminuria (180.3±27.4 vs 68.0±8.3, p<0.001), BUN (21.7±1.2 vs 17.9±0.6 mg/dL, p<0.05), and improved creatinine clearance (0.53±0.04 vs 0.71±0.05 ml/min/g KW, p<0.05). In summary, substitution of the fermentable fiber inulin reduced blood pressure only in females, but all other measures indicate improved renal injury, function, and inflammation in both sexes.