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Journal articles on the topic 'Dwellings'
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1
Fretheim, Silje E. "Discovering Dwellings." Acta Archaeologica 90, no. 1 (April 22, 2019): 15–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/16000390-09001003.
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This article is based on a study of site formation processes of dwellings, site contexts, and terms relating to dwelling types and attributes. Archaeological evidence discovered during the Ormen Lange project and dated to the Late Mesolithic provides the backdrop for discussion. The project was conducted by the NTNU University Museum in 2003-2004 on the Island of Gossen in Central Norway. Remains of at least 14 dwellings and a large number of dwelling-related features dated to between 6000 and 4000 cal BC were recorded. Based on analyses of several dwelling attributes, the Ormen Lange dwellings are divided into 1) houses for long term or regularly repeated stays (for double and single family units); 2) houses for repeated short-time stays (for task groups); 3) non-permanent dwellings for short time occupation and 4) special-purpose, non-residential shelters.
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Fretheim, Silje E. "Discovering Dwellings." Acta Archaeologica 90, no. 1 (April 22, 2019): 15–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/16000390-09001003.
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This article is based on a study of site formation processes of dwellings, site contexts, and terms relating to dwelling types and attributes. Archaeological evidence discovered during the Ormen Lange project and dated to the Late Mesolithic provides the backdrop for discussion. The project was conducted by the NTNU University Museum in 2003-2004 on the Island of Gossen in Central Norway. Remains of at least 14 dwellings and a large number of dwelling-related features dated to between 6000 and 4000 cal BC were recorded. Based on analyses of several dwelling attributes, the Ormen Lange dwellings are divided into 1) houses for long term or regularly repeated stays (for double and single family units); 2) houses for repeated short-time stays (for task groups); 3) non-permanent dwellings for short time occupation and 4) special-purpose, non-residential shelters.
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Gibson, Lesley, and David Rush. "Novel Coronavirus in Cape Town Informal Settlements: Feasibility of Using Informal Dwelling Outlines to Identify High Risk Areas for COVID-19 Transmission From A Social Distancing Perspective." JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 6, no. 2 (April 6, 2020): e18844. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/18844.
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Background The challenges faced by the Global South during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic are compounded by the presence of informal settlements, which are typically densely populated and lacking in formalized sanitation infrastructure. Social distancing measures in informal settlements may be difficult to implement due to the density and layout of settlements. This study measures the distance between dwellings in informal settlements in Cape Town to identify the risk of COVID-19 transmission. Objective The aim of this paper is to determine if social distancing measures are achievable in informal settlements in Cape Town, using two settlements as an example. We will first examine the distance between dwellings and their first, second, and third nearest neighbors and then identify clusters of dwellings in which residents would be unable to effectively practice social isolation due to the close proximity of their homes. Methods Dwellings in the settlements of Masiphumelele and Klipfontein Glebe were extracted from a geographic information system data set of outlines of all informal dwellings in Cape Town. The distance to each dwelling’s first, second, and third nearest neighbors was calculated for each settlement. A social distance measure of 2 m was used (buffer of 1 m, as dwellings less than 2 m apart are joined) to identify clusters of dwellings that are unable to effectively practice social distancing in each settlement. Results The distance to each dwelling’s first 3 nearest neighbors illustrates that the settlement of Masiphumelele is constructed in a denser fashion as compared to the Klipfontein Glebe settlement. This implies that implementing social distancing will likely be more challenging in Masiphumelele than in Klipfontein Glebe. However, using a 2-m social distancing measure, it was demonstrated that large portions of Klipfontein Glebe would also be unable to effectively implement social distancing. Conclusions Effectively implementing social distancing may be a challenge in informal settlements due to their density. This paper uses dwelling outlines for informal settlements in the city of Cape Town to demonstrate that with a 2 m measure, effective social distancing will be challenging.
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Wilson, Tom, Frank Zou, and Thomas Sigler. "Were there really 1 million unoccupied dwellings in Australia on census night 2021?" Australian Population Studies 6, no. 2 (December 17, 2022): 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37970/aps.v6i2.106.
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Background
The 2021 Census in Australia revealed that just over 1 million dwellings were ‘unoccupied’ on census night. This finding was widely reported and may have given the impression of a large number of vacant dwellings ready for households to move into, potentially offering a solution to homelessness and those struggling to find suitable or affordable accommodation.
Aims
The aim of the paper is to investigate whether there really were 1 million unoccupied dwellings in Australia in 2021, to shed some conceptual and empirical light on exactly what is meant by an ‘occupied’ and an ‘unoccupied’ dwelling, and also try to understand why dwellings were unoccupied.
Data and methods
We used a variety of census, population, and dwelling data to estimate the number of private dwellings disaggregated by occupancy on both a de facto basis (whether people were present in dwelling on census night or not) and on a usual residence basis (whether people are usually resident in a dwelling or not). A comparison with the situation at the time of the 2016 Census is made.
Results
The results show that there were indeed about 1 million dwellings unoccupied on a usual residence basis in Australia in 2021. But they were not the exact same 1 million unoccupied on census night, and not all of these dwellings were available to households to live in. There was a substantial increase in the number of dwellings unoccupied by usual residents between 2016 and 2021; we suggest some possible reasons for this, including Covid-related effects.
Conclusions
Greater clarity and more detail are needed in census dwelling data. In addition, it would be useful if there were detailed annual official statistics on dwellings and households to better inform housing policy and research.
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Houda Rezig, Nourel. "TRADITIONAL DWELLING OF M`ZAB VALLEY IN ALHERIA: THE POINT OF ADAPTATION TO THE ENVIREMENT." Current problems of architecture and urban planning, no. 61 (October 29, 2021): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2077-3455.2021.61.159-169.
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The article deals with the traditional dwellings in the UNESCO World Heritage ancient settlements (ksour) of M’zab Valley in Algerian desert. The Mozabite habitats are reflection of cultural and social values embodied in the architecture, with simple design in their forms deep in their indications, they are organized with a set of principles and rules known as customs that were inspired by religion and adapted to the environment. This latter helped to preserve Mozabite dwellings for more than a millennium. In this article the attention has been drawn to the dwelling’s design and distribution of its spaces according the activities and lifestyle of Mozabite community considering the arid environment needs. Sustainability strategies have significant presence in different levels of the dwelling appearing from the usage of passive techniques which depend on the principles of conservation energy and water, exploiting renewable resources and usage of local materials. These techniques are what make dwellings integrate completely within arid climate.
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Li, Zhou, Jiahui Diao, Shaoming Lu, Cong Tao, and Jonathan Krauth. "Exploring a Sustainable Approach to Vernacular Dwelling Spaces with a Multiple Evidence Base Method: A Case Study of the Bai People’s Courtyard Houses in China." Sustainability 14, no. 7 (March 24, 2022): 3856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14073856.
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Both socio-cultural connotations and environmental adaptation are significant for the sustainable development of vernacular dwellings. Previous studies on the sustainable development of vernacular dwellings have mainly focused on either the interaction between physical form and socio-cultural logic or between physical form and environmental adaptation separately. Simultaneously, these studies have mainly discussed the physical condition of vernacular dwellings while ignoring the evolution of the space characteristics of vernacular dwellings. To further understand the sustainable development of vernacular dwelling spaces, this research adopted a “multiple evidence base” method to bring together the socio-cultural connotations of vernacular dwelling spaces and their adaptation to the natural environment. Space syntax theory and Ecotect software were deployed to analyze the socio-cultural logic and to simulate the light environment for environmental adaptation analysis. The Bai people’s courtyard houses in Gusheng village, Dali, Yunnan province were selected to conduct the fieldwork. The results reveal that ongoing social structures are prominent features for the socio-cultural connotations of the Bai people’s vernacular dwellings; the upper floor indoor lighting level has increased while the courtyard scale and the orientation of the dwellings remain unchanged in contemporary Bai people’s dwellings; there is a high synergistic relationship between the traditional living form and socio-culture as well as the natural environment in the traditional vernacular dwellings; the contemporary Bai people’s dwellings continue the living form and socio-culture while moderately adjusting the natural factors based on the modern way of life for sustainable development. This study hence extends the existing knowledge found in the literature and provides a more complete understanding of the sustainable approach to vernacular dwelling spaces.
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Rokseth, Lillian Sve, and Bendik Manum. "Patterns of Dwelling Types, Location, and Spaciousness of Living in Norway. Critical Remarks on the Practice of Measuring Energy Performance per Floor Area Only." Buildings 11, no. 9 (September 4, 2021): 394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11090394.
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For decades, energy efficiency has been a key issue in the Norwegian building sector, and energy standards are strict in order to reduce net delivered energy to buildings. Formally, requirements on energy use of dwellings are set by kWh per m2 heated GIA per year, a unit not accounting for dwelling size or number of persons in the households. This study, examining spaciousness of living in relation to dwelling types on an urban scale, shows that dwelling area per resident differs a lot across location and dwelling types. This implies that buildings formally performing the same in terms of following the legislation equally, in reality, may have a very different energy demand per person. When comparing dwelling types, energy demand per floor area and floor area per person is considerably higher for detached dwellings than for apartments. For both dwelling types, the energy demand of the dwellings in use is higher than what is stated in the requirements, and this difference is highest for detached houses. The current practice of measuring energy demand only per floor area is therefore insufficient. To realistically model energy performance of dwellings, measures accounting for dwelling size and number of residents should be included.
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Hao, Yane, Xingwen Liang, and Yongqiang Lan. "Numerical Simulation and Dynamic Analysis of Single-Hole Cliff-Side Loess Cave Dwelling under Seismic Actions." Geofluids 2021 (September 15, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6890445.
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Loess cave dwellings are the most typical style of regional architecture in northwest China; now, there are still tens of millions of people living in them. The northwest is an earthquake-prone area, and cave dwellings have suffered a lot of damage in previous moderate and strong earthquakes, so their earthquake resistance has attracted people’s attention. At present, the seismic analysis of aboveground building structures is relatively mature, while the seismic analysis of loess cave dwellings is less researched. To study the seismic response of loess cave dwellings, a single-hole cliff-side loess cave dwelling located in Yangjialing revolution former sites of Yan’an City of northwest China was investigated and surveyed; the three-dimensional numerical model was established by MIDAS/GTS NX. Combining the historic earthquake damage investigation, dynamic time-history analysis of the single-hole loess cliff-side cave dwelling subject to four horizontal earthquake actions was conducted to determine the weak positions, failure characteristics, and the corresponding displacement and stress of the loess cave dwelling under earthquake load. The results show that the loess has an amplification effect on the seismic waves, the arch vault is a key factor to the stability of the loess cave dwellings, the cliff-side loess cave dwellings in an 8-degree area cannot be used to continue living, and the entrance to loess cave dwellings is the most dangerous place when the earthquake happens.
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He, Li. "The Transmutations of the Hakka Enclosed Dwelling Displayed Historically and Geographically by its Watchtowers." Open Construction and Building Technology Journal 9, no. 1 (May 29, 2015): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874836801509010032.
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The paper analyzes the “Origin” and the “Derivative” of Hakka Enclosed Dwelling’s by a specific transmutation instance of Longsheng House of Liuzhou in Qing Dynasty, and researches on Hakka Enclosed Dwelling’s layout, size, and the transmutation of forms. It points out that as one of the fittest to the environment among the vernacular dwelling, Enclosed Dwelling’s construction site and defence structure, more specifically: the Watchtower’s trade-offs and layouts have a close relationship. By comparing with the architectural forms between “the Origin” and “the Derivative” in Enclosed Dwelling, and analyzing the relevant heritage of dwellings in Hakka culture influenced areas, it shows that Hakka vernacular dwelling like Qing Liuzhou Longsheng House should be protected because it not only is built on the basis of the original form but also was shaped in the way of combination of the local context and historical architecture features.
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Talent, Mishka. "Improving estimates of occupancy rate and population density in different dwelling types." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 44, no. 5 (May 20, 2016): 802–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265813516649596.
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Population density is heterogeneous, and using large spatial areas as a basis for estimates from highly urbanised areas leads to unrepresentative values. This work shows that population density estimated at the census district level (average 225 dwellings) in Canberra, Australia, poorly reflects dwelling types. Data at the individual block level (net or gross block area) greatly improve the estimates. Eight typical dwelling types in Canberra are used to show that there is a relationship between building form and estimated population density only when population density is calculated using the ‘net block’ area. To estimate population density at a finer scale than census district, the number of occupants in individual dwellings must be estimated. Assuming a city-wide constant occupancy rate in all dwelling types results in a twofold overestimation of population density in high-density dwellings. Fitting a polynomial function to the occupancy-rate and block-area data for different dwelling types of the city also provides a closer estimate than a categorical (step-wise) estimate; the occupancy rate estimate is then easily calculated from a single variable, the mean gross block size in the census district where the dwelling is located. In high-density dwellings in Canberra (e.g. more than 10 storeys), the occupancy rate was approximately 1.3 people per dwelling and in low-density dwellings (e.g. > 1000 m2 per dwelling) the occupancy rate approached 2.8 people. This work is of value to researchers and planners who use measures of population density for assessing, for example, the per capita resource sustainability of different buildings.
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Wang, Zefa, Tingfeng Liu, Xiaogang Wu, Jing Chen, and Xujun Liang. "Influence of Doorway Position on Wind Comfort in Beijing Quadrangle Dwellings." Buildings 13, no. 10 (October 10, 2023): 2557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13102557.
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During the Qing Dynasty and Republic of China, Three Essentials of Dwelling was a much-sought-after approach for the design of quadrangle dwellings, with the primary focus being on the positioning of the doorways. By employing vector data of typical quadrangle dwellings in Beijing to construct an ideal model that complies with the Three Essentials of Dwelling setting, this study aims to investigate the impact of the doorway position on the wind comfort of quadrangle dwellings through CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulation, by comparing and analyzing the wind comfort of quadrangle courtyards with different doorway position layouts. The results are as follows: (1) Placing doors in the windward position during the season can make a significant difference in the courtyard wind comfort of quadrangle dwellings. (2) Compared to the direction of the doorway, the position of the doorway significantly affects the wind comfort of the courtyard in a quadrangle dwelling. (3) Keeping the position of the doorway constant, adjusting the height of the main room can be a successful strategy to improve the wind comfort of the courtyard in a quadrangle dwelling. (4) There is no link between environmental quality assessment and wind environmental quality assessment in Three Essentials of Dwelling. This study proves that the positioning of doorways can optimize the wind comfort in quadrangle dwellings, demonstrating the ancient Chinese’s ecological acumen in the layout of quadrangle houses, and providing useful guidance to designers.
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Danilov, G. K. "MORPHOLOGY OF TERRESTRIAL DWELLINGS IN WESTERN CHUKOTKA: FROM THE MESOLITHIC TO THE PRESENT." Izvestiya of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. History Sciences 3, no. 4 (2021): 132–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/2658-4816-2021-3-4-132-141.
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The author made an attempt to systematize the actual information about stone structures of dwelling constructions in the Western Chukotka. The article is based on a review of the published data, as well as on the results obtained by author’s field observations in expeditions of the N.A. Shilo North-East Interdisciplinary Scientific Research Institute of the Far East branch of the Russian Academy of Science during the last ten years. A light-weight mobile dwelling which construction requires stones to set a cover of skins has been an integral part of the landscape of this area from ancient to the present day. Stone constructions left after the dismounting of a dwelling are important structural elements of archaeological sites of different ages. A comparative study of the ancient dwelling stone constructions allows to conclude that the construction of frame dwellings in the region was changing over time. The earliest stone structures that have remained from dwellings are known from the Mesolithic sites. The architecture of the Mesolithic dwellings seems to differ from the circular constructions of later times. An analysis of the morphology of the studied structures and ethnographic data allow to suppose that dwellings like a chum or hemisphere type were used in Western Chukotka for a long time. Yaranga-type dwellings appeared later, and its shape was developed presumably at least 200 years ago.
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Richert, Claire, Hélène Boisgontier, and Frédéric Grelot. "Economic assessment of precautionary measures against floods: insights from a non-contextual approach." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 11 (November 19, 2019): 2525–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-2525-2019.
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Abstract. To limit the losses due to floods, public authorities can try to foster the adoption of private measures aimed at reducing the vulnerability of dwellings. However, the efficacy and cost-efficiency of such measures to reduce material losses are not well-known. In particular, the influence of building and flood characteristics on these variables has not been thoroughly studied. A better understanding of this topic would help identify the measures that are relevant to implement in specific contexts. To address this gap, we examined the effect of building and flood characteristics on the cost, efficacy, and cost-efficiency of three groups of measures taken for existing dwellings: one consists of elevating the dwelling, one of dry proofing it, and one of using construction materials that are resistant to water or cheap to repair or replace. We combined expert judgement and computer modelling to assess their cost, efficacy, and cost-efficiency for a wide range of flood depths and durations, building characteristics, and levels of exposure. We found that the value of the building components has a positive effect on the efficacy of dry proofing and elevating a dwelling. Both the efficacy and cost of these two groups of measures increase with the size of the dwelling. Moreover, according to our results, dry proofing and elevating a dwelling are unlikely to be cost-efficient for dwellings that are not exposed to floods with a return period lower than 100 and 30 years, respectively. Our findings also highlight that it is often less expensive to use the adapted than the original materials when rebuilding a damaged dwelling. Moreover, adapting the materials of an intact dwelling is unlikely to be cost-efficient for dwellings that are not exposed to floods with a return period lower than 20 years. Our results apply to France because the damage and the installation costs of the measures are specific to France and the geometry of the dwellings considered to perform our analyses is based on French dwellings.
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Onur, Makbulenur, and Selver Koç Altuntas. "Parametrising Historical Islamkoy Courtyard-Dwellings: Spatial Quality Parameters and Examination Based on AHP Method." International Journal of Built Environment and Sustainability 9, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/ijbes.v9.n1.886.
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Throughout the historical process humans have shaped the environment that they lived in and developed it according to their needs. The living culture has been formed with various spatial setups in dwellings which are the most basic habitats of humankind. Today, functionality comes into prominence in this living culture which is referred to as traditional dwellings. This shows that the continuity is ensured by presenting mass and cultural harmony between spatial setups and the garden and neighboring dwelling relations. Amongst the traditional dwellings, Turkish house is also considered as an important example, which provides continuity with its diverse plan organizations and spatial characteristic. The courtyard character in traditional dwellings is the space that is effective in the organization of spatial which sheds light on present day with various parameters. This is because the dwelling is located in the courtyard. Moreover, the courtyard, which starts with the entrance and where the households carry out their daily lives, is very significant for the Turkish dwelling as it contains both natural and cultural characteristics. The traditional dwellings of the village of Islamköy, which is located in the Atabey district in Isparta province of Turkey, are discussed within the scope of the study, which examines how the concept of courtyard that contains the functional and aesthetic values of the Turkish dwelling, forms various plan organizations and spatial characters in many cultures, affects the spatial quality. Spatial quality parameters were examined on five second-degree registered traditional dwellings located on Okul Street in the Islamköy village. Three basic principles have been determined which are functional, aesthetic and ecological and the sub-parameters of these determined principles have been introduced with the information and documents obtained from the literature. The AHP method was used to determine the priorities of the parameters in this direction. Thus, taking into account the spatial quality parameters, the priority parameters of the courtyard character in the traditional dwellings of Islamköy were determined
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Petrou, Giorgos, Phil Symonds, Anna Mavrogianni, Anastasia Mylona, and Mike Davies. "The summer indoor temperatures of the English housing stock: Exploring the influence of dwelling and household characteristics." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 40, no. 4 (May 6, 2019): 492–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624419847621.
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As the high temperatures experienced during the summer of 2018 may become commonplace by 2050, adaptation to higher indoor temperatures while minimising the need for mechanical cooling is required. A thorough understanding of the factors that influence indoor temperatures can enable the design of healthier and safer dwellings under a warming climate. The aim of this paper is to provide further insight into the topic of indoor overheating through the analysis of the largest recent sample of English dwellings, the 2011 Energy Follow-Up Survey, comprised of 823 dwellings. Following the pre-processing stage, the indoor overheating risk of 795 living rooms and 799 bedrooms was quantified using the criteria defined within CIBSE's Technical Memorandum 59. Approximately 2.5% of the dwellings were found to exceed Criterion 1, with this figure approaching 26% when Criterion 2 was considered. Subsequently, the indoor temperatures were standardised against external weather conditions and the correlation of 11 dwelling and 9 household characteristics was examined. Factors such as the main heating system, tenure and occupant vulnerability were all found to have a statistically significant association with the indoor temperatures. Further analysis revealed multiple correlations between household and dwelling characteristics, highlighting the complexity of the indoor overheating problem. Practical application: By applying the criteria in CIBSE's TM59, 26% of the dwellings monitored during the 2011 Energy Follow-Up Survey were found to overheat. Since 2011 was a cool summer and future temperatures are expected to be warmer, even more dwellings are expected to fail these criteria in the future. Multiple dwelling and household characteristics were associated with higher indoor temperatures, including: dwellings with a SAP rating > 70, more recently built and with communal heating. Thus, it is crucial to consider indoor overheating risk at the building design or refurbishment stage to prevent the possible consequences of uncomfortably high indoor temperatures.
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Guo, Yang, Dongchi Lai, and Xijun Hu. "Measuring River-View Visibilities of Individual Dwellings for Planning of Compact Urban Riverside Neighborhood Blocks." Sustainability 15, no. 9 (April 23, 2023): 7059. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15097059.
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Line-of-sight occlusion in compact cities commonly reduces the river views of riverfront residents. This study developed a new approach to measure the river-view visibilities of individual dwellings in urban riverfront neighborhood blocks. The objective of this study is to achieve a good integration between the morphology of building groups and the ideal river-view visibility of dwellings, and to provide assistance in building and landscape design through the proposed method. First, a design case of an actual riverside neighborhood block with two initial building layout schemes was selected. The complex layout scheme led to a better building-group morphology than the simple layout scheme. Second, 3D models were built using the Rhinoceros and Grasshopper software platforms, and 3D isovists were generated on the hypothetical River Surface Curve (RSC) equipartition points. Finally, the data from the 3D isovists were used to measure the river-view visibility of each dwelling. The results show that river views were available for all dwellings with the simple layout scheme; however, the complex layout scheme was polarized, with 3% of the dwellings having no river views, and a higher number of dwellings with high-quality river-view visibilities. The optimized layout scheme was based on repeated adjustments of the river-view visibility for all dwellings. The viewpoint clouds of the river views on the dwelling exterior walls are described for facade design guidance. The river-view measurement approach can accurately and efficiently measure the river-view visibility of each dwelling in the block, which can be used in optimizing of neighborhood block design.
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Laela, Sofa, and Galih Rakasiwi. "TANGGUNG JAWAB HUKUM PENGELOLA HUNIAN TERHADAP PENGAWASAN IZIN TINGGAL WARGA NEGARA ASING DI WILAYAH HUNIAN APARTEMEN." IBLAM LAW REVIEW 1, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 55–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.52249/ilr.v1i3.27.
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Fulfilling the housing needs for foreign nationals in Indonesia is not only limited to houses on the ground but also regular houses such as apartments. In the context of the supervisory function of the presence of foreigners in Indonesia who live in apartments, it is necessary to have the participation of apartment dwelling managers in assisting the government by providing reports on their whereabouts. The problem in this research is how is the legal responsibility of residential managers in reporting the presence of foreigners living in apartment dwellings and what are the legal sanctions for apartment dwelling managers who do not report the presence of foreigners living in apartment dwellings. The problem approach in this study was carried out using a normative and empirical juridical approach. The results of the study stated that the mechanism for managing residence permits for foreign nationals in apartment dwellings was carried out with rules that had been made by the apartment dwelling managers themselves but still had to coordinate with relevant agencies, namely companies where foreigners work and also with the local government, especially the immigration authorities. Meanwhile, regarding the sanctions for apartment dwelling managers who do not report the presence of foreigners living in their apartment dwellings, Article 117 of Law Number 6 of 2011 concerning immigration.
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Narayanan, Vigneshwaran, Anene Oguaka, and Richard Shaun Walls. "Reduced Scale Experiments on Fire Spread Involving Multiple Informal Settlement Dwellings." Fire 5, no. 6 (November 23, 2022): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire5060199.
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Fire disasters in informal settlements (also referred to as slums, shantytowns, favelas, etc.) are a major challenge worldwide, with a single incident being able to displace thousands of people. Numerous factors including dwelling spacing, material type, topography, weather, fuel loads, roads, and more influence fire spread. Conducting large-scale experiments to quantify and understand these phenomena is difficult and costly. Hence, it would be beneficial if Reduced Scale Experiments (RSE) could be developed to study the influence of these phenomena. Previous research has demonstrated that a 1/4th scale informal settlement dwelling (ISD) RSE can sufficiently capture the fire behaviour and fire dynamics within dwellings. The objective of this work is to develop a methodology for multi-dwelling ISD scaling such that large-scale spread phenomena can be captured. This paper carries out a series of RSEs to study the influence of (a) the number of dwellings, (b) orientation of dwellings, windows, and door openings, (c) cladding material, (d) wind effects, (e) the distance between dwellings and (f) fuel load on spread. Results are compared to previous large-scale experiments. It is shown that the geometric scaling of distance between dwellings is suitable for capturing spread. It was found that wind and the fuel load contribute significantly to the fire spread, but the type of cladding, distance between dwellings, dwelling orientation, and type of structural members used also affects fire spread rates. The comparative results with full-scale experiments (FSEs) shows that the peak temperatures were comparable and had similar profiles. A good correlation exists between FSEs and RSEs in terms of fire dynamics and spread characteristics, but the spread time (scaled or unscaled) does not correlate well with FSEs. Further work is needed before the work can be reliably used for predicting multi-dwelling spread, especially when wind is involved, due to the complex interaction of parameters and difficulty in scaling flame impingement.
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Wang, Hai-fan, and Shang-chia Chiou. "Research on the Sustainable Development of Traditional Dwellings." Sustainability 11, no. 19 (September 27, 2019): 5333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11195333.
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Balustrade architecture is mainly distributed in south and southwest China and southeast Asia. Dai dwellings in Yunnan, China, are a typical balustrade dwelling. Traditional dwellings of Dai contain the concepts of architecture, physics, ecology, and sustainability in space planning, building materials, and construction methods. At a time when the global climate environment is deteriorating and energy saving, emission reduction, and low-carbon life are advocated, Dai dwellings should be studied from the perspective of sustainable development, from which we can draw lessons and inspiration. This paper investigated plane layout, space structure, and materials of Dai dwellings, and found that traditional Dai dwellings are wooden frame structures with wood and bamboo; the roof has two layers and long overhang eaves, which is good for diverting rain water, shading and shelter, and integrating the building with the natural landscape as well. Analyzing the spatial characteristics and problems of Dai dwellings at present, discussing the sustainable development ideas of Dai dwellings, constructing Dai dwellings with low energy consumption and high quality of life, combining traditional culture with ecological technology, and designing a sustainable new green living model are beneficial to the inheritance of Dai residence culture.
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An, Yuyuan, Lu Liu, Yixin Guo, Xiao Wu, and Pengquan Liu. "An Analysis of the Isomerism of Tibetan Vernacular Dwellings Based on Space Syntax: A Case Study of the Semi-Agricultural and Semi-Pastoral District in Gannan Prefecture, China." Buildings 13, no. 10 (October 1, 2023): 2501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13102501.
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Vernacular dwellings carry both material and spiritual connotations, playing a significant role in preserving and developing regional culture. While current research on vernacular dwellings has primarily focused on the cultural center, there is a critical knowledge gap regarding the “differentiation” of dwellings in border areas. This knowledge gap poses risks to the sustainable development of vernacular dwellings. Therefore, this study employs a space syntax approach to analyze the spatial configuration of the Tibetan vernacular dwellings of the semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral areas in Gannan prefecture, China, which is situated in the Tibetan border area. The findings reveal the following key insights: (ⅰ) disparities exist in the spatial organization of “sacred–secular” node spaces and the structural characteristics of buildings, resulting in a misalignment between physical center spaces and psychological center spaces; (ⅱ) variation in cultural intensity contributes to distinct characteristics, i.e., “prototype”, “transition”, and “mutant”, among dwellings in different counties; and (ⅲ) the continuous development and adaptation of dwellings hinge on the homogeneity and differentiation of regional culture. The crux of achieving sustainable dwelling development lies in preserving the diversity of dwellings. This study offers a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between the spatial configuration of vernacular dwellings in the Tibetan border area and their sociocultural connotations. Consequently, it provides valuable guidance for promoting the sustainable development of these dwellings.
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Ono, Tetsushi, Aya Hagishima, Jun Tanimoto, Sheikh Ahmad Zaki, and Naja Aqilah Hisham. "Statistical analysis of air conditioning peak loads of multiple dwellings." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 04057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911104057.
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Evaluation of the aggregated air-conditioning load of multiple dwellings is important for demand response through the optimum control of numerous air-conditioners (A/Cs), for development of smart-city or smart-community technologies. However, past studies have mainly focused on the characteristics of A/C load in a single household. With this background, the authors conducted statistical analysis of time-series data for A/C electricity consumption in 489 dwellings in Osaka, Japan, and 20 dwellings in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia to grasp the feature of aggregated A/C load of multiple dwellings. The findings of this analysis are followings: 1) the aggregated A/C load peak per dwelling decreased by almost 50% as the number of dwellings increased from 1 to 10, due to the offset of the diverse time-patterns of A/C load. 2) The occurrence of the top 2.5% A/C load shows strong time and date dependency for an A/C load aggregated by many dwellings:
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Boldyreva, Ekaterina, Dmitriy Vasilyev, and Emma Zilivinskaya. "Yurta-Shaped Dwellings and Buildings of the X-XII Centuries in Samosdelka Hillfort." Nizhnevolzhskiy Arheologicheskiy Vestnik, no. 1 (July 2020): 211–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/nav.jvolsu.2020.1.12.
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The article is devoted to the publication of a number of Yurta-shaped dwellings of the X-XII centuries, discovered during excavations at the Samosdelka hillfort in the Volga Delta and at Left-Bank Samosdelka settlement, adjacent to the mentioned hillfort. The hillfort is known as the place of the supposed localization of the medieval cities of Saqsin (XI-XIV centuries) and Itil (IX-X centuries). The article briefly describes the planigraphy of the archaeological monument and the conditions of four circular dwellings discovering. Three of them belong to the X century and date back to the Khazar era. One dwelling has a more complex structure and belongs to the heyday of the city of Saqsin (XI-XII centuries). The design features of dwellings are analyzed, and archaeological and ethnographic analogies are given to both dwellings as a whole and to their individual elements. Two early circular buildings had no traces of a fireplace inside, so we can consider them not as dwellings, but yurta-shaped structures for household purposes. There were fireplaces in one building of the X century, found on the periphery of the Left-Bank settlement, as well as in the construction of the XI-XII centuries in the Central part of the hillfort. We can rightfully call these structures yurta-shaped dwellings. The last building has the most complex design, it is made using burnt square-shaped bricks for lining the edge of the laying bench and the walls in the basement. Bricks were also used as supports for poles and pillars. The presence of bricks indicates the time of the appearance of this dwelling after dismantling the hillfort citadel walls for getting building materials out of them. The discovered dwelling is a confirmation of the words of Abu Hamid al-Garnati, who wrote that in the city of Saqsin, the noble Oguzes had large “tents” like domes that can accommodate a large number of people. We can find direct analogies to such dwellings in the construction of Kazakh yurta-shaped buildings of the XIX - early XX centuries.
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Li, Li Ping. "Research on Environment of Dwellings with Rammed Earth Walls in Deqin Area in Yunnan Province." Advanced Materials Research 424-425 (January 2012): 957–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.424-425.957.
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Based on the field testing and analysis of the Tibetan dwelling in Deqin area , and more specifically, the indoor temperature of Tibetan-style dwellings with rammed earth walls as well as the surface temperature of building envelope were tested and comparatively analyzed. The test results show the current situations and features of indoor temperature changes of Tibetan-style dwellings of earth materials, the heat-insulation performance and heat stability of rammed earth wall, which may provide a basis for improving the thermal environment of Tibetan-style dwellings.
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Luo, Zhixing, and Yiqing Lu. "Multi-case study on the carbon emissions of the ecological dwellings in cold regions of China over the whole life cycle." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 38, no. 5 (July 2, 2020): 1998–2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0144598720934054.
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This study employed the bottom-up life cycle assessment method, examining the life cycle carbon emissions of three dwellings constructed at different times with different techniques in Yinchuan City, China, i.e. traditional earth brick dwelling (Case 1), brick–straw bale dwelling (Case 2), wood–straw solar energy dwelling (Case 3). The study aimed to find the methods of reducing carbon emissions, so as to slow down the global warming. The results showed that (1) with excellent thermal insulation properties, straw bale was remarkably effective in reducing carbon emissions from heating at the use stage; (2) 15 kWp solar photovoltaic panels contributed to offsetting the carbon emission of the dwelling; (3) straw bales and logs could store the carbon in building envelope, which partly offset the carbon emissions. The findings of this study have proved that ecological building materials and solar photovoltaic system have great potential in reducing carbon emissions of buildings, and can provide a basis for the design and material selection of future dwellings in order to promote the development of green dwellings.
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Wang, Shu Pei, Ju Xue, and Jia Huang. "The Research on South Dwellings Building - Fujian Dwellings for Example." Applied Mechanics and Materials 357-360 (August 2013): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.357-360.213.
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When we are in the face of China's construction industry the status quo, which gradually lose their original architectural features in the tide of globalization,many scholars have had many discussions and research for this problem, however, specific according to the characteristics of the local-style dwelling houses research areas, is still inadequate. In the article, we research on the characteristic of Fujian dwellings ,which is one of South building dwellings in China, and combined with China's current situation of building development, try these two architectural form fusion, to create a new era of construction combing with Chinese characteristics and culture.
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Chernovol, D. K. "THE ISSUE OF THE LARGE DWELLINGS OF TRYPILLIA CULTURE." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 46, no. 1 (May 11, 2023): 222–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2023.01.14.
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This paper aims at the analysis of remains of the Trypillia culture dwelling of a large size. The study includes the comparison of large houses’ inventory. More specifically, the analysis included the data from the cluster of ploshchadka from the settlement of Talianki (the so-called ‘Potter’s family I’ complex), which included five houses. The largest of these dwellings differs from the others not only by its size but also by the number and importance of the material.
Besides this, the study included the dwelling remains of a size of 200 m2 and of a useful size of 100 m2 and more. Population estimates indicate the possibility of such structures’ inhabiting by 20―35 people. Therefore, the author proposes to distinguish ploshchadkas group by the parameter of their useful size for the whole Trypillia culture. Such dwellings belong to different periods of the culture. This distinguishing is exemplified by house remains from Ozheve-Ostriv. The analysis of dwellings’ inventory indicates that the Dwelling 3 was not only inhabited by a large group of people but it also served for conducting certain craft processes, i.e. tanning, flint knapping, bone and antler processing. Moreover, the inventory of this structure included a high number of weapons (arrowheads, spearheads).
In general the author concludes that the large size dwellings of this group may be interpreted as men’s houses. Such dwellings were inhabited by the young people belonging to a certain sex-age group, and served for training in various fields of crafts and activities. Men’s houses were also used for gathering the male part of the tribe for magic rituals and feasts. Patriarchs taught young people the rules of common living and taboos of their society. This explains the dwelling size used to gather a particular or supposed number of the representatives of sex-age groups of patriarchs and young men.
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Wu, Guo Zheng. "The Cultural Aesthetic Meaning of Chinese Traditional Folk Dwelling — Take the Folk Dwellings in the Middle of China as Examples." Applied Mechanics and Materials 409-410 (September 2013): 433–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.409-410.433.
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This paper discusses the Chinese traditional folk dwellings creation environment system. points out that the cultural aesthetic meaning of Chinese traditional folk dwelling lie in: aesthetic form, environment, decoration, conception, cultural spirit, etc. Emphasizes that researching Chinese traditional folk dwellings should pay more attention to the construct procedure and method, building conception, cultural and aesthetic spirit besides archeticture itself.
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Zhong, Jie, and Shang Hong Jia. "Analysis about the Traditional Dwellings Passive Technology Energy Efficiency in Huizhou." Applied Mechanics and Materials 253-255 (December 2012): 635–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.253-255.635.
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The traditional dwellings Huizhou,which adapts to the local wet hot climate,crests relatively indoor thermal environment, with its own design reducing energy consumption. That is significant modern building energy conservation. This article analyzes the passive cooling technology of traditional dwellings Huizhou from several aspects, dwelling settlement planning, building space design and building construction etc,which greatly inspires for modern building energy conservation.
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Shi, Qian Fei, and Xiao Rui Zhao. "The Low Carbon and Ecological Character Research of Traditional Dwellings in Southeast of Shanxi." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 6433–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.6433.
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The natural environment and traditional thoughts have very big effect on the low carbon ecological of technology of traditional dwellings in Southeast of Shanxi, while the traditional local-style dwelling houses built environment naturalness and specific circumstances residential construction energy strategy that both make the traditional dwellings adapted well to the local ecological environment, make the person, architecture, environment got harmonious unification.
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Kollerud, R., K. Blaasaas, G. Ganerød, H. K. Daviknes, E. Aune, and B. Claussen. "Prediction of indoor radon concentrations in dwellings in the Oslo region – a model based on geographical information systems." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 1, no. 3 (June 28, 2013): 3045–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-1-3045-2013.
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Abstract. The purpose of this study was to develop a method to estimate the radon concentration inside each dwelling in the Oslo region, Norway. The model was based on indoor radon measurements from dwellings at predefined distances from the unmeasured dwellings. The results were evaluated by comparing them with actual indoor measurements, airborne gamma ray spectrometry measurements and bedrock geology. It is the first study to evaluate the reliability between estimated indoor radon in each dwelling with airborne measurements (eK, eTh and eU) and underlying geology around the house in a large population. A total of 28 396 indoor radon measurements showed that 42.2% of the dwellings had a radon value higher than the threshold limit of 100 Bq m−3. 18.9% of the dwellings were above the maximum action level of 200 Bq m−3. A positive correlation was found between indoor radon concentration, bedrock geology and airborne gamma measurements (Pearson correlation: eK: 0.42, eTh: 0.67 and eU: 0.65). Highest correlation was found in areas with alum shale (eU: 0.74). Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICCs) showed a good agreement between radon estimates from our method and radon estimates from the regression model with ICC values between 0.54 and 0.67.
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Wan, Rong, De-quan Kong, and Li-xin Zhang. "Study on Bottom Damp-Proof Method of Cave Dwelling." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (June 24, 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3096312.
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The cave dwelling, as one of the most typical and traditional characteristic local housing styles in the loess area of Northwest China, has been adopted widely in many areas since ancient times. The construction of the cave dwellings supports environmental protection, makes use of innovative construction technology, and preserves historical cultural heritage. The cave dwellings have practical significance and play an important role in the current society. Although there are many natural advantages to use cave dwellings, they also pose many problems, such as high moisture, inadequate lighting, poor ventilation, insufficient strength, and so on. The most serious problem is related to moisture, which affects the comfort, security, and safety of the residents; it needs to be addressed. The authors propose to resolve this problem by developing a method of building a damp-proof course in the bottom of these cave dwellings. Meanwhile, specified experiments were carried out to validate the feasibility of this method. The results show that the method is reasonable and practical, and it can be implemented easily and conveniently in the future. This research has significant practical value; the results can improve people’s living environment and increase comfort and safety of cave dwelling.
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Andreasen, Claus. "Palaeoeskimo dwellings in Greenland: A survey." Études/Inuit/Studies 27, no. 1-2 (July 15, 2005): 283–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/010805ar.
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Abstract In Greenland, Palaeoeskimo dwellings are mostly concentrated in the north and northeast parts of the island. Some are found in the southeast, in the west (from Nuuk to Disko Bay), and in the northwest (Inglefield Land and Washington Land). During the entire period, Palaeoeskimo dwellings show an emphasis on an axial element. In the Early Palaeoeskimo period (Saqqaq and Independence I) the fireplace is a separate square box inside two parallel rows of flags or boulders. Cooking and/or seething stones are common during Saqqaq and rare in Dorset. In Late Saqqaq, a shift in dwelling style to a platform-like dwelling is indicated by material from the Disko Bay region. During Independence II, the external borders of the axial feature often extend towards the front of the dwelling and may display "wings" at one or both ends. Late Dorset is only found in Northwest Greenland where the material from Inglefield Land documents the presence of at least four dwelling types with a clear axial element in the more substantial ruins.
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Wang, Xue Yong, Wen Dong, Bo Zhou, and Shuai Li. "Analysis of Regional Characteristics for Chinese Traditional Dwelling." Applied Mechanics and Materials 357-360 (August 2013): 306–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.357-360.306.
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This article describes the regional characteristics of typical Chinese traditional dwelling, dissect its generated origin is the result of both the natural and social environment where located. With the acceleration of urbanization process in China, the conflict of traditional dwelling with modern urban construction is more and more obvious, traditional dwellings are facing an unprecedented dilemma, inherited or abandoned worth pondering. This article illustrates the natural view implicated by the traditional dwellings culture, to guide people to innovate architectural style with Chinese characteristics, and to make the urban construction with Chinese characteristics. Traditional dwelling in China has a long history and rich type, is a gem of architectural culture. Traditional residential architecture has its own unique artistic style and characteristics.There are so many different types, mainly because China has vast territory,different geographical climate and different form of local materials and construction techniques. Therefore, regional is the main line to research and analysis the Chinese traditional dwellings, and the view of nature that " Harmony in human and nature "is a common beliefs contained in it.
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Bian, Mengyuan, Zhijia Huang, Qing Chen, Guo Liu, Yang Zhang, and Shanshan Ding. "Optimization of Plane and Space of New Dwellings in Southern Anhui Province Based on Indoor Thermal Environment." Sustainability 14, no. 9 (May 9, 2022): 5694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095694.
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Considering the problems of poor plane and space design, poor indoor thermal environment, and high energy consumption of dwellings in southern Anhui province, and combining with the requirements of modern residential environment, the characteristics and changing laws of the plane and space organization of Huizhou traditional dwellings from the traditional period to the New Rural period and the inheritance requirements of Huizhou traditional dwellings, seven types of new dwellings in southern Anhui province were designed based on the survey and mapping of Huizhou traditional dwellings. DesignBuilder software is used for the new dwelling plan to simulate and optimize the indoor thermal environment as well as energy consumption of seven building plans. The results show that: High indoor thermal comfort and low energy consumption are observed in a large aspect ratio and fully enclosed room, and better indoor thermal comfort is observed in summer than in winter in rooms with courtyards, and better indoor thermal comfort and low energy consumption is observed when the rooms are located in the northeast, southwest, and south directions. The results have guiding significance for the construction of new dwellings that are comfortable and energy-saving, and distinctive in southern Anhui province.
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Ashdown, Minnie M. A., Jenny Crawley, Phillip Biddulph, Jez Wingfield, Robert Lowe, and Clifford A. Elwell. "Characterising the airtightness of dwellings." International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation 38, no. 1 (July 1, 2019): 89–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbpa-02-2019-0024.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the distribution of dwelling airtightness test results for a developer, between 2007 and 2011. The changes in airtightness test results over time are discussed, and links between the airtightness test results and the construction technique are investigated. Design/methodology/approach A data set of airtightness test results was statistically analysed by applying probabilistic model of the distribution and using Bayesian parameter estimation techniques. Findings The inferred background distributions, those estimated to describe dwelling performance before secondary sealing, suggest an improvement in airtightness between 2008 and 2011, the mode decreases from 5.46±0.09 m3/m2h to 4.12±0.07 m3/m2h with a corresponding shift in practice towards a more target-driven approach. The most airtight dwellings are constructed from reinforced concrete frame, followed by “traditional” (dry lined masonry), timber frame and lightweight steel frame. Research limitations/implications This study is limited by the size of the available data set (901 dwellings), and by the fact that the data set contains a larger proportion of flats to houses; however, the metadata has enabled the exploration of the link between construction practices and airtightness. Practical implications Developers need better guidance surrounding how to meet more stringent airtightness requirements through improvements to the primary air barrier, with incentives and support to deliver changes in practice. Furthermore, if a large number of dwellings undergo secondary sealing, this may have implications for the long-term efficiency of the dwelling stock. Originality/value This analysis investigates two issues that have not previously been studied on a significant number of dwellings: the changes to the distribution of airtightness results over time and the link between construction methods and airtightness.
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Guo, Pinggong. "Reliability Analysis of Loess Cave Dwellings Based on Fuzzy Failure Criterion." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (August 17, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5556096.
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The reliability of loess cave dwellings based on fuzzy failure criterion is researched to analyze the influence of fuzzy set, membership function, and different combinations of random variables. Due to the strength reduction method, the basic failure criterion is established, the fuzzy property of failure criterion is characterized by fuzzy set and membership function, and the performance function of loess cave dwellings is expressed by a quadratic polynomial without cross terms. Reliability is analyzed with different random variable combinations. The reliability research of loess cave dwellings in Shan Plateau, Henan province, China, shows that the loess property in this area is suitable for loess cave dwelling construction and the reliability index of loess cave dwellings is high, which will be decreased when considering the fuzzy failure criterion and will be increasing sharply when the small cave leg width is improved to average value.
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Baitenov, E. M. "As related to the interpretation of the "Map"from the Paleolithic settlement of Mezhirich (Ukraine)." Bulletin of Kazakh Leading Academy of Architecture and Construction 79, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.51488/1680-080x/2021.1-03.
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The engraving applied on the mammoth’s tusk that has been discovered at Mezhirich Paleolithic settlement is traditionally interpreted as the plan of the settlement which reflects four frontally located dwellings surrounded by landscapes (a river, trees etc.). Some other versions of the above interpretation have been also suggested. The author of the paper has offered a somewhat different explanation of the specified engraving – four frontally located elements of the engraving are not four separate dwellings, they reproduce the fragments of the same so-called first dwelling, and the other engraved plots of the drawing are suggested to be the analogs of the rest three dwellings of Mezhirich settlement.
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Lyapin, Andrey A., and Ksenia O. Gulyaeva. "Folk wooden architecture of the Olkhon coast of Lake Baikal." Journal «Izvestiya vuzov. Investitsiyi. Stroyitelstvo. Nedvizhimost» 11, no. 1 (2021): 154–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2227-2917-2021-1-154-165.
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The purpose of the work is to study the features and typology of monuments of traditional folk wooden architecture in settlements on the shores of Lake Baikal, located in the western part of the lake on Olkhon Island. The study of the folk wooden architectural heritage in the coastal settlements was carried out in preparation for the development of the “Standard for the planning and development of the Baikal settlements”. Based on collected historical descriptions and materials of two historical and architectural surveys by specialists of the Irkutsk State Technical University at the end of the 20th century, an overview of the main characteristics and features of the traditional dwellings of Russian peasants and Buryat families who led a semi-nomadic lifestyle has been made. As a result of the work, the most ancient space-planning types of Russian folk dwellings in settlements on the Olkhon coast of Lake Baikal were identified. The descriptions of the three most common types of traditional Russian dwellings in this area were made –klet houses, link-up houses, and five-walled houses. Information about the rapid change in the traditional Buryat dwelling is presented: the transition from felt yurts to wooden yurts, and then to a winter Buryat dwelling of the Russian type. The importance of summer migrations and, accordingly, summer settlements –letniks– in the organization of pasture cattle breeding, land use, and preservation of the semi-nomadic way of life of the Buryats was revealed. It is concluded that the main types of folk dwellings in the settlements of the Olkhon coast changed during the 18th-19th centuries. The development of the forms of the Buryat folk dwelling proceeded most intensively. The evolution of the forms of traditional dwelling of both Russian peasants and Buryat families in the settlements of the Olkhonsky coast of Lake Baikal was part of the general process of the development of traditional folk dwellings throughout the Upper Angara region, including the Balagan steppe and the traditional settlements of the Upper Lena.
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Mitchell, Rachel, and Sukumar Natarajan. "Overheating risk in Passivhaus dwellings." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 40, no. 4 (April 8, 2019): 446–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624419842006.
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Highly insulated and airtight homes designed to reduce energy consumption are perceived as having a greater summer overheating risk than less insulated homes. If true, dwellings built to the well-known low-energy Passivhaus (PH) standard could be at greatest risk due to the use of superinsulation, especially as the climate warms. Existing studies are inconclusive and even contradictory, mainly due to small sample sizes. Hence, this paper presents the first large-scale overheating risk analysis of UK Passivhaus dwellings using high-resolution internal temperature data from 82 homes across the UK. Both the Passivhaus and the recently published Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers TM59 criteria are analysed. Results show that the whole-dwelling Passivhaus standard, which uses a fixed temperature threshold, is met more frequently (83%) than when applied on a room-by-room basis (e.g. only 60% of bedrooms in houses meet the standard). TM59-1A, which uses an adaptive temperature threshold, is easier to meet with 100% of flats and 82% of houses in compliance. However, 55% of bedrooms assessed under TM59-1B fail, with little difference between flats and houses. This is a remarkable finding given that the summers under consideration were either typically mild or cooler than average, and that sleep impairment can significantly affect both physical and mental health. These results suggest that highly insulated dwellings such as Passivhaus should consider overheating in individual rooms, rather than at whole-dwelling level. Analysis should be undertaken throughout the year with particular attention to bedrooms, using either the good-practice PH-5% exceedance threshold which maps well to TM59-1B, or TM59-1B itself. Practical application: Overheating risk in new dwellings is an industry concern. Having the correct tools to predict this risk at design stage is important to help design comfortable and healthy dwellings for both today's climate and future, hotter climates. Comparing two different tools and their methodologies using in-use data is critical to gain confidence in their application at the design stage and to further understand overheating risk, including which dwelling types and rooms are more vulnerable to overheating.
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Kefala, O. V. "Criteria for evaluating the traditional dwelling «Siheyuan» as a historical and architectural heritage of Beijing (by the example of the southwestern district of Dongcheng)." Вестник гражданских инженеров 20, no. 1 (2023): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.23968/1999-5571-2023-20-1-5-14.
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The concept of «folk architecture» is considered in the interpretation of traditional Chinese dwelling built without a standard established by the state. The author analyzes the change in the architectural and spatial environment formed by traditional Chinese dwellings of the Siheyuan type in the historical center of Beijing, which were conditioned by historical, political, socio-economic factors, and globalization processes. The evolution of attitudes towards the Siheyuan type dwellings as a historical heritage of Beijing in the 20-th and 21-st centuries is considered and their current state is evaluated. The criteria for determining the value characteristics of the historical and architectural heritage among the traditional Chinese dwellings in Beijing have been identified.
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Zheng, Ruifeng, Yufeng Zheng, Lei Cong, Joon-Ho Choi, and Hyun Jung. "Climate Adaptive Design Improvement Strategies of Traditional Dwellings in Southern Zhejiang for the Plum Rain Season Considering Comfort Conditions." Energies 13, no. 6 (March 19, 2020): 1428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13061428.
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This study investigated the adaptations of traditional dwellings to the complex regional microclimate in southern Zhejiang, China. Typical traditional dwellings in a village in the foothills and a village on the mid-slopes of Zhejiang’s alpine region were selected to study traditional construction strategies for climate responsiveness and the comfort level of indoor environments during the very humid plum rain season in early summer. Fundamental analysis of the climate and architecture, a response analysis of the dwelling form, an occupants’ comfort satisfaction survey, and field measurements of indoor and outdoor thermal environmental parameters were performed. The traditional dwellings and their design strategies for various regional environmental factors were explored from the perspective of (1) regional climate-adaptive strategies, (2) the thermal, airflow, lighting, and acoustic qualities of the indoor environment, and (3) the occupants’ indoor environment satisfaction. The results indicated that traditional dwellings in southern Zhejiang incorporate strategies of various effectiveness in ensuring indoor comfort.
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Kumar, Amit, Sunita Dahiya, and Deep Shikha. "Estimation of Radon Thoron Levels in Jind Area of Haryana." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 4625–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.4625ecst.
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Health risk estimations due to the indoor exposure to natural radionuclides present in natural radioactive gases like radon and thoron the is a cause of concern. The main radiation exposure of the inhabitants of dwellings is due to the two radioactive gases viz. radon and thoron. These gases can accumulate inside the rooms/indoor places of dwellings depending on various parameters like emanation from soil, ventilation, type of dwelling and construction materials, etc. However, the knowledge of concentration of these gases is required to safeguard the dwellers from its health hazardous, if these increases beyond a certain level. In this paper, a study has been conducted in some of the dwellings of the Jind area of Haryana state for the estimation of indoor radon thoron levels. Some 25 dwellings were selected in a uniform manner to cover the whole area of Jind. The found results were assessed on the basis of International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) guidelines.
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Lorentzen, Johnny C., Gunnar Johanson, Folke Björk, and Sofia Stensson. "Overcrowding and Hazardous Dwelling Condition Characteristics: A Systematic Search and Scoping Review of Relevance for Health." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23 (November 23, 2022): 15542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315542.
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Crowding in dwellings is an important public health issue. We hypothesize that overcrowding may cause indirect health effects by adversely affecting the dwelling itself, for example, by increasing dampness leading to mold. We therefore performed a systematic search and a scoping review on overcrowding leading to dwelling condition characteristics of relevance for health. A literature search was performed using the PubMed and Scopus databases up to 5 March 2021. The search yielded 100 records with relevant information. We found that overcrowding is defined in numerous ways and often address “socially deprived” populations. Six studies report associations of overcrowding with at least one dwelling condition characteristic, namely lead, cadmium, microorganism distribution, dust mite and cockroach allergens in dust, cockroach infestation, peeling paint, and mold. One of the studies reports associations between several characteristics, e.g., association of mold with cleanliness and rodent infestation, and points out the common use of pesticides. Additional characteristics were extracted from the remaining 94 records, without data on statistical associations with overcrowding. Our review suggests that multiple potentially hazardous dwelling condition characteristics often coincide in overcrowded dwellings. The epidemiological attribution of health effects to any characteristic is therefore difficult. Causal relationships are even more difficult to establish, as overcrowding is also associated with a range of social and other circumstances that may affect health. The complexity should be considered by scientists and practitioners dealing with overcrowding in dwellings.
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de Teresa, Ignacio, Enrique Mora-Alvarado, and Filiberto Viteri-Chávez. "El sistema social de la casa. En la vivienda informal consolidada de Guayaquil." Arquitecturas del Sur 38, no. 59 (January 30, 2021): 68–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22320/07196466.2021.39.059.04.
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The post-pandemic crisis of contemporary housing, triggered by COVID-19, only but extends, to the entire world, many of the questions in which, permanently, housing is immersed within, in an ongoing crisis of developing countries. How to make houses more shareable, flexible, transformable, productive, participatory, livable, etc.? In that sense, by studying low-income housing in these countries, it is possible to analyze alternatives to the current dwellings, that arise from informality as a response to those questions shared worldwide today. This article describes part of a research carried out at Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil, which analyzes the physical and social transformations in consolidated informal dwellings within the city center. The techniques used, include planimetric surveys of case studies, interviews to users, and mapping out the use of the dwellings throughout the day. The analysis focuses on the interaction exerted between several nuclear families inside the dwelling and their objects. Thus describing a habitat transformational and production system linked to objects, where the dwelling is understood as a social system of objects and people, in continuous interaction and transformation.
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Vybornov, Alexander A., and Vladimir V. Stavitsky. "Issues of Studying Early Neolithic Dwellings of the Lower and Middle Volga Region." Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology) 3, no. 41 (September 30, 2022): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.24852/pa2022.3.41.83.94.
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Analysis of problematic issues of studying the Late Stone Age dwellings from the Northern Caspian to the Kama forest region is made in the paper. The dwelling is considered one of the composite components of the archaeological culture. Previously, researchers focused mainly on ceramic and stone tools. The dwelling issue as a cultural indicator in the Late Stone Age remained open. The background is defined by searching for a new cognitive capacity for a comprehensive analysis of the archaeological culture. Dwelling characteristics in various landscape zones are presented. Simultaneous dwelling complexes were compared, which made it possible to identify peculiar features for each territory. A comparison was made on the basis of a broad cultural and territorial background. Characteristic features for different periods of cultural development within the same region were revealed. Dwellings design features in semi-desert, steppe, forest-steppe and forest areas were identified.
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Cole, Jenn. "Dwellings." Canadian Theatre Review 188 (October 1, 2021): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ctr.188.020.
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DOYLE, JACQUELINE. "Dwellings." Women's Studies 40, no. 5 (July 2011): 672–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00497878.2011.581550.
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Ding, Pengpeng, Pitipong Pimpiset, and Nattapong Yamcharoen. "Cave Dwelling: the History and Cultural Inheritance in Contemporary Shanxi." International Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies 2, no. 3 (June 11, 2024): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.62051/ijnres.v2n3.13.
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Shanxi cave dwellings are a unique habitat and cultural treasure of the Chinese nation, embodying the wisdom and life imprints of the people of the Loess Plateau. With ancient origins rooted in cave dwelling civilizations, Shanxi cave dwellings have evolved over millennia, gradually forming distinctive architectural styles and ways of life. These dwellings are not only the homes of Shanxi farmers but also the cradle of rich and diverse folk cultures deeply intertwined with the literary and artistic heritage of Shanxi. At the same time, their layout and structure reflect the social stratification and family concepts of the local society. With the onset of modernization, the impact of urbanization and new residential trends has posed unprecedented challenges to cave dwelling culture. To safeguard this precious intangible cultural heritage, both central and local governments have introduced a series of protection policies and implemented practical actions. More importantly, it is necessary to vigorously promote innovation and inheritance on the basis of protection, integrating cave dwelling elements into modern design, promoting cultural tourism experiences, and developing cultural and creative industries. This will revitalize this ancient and unique human habitat civilization in contemporary society, continuing the cultural confidence and national spirit of the Shanxi people.
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Li, Zhi Guo, and Jing Sun. "Study on the Green Ecological View of the Cave Dwellings and its Innovation and Development." Applied Mechanics and Materials 409-410 (September 2013): 377–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.409-410.377.
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Cave houses are one of the most unique Chinese traditional local-style dwelling houses. From the original ecological angle, the paper first analyzed the green ecological thoughts of cave dwellings, such as settlement layout, construction technique, architectural form, decorative furnishings etc.. Then in view of the shortcomings and the insufficiency of traditional cave dwellings, some improvement measures are put forward to continue its traditional advantages and characteristics, and to grasp more clearly and accurately its future development trend and direction meanwhile.
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Dubelt, T. "THE STUDY OF IMPACT OF FACTORS ON PROFITABILITY INDEX OF RECONSTRUCTION OF THE DWELLINGS." Municipal economy of cities 1, no. 154 (April 3, 2020): 178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2020-1-154-178-184.
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The article deals with the study of impact of organizational and technological factors on the index of recon-struction profitability of dwellings of first mass series on condition of habitants’ eviction while doing operations. We find lack of information on the methodology of the study of such objects in informative sources . Factual dwellings’ reconstruction has an incidental character and does not allow to define the impact of factors on the indexes of reconstruction because it takes place by fixed values of factors and limited quantities of objects. And as a consequence we find investors’ unwillingness to put money into the reconstruction of the dwellings of typical series. The purpose of the study is to define the efficient solutions of reconstruction of the dwelling of typical series 1-4382.5-7. The given task is solved by making abstract models of the series imitating reconstruction’s operations by simultaneous impact of organizational and technological factors. While conducting the investigation we defined the factors and the levels of their variation that have impact on the dwellings’ reconstruction. The plan of multiple experiment was elaborated considering the simultaneous effect of the given factors on reconstruction indexes. On the basis of the given series of dwelling we made informative and graphical models, and we also got the indexes of reconstruction. Graphical modeling allowed to obtain numerical values of operations’ durability. Simultaneous impact of factors and the conditions of habitants’ eviction defined numerical value of operations’ cost. With the help of formula we obtained the value of profitability index. We defined the dependency of profitability index on varying factors using the methods of mathematical analysis. It is shown in the form of dependency charts and is described by mathematical formula. We substantiated the admissible numerical values of profitability index of reconstruction of the dwellings of first mass series. The conclusions about effective solutions on reconstruction of such dwellings are made by graphical image and the areas of effective solutions are defined Keywords: factors, reconstruction indexes, reconstruction models, mathematical analysis, charts of dependency.